and
Basic Concept Of
Numerical Technology
Protection Training
ABB,Bangalore
Numerical Protection
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Electromechanical Relays
Introduction:
Initially protective relays were of electromechanical design, attracted
Armature or moving disc/cup type. Operating principal / characteristics
of these relays is depended on operating force of electromagnet and
Retarding force of spring.
Four types of Electromechanical relays were widely used: Magnetic
attraction, Magnetic Induction, DArsonval and Thermal units.
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Electromechanical Relays
Electromagnetic Relay
COIL
SHADING
RING
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DISK
Electromechanical Relays
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Electromechanical Relays
Draw back of Electromechanical Relays:
Slow and sluggish operation
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Frequent maintenance
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Faster operation
More accurate
Low burden on CT/PTs
Compact size
Less maintenance
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Still static relays have not fully met ever growing needs of
users following short coming still observed in static relays:
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No self supervision
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Combiflex Assembly
Microprocessor Relays
Introduction:
After electromechanical and static relays came the
era of Microprocessor based relays.
These has been a significant development in microprocessor based
Technology and it has brought revolutionary changes in all walks of
Life. How can protection relay technology be behind in adopting the same!
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Users now have a choice to use latest state of art microprocessor based
Relays.
Microprocessor Relays
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Logic Devices
Microprocessor Relays
Logic Devices
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Microprocessor Relays
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Logic Devices
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Microprocessor Relays
Basic Operation:
Microprocessor Relays
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Memories:
ROM:
RAM:
E2PROM:
Microprocessor Relays
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Microprocessor Relays
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Microprocessor Relays
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Microprocessor Relays
Signal Processing is the extraction of information from measured data,
And any subsequent transformation of signals representing this information
For detection, estimation, classification or waveform synthesis.
Signal processing may also include derivation of information and processing
Of it.
A digital protective relay receives several analogue input signals from
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Microprocessor Relays
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Microprocessor Relays
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Numerical Relays
Less wiring
BI
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.8
Z_BLOCK
Z_CR
Z_CRG
Z_BC
Z<
BO
2.1
Z_TRZ1
Z_TRZ2
Z_T2
OR
START
AR_CB_READY
AR_CLOSE_CB
AR
1.9
2.2
AR_P3PH
TRIP_EXT_3PH
TRIP_CB_A
1.1
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TRIP
Programmable and Interconnectible Protection Software Blocks and Logic
Conventional
relay
dz
<
dt
Z<
IN
>
10
L
4
I
U 6
DC 4
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Numerical relay
I
U
DC
4
6
4
Z<
dz
<
dt
IN
I>
>
I>
BO
BLO CK ZO NE
T RZ 1
1.1
CR
CRG
BC
BASZ
Protection
functions
ST ART _ A R
1.8
C B _R E A D Y
CL O SE _ C B
1.2
P 3P H
ARIFICIB Auto-recloser
T R IP _ 1P H
1.9
T RI P_ AR _ 3 PH
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SPHT RL
T R IP _ AR _ 3P H
T R I PR
Trip logic
B.1
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Conventional relay
Numerical relay
Z<
I>
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# (01011)
Fault
Testing
MTTR: year
Conventional
protection
Repair
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Numerical protection
with
self supervision
MTTR: hours
Repair
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Ready Start
Trip
1993-Nov-02
14:49:25.425
TRZ1 TREFC ZM1
Test Kit
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RTS
C
E
PC
Local MMI
Parametration Parametration Information
Resetting of
Automatic
Energizing
indications
testing
of contacts
Change of
Reporting
Status check parameters
Back-up control
Directional
Simulation
check
SCS
Supervision
Control
Status
monitoring
Sequential
Control
Statistics
SMS
Calculation
Parametration
Evaluation
Expert
analysis
ZM3
ZM4
ZM2
ZM1
Software configuration of
binary I/O:s
ZM5
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XGFCR
Reduced requirements
on spares
XGFCF
ZM3
ZM4
ZM2
ZM1
R
RGFC2
RGFC1
Phase segregated CS
Built-in DR
Built-in FL
ZM5
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XGFCR
Self supervision
Less wiring
Communication
Less terminations
Greater flexibility
Less components
Better functionality
Adaptive functions
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Automated Substation
Numerical Technique
RACID
RACIF
RAMDE
RELZ 100
REG 100
REOR 100
RANZA
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1980
82
84
86
88
REG 150
90
92
REL 501
REL 511
REL 521
REL 551
REL 561
REB 551
94
96
Technology Comparison
Subject
Measuring
Elements &
Hardware
Electromechanical
Induction disc,
Electromagnets,
Induction cup, etc
Static
Discrete R,L,C
Microprocessors,
Transistors
Digital ICs
Analogue ICs
Digital Signal
Processors,
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Comparators
ABB, Bangalore
Numerical
Measuring Method
Electrical quantities
converted into
Mechanical force,
torque
Level detectors,
comparison with
reference value in
analogue
comparator
Analogue to Digital
conversion,
Numerical
algorithms
techniques evaluate
trip criteria
Timing Function
Mechanical clock
works, Dashpot
Static Timers
Counters
Visual Indication
Flags, Targets
LEDs
Trip Command
Additional Trip
Relay required
Additional Trip
Relay required
Technology Comparison
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Subject
Electromechanical
Static
Numerical
Contacts
Assignments
Fixed
Fixed
Freely Configurable
Sequence of
Events
Not possible
Not possible
Available
Hardware size
Bulky
Modular, Compact
Most Compact
Parameter settings
Thumbwheel,
Potentiometers,
DIP switches
Human Machine
Interface,
Softwares
Not available
Not available
Self supervision
No
Partially available
Yes
Calibration
Frequently required
as settings drift due
to ageing
Required as
settings drift due to
ageing
Not required as
settings are stored
permanently in
memory in digital
format
Technology Comparison
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ABB, Bangalore
Subject
Electromechanical
Static
Numerical
Multiple
characteristics
Not possible
Not possible
Possible
Multiple Integrated
Protection Func.
Not possible
Not possible
Possible
Range of settings
Limited
Wide
Wide
Service value
indication
Not possible
Possible
Possible
Disturbance
recording
External hardware
External Hardware
Inbuilt
Communication
facility
Not possible
Available
Available
Higher
Lower
Lower
Technology Comparison
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Subject
Electromechanical
Static
Numerical
Protection,Control,
Monitoring
Only protection
Protection,
Monitoring
Protection, Control,
Monitoring
Solution
Fixed
Fixed
Fault History
Not possible
Not possible
Stored in Memory