Laporan 06-1

Kelompok 06
Latar Belakang Pengujian

BAB I
LATAR BELAKANG PENGUJIAN
Seperti kita ketahui bahwa dalam bidang industri permesinan tidak terlepas dari
ilmu logam terutama menyangkut masalah masalah yang ada hubungannya dengan
pemilihan kualitas bahan, cara cara pengerjaannya, dan untuk penekanan biaya
produksi.
Percobaan yang dilakukan di Laboratorium Pengujian Bahan Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Brawijaya, merupakan salah satu inspeksi untuk mengetahui kualitas logam,
hal ini perlu sekali karena berkaitan dengan produk yang akan dihasilkan. Sebelum
memproduksi suatu bahan kita harus mengetahui spesifikasi bahan tersebut. Dengan
demikian kita akan mengetahui langkah apa yang perlu diambil dalam proses
pengerjaan dan sekaligus dapat kita ketahui bahan yang kita gunakan memenuhi syarat
untuk produk yang telah ditargetkan baik mutu maupun dimensinya.
Dengan mengetahui spesifikasi bahan, langkah langkah proses pengerjaan dan
mutu yang ditargetkan akan mencapai hasil yang tepat. Dari sini biaya produksi dapat
dipilih, tentunya digunakan biaya yang paling murah. Jadi, apabila kita ingin
memproduksi suatu bahan yang berkualitas baik, maka kita harus mengetahui
spesifikasi bahan yang digunakan. Spesifikasi suatu bahan dapat diketahui dengan
melakukan pengujian pengujian yang kita lakukan di laboratorium. Oleh karena itu
dilakukan pengujian untuk mengetahui sifat mekanik suatu material di Laboratorium
Pengujian Bahan Fakultas Teknik Universitas Brawijaya.
LABORATORIUM PENGUJIAN BAHAN

Laporan Semester Genap 2015/2016
Kelompok 06
Pengujian Kekerasan dan Mikrostruktur
BAB II
PENGUJIAN KEKERASAN DAN MIKROSTRUKTUR
2.1 Tujuan Pengujian

1.
Mengetahui angka kekerasan suatu bahan.
2.
Mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan panas terhadap kekerasan bahan.
3.
Mengetahui salah satu cara pengukuran kekerasan.
4.
Mengetahui perubahan struktur pada setiap perlakuan.
2.2 Definisi Kekerasan

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2.3 Pelaksanaan Pengujian
2.3.1 Alat dan Bahan yang Digunakan
Untuk Uji Kekerasan
1.
Rockwell Type Hardness Tester

Digunakan untuk mengukur kekerasan pada spesimen.
Merk
: CV 600A
Indentor bola Rockwell
: 1/16"
Indentor intan
: 120
Buatan
: Jerman
Skala pembebanan
: HRA = 588 N
HRB = 980 N
HRC = 1471 N

Kelompok 06
Gambar 2.1 Rockwell Type Hardness Test

Sumber : Laboratorium Pengujian Bahan Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas
Brawijaya (2016)
2.
Centrifugal Sand Paper Machine

Digunakan untuk menghaluskan benda kerja.
Merk
: SAPHIR 330
Buatan
: Jerman
Diameter
: 15 cm
Putaran
: 120 rpm
Daya
: 0.55 kW
Tegangan
: 220
Gambar 2.2 Centrifugal Sand Paper Machine

Brawijaya (2016)
3.
Dapur Listrik

Kelompok 06
Dapur ini digunakan untuk proses pemanasan (heating), penahanan

(holding), dan pendinginan (cooling) dalam dapur.
Spesifikasi dapur listrik yang digunakan adalah :
Merk
: OPENBAU HOFMANN
Tipe
: E / 90
Voltage
: 220 volt
Daya
: 3,3 kW
Suhu max
: 1100oC
Buatan
: Austria
Gambar 2.3 Dapur Listrik

Brawijaya (2016)
4.
Tang penjepit
Digunakan untuk mengambil benda uji dari dapur listrik pada proses
perlakuan panas.
Gambar 2.4 Tang Penjepit

Brawijaya (2016)
Kelompok 06
5.
Bak pendingin
Digunakan sebagai tempat media pendingin spesimen pada perlakuan panas
6.
Stopwatch
Digunakan untuk mengukur waktu holding
Gambar 2.6 Stopwatch

Brawijaya (2016)
7.
Kertas Gosok
Digunakan untuk membersihkan spesimen dari terak dan kotoran.
Gambar 2.7 Kertas Gosok

Brawijaya (2016)
8.
Jangka Sorong
Digunakan untuk mengukur dimensi spesimen

Kelompok 06
Gambar 2.8 Jangka Sorong

Brawijaya (2016)
9.
Penggaris
Digunakan untuk mengukur dimensi spesimen
Gambar 2.9 Penggaris

Brawijaya (2016)
Untuk Mikrostruktur
1.
Mikroskop Logam
Digunakan untuk melihat mikrostruktur specimen, Dalam pengujian ini
digunakan pembesaran 450 kali.
Spesifikasi mikroskop logam yang digunakan :
Merk
: Nikon
Buatan
: Jepang

Kelompok 06
Gambar 2.10 Mikroskop Logam

Brawijaya (2016)
2.
Kamera
3.
Etsa
Digunakan untuk memperjelas penampakan struktur mikro spesimen. Etsa
berupa cairan kimia yang akan bereaksi dengan atom tertentu pada logam,
terutama atom atom yang tidak stabil, misalnya atom pada batas butir. Etsa
yang digunakan pada pengujian ini adalah nital, yang merupakan campuran 1 5
ml white nitric acid dalam 100 ml ethyl / methyl alcohol 95 100 %. Nital akan
menggelapkan perlit, menampakkan batas butir cementite.
Gambar 2.11 Etsa

Brawijaya (2016)
4.
Metal polish
Digunakan untuk menghaluskan dan mengkilapkan permukaan spesimen.

Kelompok 06
Gambar 2.12 Metal Polish

Brawijaya (2016)
9.
Kain flanel
Digunakan untuk menghaluskan dan membersihkan spesimen dari metal
polish yang tersisa.
Gambar 2.13 Kain Flanel

Brawijaya (2016)
Komposisi Kimia Spesimen

- Spesimen : Bohler Special K
- Komposisi :
=2%
Mn = 0,3 %
Si = 0,2 %
Cr = 12 %

Kelompok 06
Pergeseran Titik Eutectoid

Tabel 2.1 Komposisi Kimia
Unsur
Komposisi
No
Paduan
(%)
1
Mn
0.3
Si
0.2
Cr
12
Suhu Eutectoid
Sumber : Dokumentasi Pribadi (2016)
10x10 cm
Gambar 2.14 Grafik Pegeseran Titik Eutectoid

Bentuk dan Dimensi Spesimen

(LAMPIRAN)

%C
Kelompok 06
2.3.2 Prosedur Pengujian

Uji Kekerasan
1.
Permukaan benda uji dibersihkan dari kotoran dan terak dengan kertas gosok.
2.
Spesimen dipanaskan dan di-holding dengan suhu dan waktu tertentu.
3.
Spesimen dipindahkan dari dapur listrik ke bak pendingin untuk proses

pendinginan pada media tertentu
4.
Siapkan permukaan benda kerja:

a. Ratakan kedua permukaan benda kerja menggunakan amplas kasar, sehingga
kedua bidang permukaan tersebut sejajar.
b. Haluskan permukaan benda kerja menggunakan centrifugal sand paper
machine sampai betul betul rata dan halus dan siap diuji.
5.
Siapkan perangkat uji kekerasan Rockwell C pada Universal Hardness Tester:

a. Memasang bandul beban (1471 N).
b. Memasang indentor intan.
c. Memasang benda kerja pada landasan
d. Atur tuas pada posisi Unloading
4. Putar turn wheel searah jarum jam secara perlahan hingga benda kerja
menyentuh indentor tanpa mengalami impact, sampai jarum besar berputar
sebanyak tiga kali pada skala C dan jarum kecil bergerak dari titik hitam
menunju pada titik merah.
5. Dorong tuas pembebanan ke arah loading secara perlahan lahan. Tunggu hingga
jarum besar pada skala berhenti dengan sendirinya.
6.
Tunggu selama 10 detik dari saat berhentinya jarum, kemudian gerakkan tuas ke
unloading secara perlahan-lahan sampai maksimal. Dengan naiknya tuas, jarum
ikut berputar searah putaran jarum jam sampai akhirnya berhenti.
7.
Baca harga kekerasan HRC pada saat jarum telah berhenti. Bacalah pada skala C
yang berwarna hitam.
8.
Ulangi langkah 5 7 sampai didapatkan 10 nilai kekerasan dari spesimen

tersebut.
Uji Mikrostruktur
1.
Permukaan spesimen yang akan difoto diratakan dan haluskan dengan

centrifugal sand paper machine.
2.
Permukaan spesimen dihaluskan dengan metal polish dan digosok dengan

kain flanel samapi benar benar mengkilap dan halus.
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Kelompok 06
3.
Permukaan spesimen yang sudah mengkilap dibersihkan dengan alkohol,

kemudian ditetesi cairan etsa.
4.
Spesimen diletakkan pada mikroskop logam, kemudian fokus diatur sampai

didapatkan gambar yang jelas dengan pembesaran 450 kali.
5.
Dilakukan pemotretan dengan kamera, kemudian hasilnya dicetak.
2.4 Pengolahan Data

2.4.1 Analisa Mikrostruktur
Mikrostruktur Tanpa Perlakuan Panas
Kertas Foto
10 x 4 cm
Gambar 2.15 Mikrostruktur Material Tanpa Perlakuan

Brawijaya (2016)
Dari hasil foto mikrostruktur tersebut diambil sepuluh sampel untuk
dihitung presentase warna hitam dan putih.
Tabel 2.1 Mikrostruktur Material Tanpa Perlakuan
6
7
10
Dari sepuluh sampel tersebut dapat diperoleh data sebagai berikut :

Tabel 2.2 Presentase Putih - Hitam
No.
Putih (%)
Hitam (%)
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Kelompok 06
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Proporsi dari sampel (p1) :
n1 = 10 x 100 = 1000
p1 =
= .=
standar deviasi sampel (1)

q1 = 1 - p1 = 1 - .. =
1 =
=..=
Dari tabel distribusi standar dengan = 5% maka diperoleh nilai Z(/2) =

interval penduga rata-rata proporsi warna putih :
p1 Z(/2).1 < p < p1 + Z(/2). 1
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Jadi proporsi warna putih untuk foto mikrostruktur logam tanpa perlakuan
panas berkisar antara . sampai . dengan tingkat keyakinan 95%
Mikrostruktur dengan Perlakuan Panas
Kertas Foto
10 x 4 cm
Gambar 2.16 Mikrostruktur Material dengan Perlakuan

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Kelompok 06

Brawijaya (2016)
Dari hasil foto mikrostruktur tersebut diambil sepuluh sampel untuk
dihitung presentase warna hitam dan putih.
Tabel 2.3 Mikrostruktur Material dengan Perlakuan
6
7
10
Dari sepuluh sampel tersebut dapat diperoleh data sebagai berikut :

Tabel 2.2 Presentase Putih - Hitam
No.
Putih (%)
Hitam (%)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Proporsi dari sampel (p1) :
n1 = 10 x 100 = 1000
p1 =
= .=
standar deviasi sampel (1)
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q1 = 1 - p1 = 1 - .. =
1 =
=..=
Dari tabel distribusi standar dengan = 5% maka diperoleh nilai Z(/2) =
.. interval penduga rata-rata proporsi warna putih :
p1 Z(/2).1 < p < p1 + Z(/2). 1
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Jadi proporsi warna putih untuk foto mikrostruktur logam tanpa perlakuan
panas berkisar antara . sampai .. dengan tingkat keyakinan 95%
Uji Beda Dua Proporsi

Untuk mengetahui perbedaan antara proporsi warna putih spesimen tanpa
perlakuan panas dan spesimen dengan perlakuan panas dilakukan pengujian dua
proporsi
Hipotesa : H0 : p1 = p2
H1 : p1 p2
Data untuk menghitung Zhitung
n1=1000
n2=1000
perhitungan Zhitung :
p1=
p2=
Zhitung =
q1=
q2=
=
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Kedudukan Zhitung pada kurva normal adalah sebagai berikut :

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Kelompok 06
Milimeter Block
5 x 12 cm
Grafik 2.1 Kurva uji Z

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2.4.2 Data Kelompok
Data Spesimen Tanpa Perlakuan Panas
Tabel 2.5 Data Spesimen Tanpa Perlakuan
No
X
[ X ]
[ X ]2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Kekerasan rata-rata
=
= .=.
Standar deviasi
= ........=.

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Standar deviasi rata-rata

=........=.
n
Db = n - 1 = 10 1 = 9
Dengan nilai = 5 % maka nilai t tabel = t(/2;db) = t (...........; 9) = ...............
Interval penduga kekerasan spesimen tanpa perlakuan panas.
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Milimeter Block
5 x 12 cm
Grafik 2.2 Uji Tanpa Perlakuan

Jadi kekerasan rata-rata spesimen tanpa perlakuan panas berkisar antara
.. sampai .. dengan tingkat keyakinan 95%
Data Spesimen dengan perlakuan panas

Tabel 2.6 Data Spesimen dengan Perlakuan
No.
X
[ X ]
[ X ]2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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9.
10.
Kekerasan rata-rata
=
= .=.
Standar deviasi
= ........=.
Standar deviasi rata-rata

=........=.
n
Db = n-1 = 10 1 = 9
Dengan nilai = 5% maka nilai t tabel = t(/2;db) = = t ( ......... ; 9) = ..........
Interval penduga kekerasan spesimen tanpa perlakuan panas
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Milimeter Block
5 x 12 cm
Grafik 2.2 Uji dengan Perlakuan

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Jadi kekerasan rata-rata spesimen tanpa perlakuan panas berkisar antara

sampai dengan tingkat keyakinan 95 %
Uji Beda Dua Rata Rata

Untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya perbedaan kekerasan pada spesimen
tanpa perlakuan dan dengan perlakuan panas dilakukan uji beda dua rata- rata
dengan uji standart.
Hipotesa : Ho : 1 =2
H1 : 1 2
Digunakan pengujian dua arah dengan
= 5 % dan db = (n1 1) + ( n2 1 )
= ( 10 1 ) + ( 10 1 ) = 18
Maka nilai t tabel t ( ......... ; 18 ) = ........
Perhitungan thitung
thitung =
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Kedudukan thitung pada kurva distribusi t adalah sebagai berikut :

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Milimeter Block
5 x 12 cm
Grafik 2.4 thitung pada kurva distribusi t

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Pengujian Kekuatan Kejut
Grafik Cetak
19.5 x 11.5
Grafik 2.5 Hubungan Tingkat Kekerasan Perlakuan Panas dan Tanpa Perlakuan
2.5 Pembahasan
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2.6 Kesimpulan dan Saran
2.6.1 Kesimpulan
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1.6.2
Saran
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BAB III
PENGUJIAN KEKUATAN KEJUT
3.1 Tujuan Pengujian
1. Mengetahui daya tahan suatu logam terhadap beban dinamis yang menyebabkan
terjadinya patahan.
2. Mengetahui bentuk patahan.
3. Mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan panas terhadap kekuatan kejut logam.
4. Mengetahui cara pengujian kekuatan kejut.
3.2 Definisi Kekuatan Kejut

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Kelompok 06
Kekuatan Kejut (Impact test) adalah kemampuan suatu bahan untuk

menahan beban dinamis atau mendadak yang dapat menyebabkan rusak atau patah.
Impact test merupakan suatu pengujian yang dilakukan untuk menguji daya tahan
suatu specimen bila diberikan beban secara tiba-tiba melalui tumbukan yang
menyebabkan patah atau retak.
1.
Charpy Impact Testing Machine.

Digunakan untuk mengukur kekuatan kejut.
Berat pendulum
Radius lengan
Sudut lengan
: 24 Kgf
: 60 cm
: 90
Gambar 3.1 Charpy Impact Testing Machine

Brawijaya (2016)
Keterangan Gambar:
1.
Pendulum.
2.
Lengan pengikat
3.
Jarum penunjuk derajat
4.
Pemutar lengan
5.
Tuas sabuk rem

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Kelompok 06
2.
6.
Sabuk rem
7.
Tombol pengunci
Dapur Listrik
Dapur ini digunakan untuk proses pemanasan (heating), penahanan (holding),

dan pendinginan (cooling) dalam dapur. Seperti ditunjukkan pada gambar 2.3
3.
Tang penjepit
Digunakan untuk mengambil benda uji dari dapur listrik pada proses perlakuan
panas. Seperti ditunjukkan pada gambar 2.4.
4.
Bak pendingin
Digunakan sebagai tempat media pendingin spesimen pada perlakuan panas
5.
Stopwatch
Digunakan untuk mengukur waktu holding. Seperti ditunjukkan pada gambar 2.5
6.
Jangka Sorong
Digunakan untuk mengukur dimensi spesimen. Seperti ditunjukkan pada gambar
2.7.
7.
Kertas Gosok
Digunakan untuk membersihkan spesimen dari terak dan kotoran. Seperti
ditunjukkan pada gambar 2.6.
8.
Penggaris
2.8.

- Spesimen : Bohler Special K
- Komposisi :
=2%
Mn = 0,3 %
Si = 0,2 %
Cr = 12 %


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Kelompok 06
Unsur
Komposisi
Paduan
(%)
No
Suhu Eutectoid
%C
752,4o C
0,59 %
Mn
0.3
727 C
0,73 %
Si
0.2
755 C
0,72 %
Cr
12
840 C
0,375 %
Sumber: Dokumentasi Pribadi (2016)
Gambar 3.4 Grafik Pergeseran Titik Eutectoid


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Kelompok 06
(LAMPIRAN)
1.
2.
3.
Spesimen dipindahkan dari dapur listrik untuk proses pendinginan pada

media tertentu
4.
Spesimen dibersihkan dari kotoran dan terak.
5.
Dilakukan dry run test sebagai berikut:
Pendulum alat uji Charpy diatur agar benar benar menggantung

bebas dan dalam keadaan diam.
Kedua jarum penunjuk diatur pada posisi vertikal.
Lengan pengikat diturunkan dengan roda pemutar.
Tombol pengunci ditekan selanjutnya jika kedudukan lengan pengikat

sudah tepat terhadap pendulum, pengunci dapat dilepas tanpa menggesar
kedudukan pendulum.
Pendulum beserta lengannya diangkat dengan roda pemutar sehingga

jarum luar menunjukkan skala yang sesuai dengan kedudukan pendulum
dalam posisi horizontal (90o).
Dilakukan dry run test untuk mengetahui energi yang dilepas mesin
karena kerugian mekanik. Dilakukan pencatatan sudut yang ditunjuk oleh
jarum.
6.
Dilakukan pengujian sebagai berikut :
Spesimen diletakkan pada tempatnya sehingga bagian punggung takik

tepat pada posisi jatuhnya pendulum.
Dilakukan pengujian seperti pada dry run test.

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Kelompok 06
3.4 Pengolahan Data

3.4.1 Data Kelompok
Spesimen Tanpa Perlakuan
Radius lintasan ( R )
= 600
Berat pendulum ( G )
= 24
Luas penampang ( F 0 )
= 600
Sudut awal ( )
= 90
Sudut dry run ( 0 )

Sudut akhir ( )
= 2
= 7
a. Energi yang Diperlukan Secara Ideal

A0 = G x R x {cos (90 - 10) cos 0}
= 24 x 600 x {cos (90 - 7) cos 90}
= 14400 x {cos 83 cos 90}
= 1754,92 kg.mm
b. Kerugian Energi Pada Alat
f = G x R x {cos (90 - 0) cos }
= 24 x 600 x {cos (90 - 2) cos 90}
= 14400 x {cos 88 cos 90}
= 502,55 kg.mm
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Kelompok 06
c. Energi Aktual yang Diperlukan

A = A0 f
= 1754,92 502,55
= 1252,37 kg.mm
d. Energi yang Diperlukan Untuk Mematahkan Spesimen Tiap Satuan Luas
Penampang
Ak = A / F0
= 1252,37 kg.mm / 600 mm2
= 2,087 kg.mm / mm2
Spesimen dengan Perlakuan 6D (Media pendingin tungku, suhu 750oC, holding

60 menit)
Radius lintasan ( R )
Berat pendulum ( G )
Luas penampang ( F 0 )
Sudut awal ( )
Sudut dry run ( 0 )
Sudut akhir ( )
=
=
=
=
=
=
600
24
600
90
2
8
a. Energi yang Diperlukan Secara Ideal

A0 = G x R x {cos (90 - 10) cos 0}
= 24 x 600 x {cos (90 - 8) cos 90}
= 14400 x {cos 82 cos 90}
= 2004,09 kg.mm
b. Kerugian Energi Pada Alat
f = G x R x {cos (90 - 0) cos }
= 24 x 600 x {cos (90 - 2) cos 90}
= 14400 x {cos 88 cos 90}
= 502,55 kg.mm
c. Energi Aktual yang Diperlukan
A = A0 f
= 2004,09 502,55
= 1501,54 kg.mm
d. Energi yang Diperlukan untuk Mematahkan Spesimen Tiap Satuan Luas
Penampang.
Ak = A / F0
= 1501,54 kg.mm / 600 mm2
= 2,502 kg.mm / mm2

28
Kelompok 06
3.5 Pembahasan
6D
as
Pan
an
aku
Perl
dan
an
aku
Perl
pa
Tan
gan
den
ah
Pat
rgi
Ene
gan
din
ban
Per
3.1
fik
Gra
29
Kelompok 06
Pada grafik 3.1 diatas dapat dilihat bahwa nilai energi patah pada perlakuan
panas 6D dengan waktu holding 60 menit lebih besar daripada nilai energi patah
tanpa perlakuan. Pada perlakuan panas 6D, energi aktual yang dibutuhkan untuk
mematahkan spesimen adalah 2,502 kg.mm/mm 2, sedangkan pada tanpa perlakuan
nilai energi patahnya sebesar 2,087 kg.mm/mm2.
Dari grafik tersebut diambil kesimpulan bahwa grafik tidak mengalami
penyimpangan karena pada dasar teori dijelaskan bahwa perlakuan panas 6D
memiliki nilai impact strength yang paling tinggi. Hal ini disebabkan karena pada
perlakuan panas 6D media pendinginnya adalah tungku dan waktu pendinginannya
lambat. Dengan waktu pendinginan yang lambat menyebabkan ukuran butir bisa
berkembang maksimal. Semakin besar ukuran butir maka material akan bersifat lebih
ulet sehingga menyebabkan nilai impact strenghtnya tinggi. Semakin ulet suatu
spesimen maka nilai impact strengthnya tinggi dikarenakan penyerapan gayanya
bagus.
Homogenitas suatu material juga berpengaruh pada nilai impact strength.
Homogenitas dalam hal ini adalah arah orientasi butir. Spesimen dengan perlakuan
panas 6D cenderung lebih searah dalam arah orientasi butir, sehingga memiliki
energi patah yang lebih besar dibanding spesimen tanpa perlakuan. Hal ini sudah
sesuai dengan dasar teori bahwa semakin searah orientasi butirnya, maka impact
strengthnya akan tinggi.

30
Kelompok 06

3.6.1 Kesimpulan
1. Nilai energi patah pada perlakuan panas 6D dengan waktu holding 60 menit lebih
besar daripada nilai energi patah tanpa perlakuan. Energi patah pada spesimen 6D
sebesar 2,502 kg.mm/mm2, sedangkan energi patah pada spesimen tanpa
perlakuan sebesar 2,087 kg.mm/mm2.
2. Semakin ulet spesimen maka nilai impact strengthnya semakin tinggi karena
penyerapan gayanya bagus, sedangkan semakin getas suatu spesimen maka nilai
impact strengthnnya semakin rendah.
3. Keuletan suatu spesimen dipengaruhi beberapa faktor yaitu perlakuan panas pada
spesimen dan media pendinginnya, waktu pendinginan, ukuran butir, dan juga
homogenitas.
3.6.2 Saran
1. Alat-alat untuk praktikum sebaiknya diperbaiki atau diganti karena sudah banyak
bagian yang mengalami kerusakan.
2. Sebaiknya pada pengujian impact tidak hanya menggunakan pembebanan charpy.
3. Seharusnya praktikan harus lebih teliti dalam mengambil data pengujian impact
supaya tidak terjadi kesalahan.
4. Jam untuk asistensi lebih diperpanjang supaya lebih maksimal.

31
Kelompok 06
Pengujian Kekuatan Tarik

BAB IV
PENGUJIAN KEKUATAN TARIK
4.1
1.
Tujuan Pengujian
Mengetahui tegangan yield, tegangan ultimate, regangan dan kontraksi suatu
2.
3.
bahan.
Mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan panas terhadap parameter di atas.
Mengetahui cara pengujian tarik.
4.2
Definisi Kekuatan Tarik

................................................................................................................................
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4.3.1 Alat yang Digunakan Dalam Pengujian
1.
Mesin Uji Tarik

Alat ini digunakan untuk memberikan beban tarik kepada spesimen.
Spesifikasi Mesin Uji Tarik:
Merk
: MFL Piuf Und Me Bysteme GmbH D 6800 Mannheim
Kapasitas
: 100 kN
Tipe
: U PD 10
Tahun
: 1982
Mesin ini memiliki tiga skala pengukuran beban, yaitu :

A
: 0 20 kN
A+B
: 0 50 kN
A+B+C
: 0 100 kN
Keterangan Gambar :
1. Skala ukur pembebanan
2. Jarum pembebanan

32
Kelompok 06

3. Crane pengunci fluida
4. Crane pengatur
kecepatan tarik
5. Chuck lever
6. Chuck
7. Pengukur pertambahan
panjang specimen
Gambar 4.1 Mesin Uji Tarik

Brawijaya (2016)
2.
Dapur listrik
Dapur ini digunakan untuk proses pemanasan (heating), penahanan (holding),
dan pendinginan (cooling) dalam dapur. Seperti ditunjukkan pada gambar 2.3.
3.
Tang penjepit
Digunakan untuk mengambil benda uji dari dapur listrik pada proses perlakuan
panas. Seperti ditunjukkan pada gambar 2.4.
4.
Bak pendingin
Digunakan sebagai tempat media pendingin spesimen pada perlakuan panas.
Seperti ditunjukkan pada gambar 2.5.
5.
Spidol
Digunakan untuk menandai spesimen.
Gambar 4.2 Spidol

Brawijaya (2016)
6.
Stopwatch

33
Kelompok 06
Digunakan untuk mengukur waktu holding. Seperti ditunjukkan pada gambar

2.5.
7.
Jangka Sorong
2.7
8.
Kertas Gosok
Digunakan untuk membersihkan spesimen dari terak dan kotoran. Seperti
9.
Penggaris
2.8.

- Spesimen : Baja Esser (St - 37)
Komposisi :
C
= 0,16%
Mn
= 0,40%
Si
= 0,35%
P
= 0,035%
S
= 0,03%
Al
= 0,20%

Unsur
Komposisi
No
Paduan
(%)
Suhu Eutectoid
1
2
Sumber: Dokumentasi Pribadi (2016)

34
%C
Kelompok 06
Milimeter Block
10 x 10 cm


(LAMPIRAN)

1. Permukaan benda uji dibersihkan dari kotoran dan terak dengan kertas gosok.
2. Spesimen dipanaskan dan di-holding dengan suhu dan waktu tertentu.
3. Spesimen dipindahkan dari dapur listrik ke bejana pendingin untuk proses
pendinginan pada media tertentu
4. Spesimen dibersihkan dari kotoran dan terak.
5. Dilakukan pengukuran dimensi spesimen, meliputi diameter awal dan panjang
awal. Kemudian spesimen dibagi ke dalam segmen segmen dengan panjang
masing masing 5 mm.
6. Spesimen dipasang dengan erat pada alat uji.
7. Alat uji diatur pada kecepatan angkat 1,8 liter / menit, dengan pembebanan pada
posisi A + B , skala pertambahan panjang 0 mm, dan jarum beban pada posisi nol.
8. Mesin dinyalakan, dan dilakukan pengamatan dengan teliti terhadap beban,
pertambahan panjang, dan perubahan diameter sampai spesimen patah.
35
Kelompok 06
9. Setelah patah, dilakukan pengukuran dimensi akhir spesimen.

4.4 Pengolahan Data
4.4.1 Data Kelompok
a. Spesimen Tanpa Perlakuan
Tabel 4.2 Data Hasil Pengujian Spesimen
Tanpa Perlakuan
L
D
Beban
No.
(mm)
(mm)
(kN)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Tabel 4.3 Diameter Tiap Segmen Sebelum dan Sesudah Pengujian pada Spesimen
Tanpa Perlakuan
Sebelum Patah (mm)
Sesudah Patah (mm)
Keterangan :
- Diameter awal (Do)
- Diameter Ultimate (Du)
- Diameter patah (Df)
- Beban Yield (Py)
- Beban Ultimate (Pu)
- Beban patah (Pf)
- Panjang awal (lo)
= .......
=
=
=
=
=
=

36
Kelompok 06
-
Panjang Ultimate (lu)

Panjang akhir (lf)
=
=
Perhitungan dan Pengolahan Data :

1. Luas Penampang
a. Luas penampang awal (Ao)
b. Luas penampang Ultimate (Au)
c. Luas penampang saat patah (Af)
2. Regangan
a. Regangan Ultimate rekayasa (u)
b. Regangan Ultimate sejati (u)

37
Kelompok 06
..
..
c. Regangan patah rekayasa (f )
..
..
d. Regangan patah Sejati (f)
..
..
..
e. Regangan yield (y)
..
..
..
3. Tegangan
a. Tegangan Ultimate rekayasa (u)
b. Tegangan Ultimate sejati (u)

38
Kelompok 06
c. Tegangan patah rekayasa (f)
d. Tegangan patah Sejati (f)
e. Tegangan yield (y)
4. Kontraksi (Q)
5. Modulus Elastisitas (E)

39
Kelompok 06
Tabel 4.4 Hasil Pengolahan Data Spesimen Tanpa Perlakuan

No.
Panjang
(mm)
Beban
(N)
Diameter
(mm)
Luas
(mm)
Teg.
Rekayasa
(N/mm)
Teg.
Sejati
(N/mm)
Reg.
Rekayasa
(%)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
b.
Spesimen dengan Perlakuan

Tabel 4.5 Data Hasil Pengujian Spesimen
dengan Perlakuan ......
L
D
Beban
No.
(mm)
(mm)
(kN)
40
Reg.
Sejati
(%)
Kontraksi
(%)
Kelompok 06
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Tabel 4.6 Diameter Tiap Segmen Sebelum dan Sesudah Pengujian dengan
Perlakuan.
Sebelum Patah
(mm)
Sesudah Patah
(mm)
Keterangan :
- Diameter awal (Do)
- Diameter Ultimate (Du)
- Diameter patah (Df)
- Beban Yield (Py)
- Beban Ultimate (Pu)
- Beban patah (Pf)
- Panjang awal (lo)
- Panjang Ultimate (lu)
- Panjang akhir (lf)
= .......
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Perhitungan dan Pengolahan Data :

1. Luas Penampang
a. Luas penampang awal (Ao)

41
Kelompok 06
b. Luas penampang Ultimate (Au)
c. Luas penampang saat patah (Af)
2. Regangan
a. Regangan Ultimate rekayasa (u)
b. Regangan Ultimate sejati (u)
..
..
42
Kelompok 06
c. Regangan patah rekayasa (f )
..
..
d. Regangan patah Sejati (f)
..
..
..
e. Regangan yield (y)
..
..
3. Tegangan
f. Tegangan Ultimate rekayasa (u)
g. Tegangan Ultimate sejati (u)

43
Kelompok 06
h. Tegangan patah rekayasa (f)
i. Tegangan patah Sejati (f)
j. Tegangan yield (y)
4. Kontraksi (Q)
5. Modulus Elastisitas (E)
Tabel 4.7 Hasil Pengolahan Data Spesimen Dengan Perlakuan ....

No.
Panjang
(mm)
Beban
(N)
Diameter
(mm)
Luas
(mm2)
Teg.
Rekayasa
(N/ mm2)
1.

44
Teg.
sejati
(N/ mm2)
Reg.
Rekayasa
(%)
Reg.
Sejati
(%)
Kontraksi
(%)
Kelompok 06
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Grafik Cetak
19.5 x 11.5 cm
Grafik 4.1 Tegangan (Rekayasa+sejati)-Regangan Spesimen Uji tanpa perlakuan
4.5 Pembahasan
A. Grafik Hubungan Tegangan (rekayasa + Sejati) regangan (rekayasa) dengan
Spesimen Uji Tanpa Perlakuan

45
Kelompok 06
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46
Kelompok 06
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Grafik4.2 Hubungan Tegangan (rekayasa + Sejati) Regangan (rekayasa) dengan Spesimen Uji Perlakuan .
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B.
Grafik Hubungan Tegangan (rekayasa + Sejati) Regangan (rekayasa)

dengan Spesimen Uji dengan Perlakuan ..
Grafik Cetak
19.5 x 11.5 cm

47
Kelompok 06
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48
Kelompok 06
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Grafik 4.3 Hubungan Regangan (rekayasa + Sejati) Kontraksi dengan spesimen Uji Tanpa perlakuan
.........................................................................................................................................
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.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.
C. Grafik Hubungan Regangan (rekayasa + Sejati) Kontraksi dengan Spesimen
Uji Tanpa perlakuan
Grafik Cetak
19.5 x 11.5 cm

49
Kelompok 06
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50
Kelompok 06
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.
D. Grafik Hubungan Regangan (rekayasa + Sejati) Kontraksi dengan Spesimen
Grafik Cetak
19.5 x 11.5 cm

51
Grafik 4.4 Hubungan Regangan (rekayasa + Sejati) Kontraksi pada Spesimen Uji dengan Perlakuan
Uji dengan Perlakuan ..
Kelompok 06
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52
Kelompok 06
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.
E. Grafik Hubungan Tegangan (rekayasa + Sejati) Kontraksi dengan Spesimen
Grafik Cetak
19.5 x 11.5 cm

53
Grafik 4.5 Hubungan Tegangan (rekayasa + Sejati) Kontraksi pada Spesimen Uji Tanpa perlakuan
Uji Tanpa Perlakuan
Kelompok 06
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54
Kelompok 06
F. Grafik Hubungan Tegangan (rekayasa + Sejati) Kontraksi Spesimen
Grafik Cetak
19.5 x 11.5 cm
Grafik 4.6 Hubungan Tegangan (rekayasa + Sejati) Kontraksi pada Spesimen Uji dengan Perlakuan .
Perlakuan .
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55
Kelompok 06
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Grafik 4.7 Hasil pengukuran besar diameter spesimen sebelum dan sesudah pengujian pada spsesimen tanpa
perlakuan
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.
Grafik Cetak
G. Diagram Pengukuran Besar
19.5 Diameter
x 11.5 cm Spesimen Sebelum dan Sesudah
Pengujian pada Spesimen Tanpa Perlakuan

56
Kelompok 06
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57
Kelompok 06
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Grafik 4.8 Hasil pengukuran besar diameter spesimen sebelum dan sesudah pengujian pada spesimen dengan
Perlakuan
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.
H. Diagram Pengukuran Besar Diameter
GrafikSpesimen
Cetak Sebelum dan Sesudah Pengujian
pada Spesimen dengan Perlakuan .......
19.5 x 11.5 cm

58
Kelompok 06
Grafik Cetak
19.5 x 11.5 cm
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59
Kelompok 06
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.
4.6.1 Kesimpulan
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60
Kelompok 06
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4.6.2 Saran
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61
Kelompok 06
Pengujian Kemampukerasan
BAB V
PENGUJIAN KEMAMPUKERASAN
5.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.2
Tujuan Penelitian
Mengetahui kemampukerasan suatu bahan
Mengetahui pengaruh suhu pemanasan terhadap kemampukerasan suatu bahan
Mengetahui pengaruh waktu penahanan terhadap kemampukerasan suatu bahan
Mengetahui cara menentukan kemapukerasan bahan
Sifat Kemampukerasan Baja
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1.
Bejana pendingin (jominy)

Digunakan untuk mendinginkan benda uji dengan menyemprotkan air pada salah
satu ujung benda uji.
Keterangan Gambar
1. Penutup bejana Jominy

2. Kran aliran media pendingin
3. Pipa alir media pendingin
4. Saluran penyemprot
2.
Dapur listrik
Digunakan untuk memberikan perlakuan panas (heat treatment) pada benda uji.
3.
Kertas gosok
62
Kelompok 06
Digunakan untuk menghilangkan kotoran dan terak pada benda uji. Seperti
Tang penjepit
Digunakan untuk memindahkan benda uji setelah pemanasan dalam dapur listrik.
4.
Centrifugal Sand Paper Machine

Digunakan untuk menghaluskan benda kerja. Seperti ditunjukkan pada gambar
2.2.
6.
Rockwell Type Hardness Tester

Digunakan untuk mengukur kekerasan. Seperti ditunjukkan pada gambar 2.1.
7.
Stopwatch
Digunakan untuk mengukur waktu holding. Seperti ditunjukkan pada gambar
2.5.
8.
Jangka Sorong
2.7.
9.
Penggaris
2.8.
10.
Spidol
Digunakan untuk menandai spesimen. Seperti ditunjukkan pada gambar 4.2

- Spesimen
: Baja Assab 760
- Komposisi
: C
= 0,50 %
Mn = 0,50 %
Si = 0,25 %

63
Kelompok 06
Unsur
Komposisi
Paduan
(%)
0.50
Mn
0.50
Si
0.25
No
Suhu Eutectoid
%C
Milimeter Block
10 x 10


(LAMPIRAN)

1.
2.
3.
Spesimen dipindahkan dari dapur listrik ke bejana pendingin untuk proses

pendinginan. Pendinginan dimulai dari salah satu ujung batang.
4.
Setelah pendinginan selesai, spesimen dibersihkan dengan kertas gosok.

64
Kelompok 06
5.
Haluskan permukaan benda kerja menggunakan centrifugal sand paper

machine sampai betul betul rata dan halus dan siap diuji.
6.
Spesimen dibagi menjadi 10 bagian dengan jarak jarak 2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 15; 20;
30; 40; 60 mm dari ujung yang disemprot dan ditandai menggunakan spidol.
7.
Kekerasan spesimen diukur dengan Rockwell Type Hardness Tester pada jarak
jarak tersebut.
8.
Siapkan perangkat uji kekerasan Rockwell C pada Universal Hardness Tester:

a. Memasang bandul beban (1471 N).
b. Memasang indentor intan.
c. Memasang benda kerja pada landasan
d. Atur tuas pada posisi Unloading
9.
Putar turn wheel searah jarum jam secara perlahan hingga benda kerja
menyentuh indentor tanpa mengalami impact, sampai jarum besar berputar
sebanyak tiga kali pada skala C dan jarum kecil bergerak dari titik hitam
menunju pada titik merah.
10. Dorong tuas pembebanan ke arah loading secara perlahan lahan. Tunggu hingga
jarum besar pada skala berhenti dengan sendirinya.
11. Tunggu selama 10 detik dari saat berhentinya jarum, kemudian gerakkan tuas ke
unloading secara perlahan-lahan sampai maksimal. Dengan naiknya tuas, jarum
ikut berputar searah putaran jarum jam sampai akhirnya berhenti.
12. Baca harga kekerasan HRC pada saat jarum telah berhenti. Bacalah pada skala C
yang berwarna hitam.
13. Ulangi langkah 8-12 sampai didapat nilai kekerasan dari 10 bagian spesimen
sesuai dengan jarak yang ditentukan.

65
Kelompok 06
5.4 Pengolahan Data

5.4.1 Data Kelompok
A. Spesimen Tanpa Perlakuan
Tabel 5.2 Data Tanpa Perlakuan
No
Xi
yi
(mm)
(HRC)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ln Yi
Xi
Contoh Perhitungan
Persamaan:
Xi Ln Yi a Xi2 b Xi = 0
a ..b =
Ln Yi a Xi nb = 0
.a . b = .
Eliminasi
..a b = .
b
= ..
a
=

No
Xi
Yi
(mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
66
= e ax + b
Xi LnYi
Kelompok 06

Perhitungan
1. Ln Yn
Ln Y1
= aXn + b
= aX1+ b
Ln Y1
= ..
Y1
= ..
Persamaan:
Xi Ln Yi a Xi b Xi = 0
..................................................................................................................................
Ln Yi a Xi nb = 0
...................................................................................................................................
Eliminasi
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
Jumlah Kuadran Deviasinya
= [ ln Y1 ( ax1 + b ) ]2 + [ ln Y2 ( ax2 + b ) ]2 + + [ ln Y10 ( ax10 + b)]2

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
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B. Spesimen dengan Perlakuan
Tabel 5.4 Data Spesimen dengan Perlakuan
No
yi
Xi
Ln Yi
Xi
(HRC)
(mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
67
Xi LnYi
Kelompok 06
8
9
10

Contoh Perhitungan
Persamaan:
Xi Ln Yi a Xi2 b Xi = 0
a ..b = .
Ln Yi a Xi nb = 0
..a b = ..
Eliminasi
..a b = .
b
= ..
a
=
No
Xi
Yi
(mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Perhitungan
2. Ln Yn
Ln Y1
Ln Y1
= aXn + b
= aX1+ b
= + ..
Ln Y1
= ..
Y1
= .
Persamaan:
Xi Ln Yi a Xi b Xi = 0
..................................................................................................................................
Ln Yi a Xi nb = 0
..................................................................................................................................
68
Kelompok 06
Eliminasi
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Jumlah Kuadran Deviasinya
= [ ln Y1 ( ax1 + b ) ]2 + [ ln Y2 ( ax2 + b ) ]2 + + [ ln Y10 ( ax10 + b)]2

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
5.5 Pembahasan
A. Hubungan Antara Jarak Penyemprotan dan Kekerasan pada Spesimen Tanpa
Perlakuan

69
Kelompok 06
rak Penyemprotan dan Kekerasan Spesimen Tanpa Perlakuan

.............................................................................................................................................
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70
Kelompok 06
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5.6.1 Kesimpulan
.............................................................................................................................................
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Kelompok 06
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5.6.2 Saran
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72

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Latar Belakang Pengujian

LABORATORIUM PENGUJIAN BAHAN

Pengujian Kekerasan dan Mikrostruktur

2.1 Tujuan Pengujian

Mengetahui angka kekerasan suatu bahan.

Mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan panas terhadap kekerasan bahan.

Mengetahui salah satu cara pengukuran kekerasan.

Mengetahui perubahan struktur pada setiap perlakuan.

2.2 Definisi Kekerasan

Rockwell Type Hardness Tester

Indentor bola Rockwell

LABORATORIUM PENGUJIAN BAHAN

Pengujian Kekerasan dan Mikrostruktur

Gambar 2.1 Rockwell Type Hardness Test

Centrifugal Sand Paper Machine

Gambar 2.2 Centrifugal Sand Paper Machine

LABORATORIUM PENGUJIAN BAHAN

Pengujian Kekerasan dan Mikrostruktur

Dapur ini digunakan untuk proses pemanasan (heating), penahanan

Gambar 2.3 Dapur Listrik

Gambar 2.4 Tang Penjepit

Pengujian Kekerasan dan Mikrostruktur

Gambar 2.6 Stopwatch

Gambar 2.7 Kertas Gosok

LABORATORIUM PENGUJIAN BAHAN

Pengujian Kekerasan dan Mikrostruktur

Gambar 2.8 Jangka Sorong

Gambar 2.9 Penggaris

LABORATORIUM PENGUJIAN BAHAN

Pengujian Kekerasan dan Mikrostruktur

Gambar 2.10 Mikroskop Logam

Gambar 2.11 Etsa

LABORATORIUM PENGUJIAN BAHAN

Pengujian Kekerasan dan Mikrostruktur

Gambar 2.12 Metal Polish

Gambar 2.13 Kain Flanel

Komposisi Kimia Spesimen

LABORATORIUM PENGUJIAN BAHAN

Pengujian Kekerasan dan Mikrostruktur

Pergeseran Titik Eutectoid

Sumber : Dokumentasi Pribadi (2016)

Gambar 2.14 Grafik Pegeseran Titik Eutectoid

Bentuk dan Dimensi Spesimen

LABORATORIUM PENGUJIAN BAHAN

Pengujian Kekerasan dan Mikrostruktur

2.3.2 Prosedur Pengujian

Spesimen dipanaskan dan di-holding dengan suhu dan waktu tertentu.

Spesimen dipindahkan dari dapur listrik ke bak pendingin untuk proses

Siapkan permukaan benda kerja:

Siapkan perangkat uji kekerasan Rockwell C pada Universal Hardness Tester:

Ulangi langkah 5 7 sampai didapatkan 10 nilai kekerasan dari spesimen

Permukaan spesimen yang akan difoto diratakan dan haluskan dengan

Permukaan spesimen dihaluskan dengan metal polish dan digosok dengan

Pengujian Kekerasan dan Mikrostruktur

Permukaan spesimen yang sudah mengkilap dibersihkan dengan alkohol,

Spesimen diletakkan pada mikroskop logam, kemudian fokus diatur sampai

Dilakukan pemotretan dengan kamera, kemudian hasilnya dicetak.

2.4 Pengolahan Data

Mikrostruktur Tanpa Perlakuan Panas

Gambar 2.15 Mikrostruktur Material Tanpa Perlakuan

Dari sepuluh sampel tersebut dapat diperoleh data sebagai berikut :

Pengujian Kekerasan dan Mikrostruktur