x£±úZ Õ≈¿ùe z \£≈ä i£çZ z ‰û£à /5

÷``™≤õ z ;‚``ûÆ``§Ö ’``≈à \£``≈ä ‰``û£``à z i£``çZ £``Ö ‰``µÖZf fd Zf x£``õd¬``ã Œ``©Ö ¨``é£``Ö wgÍ ¨``û£``é :‚``ù¬``Ö ¨``û¬``ûd
d¬``âz }Z ‰``µÖZf „``≈¿å Æ``ôZ z /‰``ú£``û ,dfZd Æ``≤Ö Õ``ûd¬``â¬``õ £``Ö }¨``ú¬``≈à ‰``ú¬``Ω ´≈ù Œ``©Ö df¬``õ i£``çZ „``ûZ £``ûÚ ‰``ò ‚``≈û£``øú
/¨é£Ö zZ Ø∏õ £û z x£±úZ f£•ïf fd Æ≈≈∏Ü g£ç ‰¿≈õg ¨úZ¬•≈õ £ûÚ ,dfZd

ZÆ``å ‰``º¿ûZ v£``¶õ f¬``µÖ ,‚``≈û£``øú ›``≈ñ¨``Ü Æ``•≤≈Ö Á``ÜÍZ¬``ç aÆ``ë £``Ö Zf o¬``ê¬``õ „``ûZ ‚``≈úZ¬``•≈õ £``ûÚ :Á``Üf¬``õ£``¿≤ûÆ``ò
£``¡¿ûZ ?Õ``çZ y¨``ûZ fl``û ıïÆ``è i£``çZ z ‰``û£``à £``ûÚ ,Æ``Ωûd }¬``ç gZ ;‚``ûfZd ‚``≈ù£``πõ gZ }Z ‰``ì¬`` ø®õ d¬``ã Ø``∏õ fd £``õ
y£``Ωû£``â „``≈¿å ,¨``û£``∫ì z £``ù y¨``ûZ ZÆ``å ‰``ò ‰``•ºú „``ûZ Á``•ä z /¨``údÆ``ô ÷``™≤õ Õ``±û£``§≈õ ı¢Z¨``•ÖZ ‰``ò Õ``çZ Á``¢£``ùØ``≈å
?¨úZ ydÆò ñò Áø¡õ
}ZÆ``ï ‰``ò }Ø``≈å xÚ z d¬``≤≈õ Æ``ô y¬``æâ y¨``ûZ i£``çZ ‰``ò ‰``´úÚ „``≈Ö ‰``ò ¨``é£``Ö „``ûZ ·``ûÍd gZ Á``ºû ¨``û£``é :‚``ù¬``Ö
d¬``øú ,¨``¿•±ù Æ``õZ ⁄``ñZz fd ‰``ò ‰``´úÚ gZ ’``≈Ö ı§ö£``î £``ù y¨``ûZ /dfZ¨``ú d¬``âz Á``±˚ ·``Ö£``ñ \z£``πÜ ,dfZd x£``ûÆ``â £``ù y¨``ûZ
/¨¿é£§≈õ ‚æ±õ Á•≈∑ñZz ‰ºæÖ ,¨¿•±≈ú y¨ûZ ıïÆè £¡úÚ f£ΩúZ ‰ò dÆ≈Ω≈õ ·ºé i£±äZ „ûZ £õ fd ;¨¿Ö£≈≈õ
fl``û ,Õ``çZ f¬``≥Ü fl``û £``ûÚ ,Õ``çZ y¨``ûZ fl``û Á``•±ù z d¬``âz £``ûÚ /‚``≈û£``øú „``ézf Zf ‰``•ºú „``ûZ ‰``ò Õ``±≈ú ¨``Ö '
}Ø``≈å ‰``ò w¬``¡πõ „``ûZ fd ,d¬``≤≈õ Á``é£``ú d¬``ã Á``úzfd \Ze z Á``ò£``à gZ ‰``ò Õ``çZ }Ø``≈å £``û ?‰``ú£``ï¬``±æ≈ï ‰``ûÆ``∂ú £``û ,v£``≈ã
?df¬™≈øú ‚≤å ‰Ö xÚ }Zfz
?dfZ¨ú Õûd¬â¬õ }Ø≈å ”≈ù xÚ }ZÆï ‰ò ¨û¬é ‰â¬•õ ¨≈úZ¬•≈õ ‰ú¬Ωå :‚ù¬Ö
xÚ £``õ £``ûÚ ,‚``úZ¨``Ö ‰``ò Õ``çZ „``ûZ dfZd Õ``≈øùZ ‚``ûZÆ``Ö xÚ „``•±úZd ‰``ò ‰``´úÚ /¨``≈çf ‚``≈ùZ¬``ã Ø``≈ú ‰``•ºú „``ûZ ‰``Ö '
£ûÚ ?Õ±ù y¨ù£≤õ z Õï£ûfd ·Ö£ñ Õ≈è¬≥ã „ûZ x£øûZÆÖ £ûÚ ,‚û¬≤≈õ ‰â¬•õ d¬ã d¬âz w£øÜ £Ö Zf i£`çZ z ‰`û£`à
‚``ûfZd ‰``ò Õ``çZ ‰``õ£``úÆ``Ö fl``û z ‰``ûÆ``∂ú fl``û i£``çZ Æ``Ö £``¡¿Ü z £``¡¿Ü ‰``º¿ûZ £``û ,‚``ûfZd Á``•ã£``¿é ”``≈ù xÚ gZ £``õ ıç£``çZ
z £``ù ‰``ûÆ``∂ú }zf ' Ø``≈ú rÆ``é x£``¡â ‚``ù ¨``û£``é z ' [Æ``î x£``¡â Á``õ£``øÜ fd v£``äÆ``¡Ö x¬``å /‚``≈¿º≈õ Õ``§©è jZ yf£``Öfd
„`ûZ gZ Zf ‰`æÀ±õ „`ûZ £`õ £`ûÚ /dfZd ‰`≈ºÜ ‰`§¿â „`ûZ ‰Ö̀ Á`•≈ÖÆ`Ü ‚`•±≈ç z y£`Ωú o¬`ú Á`õ£`øÜ /¨`¿¿º≈õ ¨`≈ò£`Ü £`ù ‰`õ£`úÆ`Ö
J
}£``®Ö Á``•ä ,dÆ``§≈õ ’``≈à Zf Á``∫≈∫©Ü q¬``±æ≈ï fl``û Î``¶õ ‰``ò }Z ‰``ú¬``ô ‰``Ö ‚``¡úÚ ,‚``≈ù¨``≈õ fZÆ``ñ Á``çfÆ``Ö df¬``õ y£``Ωû£``â
‰``Ö £``õ jÆ``Ωú Á``¢£``•çZf „``≈¿å £``ûÚ ;›``≈∫©Ü ‰``Ö ›``≤ì ,Õ``∫≈∫ä ‰``Ö ›``≤ì ,dÆ``ã ‰``Ö ›``≤ì w¬``¡πõ fd ‚``¡úÚ ,‰``ú£``ï¬``±æ≈ï d¬``ã
Á``ú£``õg ıïÆ``è d¬``âz z Á``•±ù gZ Õ``ã£``¿é Ã``±ò z £``õ Õ``éZdÆ``Ö ,£``õ ‰``â¬``Ü £``ûÚ ?¨``é£``§≈õ „``ùe Õ``ûd¬``â¬``õ ‰``çzÆ``à ·``ò
Æ``∂ú¨``õ Æ``Ωûd Á``≥™é }ZÆ``Ö xÚ —``≈ê¬``Ü £``û z ,‚``≈é£``Ö ‰``¿≈õg „``ûZ fd ›``≈∫©Ü ‰``Ö ¨``¿õ ‰``ñÎ``ì ‰``ò d¬``≤≈õ Ã``æâ xÚ }¬``±Ö
Á``•±ù i£``çZ z ‰``û£``à ‰``ò ‚``≈çÆ``Ö ‰``•ºú „``ûZ ÷``≈™≤Ü z tfd ‰``Ö ‚``≈æû£``õ x£``õd¬``âz w£``øÜ £```Ö ‰``º¿ûZ £``û z ?¨``é£```Ö £``õ
?ͱŌ
‰``å Æ``ôZ ,¨``é£``Ö ‰``•éZ¨``ú ‰``≈ºÜ £``ù y¨``ûZ z £``ù ‰``ûÆ``∂ ú ‰``Ö ‰``πçÎ``ï ‰``øù f£``ò jzf ‰``ò Õ``çZ „``ºøõ ‰``•§öZ :‚``ù¬``Ö
xz¨``Ö ‰``ò Õ``çZ „``ûZ Õ``çZ ÷``™≤õ ‰``ò ‰``´úÚ /¨``údÆ``Ω≈õ aÆ``µõ ‰``ò Õ``ç£``ù y¨``ûZ z £``ù ‰``ûÆ``∂ú ÿ``ç¬``Ü ı∫≈ñd £``ù ‰``π±æï
/ÕçZ ·º≤õ f£≈±Ö Áπæ±ï ›≈∫©Ü z ·≈≥©Ü ,£ù y¨ûZ gZ yd£π•çZ
„``õ ¨``≈ò£``Ü ‰``ò ¨``≈•±ù ‰``â¬``•õ £``ûÚ ?Õ``±≈å fd ‰``ú£``ï¬``±æ≈ï „``ùe fl``û z Á``§ù≠``õ „``ùe fl``û „``≈Ö \z£``πÜ ‘``à '
df¬``õ ,y¨``õÚfd ‚``∂ú ‰``Ö Á``ù£``ôÚ z ’``úZd £``Ö ‰``ò Á``¿ùe ÿ``ç¬``Ü Zf \£``≈ä Y£``≤¿õ ‚``≈úZ¬``•≈õ £``ûÚ ?Õ``çZ }Ø``≈å ‰``å }zf
?‚≈ùd fZÆñ ›≈∫©Ü
‰``•ã£``¿é£``ú ,\£``≈ä i£``çZ z ‰``û£``à ‰``ò ‚``≈¿º≈õ ¨``≈ò£``Ü ‰``•ºú „``ûZ ‰``Ö £``õ ı∫≈øì z d¬``ã d¬``âz „``µÖ gZ :‚``ù¬``Ö
£``õ ·``≈öd „``≈ø¡Ö z ;‚``≈¿ò ozÆ``é Zf ‰``¿≈õg „``ûZ fd f£``ò d¬``Ö ‚``≈ùZ¬``™ú fd£``ñ ’``úZd z ‚``æì fl``øò £``Ö ·``≈öd „``≈ø¡Ö /Õ``çZ
/‚≈ûÆ≈ΩÖ Æ∂ú fd y¨≈¿é£ú z ‰•ã£¿é£ú }ÆõZ x¬´øù ZÆúÚ ‰ò ‚ûZ ydZd fZÆñ lÆï Zf ‰•ºú „ûZ
z /dfZd Õ``ûd¬``â¬``õ Á``ç£``çZ „``≈¿å fl``û ‰``ò ¨``û¬``Ω≈õ @‹``öZA ‰``ò ‚``≈ûÆ``≈ΩÖ Æ``∂ú fd v£``¶õ xZ¬``¿∑Ö ¨``≈û£``≈Ö /‰``æÖ '
H
Zf jd¬ã ‰û£à xÚ fZ≠ΩÖ ,‚≈¿≈§Ö ZÆúÚ fZ≠ΩÖ Ey¨Ö x£≤ú £øÖ ZÆúÚ „ò ‹µö ,Ãã :‚≈û¬Ω≈õ @‚≈âA z @[A ,£`õ ‰`øù
£``Ö ,d¬``é ‰``•πô f¬``µ¿ûZ ‰``ò Õ``çZ Æ``•¡Ö £``û ,z£``º®¿ò Á``¿ùe £``Ö Zf vZ¬``ç „``ûZ £``õ £``ûÚ /¨``û£``øú Á``ïÆ``∑ õ z ‰``•ã£``ç x£``û£``øú
Zf \ÍZ¬``ç „``ûZ £``õ ‰```º¿ûZ £``û z ?‚``≈¿º≈õ aÆ```µõ ,¨``é£``Ö Õ``∫≈∫ä ‰``Ö ›``≤ì z ,r£``≈•éZ z r¬```é gZ ¬``æøõ ‰``ò Á```¿ùe
?‚≈¿ò Õ§©è o¬ê¬õ „ûZ }zf ‚≈úZ¬•≈õ £ûÚ ,‚≈¿º≈õ x£≈Ö }f¬µ¿≈øù
›``≈øì ˙``û£``øÜ £``Ö ;dfZd dÆ``ºæøì Õ``≈¿õZ ‰``Ö ·``û£``øÜ }Z y¨``¿¿ò vZ¬``ç „``≈¿å „``ùe fd ‚``¿º≈õ Æ``ºï „``õ :‚``ù¬``Ö
/Õ±≈ú x£≈õ fd ›≈∫©Ü gZ Á•§©è ”≈ù ÁÜÍZ¬ç „≈¿å aÆë fd „ûZÆÖ£¿Ö /‚≈¿ò ñò x£¿≈øëZ }Ø≈åÆù fd ‚≈æû£õ
xZ¬``¿ì Zf }Ø``≈å „``≈¿å Õ``ûd¬```â¬```õ ‰`` `ò ¨```≈•±ù Á```±ò £```øé :‚```ûÆ```≈ΩÖ Æ```∂ú fd Zf lÆ```ï „```ûZ ¨```≈û£```≈Ö ‘```à '
z /‚`¡ö£`¶õZ z Õ`çZ Õ`Ö£`á z Æ`û≠`à£``ú q£``µ∑úZ i£``çZ „``ûZ ‰``º¿ûZ ,dfZd d¬``âz }Z ‰``û£``à z i£``çZ £``®¿ûZ fd ‰``º¿ûZ ,¨``≈¿º≈õ
Á``¿ùe ‰``ú¬``Ωå /¨``≈¿ò zf „``øÖ Zf zZ ,¨``≈ùd x£``≤ú „``øÖ ZÆ``úÚ /‚``Ö£``û Õ``çd w¬``¡πõ „``ûZ ‰``¿ò ‰``Ö ‰``ò ‚``¿º≈õ ·``û£``øÜ gZÆ``ÖZ „``õ
Õ``©Ü }Z y∞``ûz d¬``ã f¬``µÖ ‰``ò Á``¿ùe ,y¨``é y¨``≈´≈à z ‰``•ïÆ``ô ·``ºé \£``ìÎ``ëZ z ’``úZd ‰``æ≈ç¬``Ö ‰``ò ,„``õ „``ùe x¬``´øù
Á``ì¨``õ £``û z ¨``≈ù¨``≈õ x£``≤ú £``øé ‰``ò Zf }Ø``≈å „``≈¿å ¨``úZ¬``•≈õ ,‰``•ï£``û w£``∂•úZ xÚ wzZ¨``õ Ã``±ò }ZÆ``Ö z yd¬``Ö ’``úZd Æ``≈á£``Ü
Æᣕõ ‰ò Õ±≈ú }Ø≈å ,Õ±≈ú ’úZd ,¨≈ù¨≈õ x£≤ú £`øé ‰`ò ‰`´úÚ x¬`å ?¨Ö̀£`ûfd ZÆú̀Ú z ydÆ`ò ‘`˚ ,¨`≈•±ù xÚ d¬`âz
/¨é£Ö ‰•ï£û w£®±úZ f¬∑é z ƺï gZ
fl``û ‰``Ö ·``û¨``§Ü ZÆ``úÚ ‰``ò dÆ``≈Ω≈õ ·``ºé ˙``û£``øÜ ,y¨``Ö x£``≤ú „``øÖ ZÆ``úÚ :‚``≈û¬``Ω≈õ ‰``ò }Z ‰``∂©ö gZ ı∫≈ñd :‚``ù¬``Ö
/¨é£Ö Á¢£ç£¿é ·Ö£ñ ¨∑§¿õ ‰ò }Ø≈å ,¨û£øú ·û¨§Ü Á¿≈∑õ ’úZd ‰Ö z ‰•ã£¿é ÆõZ
/Õ磮¿≈øù ‰≈¥ñ '
¨``ûdÆ``Ü z fl``é gZ Á``ïÆ``ä ”``≈ù Æ``Ωûd xÚ Ã``±ò gZ ‘``à £``Ü ,‚``ûfZd ·``û£``øÜ x£``¿≈øëZ Ã``±ò ‰``Ö x£``ò£``øò £``õ :‚``ù¬``Ö
z y£``§•éZ ‰``Ö Zf x£``õd¬``ã Zd£``§õ ‰``ò df¬``™≈õ ‚``≤´Ö Æ``µã „``ûZ ı∫≈ñd ,‰``ºç Æ``Ωûd }¬``ç gZ ,£``¡¿ûZ ‰``øù £``Ö z /¨``é£``§ú
/‚ûgZ¨ú£≈Ö ÁùZÆøô
fd£`ñ £`õ ı∑§ë ,¨`é£Ö̀ d¬`â¬`õ iÆ`Ü Á`•ä £`û z i¬`ù ,·`û£`øÜ gZ Á`ÜÍ£`ä £`õ fd ‰`º≈ú£`õg £`Ü /Õ`çZ Á`∑≈§ë '
£``Ö v£``ä /‚``≈û£``øú ‘``ä d¬``ã x£``â fd ZÆ``úÚ ‚``≈úZ¬``•≈øú z ,d¬``Ö ‚``≈ùZ¬``™ú d¬``âz z Á``•±ù i£``çZ z ‰``û£``à ‘``˚ z tfd ‰``Ö
Õ``çZ }Ø``≈å ıç£``çZ £``ûÚ ?dZd fZÆ``ñ Õ``ã£``¿é z y¨``ù£``≤õ df¬``õ Zf \£``≈ä Y£``¿§õ z i£``çZ „``ûZ xZ¬``•≈õ ‰``ú¬``Ωå £``¡¿ûZ ‰``øù
fZÆ``ñ ›``≈∫©Ü df¬``õ ZÆ``úÚ Á``úZ¬``•≈øú ¬``Ü ‰``ò Õ``çZ }Ø``≈å ıç£``çZ ‰``º¿ûZ £``û ?dÆ``≈ô fZÆ``ñ Á``çfÆ``Ö z ‰``∑ö£``µõ df¬``õ ¨``û£``§≈õ ‰``ò
?Áùd
/ÕçZ —≈©è :‚ù¬Ö
tÆ``©Ü ·``Ö£``ñ ‰``èÆ``ì £``¡¿Ü ,‰``•ï£``û ‚``∂ú ’``úZd z ‰``ÖÆ``®Ü Æ``≈á£``Ü Õ``©Ü z ,y¨``ûd „``ûÆ``øÜ „``õ „``ùe ‰``º≈û£``®úÚ gZ '
Æ``ºï fl``û £``û z y¨``ûZ fl``û \£``≈ä Y£``≤¿õ :¨``û¬``Ω≈õ z y¨``õÚ xZ¨``≈øÖ Á``≥™é ‰``ºúÚ v£``ä /¨``é£``§≈õ £``•çZf „``≈øù xÚ }ZÆ``Ö
£``Ö £``û z ,¨``é£``Ö xdfzÚ fd ‚``∂ú ‰``Ö z xdÆ``ò f¬``â z ⁄``øâ ·``Ö£``ñ ‰``ò Õ``±≈ú }Ø``≈å ;Õ``±≈ú ‰``ú£``ï¬``±æ≈ï }£``ìdZ fl``û ,Õ``±≈ú
/Áû£øú y¨ù£≤õ ıú£≈äZ z ÕéZdÆÖ ZÆúÚ d¬ã ƺï z ‰≤û¨úZ fløò
tfd £``û z yd¬``øú y¨``ù£``≤õ ZÆ``úÚ xZ¬``•≈øú ’``úZd ÿ``ç¬``Ü z ,¨``≈¿ò ‰``ÖÆ``®Ü Zf i£``çZ „``ûZ ¨``≈úZ¬``•≈øú £``øé :‚``ù¬``Ö
/dÆò
Zf „``ùe „``≈øù £``¡¿Ü „``õ ?‚``ùd w£``®úZ Õ``±û£``§≈õ }f£``ºå „``õ ?¨``ú£``ø≈õ ‚``ûZÆ``Ö }Ø``≈å ‰``å o£``êzZ „``ûZ £``Ö ‘``à '
f£``¿ò Zf £``¡¿ûZ Á``õ£``øÜ ‚``úZ¬``•≈õ ‰``ú¬``Ωå /Õ``çZ y¨``é Á``ëÆ``é Á``ù£``ôÚ z \£``ìÎ``ë Z z ’``úZd Æ``≈á£``Ü Õ``©Ü ‰``ò Á``¿ùe ,wfZd
,‚``û£``øú ‘``ä Zf Ø``≈å „``ûZ ,[Æ``®õ ,‰``∑ö£``µõ £``Ö z v¬``©•õ Á``ú£``±úZ ,}d£``ì x£``±úZ fl``û xZ¬``¿∑Ö ,‚``úZ¬``•≈õ ‰``ú¬``Ωå ?wfZ≠``ΩÖ
?wÆ≈ΩÖ fZÆñ xÚ „µÖ fd ,‚¿ò ‘˚ ZÆúÚ
/¨``¿û£``øú ÷``™≤õ ¨``¿úZ¬``•≈øú Zf o¬``ê¬``õ „``ûZ \£``øæò ‰``ò ¨``≈•πô „``øÖ ' @‹``öZA w£``¿Ö Á``≥™é xZ¬``¿∑Ö ' £``øé
}£``ù ‰``§¿â gZÆ``≈∏Ö ‰``•§öZ ;¨``é£``Ö yd¬``Ö £``ùf £``ù ‰``•±úZd ‰``øù gZ ‰``ò d¬``Ö Á``¿ùe }ZfZd Õ``±û£``§≈õ ‰``ò ¨``≈•πô „``øÖ £``øé
,‚``¿º≈õ Zf wd¬``ã Á``∑ç ‚``û¬``ΩÖ „``õ Æ``ôZ z ?Õ``±≈ú f¬``µ¿ûZ ,¨``≈•çZ¬``ã Zf Á``¿ºøõ£``ú Ø``≈å „``õ gZ £``øé z /xÚ Á``º≈¿ºÜ
„``ûZ ‰``ò w¨``∫•∑õ „``õ ?‚``ùd w£``®úZ ¨``û£``Ö }f£``ò ‰``å v£``ä /d¬``Ö ¨``ùZ¬``ã ‚``ÜÎ``û£``øÜ }zf Ø``òÆ``øÜ wzZ¨``Ü d¬``øú Õ``ö£``ä „``ûZ y£``ΩúÚ
/¨é ¨ùZ¬ã zÆÖzf d¬ã „ùe fd vZ¬ç „ûZ aÆë £Ö ı∑§ë }¨â x£±úZ Æù /ÕçZ }¨â f£≈±Ö ˘Z¬ç
/dÆò ¨¿ùZ¬™ú x£≈Ö Zf „ûZ £¡úÚ ¨û£é /d¬Ö Õò£ç z j¬õ£ã ¨û£Ö v£äÆù fd :‚ù¬Ö
‰``ú£``ãdzf }¬``±úÚ fd —``≈©è z v¬``∫∑õ Á``•ûd¬``â¬``õ xZ¬``¿∑Ö Zf d¬``ã ‰``ò Á``±ò ,£``øé „``ûZÆ``Ö£``¿Ö /j¬``õ£``ã ,‰``æÖ '
£``Ö ‰``ò ¨``ûd¬``øú yf£``éZ „``≈¿´øù £``øé /dfZ¨``ú d¬``âz Á``∫û£``ñ ”``≈ù ‰``ú£``ãdzf }¬``ç xÚ ‰``Ö x¨``≈çf }ZÆ``Ö ¨``≈û¬``Ω≈õ ,¨``ûZ ‰``•ï£``û
}f£`â Õ`∫≈∫ä £`®úÚ fd /Õ`±≈ú ‰`•ã£`ç }f£`ò ”`≈ù „`õ Õ`çd gZ ⁄`ñ Zz fd /¨`≈çf ‰`ú£``ãdzf }¬``ç xÚ ‰``Ö xZ¬``•≈øú xdÆ``ò£``¿é
gZ ‰``ú ,¨``≈çÆ``ß≈õ ÷``™≤õ „``ùe fl``û gZ ZÆ``¿ûZ £``øé ,¨``≈ùZ¬``™≈õ „``õ gZ Zf f£``ò „``ûZ £``øé ?dÆ``ò ‚``ùZ¬``ã f£``ò ‰``å /Õ``çZ
///w£ì Á¿ùe
/k£ã Á¿ùe gZ ‰æÖ /// :‚ù¬Ö
‰``•é≠``ô fd £``ûÚ /dØ``ûÆ``Ö fzd Zf ’``û£``ù ‰``•±úZd Á``õ£``øÜ ‰``ò Õ``çZ¬``ã ¨``≈ùZ¬``ã dÆ``π¿õ z k£``ã Á``¿ùe gZ £``øé '
?y¨é ‰•πô ,Õûd¬¡û £û z Õ≈©≈±õ “ûf£Ü fd }Ø≈å „≈¿å ØôÆù
£``øé ‰``Ö ı¿Àøµõ x£``≈©≈±õ £``õZ ,‚``û£``øú x£`` ≈Ö Zf Õ``ûd¬``¡û x£``¡â ’```¿òZz ‚``úZ¬``•≈øú „```õ ı∑§ë ,‰``•§öZ :‚``ù¬`` `Ö
Õ``çd ‰``Ö ,¨``ûf£``ß±Ö —``≈±õ Õ``ç¨``Ö Zf d¬``ã Õ``±û£``§≈õ £``øé ‰``º¿ûZ ,¨``ûfz£``≈Ö x£``øûZ Z¨``ã ‰``Ö Õ``±û£``§≈õ £``øé :Õ``πô ¨``¿ùZ¬``ã
/dfZd fZÆñ Z¨ã z £øé „≈Ö ‰ò Á±ò
xZ¬``•≈õ Á``ÖÆ``î fl``û y£``Ωú gZ z /Õ``çZ £``ù ‰``•±úZd Á``õ£``øÜ x£``û£``à Á``¿∑øÖ @Z¨``údzA ¨``¿ú£``õ }Z ‰``øæò v£``ä /‰``æÖ '
xÚ fd „`õ ‰`ò Á`Ω¿ùÆ`ï fd ‚`û¨`ñ x£ú̀¬`û x£`õg x£`øù gZ x¬`å /Õ`çZ Á`õ¬`¡πõ „`ûÆ`•øò ¨`ñ£`ï „`õ }ZÆ`Ö }Æ`õZ „`≈¿å :Õ`πô
ÁñÆé Á•≈¿ùe gZ ‚¡æõ ‰ò ÁõdÆõ £Ö £øé ÆôZ £`õZ /Õ`çZ yd¬Ö̀ ›`µ¿õ z ’ú̀Zd }zf ıõ¬`øì \Z¨`≈ò£`Ü ,‚`¿º≈õ Á`ô¨ú̀g
z „``ûd ‰``Ö Õ``§±ú d¬``ã tfd gZ Æ``á£``•õ ı∑§ë £``¡úÚ ,¨``≈çÆ``ßÖ Zf vZ¬``ç „``ûZ £``¡úÚ gZ z ,¨``≈¿ò Õ``§©è ¨``≈ùZ¬``™Ö ¨``¿•±ù
gZ Õ``±û£``§≈õ „``ùe ;¨``é ¨``ùZ¬``ã ydZd x£``û£``à ’``úZd ‰``Ö ‰``ò ¨``≈çf ¨``ùZ¬``ã Á``ú£``õg :Õ``πô ¨``¿ùZ¬``ã £``øé [Z¬``â fd ,Ã``ù≠``õ
fl``û gZ ’``≈Ö }Ø``≈å Ø``≈ú „``ûZ ‰``ø¡¿ûZ £``Ö £``õZ /Õ``çZ ›``≈øì jÆ``Ωú w¬``¡πøÖ @Z¨``údzA /ddÆ``ô £``ùf £``¡•±úZd z ’``úZd Á``õ£``øÜ
 /ÕçZ Áõ¬¡πõ „ûÆ•øò ¨ñ£ï ıç£çZ jÆΩú „ûZ ÁÖÆî flû }ZÆÖ ‰ø¡¿ûZ £Ö /Õ±≈ú flûf¬ÀÜ tfd flû ,‰ûÆ∂ú
Æ``õZ „``ûZ £``õZ ,dfZd d¬```âz [ZdÚ z Õ``¿ç fd }d£``ûg \£``¡Ö£``≤Ü ·``¢£``±õ ‰``ú¬```Ω¿ûZ fd ‰``ò w¨``∫•∑õ „``õ :‚```ù¬``Ö
,@Á``úZd£``ú }£``ùÆ``ÖZA w£``¿Ö y¨``ú£``õ Á``ñ£``Ö £``µçz xzÆ``ñ gZ Á``Ö£``•ò ÷``™≤õ f¬``µÖ ‰``µÖZf „``ûZ fd /‰``•éZ¨``ú Õ``≈õ¬``øì ‰``âz ”``≈¡Ö
/Õ±≈ú ÁÖÆî ‰≤û¨úZ ˙èZ ¨úzf ÁéÆΩú „≈¿å ‰å ÆôZ ;Õ磕çZf „≈øù fd xÚ Õ≈ì¬ê¬õ ‰ò }f£•πô
„`ûZ ‰`ò ‚`ùZ¬`™≈õ „`õ ?‚`ùd fZÆ`ñ Á`çfÆ`Ö df¬``õ Zf ‰``æÀ±õ „``ûZ ‚``úZ¬``•≈õ ‰``ú¬``Ωå ?‚``¿ºÖ ¨``û£``Ö f£``ºå „``õ ‘``à '
z \£``ìÎ``ëZ Ã``±ò £``Ö ‰``ò Õ``±≈ú „``ûZ wf¬``∂¿õ /¨``≤™§≈õ w¬``¡πõ Á``ô¨``úg ‰``Ö f£``ò „``ûZ /‚``¿ò ‹``≤ò d¬``ã }ZÆ``Ö Zf o¬``ê¬``õ
fl`û ,£`ûzf z ‚`ù¬`Ü xÚ £`û z „`ûZ ÿ`ç¬`Ü ‰`º¿ûZ £`û z ,¨`¿º≈õ Z¨`≈à Á`¿∑õ z w¬`¡πõ „`õ Á`ô¨`úg ,xÚ ‰`¿≈õg fd £`¡≈ù£`ôÚ
i£``±äZ „``ûZ yfZ¬``øù „``õ }ZÆ``Ö ‰``ºæÖ ,‚``û£``øú d£``®ûZ Á``õ¬``¡πõ z Á``¿∑õ d¬``ã Á``ô¨``úg }ZÆ``Ö ‚``ùZ¬``™Ö ,d£``∫•ìZ fl``û ,zgfÚ
/dZd ¨ùZ¬ã ‰§ú£â ‰øù z ›≈øì Áú£∑õ z w¬¡πõ Áô¨úg ‰Ö ,d¬âz Y£≤¿õ z i£çZ tfd ‰ò ‰•éZd d¬âz
w¬``¡πõ d¬``ã Á``ô¨``úg ‰``Ö ‰``ú¬``Ω¿û¨``Ö £```Ü ¨``¿¿º≈õ aÆ``µõ Z¨``ã £``Ö ‰``µÖZf fd Zf y¨``ûZ „```≈øù wdÆ``õ [¬``ã :‚``ù¬```Ö
/¨¿≤™Ö
/Õ±≈ú y¨ûZ flû gZ ’≈Ö }Ø≈å Z¨ã /‰ú ,‰ú '
¨`çÆ`≈õ Æ`∂¿Ö ‰`¿≈õg „`ûZ fd Á`ñÆ`é y¨`ûZ ‰`Ö ‰``â¬``Ü £``Ö ‰``ò ¨``¿º≈õ Z¨``≈à gzÆ`Ö̀ }Ø``≈å fd y¨``ûZ „``ûZ £``õZ /‰``æÖ :‚``ù¬``Ö
;¨``¿ù¨``≈õ fZÆ``ñ ¨``≈¢£``Ü df¬``õ ‰``ú¬``ô „``≈øù ‰``Ö Zf o¬``ê¬``õ „``ûZ wdÆ``õ gZ }f£``≈±Ö /dfZd dÆ``ºæøì „``•±úZd gZ Æ``ÜZÆ``ï Z¨``ã ‰``ò
/dfZd d¬âz }Z ‰Ö£≤õ y¨ûZ ’≈Ö z ‚ò v£äÆ¡Ö ‰µÖZf „ûZ fd /¨úÆû≠ßú Zf o¬ê¬õ „ûZ £ù ÁãÆÖ ¨û£é
‰``•≤ô fZ¨``û¨``à Æ``ºπÜ z ‰``≤û¨``úZ gZ Á``é£``ú ‰``ò Õ``±≈ú }Ø``≈å ‰``û£``à z i£``çZ ‰``ò ¨``≈û¬``Ω≈õ „``õ ‰``Ö £``øé £``õZ '
z Æ``ºπÜ gZ Á``é£``ú \ZÆ``≈á£``Ü gZ wÆ``ï xÚ £``û „``ûZ ›``ûÆ``ë gZ ¨``≈úZ¬``•≈øú Á``êÆ``ï ’``≈à ‰``ú¬``ô ”``≈ù Õ``©Ü £``øé „``ûZÆ``Ö£``¿Ö /¨``é£``Ö
/¨≈çÆÖ xÚ ‰Ö ‰≤û¨úZ
‰``ò ‚``û£``øú ›``≈ñ¨```Ü Zf }Z ‰``∫ä Á``•ä £``û z Æ```µã fl``û ‚``¿º≈õ jÎ``Ü „```õ £``õZ /‚``ø¡π≈õ ZÆ``¿ûZ „```õ ‰``æÖ :‚``ù¬``Ö
J
ı∫≈øì z Î``õ£``ò „``ûZ ,‰``æÖ ":Õ```πô ¨``¿ùZ¬``ã wdÆ``õ ‰```ò Á``¢£``•çZf „``≈¿å fd ‚```¡úÚ ddÆ``ô aÆ``µõ ‰``¿≈õg „```ûZ fd ¨``úZ¬``•≈õ
/"Z¨``ã ‰``Ö ‚``≈∫±õ x¨``≈≤û¨``úZ £``Ö ‰``ú ‰``•§öZ z ,¨``≈çf ‚``≈ùZ¬``ã zZ ‰``Ö ‰``ò ‚``ûfZd —``≈±õ gZ Zf ‰``ÖÆ``®Ü „``ûZ £``õ ,Õ``çZ —``≈©è
?¨≈õ£ú }¨úzZ¨ã jgÆõÚ ZÆúÚ xZ¬•Ö ¨û£é /‚¿ò x£≈Ö \£øæò Ãö£ñ fd ÷™≤õ f¬µÖ ‚úZ¬•≈øú Zf £¡úÚ jÆΩú „ûZ „õ
/‰æÖ ,}¨úzZ¨ã jgÆõÚ z ’≤™Ö '
/dfZd dƺæøì ƺπÜ z ‰≤û¨úZ gZ ÆÜZÆï ‰ò }Ø≈å :‚ù¬Ö
/wfZ≠Ω≈õ f£¿ò Zf £¡¿ûZ ‰øù „õ ,ÕçZÆΩúzfd ‰ò Á±ò ,‰•ï£û v¬©Ü ı≥™≤õ x£±úZ flû xZ¬¿∑Ö '
?¨ûfZ≠Ω≈õ f£¿ò z ‰•ïÆô y¨ûd£ú Zf £¡¿ûZ £øé ZÆå :‚ù¬Ö
‰``ò Õ``çZ „``ûZ ,xÚ x¨``é ‰``ú£``≈õ£``ì ·``ºé „``≈özZ ;¨``úZ y¨``é ‰``ú£``≈õ£``ì z }d£``ì f£``≈±Ö £``¡¿ûZ ‰``øù ‰``º¿ûZ }ZÆ``Ö '
Æ`á£`•õ ‰`ò Õ`±≈ú ’`≈Ö Á`øù¬`Ü ¨`¿ú£`øù ‰`•ºú „`ûZ £`¡úÚ gZ Á`ôfØ`Ö ’`™Ö }ZÆ``Ö ‰``º¿ûZ }ZÆ``Ö yzÎ``∑Ö z E¨``¿û¬``Ω≈õ ZÆ``¿ûZ ‰``øù
/ÕçZ y¨é fZ¨û¨à £¡çÆÜ z £ùzgfÚ z \Îû£øÜ gZ
/¨é£§ú ’≈Ö Áøù¬Ü ÆôZ Á•ä ,¨¿úZ¨≈õ Á¿∑õ £Ö f£≈±Ö ZÆúÚ £¡≈ãÆÖ ¨çÆ≈õ Æ∂¿Ö ‰ø¡¿ûZ £Ö £õZ ,‰æÖ :‚ù¬Ö
Zf —``≈±õ ¨``¿•±úZ¬``•≈øú y£```Ω´≈ù ‰``ò ¨``û£``é ,¨``úd¬``Ö y¨``≈¿≤ú —```≈±õ yf£``Öfd }Ø``≈å y£``Ω´≈ù £``¡úÚ Æ``ôZ £``õZ '
/¨¿ùd fZÆñ d¬ã Á§ù≠õ [f£®Ü }£¿§õ
 /wÆû≠ßÖ ‚úZ¬•≈õ Zf £øé ‰•πô „ûZ :‚ù¬Ö
Á`é£ú̀ ‰`ò ¨ú̀dÆ`º≈õ ‰Ö̀Æ`®Ü Zf }Æ`Ωûd }£`ùØ`≈å ıç£`çZ £`¡úÚ z Õ`ïÆ`≈õ ’`≈à Æ`Ωûd }Z ‰`ú¬`ΩÖ ¨`úzf „`ûZ ¨`û£`é '
///x£•çz¨¿ù fd ‰ò ÕçZ „ûZ wf¬∂¿õ /d¬Ö x£éd¬ã „ùe }£ù ‰•ãz¨úZ gZ
£``û z ,Z¨``ã ¨``¿û¬``ô Á``øú £``¡¿Ü ‰``ú ,}¨``â ˙``≈ã x¬``≈§ù≠``õ gZ }f£``≈±Ö ‰``ò Õ``±≈ú f¬``µ¿ûZ £``ûÚ £``õZ :y¨``¿¿ò vZ¬``ç
‰``ò Õ``±≈ú }Ø``≈å ,·``≈§ñ „``ûZ gZ z \£``≈ä Y£``≤¿õ z ‰``û£``à £``û z i¨``∫õ \Ze ‰``å ,¨``ûfZ≠``ΩÖ xÚ }zf ¨``≈ùZ¬``™Ö Á``øçZ Æ``ù
?¨¿¿º≈õ f£ºúZ Ø≈ú ZÆúÚ xdÆò ‰ÖÆ®Ü Á•ä ?Õã£¿é ‰≤û¨úZ z „ùe £Ö ZÆúÚ xZ¬•Ö
¨``û¬``Ω≈õ @‘``ºûZA /¨``≈û£``øú ‰``ÖÆ``®Ü ¨``≈úZ¬``•≈øú Zf Y£``≤¿õ „``ûZ z ‰``û£``à „``ûZ £``øé ‰``ò wZ ‰``•πô „``õ ,‰``•§öZ yzZ '
¨``û¬``Ω≈õ ‰``ò Õ``±ù Á``≥™é £``®¿ûZ fd /‚``úZ¨``≈øú ZÆ``¿ûZ „``õ :‰``ò ‚``≈û¬``ΩÖ ¨``≈û£``≈Ö /¨``≈¿ò ‰``ÖÆ``®Ü ¨``≈úZ¬``•≈øú ZÆ``¿ûZ £``øé ‰``ò
fZÆ``ñ ¨``≈ò£``Ü df¬``õ d¬``øú fl``û x¬``´øù ıïÆ``è Zf o¬``ê¬``õ „``ûZ zZ z ,‚``ù¨``≈ õ j¬``ô zZ ‰``Ö „``õ z /Õ``±ù }Ø``≈å „``≈¿å
Ã``íZ¬``õ f£``≈±Ö Õ``±û£``§≈õ „``õ ‰``ò Õ``πô „``øÖ zZ ¨``¿åÆ``ù /¨``¿º≈õ x£``≈Ö ZÆ``úÚ Ø``≈ú \£``øæò fd v£``ä „``≈ì fd ‰``ºæÖ ,¨``ù¨``≈øú
yÆ``¡Ö \£``øæò gZ v£``äÆ```¡Ö zZ £``õZ ;d¬``≤≈õ ydZd —```≈ê¬``Ü ‰``ò ¨``é£```Ö }Ø``≈å x£``øù ¨``úZ¬```•≈øú ı∑§ë ‰``øæò ‰``º¿ûZ z ;‚```é£``Ö
z /¨Ö£ûfd ZÆúÚ Õ±≈ú fd£ñ „õ ‰`≤û¨ú̀Z ‰`ò }Ø`≈å ;¨`ùd fZÆ`ñ ¨`≈ò£`Ü df¬`õ Zf Á`ø≈∂ì Ø`≈å „`≈¿å Õ`ûd¬`â¬`õ £`Ü dÆ`≈Ω≈õ
ı∫≈øì ‰`ò ,„`õ Ø`∏õ ‰`ú¬`Ωå v£`ä ;¨`ûZ ydZd —`≈ê¬`Ü Á`è£`ã Õ`ñd z ‰`â¬`Ü £`Ö Zf o¬`ê¬`õ „`ûZ £`øé ,v¬`§ñ :‚``û¬``Ω≈õ „``õ
?¨ú£ùÆÖ £ùØ≈å „ûZ ‰øù gZ Zf jd¬ã ¨úZ¬•≈õ ,dfZd fZÆñ ’úZd gZ Áé£ú Áø∂ú Æ≈á£Ü Õ©Ü ,ÕçZ ÁëÆé
gZ Zf jd¬``ã v£``¶õ xZ¬``¿∑Ö ¨``é ¨``ùZ¬``ã fd£``ñ ,i£``çZ „``ûZ „``≈∑Ü Õ``≈æÖ£``ñ tfd £``Ö dÆ``ï fl``û £``ûÚ :y¨``¿¿ò vZ¬``ç
?¨ú£ùÆÖ £ù ‰•±úZd ‰øù
£``û z xdÆ``ò Õ``§©è £``Ö ‰``ú ‚``¡úÚ E¨``≈ùd x£``≤ú „``øÖ ZÆ``¿ûZ /Õ``çZ dz¨``©õ „``õ ‰``≤û¨``úZ ‰``ò ¨``≈û¬``Ω≈õ „``øÖ £``øé '
wf£``ºïZ ‰``ò ‚``ùd ÷``≈™≤Ü ‚``úZ¬``•≈øú Zf i£``±äZ „``ûZ £``õZ ;‚``ø¡π≈õ [¬``ã „``õ Zf £``¡¿ûZ ;’``úZd £``û z ‰``ÖÆ``®Ü ,£``ù }fzÚd£``û
z ,Zf x£``±úZ fl``û ,‚``¿ò ‘``ä ‚``úZ¬``•≈õ Zf x£``ø•ã£``ç fl``û Á``û£``§ûg „``õ ,‚``¿≈§≈õ Zf „``≈õg Á``û£``§ûg ‰``å Æ``ôZ ;Õ``±ù dz¨``©õ
‚``úZ¬``•≈øú Æ``Ωûd ZÆ``¿ûZ ,Õ``çZ dz¨``©õ Æ``ºï ‰``ò ¨``≈û¬``Ω≈õ £``øé Æ``ôZ £``õZ ,‚``¿≈§Ö ‚``úZ¬``•≈õ Zf £``¡¿ûZ ‰``øù „``õ /Zf Õ``∑≈§ë £``û
o¬`ê¬`õ „`ûZ }ZÆ`Ö £`õZ /Õ`±ù ‚`¡ï ·`Ö£`ñ ‚`ûZÆ`Ö Á`õ£`¡π•çZ ‰`§¿â gZ /¨`¿•±≈ú \£`øæò gZ ’`≈Ö ‚`ûZÆ`Ö £`¡¿ûZ /‚`û£`øú i£``±äZ
‰``ú ' ¨``≈ùd x£``≤ú „``øÖ ZÆ``¿ûZ ¨``≈úZ¬``•≈õ ‰``ú¬``Ωå v£``ä /‚``ù¨``≈õ ÷``≈™≤Ü jÆ``µì £``Ö Zf yØ``øé¬``ã Ø``≈å fl``û /wfZ¨``ú Á``ç£``±äZ
,¨``≈é£``Ö ‚``ûZÆ``Ö Á``ºøò Y£``≤¿õ ' ¨``≈¿ò fl``øò ‰``º¿ûZ ‰``ú ,‰``ú ' ¨``≈¿ò fl``øò „``øÖ ¨``≈úZ¬``•≈õ ‰``ú¬``Ωå ' ¨``≈ùd x£``≤ú ‰``º¿ûZ
gZ Á``•ä £``û z ‹``≈µö }Ø```≈å gZ d¬``âz z \£``≈ä ‰``û£```à z Y£``≤¿õ „``ûZ ‰``º¿ûZ ,dÆ``≈ô ·``ºé „``õ fd Á```ç£``±äZ „``≈¿å £``Ü
' dfZd x£``ûÆ``â „``õ x¬``ã fd ‰``ò Õ``çZ }Ø``≈å £``ûÚ ?Õ``çZ Á``•≈øùZ Á``Ö Ø``≈å ıç£``çZ ‰``º¿ûZ £``û ?¨``é £``§≈õ Õ``™ç Á``±¿â
wgÍ ÆΩûd ı∑§ë /wfZd ZÆúÚ „õ ‰ò ‚û¬ΩÖ ‚úZ¬•≈õ y£ΩúÚ ,Õ±ù „õ x¬ã fd ‰ò ÕçZ }Z ‰ú¬ΩÖ Æ`ôZ ?¨`≈•±ù ‰`â¬`•õ
/¨≈û£øú —ûÆ≤Ü ‚ûZÆÖ ZÆúÚ £øé ‰ò d¬Ö ¨ùZ¬™ú
d¬``ã ‰``Ö z ydÆ``ò £``ùf ı•ñ¬``õ Zf ‰``û£``à z i£``çZ „``ûZ df¬``õ fd Œ``©Ö ¨``é£``Ö wgÍ ¨``≈¿º≈øú Æ``ºï £``õZ :y¨``¿¿ò vZ¬``ç
£``Ü ‚``ûÆ``Ω¿Ö d¬``ã „```ùe ‰``Ö ıø≈∫•±õ „``ò£``ç ‰```Ö Z¨``•ÖZ ‰``ò Õ``çZ Æ``•¡Ö ,Õ``çZ fzd f£``≈±Ö £``õ gZ g¬``¿ù zZ x¬``å :‚``≈û¬``ΩÖ
///ÕçZ ‰•ã£ç xÚ gZ }f£ºå ‚û¬é ‰â¬•õ
/ÕçZ x¨≈≤û¨úZ x£øù „ûZ '
/ÕçZ ƺπÜ z ‰≤û¨úZ x£øù „ùe :y¨¿¿ò vZ¬ç
x£``Üd¬``ã £``øé ' x¨``ûgfz ›``≤ì ,„``•éZdÆ``π¿Ü ,xdÆ``ò i£``±äZ ,x¨``≈≤û¨``úZ /‚``ûfZd £``õ ‰``ò Õ``çZ }Ø``≈å £``¡¿Ü „``ûZ '
/dfZd „ùe ‰ò ÁÜ£≈ö¬∏≤õ Áõ£øÜ /¨≈úZ¨≈õ Zf £¡¿ûZ ‰øù
Zf £``¡¿ûZ ‰``ò ‚``≈¿º≈õ Æ``ºï £``¡¿Ü z ‚``≈úZ¨``≈øú Zf £``¡¿ûZ £``õ ‰``ò ‚``û¬``ΩÖ f¬``µ¿ûZ ‚``úZ¬``•≈õ „``õ ,[¬``ã :y¨``¿¿ò vZ¬``ç
/‚≈úZ¨≈õ
y¨``ûZ fl``û Æ``Ωûd „```ûZ /‚``•±ù ydfgÚ Õ``ñz ‰``å ‰``ò ‚``úZ¨``≈õ „`` `õ /‚``•±ù Á``§≥ì Õ``ñz ‰```å ‰``ò ‚``úZ¨``≈õ „```õ '
fd ‰`ò Á``Ü£``∫≈∫©Ü „``ûZ ‰``øù gZ Æ``Ωûd „``õ /‚``¿≈§≈õ Zf d¬``ã fd ‚``ãg „``ûZ gzÆ``Ö „``õ ,wÆ``≈Ω≈õ Zf i£``±äZ „``ûZ „``õ ,Õ``±≈ú
f£``ò „``ûZ ‰``Ö wÆ``øì w£``øÜ fd x¬``å ,wZ y¨``é ‰``•±ã ,wZ ydÆ``ò v£``§úd d¬``ã z ,dfZd x£``ûÆ``â £``ù ‰``¿≈õg „``ûZ fd x£``¡â Æ``çZÆ``ç
‰``øù ‰``ò ‚``û¬``Ω≈õ z ' wÎ``çZ fd ,Õ``≈©≈±õ fd ,‚``±ûd¬``Ö fd ,w¬``≤≈õ dfZz ‚``±≈¢Zz¨``¿ù „``µÖ fd „``õ /wZ yd¬``Ö v¬``∏≤õ
„``õ /wZ ydZd fZÆ``ñ ›``≈∫©Ü z ‰``â¬``Ü df¬``õ Zf £``¡úÚ ‰``øù „``õ ,wZ ydÆ``ò ‰```∑ö£``µõ ,wZ ydZd fZÆ``ñ ›``≈ ∫©Ü df¬``õ Zf £``¡¿ûZ
y∞``ûzd¬``ã i£``±äZ „``ûZ [≠``â ‰``Ö fd£``ñ ‰``ú¬``Ωå x£``±úZ fl``û xZ¬``¿∑Ö v£``ä /¨``¿•±ù \£``øæò x£``ò£``øò £``¡¿ûZ ‰``øù ‰``ò ‚``û¬``Ω≈õ
Ã``æë Zf }f¬``é z r£``≈•éZ xÚ „``õ /‚``ù¨``≈øú fZÆ``ñ ›``≈∫©Ü df¬``õ Zf £``¡¿ûZ ı∑§ë ,‚``é£``§ú ¨``¿õ ‰``ñÎ``ì „``õ Æ``ôZ ?d¬``Ö ‚``ùZ¬``ã
‰`ò }fZ¬`ûd ,wZ ‰`•ã£`ç wd¬`ã fzd }fZ¬`ûd „`õ /¨`û£`øú _f£`ã dz¨`©õ f£`≈±Ö }£`¥ï „`ûZ gZ ZÆ`õ ‰Ö̀Æ`ê fl`û £Ö̀ ‰`ò ‚`¿º≈õ
,‰`∑ö£`µõ £Ö̀ ‰`ò wZ ydÆ`ò jÎ`Ü „`õ z /ydZd w£`®úZ Õ`çZ v£`ç £`¡ú¬`≈æ≈õ x£`±úZ ‰`ò Õ`çZ }f£`ò „`ûZ z /‚`•±ù wd¬`ã x£`øù
‰``ò ‰``´úÚÆ``ù ,Æ``Ωûd ·```û£``çz }f£``≈±Ö £``Ö £```û z ,£``ùzf¬``ô £``û z Á``§ù≠``õ ⁄``âZÆ``õ gZ }f£```≈±Ö }¬``±Ö „``•ïf £``Ö ,›```≈∫©Ü £``Ö
£``øé x£``õg „``≈ì fd z /Õ``çZ Æ``≈ô xÚ xzfd fd wZ ‰``≤ûf x£``ò£``øò £``õZ ;wdÆ``ô _f£``ã fZ¬``ûd „``ûZ ‘``à gZ ,¨``≈¿ºÖ Zf jÆ``ºï
}Ø``≈å ,¨``çÆ``≈õ Æ``∂¿Ö y¨``úg f£``≈±Ö ‰``ò }Ø``≈å ,¨``≈¿≈§≈õ Zf Æ``≈ô ‘``πú Ø``≈å fl``û £``øé x¬``å ,¨``≈¿º≈õ Õ``§©è i£``çZ yf£``Öfd
¨`≈¿ò }f£`ò ¨`û£`§≈õ ,"¨`ûZ y¨`ûd " Zf i£`çZ ‰`ò Á`±ò ,£`øé /‰`•±Ö z ¨`¿Ö fd ,‚`•±ù £`®¿ûZ „`õ v£``ä z /y∞``ûzd¬``ã f£``≈±Ö
/ddÆô ÁéΕõ ·õ£ò f¬µÖ ,dzÆÖ „≈Ö gZ ÕûØòÆõ „ûZ ‰ò
?¨≈¿ò }f£ò Õ±û£§≈õ £øé ‰º¿ûZ £û z ‚¿ò }f£ò Õ±û£§≈õ „õ £ûÚ :y¨¿¿ò vZ¬ç
„``õ ?‚``û¬``Ω≈õ ‰``å ‰``ò ¨``≈•±ù ‰``â¬``•õ /Á``¿∑õ Á``Ö }£``ùf£``ò „``ûZ Á``õ£``øÜ z ,\d£``§ì £``Ö ‰``ú E¨``≈¿ò fl``øò „``øÖ '
Zf £ùf£ò „ûZ ‰øù /wZ ‰•±Ö ¨¡ì }Ø≈åÆù £Ö „õ /wZ ydÆò £ùf Zf Ø≈å ‰øù „õ ,wZ ydÆò ‰§ñZÆõ „õ ,wZ ‰•ïÆô ygzf
‚``¿≈§≈õ v£``ç £``¡ú¬``≈æ≈õ „``ûZ x£``û£``à fd z /‚``¿º≈õ Á``ô¨```úg ‰``ò Õ``çZ v£``ç £``¡ú¬``≈æ≈õ x£``±úZ ‰``Ö£``¶øÖ x¬``å /wZ ydZd w£``®úZ
}Z yd£```∑öZ rf£```ã ‹```≤ò ‚```ûZÆ```Ö ‰```•ºú „```ûZ /ozÆ```é ‰```µ∫ú x£```øù fd Õ```çfd ,wZ yd¬```Ö ‰```ò ‚```•±ù Á```û£`` `®ú£```øù fd x£```ò£```øò
fd qZÆ``©úZ „``ûZ ‰``º¿ûZ z ,‚``é£``Ö ydÆ``ò [£``™•úZ Á``ïZÆ``©úZ Á``ùZf ozÆ``é x£``øù gZ Õ``±û£``§≈õ wdÆ``º≈õ Æ``ºï „``õ ;¨``é£``§≈õ
}Z ‰``µ∫ú x£``øù ‰``Ö x£``ò£``øò „``õ ‰``ò wZ ydÆ``ò ‹``≤ò k£``ã ‰``∂©ö fl``û fd v£``ä ;Õ``çZ ‰``•ï£``û wzZ¨``Ü „``•ïf xÚ z „``ûZ v£``§úd
,wZ y¨`é Æ`Ü y¨`ûd£``≈úd ,wZ ydÆ``ò Ã``±ò }Æ``•≤≈Ö [f£``®Ü „``õ ‰``å Æ``ôZ /‚``•éZd fZÆ``ñ £``®úÚ fd „``ò£``ç ‰``Ö Z¨``•ÖZ ‰``ò wZ ‰``•≤ôÆ``Ö
ozÆ``é ‰``µ∫ú fd x£``ò£``øò „``õ £``¡¿ûZ ‰``øù £``Ö ' ?¨``≈•±ù ‰``â¬``•õ ' wZ ydÆ``ò ÷``ñf ,wZ ‰``•ã£``ç fl``ûg¬``õ z ydÆ``ò Á``é£``∫ú
/wfZd fZÆñ
/¨é£§≈õ @„õ'‰úA x£øù „õ ‰ò }Z ‰µ∫ú ‰Ö :y¨¿¿ò vZ¬ç
H
z ‰`û£`à „`ûZ z x£`±úZ Õ`ûd¬`â¬`õ „`≈Ö }¨ú̀¬`≈à ‰`å ‰`º¿ûZ z ?‚`¿ºÖ ¨`û£Ö̀ f£`ºå ,Ã`ã :‚`û¬`Ω≈õ wd¬`ã ‰`Ö /„`õ '
J
/¨``é£``ßÖ ‚``ù gZ Î``õ£``ò „``õ xzfd Ø``òÆ``õ ,‚``ùd ÷``≈™≤Ü Zf ‰``µÖZf „``ûZ ‚``é£``Ö fd£``ñ „``õ Æ``ôZ ¨``û£``é ?Õ``çZ fZÆ``ñÆ``Ö i£``çZ
fd£``ñ „``õ „``ùe Æ``ôZ v£``äÆ``¡Ö /Õ``±≈ú jZd£``à y¨``ìz ‰``Ö „``•±§öd £``û z „``≈∑õ Á``ç¬``ù z ·``û£``øÜ ,k£``ã Á``≤≤ò gZ Õ``§©è
' ¨``é ¨``ùZ¬``ã xÚ gZ Á``≤™Ö d¬``ã y£``ΩúÚ Á``¿ùe „``≈¿å ,¨``û£``øú fZÆ``ñÆ``Ö }Z ‰``µÖZf \£``≈ä Y£``≤¿õ z i£``çZ xÚ £``Ö ‰``ò ¨``é£``Ö
?¨ûfZd v¬§ñ £ûÚ
?d¬Ö ¨ùZ¬™ú ›Ö£ç „ùe x£øù ÆΩûd „ùe „ûZ y£ΩúÚ £ûÚ :y¨¿¿ò vZ¬ç
/‰ú yzZ '
J
Î``øì ,Õ``±≈ú x£``≈õ fd \Î``û£``øÜ gZ Á``•§©è ”``≈ù ‰``ò ‰``•ºú „``ûZ aÆ``ë £``Ö £``øé „``õ Æ``∂¿Ö £``õZ :y¨``¿¿ò vZ¬``ç
/¨ûZ ‰•ïÆô y¨ûd£ú Zf \κ≤õ gZ }f£≈±Ö
///wZ ydÆò Áô¨úg v£ç £¡ú¬≈æ≈õ „õ ‰ò wZ ‰•πô „õ ,‰ú ,‰ú '
/ÕçZ Õ㣿é x£øù „ûZ £õZ :y¨¿¿ò vZ¬ç
/‚ù¨≈øú fZÆñ ¨≈¢£Ü df¬õ Õ㣿é xZ¬¿∑Ö yd£ç ‰ú¬Ω¿û¨Ö ZÆ¿ûZ „õ ,‰ú '
f£``≈±Ö Õ``çZ }Ø``≈å o¬``ê¬``õ „``ûZ :‚``û£``øú Æ``û¬``≥Ü ‰``ú¬``ô „``û¨``Ö ZÆ``¿ûZ „``õ ‰``ò ¨``≈ùd yg£``âZ ,[¬``ã :y¨``¿¿ò vZ¬``ç
/’úZd gZ ÆÜZÆï
Æ``ù xzZ /ydÆ``ò Á``ô¨``úg ‰``ò Õ``çZ v£``ç £``¡ú¬``≈æ≈õ „``õ Ø``∏õ /Õ``±≈å wf¬``∂¿õ ‰``ò ¨``≈•±≈ú ‰``â¬``•õ £``øé ,‰``ú '
¨``≈¿ºÖ Zf jÆ``ºï ‰``ò }Ø``≈åÆ``ù zZ ;Õ``çZ y¨``é x£``øæ±õ £``û z Á``©≈±õ ,z¨``¿ù ,Õ``±ûd¬``Ö zZ /Õ``çZ ydÆ``ò ‰``ÖÆ``®Ü Zf }Ø``≈å
fd ,¨``û¬``Ω≈õ z y¨``õÚ Á``±ò ‰``µÖZf „``ûZ fd y£``ΩúÚ z /Õ``çZ y¨``ú£``õ Á``ñ£``Ö f¬``µú£``øù x£``ò£``øò ‰``≈¥ñ ˙``èZ ‰``•±ù £``õZ ,y¨``é
Ã``ù≠``õ ‰``Ö ' wdÆ``Ω≈õ g£``Ö wZ ˙``§ñ }£``¡ùZf x£``øù ‰``Ö x£``ò£``øò wfZd „``õ ‰``øù „``ûZ £``Ö £``ûÚ E /// ‰``ò Õ``±ù Á``ç£``çZ £``®¿ûZ
‰``øù ‰``ò w¨``ûd Æ``õÍZÆ``ã Ú z wZ ydZd w£``®úZ Zf £``ùf£``ò „``ûZ ‰``øù „``õ x¬``å ,wfZ≠``Ω≈õ f£``¿ò Zf £``¡¿ûZ w£``øÜ „``õ ?£``¡¿ûZ z
/¨¿•±≈ú }ÆΩûd Ø≈å Æ•±ò£ã Øâ £¡¿ûZ
Á`•±ù }ZÆÖ̀ Á`û£`¿§õ £`û z i£`çZ £`øé }ZÆÖ̀ £`Ü ydÆ`Ö f£`ºÖ ‰`≤ û¨`úZ ‰`ò yd¬`Ö Á`û£`¡éÎ`Ü £`¡¿ûZ ‰`øù ,[¬`ã :‚`ù¬`Ö
z ‰û£à xZ¬¿∑Ö ZÆúÚ z ydÆò ›`æã Zf }Ø`≈å d¬`ã ‰`≤û¨ú̀Z z ’ú̀Zd fl`øò £Ö̀ £`¡ú£`±úZ ‰`ò ¨`çÆ`≈õ Æ`∂¿Ö f¬`µ¿ûZ /¨`û£`øú ›`æã
J
/¨é£Ö i£çZ z ‰û£à xÚ ‰•±úZ¬•≈øú y£Ω´≈ù ,r¬æ™õ „ûZ ‰ò ÕçZ —êZz Îõ£ò /¨úZ ‰•ïÆô Æ∂ú fd \£≈ä i£çZ
/¨úZ ydÆò Æ≈ôfd Zf d¬ã ‰ò ÕçZ v£ç £¡ú¬≈æ≈õ £•çZf „ûZ fd £¡ú£±úZ ‰å ÆôZ ,¨é£Ö xÚ ‰•±úZ¬•≈øú ‰æÖ '
‰``Ö£``¶øÖ f£``ò ‰``®•¿õ ı∑§ë ,¨``¿ò £``πûZ Á``≤∫ú ‰``¿≈õg „``ûZ fd ¨``é£``Ö ‰``•çZ¬``ã ’``úZd ‰``º≈ú£``õØ``úÚ Æ``ù ‘``à :‚``ù¬``Ö
/d¬Ö ¨ùZ¬ã Á∑ñZzÆ≈î }Ø≈å ,\£≈ä Y£≤¿õ z i£çZ
‰``º≈ú£``õg fd ?dfZd d¬``âz }Z ‰``µÖZf x£``±úZ „``ùe z \£``≈ä Y£``≤¿õ „``ûZ „``≈Ö £``ûÚ q£``èzZ „``ûZ £``Ö /ı•∑≈§ë '
/¨é£Ö x£¡¿à ¨úZ¬•≈õ }Ƶã vZ¬ç „ûZ „µÖ fd ‰ò ‚•±ù ‰â¬•õ ,‚¿º≈õ aÆë Zf vZ¬ç „ûZ „õ
Õ``≤à Zf £``¡úÚ Y£``©úZ gZ }¬``©ú ‰``Ö ‰``ò ¨``≈û£``øú ›``æã Zf Á``Ü£``øù¬``Ü x£``øù ‚``ù £``øé Õ``çZ „``ºøõ ,‰``•§öZ :‚``ù¬``Ö
/‚ûZ ydfZ≠ôÆç
/ÕçZ y¨é ydZdÆç x£±úZ ÿç¬Ü £ùf£Ö ‰ò ÕçZ }gZzÚ „ûZ /‰æÖ '
‰``ò Õ``±≈ú £``øé ÿ``ç¬``Ü ,x£``±úZ „``ùe z \£``≈ä Y£``≤¿õ „``≈Ö ‰``µÖZf ‰``ò Õ``çZ „``ûZ £``øé f¬``∂¿õ £``ûÚ :y¨``¿¿ò vZ¬``ç
?///¨û£§≈õ jd¬ã ‰ºæÖ ,¨Ö£≈≈õ d¬øú Áô¨úg fd
„`õ „`ùe /‚ú̀Z¬`™Ö ZÆ`ï Á`ô¨ú̀g ‰Ö̀ Zf ‰`µÖZf „`ûZ d¬`ã „`õ Õ`±û£`§≈õ ¨`û£`é ,‰ú̀ /¨`é£`§≈õ Ø`≈ú wd¬`ã vZ¬`ç „`ûZ '
„``õ ,wZ ‰``•±ûÆ``Ωú ¬``ç ‰``øù ‰``Ö ,wZ ydÆ``ò ¬``®•±â ,wZ y¨``≈≤ò dfd „``õ /wZ ‰``•ïf Zf £``¡ùZf „``ûZ Á``õ£``øÜ „``õ :¨``û¬``Ω≈õ
z /¨``úZ yd¬``Ö [Æ``≤õ j¬``ã z [e£``â f£``≈±Ö £``ù ‰``èÆ``ì „``ûZ fd ‰``ò wZ ydÆ``ò Á``ô¨``úg Á``û£``¡ú£``±úZ £``Ö „``õ ,wZ ydÆ``ò ›``≈∫©Ü
J
‹``ñZz ‰``•π¡ú ‰``æÀ±õ „``ûZ „``µÖ fd ‰``ò }Æ``µã ‰``Ö Õ``§±ú Î``õ£``ò Ø``≈ú x£``õg „``≈ì fd ,‚``¿º≈õ aÆ``ë Zf vZ¬``ç „``ûZ „``õ v£``ä
xzfd fd £``øùZÆ``Ö ,Õ``ç¬``Ü xzfd fd Z¨``ã ,¨``¿û¬``Ω≈õ £``ùz¨``¿ù ‰``ò f¬``µú£``øù Õ``çfd ;‚``ù¨``≈õ fZ¨``≤ù xÚ d¬``âz ‰``Ö z yd¬``Ö
z ydfZ≠``ôÆ``ç Õ``≤à Zf £``¡¿ûZ ‰``øù „``õ £``õZ E¨``é£``§≈õ [Z≠``â z y¨``¿¿ò fl``ûÆ``©Ü f£``≈±Ö y¨``ûZ fl``û ı∑§ë „``ûZ z ' Õ``ç¬``Ü
/wZ ydÆò Áë Zf £¡ùZf „ûZ
yZf fl`û „`ûZ Æ`ôZ z ,dfZ¨`ú i£`çZ „`ûZ £`Ö }Z ‰`µÖZf ”`≈ù x£`±úZ „`ùe £`ûÚ :‰`ò d¬`Ö ¨`ùZ¬`ã ‰``ú¬``Ω¿ûZ ¸Z¬``ç v£``ä
///„õ qÆµÖ zZ }¬ç gZ ‚¡úÚ ,¨é£§≈õ ‰ïƵºû
/ÕçZ }¨úzZ¨ã Õøäf }zgfÚ gZ Á磱äZ ·¶õ Õçfd ,¨≈¿º≈õ x£≈Ö £øé ‰ò Zf ‰´úÚ :‚ù¬Ö
/wÆû≠à Áøú ZÆ¿ûZ „õ '
/Õ±≈ú ‰ïƵºû ‰µÖZf ‰ò ‚ù ¨≈û¬Ω≈øú ı¿øê £õZ z ,ÕçZ ‰ïƵºû ‰µÖZf ‰ò ¨≈û¬Ω≈øú £øé ‰•§öZ :‚ù¬Ö
/‚úZ¨≈øú „õ ,¨é£Ö f¬µ¿ûZ ¨úZ¬•≈õ '
/¨≈¿º≈øú ÷™≤õ Zf wZ¨º´≈ù ‰¿≈õg „ûZ fd £øé :‚ù¬Ö
„``ûZ ‰``ò Õ``çZ „``ûZ ,‚``¿º≈õ @gzfÚA „``õ ‰``ò Zf ‰``´úÚ ‰``øù /‚``û¬``Ω≈øú ‰``µÖZf „``ûZ fd }Ø``≈å ‰``âz ”``≈¡Ö „``õ '
·``õ£``ì Ø``òÆ``õ „``ûZ ‰``ò ‚``•±ù ‰``â¬``•õ „``õ x¬``å /¨``é£``§ú d¬``â¬``õ Ø``òÆ``õ „``ûZ ‰``º¿ûZ ?¨``≈•±ù ‰``â¬``•õ /dzÆ``Ö „``≈Ö gZ Ø``òÆ``õ
yz¨``úZ z £``¡øî „``ûZ Á``õ£``øÜ z ,£``¡éÎ``Ü Á``õ£``øÜ ,\£``ú£``®≈ù Á``õ£``øÜ ,\£``øù¬``Ü Á``õ£``øÜ ,£``ù Á``≤ûÆ``à xZzf ,£``¡ñ£``∫≤úZ Á``õ£``øÜ
„`≈Ö gZ }ZÆ`Ö wZ ‰`•±úZ¬`•ú ‰`ò Õ`çZ v£`ç £`¡ú¬`≈æ≈õ gZ ’`≈Ö „`õ /¨`¿Ö£`≈≈õ wzZ¨`Ü ‰`•±ù „`ûZ ÿ`ç¬`Ü £`¡¿ûZ ‰``øù ' /Õ``ç£``ù
”``≈ù £``ûÚ ?Õ``çZ fZÆ``ñÆ``Ö i£``çZ z ‰``û£``à xÚ z x£``±úZ „``ùe „``≈Ö }Z ‰``µÖZf ıç£``çZ £``ûÚ £``¡¿ûZ ‰``øù £``Ö /wdÆ``ô ›``ï¬``õ xÚ xdÆ``Ö
/dfZ¨ú d¬âz }Z ‰µÖZf ”≈ù £¡úÚ „≈Ö fd /¨≈¿ò Æºï „ûZ ‰Ö ?dfZd d¬âz ¨Ö z [¬ã „≈Ö }Z ‰µÖZf
/¨ûfZd Á•éZdÆÖ ‰å ‰µÖZf gZ £øé ‰º¿ûZ ‰Ö dfZd ÁΩ•±Ö „ûZ :‚ù¬Ö
///ÁΩú£Ωû }ZÆÖ Áû£¥ï d¬âz gZ Á磱äZ ,¨ú¬≈à ,i£øÜ '
/‰≤ûf z ⁄§¿õ flû gZ „•ï£û ¬øú z ¨éf ///:‚ù¬Ö
/侅 '
?ÕçZ [¬ã Áºû xÚ z ,¨Ö „ûZ ‰ò Õπô xZ¬•≈õ xÚ gZ ¨∑Ö £ûÚ £õZ :y¨¿¿ò vZ¬ç
„``ûZ /Õ``±≈ú ·``õ£``ò Æ``Ωûd }Ø``≈å z Õ``±ù ·``õ£``ò }Ø``≈å ;‚``≈ûÆ``≈ΩÖ Æ``∂ú fd Zf }Æ``Ωûd ‰``øæò ¨``≈û£``≈Ö /‰``ú ,‰``ú '
/dfZ¨ú d¬âz }Ø≈å ,Õπô xZ¬•≈õ ı≥™≤õ ?dfZd d¬âz }Z ‰µÖZf ıç£çZ zd „ûZ „≈Ö £ûÚ /Õ±≈ú y¨ûZ flû
Õ``çZ Á``∑≈§ë y£``ΩúÚ /Õ``çZ v£``≈ã fl``û z ‚``ù¬``Ü fl``û Ø``òÆ``õ ı¿Àøµõ ,¨``≈û¬``Ω≈õ £``øé ‰``º¿ûZ ‰``Ö ‰``â¬``Ü £``Ö :‚``ù¬``Ö
J
/ÕçZ Á∫≈∫ä Îõ£ò ‰ò ¨é£Ö ‰•éZd }Ø≈å £Ö }Z ‰µÖZf ”≈ù ¨úZ¬•≈øú ,˘£≈ã Ø≈å flû ‰ò
Æ`∂ú fd Zf }Æ`Ωûd w¬`¡πõ ‰`¿≈õg „`≈øù fd ‰`ò ‚`æû£`õ /Õ`çZ ‚`¡õ f£`≈±Ö Á`π≤ò „`ûZ ,¨`≈úZ¨`≈õ /Õ`çZ „``≈øù '
J
yÆ``¡Ö ‰``øæò fl``û gZ ⁄``ûÆ``ç ˙``≈ã ,}Ø``≈å ‰``Ö d¬```ã ‰``â¬``Ü xdZd x£``≤ú z ¨``≈ò£``Ü }ZÆ``Ö „``õ ;@}fZz¨``≈õZA :Î``¶õ ,wÆ``≈ΩÖ
„``ûZ z /¨``é£``Ö ‰``•éZd ‰``µÖZf i£``≈∫õ z¨``ä Á``Ö Ø``≈å xÚ £``Ö ‰``ò Õ``çZ @fZz¨``≈õZA fl``å¬``ò f£``≈±Ö Ø``≈å „``ûZ v£``ä /wÆ``≈Ω≈õ
/¨é£§≈õ „ºøõ£ú }ÆõZ
Ø``≈å „``ûZ x£``õg „``≈ ì fd ‰``ºæÖ ,Õ``çZ i£``≈ñ z ¨```ä gZ _f£``ã Ø``≈å xÚ ‰```º¿ûZ ÿ``∫ï ‰``ú /Õ``çZ —```≈©è :‚``ù¬``Ö
 ?Õ±≈ú f¬µ¿ûZ ,dfZ¨ú Áâf£ã d¬âz ·øì fd flå¬ò
/侅 '
Æ```õZ ⁄```ñZz fd Ø```òÆ```õ „```ûZ ‰```ò ¨```û¬```Ω≈õ zZ /w¬```é Á```øú ‰```â¬```•õ Æ```Ωûd Zf ‰```•ºú „`` `ûZ „```õ £```õZ :y¨`` `¿¿ò vZ¬```ç
/dfZ¨ú d¬âz ı∑ñZz ØòÆõ „ûZ ZÆå ‰ò ‚¿º≈øú tfd „õ £õZ ,dfZ¨ú Õûd¬â¬õ
£``®¿ûZ fd ⁄``ñZz fd /Õ``çZ ‚``ù¬``Ü ydZg ‰``ºæÖ ,Õ``±≈ú Õ``≈∑ñZz fl``û ‰``ò ‰``ûzZg „``ûZ gZ ‰``ºæÖ ,·``ø ì fd ‰``ú :‚``ù¬``Ö
/‚≈磿≤≈õ ZÆúÚ £õ ‰ò Õ±≈ú }Ø≈å x£øù £õZ ,dfZd dƺæøì }Ø≈å
?¨≈ø¡π≈õ ZÆ¿ûZ £ûÚ '
Á``∑ñZzÆ``≈î „``õ ZÆ``ûg dÆ``≈Ω≈øú \f¬``è f£``º¿ûZ /ddÆ``ô w¨``¡¿õ Õ``±û£``§≈õ Ø``òÆ``õ ‰``ò ¨``≈û¬``Ω≈õ £``øé :y¨``¿¿ò vZ¬``ç
/w¬≤≈øú ‰â¬•õ ZÆúÚ xd¬Ö
w£``®úZ Zf £``ùf£``ò „``ûZ ‰``øù „``õ ,wZ ydÆ``ò Á``ô¨``úg v£``ç x¬``≈æ≈õ fl``û „``õ /¨``ûZ y¨``≈ø¡πú Zf wf¬``∂¿õ £``øé /‰``ú '
/wd¬Ö ydÆò ozÆé ‰ò wfZd fZÆñ Áû£®ú£øù fd ı∫≈ñd ‰ò wZ y¨ûd ÆõÍZÆãÚ z /wZ ydZd
/ddÆô Æ®π¿õ Õ±û£§≈õ ØòÆõ „ûZ ‰ò ¨≈û¬Ω≈õ ·≈öd „≈ø¡Ö z :y¨¿¿ò vZ¬ç
”``≈ù ’``•çd gZ v£``ä „``≈ì fd z /Õ``çZ Á``ºå¬``ò f£``≈±Ö Ø``≈å „``ûZ ,¨``û¬``Ω≈õ „``ùe /‰``ú ‚``ù g£``Ö z ,‰``ú ,‰``ú '
y¨ú£õ Áñ£Ö d¬ã }£â fd x£ò£øò ØòÆõ „ûZ £õZ ,ydg }f£òÆù ‰Ö Õçd zZ ,ÕçZ ydÆò £`¡Üd£`§ì zZ ///¨`ûÚ Á`øúÆÖ̀ }f£`ò
fd ‰ò d¬Ö ‚ùZ¬ã xÚ x£ùZ¬ã „õ z /dfZd Õûd¬â¬õ i£`çZ z ‰`û£`à „`ûZ £`®¿ûZ fd ,¨`û¬`Ω≈õ „`øÖ Á`±ò y£`ΩúÚ z /Õ`çZ
/wfzÚ d¬â¬Ö xÚ £Ö Á룧ÜfZ ‰¿≈õg „ûZ
/ÕçZ ‚ù¬Ü flû ØòÆõ ‰º¿ûZ x£õØøù ¨û¬Ω≈õ z ,Õ±ù }Ø≈å £®¿ûZ fd ‰ò ¨û¬Ω≈õ „øÖ zZ :y¨¿¿ò vZ¬ç
/dzÆ≈õ ’≈à dfZd ⁄ûÆç f£≈±Ö ‰≈¥ñ ‰ú¬Ω¿ûZ ,¨≈¿ò Ƨè :‚ù¬Ö
‰``å ,‚``¡ú Á``õ w£``ú Á``é£``Ö ·``û£``õ ¬``Ü ‰``ò ‰``´úÚÆ``ù ZÆ``úÚ /Õ``±ù £``®¿ûZ ‰``û£``à xÚ ‰``ò ‚``úZ¨``≈õ „``õ /¨``≈¿ò Æ``§è ,‰``ú '
,¨`û¬`Ω≈õ „`ùe z /dfZd Õ`ûd¬`â¬`õ £`®¿ûZ fd v£`äÆ`¡Ö i£`çZ xÚ /}Ø`≈åÆ`ù £`û [ZÆ`ç fl`û £`û z ,Õ`≈∑ñZz fl`û ,‚`ù¬`Ü fl`û
‰`û£`à xÚ z /‚`é£`Ö xÚ £``Ö m£``§ÜfZ fd ‚``æû£``õ „``õ /‚``ùd ÷``≈™≤Ü Zf ‰``û£``à xÚ ‰``ò ‚``æû£``õ „``õ ;Õ``±≈ú Á``ï£``ò g¬``¿ù yf£``éZ „``ûZ
EÕçZ „≈øù ‰≈¥ñ w£øÜ /"¨≈é£Ö ‰•éZd ¨≈úZ¬•≈øú }Z ‰µÖZf ”≈ù „õ £Ö £øé ,‚π磕õ ˙≈ã ":¨û¬Ω≈õ
\∆```≤ú @„```õA gZ ‰```ò Õ```çZ Á```¿ùe x£```øù ,dfZd ·```û£```øÜ ¨```ú¬```≈à „```ûZ ‰```Ö ‰```ò Á```¿ùe ,„```ùe „```ûZ :y¨```¿¿ò vZ¬```ç
?dÆ≈Ω≈õ
Zf £``¡¿ûZ ‰``øù „``õ /¨``ûZ ‰``•ïÆ``Ωú Zf ˙``èZ ‰``•éf „``ûZ gZ Æ``•≤≈à £``øé /¨``≈¿ºú fl``≈ºπÜ ‚``ù gZ Zf £``¡¿ûZ ıπµö '
„``õ /wzÆ``≈õ Ã``∫ì z ¬``æâ ‰``Ö ,‚``¿º≈õ Œ``©Ö ‰``æÀ±õ „``ûZ }zf wfZd £``øé £``Ö ‰``ò ‚``úZ¨``≈õ Zf „``ûZ „``õ /wZ y¨``úZf≠``ôÆ``ç gZ
„```ûZ ‰```Ö Õ```§±ú Æ```õÍZÆ```ãÚ z /Õ```çZ y¨```≈≤™Ö }Z y∞```ûz jgfZ „`` `õ ‰```Ö „```ûZ z ,wfZd ‰```ÖÆ```®Ü v£```ç x¬`` `≈æ≈õ fl```û gZ ’```≈Ö
t¬``é ‚``ûZÆ``Ö Á`` ù£``ôÚ „``ûZ z /dfZ¨``ú d¬```âz Õ``∫≈∫ä z „``õ „`` ≈Ö }Z ‰``µÖZf ”``≈ù £``®¿ûZ fd ‰``ò wZ ‰``•≤ô y£``ôÚ o¬```ê¬``õ
‰``ò ydÆ``º≈õ ¨``≈ò£``Ü „``øÖ wZ ‰``ö£``ç £``¡ú¬``≈æ≈õ ‰``ÖÆ``®Ü x¬``å ,¨``ûZ ydÆ``ò Á``¿ï ‰``ÖÆ``ê ZÆ``õ £``øé f£``ΩúZ ‰``ò }f¬``ë /yd¬``Ö Á``ò£``¿çÆ``Ü
/„``ò d£``®ûZ xÚ }ZÆ`Ö̀ Á``¢£``¥ï ,„``ò ’``ûZ¨``è ,‡``¿®Ö ’``ûZÆ``Ö ,’``û¬``®Ö ,yZ¬``™Ö ZÆ``úÚ ;Á``ûÚ ·``¢£``ú Õ``∫≈∫ä tfd ‰``Ö ¨``û£``§≈õ ¬``Ü
„``ûZ £``Ö „``õ ‰``ò ‰``•≤ô x£``û£``øú ‚``ûZÆ``Ö ‰``ú¬``Ω¿ûZ ,‰``§ñÆ``•õÆ``≈î f¬``µÖ y£``ΩúÚ z /wZ ydZd w£``®úZ v£``äÆ``¡Ö Zf £``ùf£``ò „``ûZ ‰``øù „``õ
ydZ¬``ú£``ã ,wZ ‰``•™ûf £``¡ºéZ „``õ /‚``é£``Ö ‰``•éZd ‚``úZ¬``•≈øú }Z ‰``µÖZf ‰``ú¬``Ω´≈ù d¬``âz z Á``•±ù ‰``û£``à z i£``çZ „``ûZ £``Ö ,Æ``õZ
,‚``πç£``•õ ":¨``û¬``Ω≈õ „``øÖ Ø``≈å xÚ z /xÚ „``•ï£``û }ZÆ``Ö £``¡¿Ü z £``¡¿Ü ,wZ ydÆ``ò tÆ``Ü Zf wØ``≈å ‰``øù ,wZ ydÆ``ò tÆ``Ü Zf wZ
‰``´úÚ ‰``â¬``•õ £``ûÚ /‚``û£``øú „``ézf Zf ‰``•ºú „``ûZ ‚``ùZ¬``™≈õ „``õ ?yd£``•ïZ Á``ñ£``πÜZ ‰``å „``õ fd v£``ä "/Õ``±≈ú f£``ò fd }Z ‰``µÖZf
}f£``òÆ``ù ‰``ò Á``¿ùe ,y¨``úZf≠``ô Zf }f¬``õZ „``≈¿´¿ûZ ‰``ò Á``¿ùe }ZÆ``Ö ?Õ``çZ ydZd bf ‚``ûZÆ``Ö }Ø``≈å ‰``å ' ¨``≈•±ù ‚``û¬``Ω≈õ ‰``ò
"/¨`≈é£`Ö ‰`•éZd „``õ £``Ö ¨``≈úZ¬``•≈øú }Z ‰``µÖZf ”``≈ù £``øé ":¨``û¬``ΩÖ i£``çZ „``ûZ ‰``ò Á`ú̀£`õg ‚``¡úÚ ;¨`Ö̀£`≈Ö Zf i£``çZ xÚ £``Ü ydÆ``ò
///ÕçZ ‰•ºú „ûÆ•ø¡õ „ûZ
/d¬é zÆÖzf }Z ‰•πô „≈¿å £Ö ÆôZ ,¨é£§≈õ @„õA xÚ }ZÆÖ y¨¿ù¨ú£ºÜ f£≈±Ö t¬é flû „ûZ :y¨¿¿ò vZ¬ç
?Õ±ù t¬é flû ‰Ö£¶øÖ ‚ù £øé }ZÆÖ £ûÚ '
///y£ΩúÚ z ,ÕçZ f¬µ¿ûZ ‰ò w¨∫•∑õ „õ :y¨¿¿ò vZ¬ç
£``øé Ø``∏õ ¨``≈û£``øú ‹``≤ò ‰``ò Õ``çZ t¬``é fl``û Ø``≈ú £``øé }ZÆ``Ö „``ûZ £``ûÚ ,‚``¿º≈õ vZ¬``ç „``õ E¨``ûfZd ‰``Ωú Õ``çd '
‰``øù ,£``øé \Zgf£``§õ Á``õ£``øÜ ,x£``Ü \£``≤û£``õgÚ ‰``øù ?¨``¿•±ù jgfZ Á``Ö £``¡úÚ ‰``øù ,£``øé Á``ù£``ôÚ z ’``úZd ,£``øé „``ùe z
ZÆ``å ,¨``≈•±≈ú ‰``úZ¬``ûd £``øé £``ûÚ ?¨``¿•±ù jgfZ Á``Ö £``¡¿ûZ ‰``øù ,¨``ûZ yd¬``øú }fzÚ ⁄``øâ £``¡ö£``ç „``ûZ Á``ë fd ‰``ò Á``û£``ùØ``≈å
J
‰``èÎ``ã ,d¬``ã x¨``≈≤ò Ø``≈ø¡õ ‰``Ö ,xd¬``Ö f£``òØ``≈ùÆ``à ,fl``≈ú fZdÆ``ò ?¨``ûd¬``Ö ydÆ``ò ⁄``øâ ”``≈ù }ZÆ``Ö Î``¶õ Zf £``¡¿ûZ ‰``øù ‰``ò
J
?¨ûZ ydÆò f£ºå ,¨≈•±ù ‰â¬•õ E?¨úZ jgfZ ÁÖ £¡¿ûZ ‰øù ‰ò d¬é ‰•πô ÆõÍZÆãÚ Î¶õ ‰ò ' £ùf£ò „ûZ ‰øù
/¨Ö£û Áøú wzZ¨Ü y£Ω´≈ù Õö£ä „ûZ y£ΩúÚ ,dzÆÖ „≈Ö gZ Ø≈å ‰øù ÆôZ „õ Æ∂¿Ö :‚ù¬Ö
Á``ñÆ``ï ”``≈ù ,¨``≈é£``Ö ydÆ``ºú £``û z ydÆ``ò }f£``ò ‰``å v£``ä ,¨``ûfZ¨``ú Õ``∫≈∫ä xÚ £``Ö }¨``ú¬``≈à ”``≈ù £``øé ı≥™≤õ '
/dfZ¨ú
Á``Ö¬``åf£``å fd ‚``¡úÚ ,Õ``çZ Á``§±ú Á``égfZ fZd¬``øú Õ``ö£``ä „``ûZ /d¬``ã w¬``¡πõ „``ûÆ``Ü }d£``≈¿Ö fd ‚``¡úÚ ”``≈ù :‚``ù¬``Ö
/Õ±≈ú ÁégfZ ”≈ù d¬øú ⁄ñZz fd ,d¬é ‰•πô ÆÜ yd£ç Áõ¬¡πøÖ ÆôZ ‰ò „≈∑õ
/ÕçZ Á§±ú ÁégfZ d¬øú d¬ã }£®Ö ‰≤û¨úZ z ƺπÜ '
/Õ±≈ú ÁégfZ ”≈ù }ZfZd vzZ¨•õ w¬¡πõ fd [¬åf£å „ûZ £õZ :‚ù¬Ö
ydZd w£``®úZ @„``≈õgA }zfÆ``Ö ‰``ò ‚``ù Zf Á``û£``ùf£``ò xÚ ‰``øù :¨``û¬``Ω≈õ ‰``ë¬``ÖÆ``õ i£``çZ z ‰``û£``à /Õ``çZ f¬``µ¿≈øù '
aÆ``µõ Á``•≈∑ñZz £``®¿ûZ fd ‰``º¿ûZ £``û ?Õ``çZ vÚ y¨``ûZ fl``û Æ``çÆ``Ö Õ``§©è £``ûÚ /¨``¿•±≈ú Á``égfZ ”``≈ù }ZfZd Ø``≈ú £``¡úÚ ,¨``ûZ
J
,‚``ù¨``≈õ ‰``õZdZ ‚``ùZf ‰``Ö „``õ £``¡¿ûZ ‰``øù £``Ö z ?¨``ûfZd ¨``≈ò£``Ü ‰``•πô „``ûZ ‰``Ö £``øé Î``¶õ ‰``ò x¬``å ,vÚ y¨``ûZ fl``û ?Õ``±ù
f¬``µÖ Æ``Ωûd Á``Üf£``§∑Ö ,¨``é ‚``ùZ¬``ã zÆ``Özf Á``•≈∑ñZz „``≈¿å £``Ö ‰``º¿ûZ £``û /Á``ô¨``¿û¬``à z }¨``¿õzgfÚ gZ ¬``æøõ ,ygf£``§õ £``Ö ‚``¡úÚ
£``õ „``ûZÆ``Ö£``¿Ö ?wdÆ``Ω≈õ y£``ôÚ ,wZ ydZd w£``®úZ x¬``¿ò £``Ü ‰``ò Á``û£``ùf£``ò ‰``øù xd¬``Ö Æ``≈∫ä ‰``Ö Õ``§±ú d¬``ã fd ‰``§ñÆ``•õ Æ``≈î
J
fl`û ıïÆ`è „`ûZ ,‚`≈é£Ö̀ ‹`ñZz Î`õ£`ò ‰`ò }Z ‰ú̀¬`ΩÖ ,‚`ûfZdÆÖ̀ w¨`ñ £`•çZf „`ûZ fd Á`è£`ã Õ`≈ç£`±ä z ‰`â¬`Ü £Ö̀ Õ`±û£`§≈õ
ZÆ``úÚ ‰``ÖÆ``ê ‰``§ú£``â ‰``øù f¬``µÖ ‰``ºæÖ ,‚``≈ú£``®¿Ωú y¨``ûZ z ‰``ûÆ``∂ú fl``û fd ZÆ``úÚ ‰``ò Õ``çZ „``ûZ Æ``•¡Ö Á``•ä £``û z ;Õ``±≈ú ‰``ûÆ``∂ú
/‚≈û£øú Õï£ûfd
J
yfZ¬``øù ,¨``õÚ d¬``â¬``Ö x£``±úZ ‰``º≈ú£``õg x£``øù gZ Î``ø•©õ ,v£``ç £``ù¨``è Á``ë ,Á``â£``¿≤ûÆ``ò ,¨``≈úZ¨``≈õ :y¨``¿¿ò vZ¬``ç
/dfzÚ Õç¨Ö Zf ,¨é£Ö ’õ£ú ‰ò }Ø≈åÆù flû z ‰û£à ,Z¨ã ‰ò yd¬Ö jÎÜ fd
/y¨ûZ flû xZ¬¿∑Ö '
gZ ’``≈Ö £``¡¿ûZ ‰``øù ,‰``ò d¬``øú x£``≈Ö f¬``µ¿ûZ Ø``≈ú zZ z ‰``•≤ô fZgf£``ò dfZz Á``øæì Á``¿ùe Ù¨``∑Ö £``õZ :y¨``¿¿ò vZ¬``ç
 /¨é£§≈õ Æ•≤≈Ö ÁøôfdÆç flû £¡¿Ü z £¡¿Ü z ,¨¿•±≈ú y¨ûZ z ‰ûÆ∂ú flû
„``ûZ ‰``Ö ‚``≈úZ¬``•Ö ‰``ò ¨``û£``é ,}d£``õ ‰``§¿â gZ ‚``¡úÚ ›``≈∫©Ü Á``à fd £``õ ‰``ò Õ``çZ ¨``¿õzgfÚ Á``øæì „``ùe /‰``ú yzZ '
/‚≈çÆÖ i£çZ z ‰û£à
Ø``≈ú Zf Á``û£``ùØ``≈å ‰``¿≈õg „``ûZ fd Õ``çZ „``ºøõ Á``•ä Á``ãÆ``Ö /¨``úfZd Zf i£``±äZ „``ûZ £``¡úÚ gZ }f£``≈±Ö ,‰``æÖ :‚``ù¬``Ö
/¨¿ù¨≈õ fZÆñ ›≈∫©Ü df¬õ Zf Ø∏õ dÆòf£ò v£¶õ f¬µÖ ,¨¿û£øú dfZz
gZ Zf Æ``Ωû¨``ºû £``¡äÎ``ç £``Ö ‰``º¿ûZ ‰``ú ,¨``é£``§≈õ Ø``∏õ df¬``õ fd ›``≈∫©Ü }ZÆ``Ö Á``ï¨``ù xZ¬``¿∑Ö o¬``ê¬``õ „``ûZ /‰``æÖ '
‰``ò Zf Á``û£``¡úÚ ‰``ú ,‚``≈¿º≈õ x£``≈Ö @[¬``ãA xZ¨``¿ø≤úZd df¬``õ fd Zf £``¡ïÆ``ä „``ûZ ‰``•§öZ £``õ /¨``¿úZÆ``ßÖ Z¬``ù ‰``Ö „``≈õg }zf
fZÆ``ñ ¬``®•±â df¬``õ Zf yd£``õ £``õ :¨``¿û¬``Ω≈õ ‰``ò ‚``≈¿º≈õ Õ``§©è }dZÆ``ïZ df¬``õ fd ‰``ºæÖ ;¨``¿¿º≈õ f£``ò £``¡•özd }ZÆ``Ö
Ø``≈å ‰``øù gZ Æ``ÜZÆ`` ï ‰``ò Õ``±ù ‚``ù }Ø``≈ å £``®¿ûZ fd £``ûÚ ‰``ò ‚```≈û£``øú ÷``™≤õ £``Ü ,Zf ·```≈§ñ „``ûZ gZ z Ø``∏õ ,‚```≈ù¨``≈õ
/¨é£Ö ‰•éZd dƺæøì
‹``≤ò Zf i£``çZ z ‰``û£``à „``ûZ £``¡úÚ ‰``ò Õ``πô ¨``¿ùZ¬``ã ,xZ¨``¿ø≤úZd gZ }f£``≈±Ö ,dZÆ``ïZ gZ ˙``≈ã z :y¨``¿¿ò vZ¬``ç
/ÕçZ \z£π•õ x£±úZ gZ ‰ò ÕçZ }hÆúZ flû „ûZ ;ÕçZ YÎã £¡¿Ü z £¡¿Ü ‰û£à z i£çZ ;¨úZ ydÆò
£``Ö ,£``¡úÚ Á``ô¨``úg £``Ö ‰``ò }Ø``≈å ,Õ`` `≈∑ñZz £``û Õ``çZ y¨``ûZ fl```û gZ }d¬``øú £``¡úÚ }ZÆ```Ö Æ``õZ „``≈øù £``ûÚ ,v£```ä '
?¨é£§≈õ „≈®ì x£¡â £Ö x£é ‰µÖZf fd ,x£≤¿ùe £Ö ,x£≤ú¬ã
/Õ±≈ú y¨ûZ flû gZ ’≈Ö }Ø≈å £¡úÚ }ZÆÖ ‚¿º≈õ Æºï „õ :y¨¿¿ò vZ¬ç
Æ``•≤≈à v£``ç fZØ``ù yd gZ ’``≈Ö „``õ /wZ ‰``•éZ≠``ô Æ``ç Õ``≤à Zf Æ``≈±õ „``ûZ w£``øÜ „``õ ;Õ``çZ ‹``ç£``Ü Œ``ì£``Ö ‘``à '
,Õ±≈ú ’≈Ö y¨ûZ flû ÆõZ „ûZ ÆôZ /wZ y¨úZf≠ô Zf £ù yfzd „ûZ w£øÜ „õ ?¨≈•±ù ‰â¬`•õ Ewd¬Ö̀ ¨`¿ø≤úZd fl`û „`ûZ gZ
‰``Ö Ø``≈ú £``øé z ,‚``û£``øú ^£``ÜÆ``à £``øé }¬``±Ö Zf ^¬``Ü ‚``úZ¬``•≈õ „``õ /‚``≈ùd ‰``õZdZ }g£``Ö „``ûZ ‰``Ö x£``ò£``øò ‚``≈úZ¬``•≈õ ‰``å Æ``ôZ
f£``≈±Ö z y¨``ûÆ``Ö Æ``Ωûd £``¡ûg£``Ö o¬``ú „``ûZ gZ „``õ £``õZ /‚``ûÆ``§Ö ’``≈à ‚``ù £``Ö Zf }g£``Ö „``ûZ ‚``≈úZ¬``•≈õ £``õ /„``õ }ZÆ``Ö d¬``ã ‚``¡ç
/wZ y¨é ‰•±ã
Á``úZzf Æ``≈á£``Ü ¨``úZ¬``•Ö ‰``ò ¨``çf Á``øú Æ``∂¿Ö ,¨``¿¿º≈õ ‹``≤ò yd£``õ £``Ö ‰``µÖZf fd £``¡úÚ ‰``ò Zf ‰``´úÚ x¬``å :‚``ù¬``Ö
/dfZ≠ΩÖ £¡úÚ }zf Á∫≈øì
/d¬Ö ¨ùZ¬™ú f¬µ¿ûZ ı•∑≈§ë ,‰ú '
Á``Ωú£``Ωû z Õ``≈õ£``øÜ ¨``¿•±úZ¬``•≈õ £``¡úÚ Æ``ôZ ‰``ò ¨``≈é£``Ö ‰``•éZd d¬``ã fd }f¬``≥Ü „``≈¿å ¨``≈úZ¬``•≈õ £``øé :‚``ù¬``Ö
/¨¿¿ò Áøú Zf f£º¿ûZ £¡úÚ £õZ /¨¿¿ò ·øì ÆΩûd }Z ‰ú¬ΩÖ ¨ú¨≤≈õ fd£ñ ı∑§ë ,¨¿¿≈§Ö Zf Á•≈ô ÆçZÆç z x£≤º¡ò
ydfZ≠``ô £``®Ö Ø``≈ú Á``ÜZÆ``≈á£``Ü £``ù Á``ãÆ``Ö Á``ô¨``úg }zf ‰``ò ¨``≈û£``øú x£``ìeZ ‰``•ºú „``ûZ ‰``Ö ¨``≈úZ¬``•≈õ ‰``•§öZ :y¨``¿¿ò vZ¬``ç
fd ‰``º¿ûZ (¨``úfZd ‰``â¬``Ü Õ``≈∑ñZz ‰``Ö £``¡úÚ ‰``º¿ûZ ) ,dfZd ¨``≈ò£``Ü ‰``•ºú „``ûZ }zf Á``•±≈ú¬``øò Æ``ºπÜ z ‰``≤û¨``úZ w£``øÜ /¨``úZ
Õ``±û£``§≈õ ·``≈öd „``≈ø¡Ö /¨``é£``§≈õ YÎ``ã x£``øù ·``øì fd ‰``ò ,dfZ¨``ú d¬``âz }d£``õ }£``ù ‰``çzÆ``à gZ Æ``≈î }Æ``Ωûd Ø``≈å £``®¿ûZ
/¨û£øú Áù¨ú£õg£ç Áº≈•ºö£ûd w£∂•úZ „ûZ £Ö Õ∫Ö£µõ fd Zf ‰∑õ£â z d¬ã Áô¨úg x£±úZ
df¬``õ ,d¬``≤≈õ aÆ``µõ }Æ``Ωûd y¨``ûZ Æ``ÖZÆ``Ö fd ‰``ò y¨``ûZ z Æ``∂ú fl``û xZ¬``¿∑Ö £``øé Zf Á``º≈•ºö£``ûd ‚``∂ú ,‰``ú ,‰``ú '
/¨û£øú ‹≤ò Zf Õ∫≈∫ä ,‰ûÆ∂ú xÚ £û z „ûZ ›ûÆë gZ ‰ò ÕçZ fZz¨≈õZ x£±úZ ;¨≈ù¨≈õ fZÆñ yd£π•çZ
J
‰``Ö Zf fl``≈•ºö£``ûd Õ``∏ö ¨``≈úZ¬``•≈õ £``øé /‚``ûfZ≠``ΩÖ f£``¿ò ¨``û£``Ö Î``∑ï Zf ‰``•ºú „``ûZ £``õ ‰``ò w¨``∫•∑õ „``õ :‚``ù¬``Ö
£```õ ;‚```≈¿≈§Ö y¨```¿ï¬```ºé Õ```òÆ```ä fl```û ¨```¿ú£```øù Zf Õ```≈∑ñZz Õ```±û£```§≈õ £```õ £```õZ ' ¨```≈û£```øú Æ```≈§∑Ü Á```πæ•™õ }£```ù y¬```≈é
,‚``¿º≈õ Æ``ºï „``õ /‚``≈¿≈§Ö Æ``Ωû¨``ºû £``Ö ¨``ú¬``≈à fd z Õ``òÆ``ä fd Zf £``¡úÚ ‰``ºæÖ ,‚``≈¿≈§ú ZØ``®õ z ‰``•±Ö Zf Y£``≈éZ Õ``±û£``§≈õ
Æ``Ωõ /dÆ``ò ¨``ùZ¬``™ú }Æ``≈≈∏Ü Ùd£``≈¿Ö £``¡úÚ Á``ô¨``úg ‰``øù „``ûZ £``Ö ,¨``¿¿º≈õ j£``º¿ò £``•çZf „``ûZ fd £``¡ú£``±úZ ‰``ò ‚``ù f¨``∫åÆ``ù
Á``ñ£``Ö d¬``ã ˙``§ñ f£``•ã£``ç x£``øù fd x£``ò£``øò „``ùe ,‰``≈çzf fd /¨``¿é£``Ö y¨``ûd Zf Á``ô ‰``åf£``ߺû z Õ``≈úZ¨``äz „``ûZ £``¡úÚ ‰``º¿ûZ
i£``±äZ z x¨``≈≤û¨``úZ jzf ,¨``úZ ydÆ``Ö ’``≈à wdÆ``õ ‰``ò Zf ‰``´úÚ z /›``Ö£``ç \¨``ä z \¨``é xÚ ‰``Ö ‰``ú ¨``û£``é ,Õ``çZ y¨``ú£``õ
J
/¨ùd fZÆñ Æ≈á£Ü Õ©Ü ‰•±úZ¬•ú Ùd£≈¿Ö z Îøì Zf £¡úÚ Áô¨úg jzf ˙ò f¬µÖ z ,Zf £¡úÚ
fd t¬``é x¬``´øù }Æ``≈á£``Ü ”``≈ù f£``ò „``ûZ ‰``ò yd¬``Ö „``ûZ ,‚``¿ò aÆ``µõ ‚``•çZ¬``™≈õ ‰``ò Zf Á``ì¬``ê¬``õ :y¨``¿¿ò vZ¬``ç
/¨¿•éZdÆÖ Õçd \£≈ä i£çZ z ‰û£à }ZÆÖ ¬®•±â ‰õZdZ gZ £¡úÚ ‰º≈ú£õg Á•ä ,‰•éZ≠Ωú }£®Ö wdÆõ x£ùeZ
‰```ò w¨```ûd z ydÆ```ò ‹```≤ò Zf Õ```∫≈∫ä „`` `õ ‰```º≈ú£```õg /‚`` `•±ù ¨```¿õ ‰```ñÎ`` `ì }dÆ```ï £```¡¿ûZ ‰```øù £```Ö „```õ £```õZ '
' dfZ≠``ô Á``ñ£``Ö „``õ fd t¬``é x¬``´øù }Æ``≈á£``Ü ‰``≈¥ñ „``ûZ ,¨``úfZ¨``ú Á``•≈øùZ „``ûÆ``•øò £``¡Ö£``•ò ,£``¡ù£``ΩÜd£``§ì ,£``ù£``±≈æò
/·≈§ñ „ûZ gZ z ,‚ûg£±Ö ÆÜ yØ¿õ Áì£ø•âZ xÚ £Ö ‚≈é£Ö ‰•çZ¬ã ‰º¿ûZ ÆΩõ ,Õ±≈ú }Ø≈å £¡úÚ }¨¿õd¬ç
¨é£Ö fZdf¬ãÆÖ }Z yd£∑öZ rf£ã jgfZ gZ Õ±úZ¬•≈õ o¬ê¬õ „ûZ ,‚û¨≤≈õ ›ï¬õ f£`ò „`ûZ fd £`õ Æ`ôZ :‚`ù¬Ö̀
xÚ gZ Õ``±úZ¬``Ü ‚``≈ùZ¬``™ú ,¨``¿º≈õ ·``øì Á``ø∂ú Á``Ö fd Ø``òÆ``õ xÚ ‰``º≈ú£``õg £``Ü £``õZ /‚``ûg£``±Ö [¬``ã ‰``∑õ£``â fl``û ‰``º¿ûZ '
f¬``õZ „``ûZ ‰``øù ‰```ò ¨``é£``Ö Æ``•§ç£```¿õ ‰``•ºú „```ûZ „```•πô ‚```¿º≈õ Æ```ºï „`` `õ /‚```ûÆ```≈ΩÖ yÆ```¡Ö Õ```§¶õ z Ã```ç£```¿õ ˙```ºé ‰```Ö
Ø`òÆ`õ }zf Õ`±úZ¬`•≈øú ,Õ`ö£`ä „`ûZ ‚`îÆ``≈æì £``õZ /¨``é£``Ö }Z ydÆ``•±ô z yd£``∑öZ rf£``ã }£``ù Á``û£``úZ¬``Ü g£``ç ‰``¿≈õg Õ``±úZ¬``•≈õ
gZ ’``≈à y£``Ω´≈ù f£``ò „``ûZ ‰``ò Õ``±≈ú d¬``â¬``õ }Z ‰``ú¬``øú ”``≈ù ı¿øê z dfZ≠``ô }£``®Ö }Æ``≈á£``Ü „``ûÆ``•øò xÚ Õ``ûd¬``â¬``õ z
//¨é£Ö ‰•ïÆô \f¬è „ûZ
Á``ô¨``úg fd y£``Ω´≈ù wdÆ``õ ‰``ò ydZd }zf }Z ‰``ád£``ä ‰``å Õ``±≈ú „``ézf ‚``ûZÆ``Ö ‰``•ºú „``ûZ ,¨``≈úZ¨``≈õ :y¨``¿¿ò vZ¬``ç
/¨úZ ydƺú \£≈ä Y£≤¿õ z i£çZ tfd z „•ã£¿é }ZÆÖ ›≈øì z „≈•çZf ÁéÎÜ d¬ã
/¨¿•±≈ú ¨¿õ ‰ñÎì f£ò „ûZ ‰Ö x¬å '
df¬``õ Zf }dÆ``ï „``≈¿å ¨``≈úZ¬``•≈õ ‰``ú¬``Ωå £``øé /‚``•±≈ú „``Àøµõ d£``ûg ‰``•ºú „``ûZ }zf „``õ ,‰``•§öZ :y¨``¿¿ò vZ¬``ç
?¨≈ùd fZÆñ ÁçfÆÖ
xÚ ‰``øù /‚``ùd fZÆ``ñ Á``çfÆ``Ö df¬``õ ‚``ùZ¬``™Ö Zf Æ``Ωûd Á``≥™é ‰``ò ‚``•±≈ú ¨``¿õ ‰``ñÎ``ì Ø``≈ú ‰``•ºú „``ûZ ‰``Ö „``õ '
£``¡úÚ ‰``ò ¨``û¬``Ω≈õ „``øÖ i£``çZ z ‰``û£``à xÚ ' wZ ydZd w£``®úZ x¬``¿ò£``Ü £``û z ' wÆ``≈Ω≈õ Æ``∂ú fd „``õ ‰``ò Zf Á``û£``ù }f£``ò
d¬``ã „``õ „``ùe y£``ΩúÚ ,‚``û£``øú t£``à d¬``ã „``ùe gZ z wg£``ç fzd d¬``ã gZ Zf £``¡úÚ „``õ Æ``ôZ z /¨``¿•±ù Á``égfZ „``ûÆ``•øò ¨``ñ£``ï
z Y£``≤¿õ xÚ \£``ûfzÆ``ê z ‚``∂ ú £``Ö Ã``ç£``¿•õ „``õ \£``òÆ``ä ‰``ò Õ``çZ ‰``∂©ö „``ûZ gZ /d¬``Ö ¨``ùZ¬``ã i£``çZ z ‰``û£``à x£``øù
/‚ù¨≈õ ·ºé Zf ‰∑õ£â ˙ò f¬µÖ z „ûÆû£ç £Ö \£§ç£¿õ ‰ò ÕçZ Áû£¿§õ „≈¿å ÆÖ z /dzÆ≈õ ’≈à i£çZ
d¬``ã ,’``úZd ‰``æ≈ç¬``Ö ‚``¡úÚ ¨``≈•±ù i£``çZ z ‰``û£``à xÚ }¬``®•±â fd £``øé ‰``º≈ú£``õg £``Ü ,‚``¿º≈õ Æ``ºï „``õ :‚``ù¬``Ö
/¨ûgZ¨ú£≈õ ÁùZÆøô ‰Ö Zf
„``ûZ £``Ö ı•äZÆ``è ¨``û£``Ö ,‚``ûdÆ``ôÆ``Ö „``≈õg ‰``Ö z ‚``ûfZ≠``ΩÖ Õ``™ç „``≈õg }zf Zf x£``øû£``à ‰``º¿ûZ }ZÆ``Ö ,„``ûZÆ``Ö£``¿Ö '
?ÕçZ ydZd w£®úZ Zf f£ò „ûZ x£±úZ ZÆå :‚≈û£øú df¬ãÆÖ vZ¬ç
?Zf }f£ò ‰å :‚ù¬Ö
⁄``ñZz fd „``≈∑õ Á``û£``ù ‰``èÆ``ì fd £``øé ‰``º¿ûZ ‚``îÆ``≈æì /¨``û£``øú }fzÚ ⁄``øâ Zf }Æ``•≤≈Ö ’``úZd x£``ò£``øò ‰``º¿ûZ '
wzZ¨``õ z Á``ú̀ͬ``ë „``≈¿´¿ûZ ‚``¡úÚ ,’``ú̀Zd ydÆ``•±ô z ‚``≈∂ì Á``û£``®Ö£``â z v£``∫•úZ z ·``∫ú „``ûZ ZÆ``å ,¨``ûfZd _£``≈•äZ ’``úZd ‰``Ö
?ÕçZ ‰•ïf ’≈à
jÎ``Ü ’``úZd /¨``û£``øú d£``®ûZ d¬``ã \£``≈ä }ZÆ``Ö Á``û£``¿§õ ’``úZd ‰``æ≈ç¬``Ö yd¬``øú jÎ``Ü x£``±úZ ‰``º¿ûZ }ZÆ``Ö :‚``ù¬``Ö
/ÕçZ ‰•ç¬≈à o¬ñ¬Ö ‰¿≈õg „ûZ fd ‰ò ÕçZ Áû£ùØ≈å gZ Áºû „ûZ /dfzÚ ¨û¨à Zf Áû£¿§õ £Ü yd¬øú
?Õ±≈å xÚ Á¿∑õ '
/£ûzf z ‚ù¬Ü flû x£ò£øò :‚ù¬Ö
}ZÆ``Ö ZÆ``õ ' xÚ }Z¬``•©õ z ’``úZd ÿ``ç¬``Ü ' ‰``πçÎ``ï „``ûZ Á``õ£``øÜ ,„``≈ç¨``∫õ „``ûZ Á``õ£``øÜ ,Æ``Ωûd \f£``§∑Ö '
/¨úZ ydÆò Õ≈ÖÆÜ ,Æ≤Ö }£ù ‰•±úZd ÿç¬Ü y¨é ‰•ã£ç }£¿§õ „ûZ ‹≤ò
\£`ïZÆ`ã Æ`≈çZ wdÆ`õ ‰`ò yd¬Ö̀ Ø`≈ú Á`û£`ù yfzd ‰`•§öZ /Á`û£`øú ›`æã d¬`ã Á`ô¨ú̀g }ZÆÖ̀ Zf Á`û£`¿§õ ‰`ò :y¨`¿¿ò vZ¬`ç
/¨û£øú —≈©≥Ü Zf £¡úÚ £Ü ÕïÆô ⁄ê¬õ xÚ ÆÖZÆÖ fd ’úZd z /¨úZ yd¬Ö
/Õ±≈ú f¬µ¿ûZ ‰âz ”≈¡Ö '
/ÕçZ f¬µ¿ûZ ı∑µñ :y¨¿¿ò vZ¬ç
ZÆ``õ ‰``•±úZ¬``•ú zZ £``õZ /‚``∫ïZ¬``õ Zf £``®¿ûZ £``Ü /¨``¿ò ‚``ùZÆ``ï ‚``ûZÆ``Ö Zf Õ``∫≈∫ä x¨``ûd x£``ºõZ ¨``ú̀Z¬``•≈õ £``¡¿Ü ’``ú̀Zd '
/ÕçZ ‚ù¬Ü flû d¬ã yd£ç f¬µÖ ’úZd ¨û£é /dg£ç £ùf ‚û£ù£ûzf z \£øù¬Ü gZ
/¨ûZdØÖ Zf \£øù¬Ü gZ }f£≈±Ö ‰ò ‰•±úZ¬Ü ‰øù „ûZ £Ö £õZ ,¨é£Ö f¬µ¿ûZ ¨úZ¬•≈õ ‰æÖ :y¨¿¿ò vZ¬ç
fl```û ÿ```∫ï ‰```ú ' wØ```ûÆ```Ö fzd Zf ‚`` `û£```ù£```ûzf z \Î```≈™Ü z \£```øù¬```Ü ‰```øù ı∫æµõ z ıõ£```øÜ ‚`` `ùZ¬```™≈õ „```õ '
d£``∫•ìZ gZ Á``é£``ú ‚``ù¬``Ü gZ Zf d¬``ã „``õ ;wZ y¨``≈ú£``ùf Á``ûZÆ``ô ˙``õ df¬``õ fd d¬``ã ‚``ù¬``Ü gZ Zf d¬``ã „``õ /Zf Á``û£``ܨ``¿å
fl``û Ø``≈ú d¬``ã ‰``ò wÆ``≈Ω≈õ fZÆ``ñ d¬``ã „``ùe w£``¿Ö }Ø``≈å ‰``µæç Æ``ûg Æ``õÍZÆ``ãÚ z /‰``¿≈õg xÚ £``û z „``ûZ fd ,wZ y¨``≈ú£``ùf
‚``≈û£``øú ‹``≤ò £``Ü ‚``ûZ ydÆ``ò Á``ô¨``úg £``¡ö£``ç £``õ ‰``º¿ûZ ,Õ``çZ }Z y∞``ûz Õ``≈øùZ Ø``¢£``ä ‚``ûZÆ``Ö ‰``•ºú „``ûZ ,¨``≈úZ¨``≈õ /Õ``çZ ‚``ù¬``Ü
/¨¿•±ù Á¿∑õ ÁÖ z jgfZ ÁÖ ·õ£ò f¬µÖ £¡¿ûZ Áõ£øÜ ‰ò
Õ``çZ w¬``¡πõ xZ¨``Ö „``ûZ ,v£``ç x¬``≈æ≈õ fl``û £``û z ,¨``ûZ ydÆ``ò Á``ô¨``úg v£``ç xZfZØ``ù ‰``ò ¨``≈û¬``Ω≈õ £``øé Æ``ôZ :‚``ù¬``Ö
?/// x£±úZ [f£®Ü Áõ£øÜ „≈∫û ‰Ö ‰ò
/¨é£§≈õ „õ x£øù /// '
?¨ûfZd Zf i£±äZ „ûZ £øé £ûÚ ,ÕçZ „õ x£øù [f£®Ü „ûZ Áõ£øÜ :‚ù¬Ö
/wfZd Á磱äZ „≈¿å ‰æÖ '
?¨≈¿º≈õ ‘ä d¬ã fd ‰ú¬Ωå Zf i£±äZ „ûZ :‚ù¬Ö
z Õ``≈∑§Ü „``ûZ /‚``û¬``Ω≈õ £``øé ‰``Ö ZÆ``¿ûZ „``õ ,¨``≈¿ò Æ``§è ‰``∂©ö fl``û ?dÆ``≈Ω≈õ ·``ºé Á``ç£``±äZ „``≈¿å ‰``ú¬``Ωå '
,Õ``çZ Á``ÜZe z ÷``ö£``ã }Ø``≈å /Õ``çZ Á``•≈∑ñZz £``¡¿Ü ;Õ``±≈ú }Ø``≈å ‰``Ö ‚``æû£``øÜ gZ Á``é£``ú ,Õ``±≈ú }Ø``≈å £``Ö Á``¢¬``±øù £``û
/yÆ∂•¿õÆ≈î d¬ã }£®Ö z ‰§¢£é ÁÖ Á•≈∑ñZz
Õ``çZ Á``•≈∑êz ,Õ``ö£``ä „``ûZ x¬``å ?‚``ûdÆ``ô fl``ûÆ``é £``øé £``Ö i£``±äZ „``ûZ fd £``õ v£``¶õ f¬``µÖ ‚``≈ úZ¬``•≈õ £``ûÚ :‚``ù¬``Ö
d¬``ã ,Õ``ö£``ä „``ûZ ‰``ò ¨``ûZ ydÆ``ò fZÆ``ºÜ Zf ‰``•ºú „``ûZ yfZ¬``øù z x£``ò£``øò £``øé ‰``º¿ûZ }ZÆ``Ö ,‚``ûfZ¨``ú fZÆ``ñ xÚ fd £``õ ‰``ò
 /¨é£§≈õ Õ≈æò z Õ≈úZ¨äz xÚ gZ Õ≈øùZ Æà f£≈±Ö Á≤™Ö
fd ' dfZ¨``ú d¬``âz @Á``¿õA £``®úÚ fd ¨``≈é£``Ö ¨``¿õ ‰``ñÎ``ì Á``±ò ‰``Ö £``øé Æ``ôZ ,Õ``çZ \f¬``è „``û¨``Ö o¬``ê¬``õ '
x£``øù „``õ :‚``û¬``Ω≈õ „```õ ‰``º≈ú£``õg Õ``çfd ,Õ```çZ ‰``ú¬``Ω¿ûZ v£``ºéZ gZ ˙```ºé ‰``Ö o¬``ê¬``õ ' Õ```±ù ›``≤ì £``¡¿Ü £``®úÚ
/Õ±ù wd¬âz gZ Á≤™Ö ‰•πô „ûZ ,ÁÖ£ûgfZ flû £û z }Æ≈ô ‰®≈•ú flû ,Õ±≈ú y¨ûZ flû „ûZ ;‚•±ù ÕûÆ≤Ö
ıäzÆ``≤õ £``øé ‰``ò Á``û£``¡ùZf ‰``øù gZ „``•é≠``ô gZ ‘``à i£``±äZ „``ûZ ‰``ò ‚``≈¿ò x£``≈Ö ‰``ú¬``Ω¿ûZ ¨``≈û£``≈Ö ‘``à :‚``ù¬``Ö
/¨ûÚ Áõ Õç¨Ö ,¨ûZ ydZd —≈ê¬Ü
/ydfZ≠ô Æç Õ≤à Zf \Zf¬õZ „ûZ ‰øù ‰ò yd¬Ö Æ≤Ö '
/wZ y¨úZf≠ôÆç gZ ZÆúÚ Ø≈ú „õ ‘à ,¨úZ y¨úZf≠ô Æç gZ Zf „ûZ ‚ù ÁúZÆΩûd ÆôZ :‚ù¬Ö
/Õ±≈ú xZ¨Ö ’çZ¬ä /Õ±≈ú y£ôÚ o¬ê¬õ xZ¨Ö Õ§±ú x£±úZ £õZ ,ÕçZ Á∑≈§ë '
/‚ûg£±≈õ Z¨â xÚ gZ Zf d¬ã £õ ‰ò ÕçZ f¬µ¿ûZ ¨û£é :‚ù¬Ö
}Ø`∏õ ‰`ºæÖ ,Õ`±≈ú y∞`ûz z dÆ`πÖ Æ`≥©¿õ Ø`∏õ fl`û „`õ Ø`∏õ ‰`ò ‚`ûÆ`≈ΩÖ y¨`ûd£`ú Zf }Z y¨`ûZ „`≈¿å £`õ Æ`ôZ '
///yd¬øú v¬©•õ x£õg Õé≠ô Áà fd z v£ç xZfZØù Áë fd Zf d¬ã ‰ò ÕçZ
„``ûZ Á``±òÆ``ù :‚``≈•±≈ú xÚ —``≈ê¬``Ü ‰``Ö fd£``ñ yd£``ç f¬``µÖ £``õ ZÆ``å ‰``ò ‚``≈û£``øú ÷``™≤õ ‰``∂©ö fl``û ¨``ûfZ≠``ΩÖ :‚``ù¬``Ö
Zf }¨``úzf ”``≈ù ıç£``çZ zZ ‰```º¿ûZ z ,Õ``çZ dÆ``πÖ Æ``≥©¿õ ’``≈Ö z ‚``ò zZ Ø``∏õ }Z¬```•©õ ‰``ò dfZd d¬``ã fd Zf i£`` ±äZ
q¬``±æ≈ï £``û z ¨``¿ø≤úZd ,„``ûZ gZ Æ``•≤≈à v£``ç xZfZØ``ù ,Á``±ò ‰``ò ‚``≈û£``øú lÆ``ï ‰``ú¬``Ω¿ûZ ¨``≈û£``≈Ö /Õ``çZ ydfZ≠``Ωú Æ``ç Õ``≤à
/Õ±≈ú „ézf ‰âz ”≈¡Ö ‚ûZÆÖ ‰ò ÕçZ }Z ‰•ºú „ûZ ?dÆò ‘˚ xZ¬•≈õ Zf }Ø≈å „≈¿å ‰ú¬Ωå /yd¬Ö
}Ø``òÆ``õ d¬``ã „``ûZ ;xZ¨``úg fl``å¬``ò v¬``æç fl``û ·``¶õ ,‚``•±ù Æ``≈çZ d¬``ã xzfd fd }Ø``òÆ``õ ¨``¿Ö fd „``õ x¬``å '
¨``≈û¬``Ω≈õ „``øÖ Á``§ù≠``õ dÆ``ï fl``û xZ¬``¿∑Ö £``û z ,¨``¿ø≤úZd fl``û xZ¬``¿∑Ö £``øé £``õZ /d¬``é y¨``ûd Á``•ö£``ä „``≈¿å ‰``ò dfZ≠``Ω≈øú
/ÕçZ ÕûÆ≤Ö Ø∏õ „õ Ø∏õ ‰ò
Á``ú£``Ωøù f¬``µÖ v£``ºéZ gZ ˙``ºé ‰``Ö £``õ ‰``øù ‰``ò x£``±¿û¨``Ö /Õ``çZ Õ``ûÆ``≤Ö ’``úZd ,’``úZd Á``õ£``øÜ z ,‰``æÖ :‚``ù¬``Ö
/‚≈•±ù ’úZd flö£õ
/ı•∑≈§ë '
/xÚ \£≈¢Øâ z YZØâZ fd ‰ú ‰å ÆôZ :‚ù¬Ö
fd ‰``ú ‰``•§öZ ,Õ``±≈å £``øé f¬``∂¿õ ‰``ò ‚``ø¡π≈õ „``õ z ,¨``≈û¬``Ω≈õ „``øÖ Zf ‰``•ºú „``ûZ q£``èzZ „``ûZ £``Ö £``øé '
ZÆ``úÚ ı∫≈øì ‚``úZ¬``•≈õ Á``ú£``õg £``¡¿Ü z £``¡¿Ü „``õ £``õZ ,Õ``çZ f¬``µ¿ûZ ‰``≈¥ñ /‰``úZÆ``ºπ¿ézf Œ``©§õ fl``û xZ¬``¿∑Ö £``û z \£``øæò
/Zf ·≈§ñ „ûZ gZ z ÁûZÆô ˙õ ¨¿ú£õ ,wfZ≠ΩÖ f£¿ò Zf }d£ì }£ùØ≈å ‰ò ‚Ö£ûfd
‰``ò ¨``é ‚``≈ùZ¬``ã ‰``â¬``•õ y£``ΩúÚ z ,‚``ûfZ≠``ΩÖ f£``¿ò Zf £``¡ñ£``∫≤úZ z £``¡Üz£``πÜ „``ûZ Á``õ£``øÜ Õ``±û£``§≈õ £``õ ,‰``æÖ :‚``ù¬``Ö
//ÕçZ £¡ú£±úZ Áõ£øÜ ‰Ö ÿ§ÜÆõ }Z ‰ÖÆ®Ü „ûZ
J
xÚ ,¨``ûzÆ``Ö x£``•çz¨``¿ù }£``ù£``•çzf „``ûÆ``Ü y¨``ú£``õ Ã``∫ì gZ Á``ºû ‰``Ö £``øé Æ``ôZ /Õ``çZ „``ézf Î``õ£``ò o¬``ê¬``õ '
ı∫≈ñd zZ /Æ``∫ï yf£``Öfd ,’``û£``ù ‰``´Ö ,jÆ``±øù yf£``Ö̀fd ,dÆ``ò ¨``ùZ¬``ã Õ``§©è d¬``ã ·``¢£``±õ yf£``Öfd £``øé £``Ö Á``û£``•çzf x£``∫ùd
·`Ö£`ñÆ`≈î Õ`≈∑ñZz fl`û @‹`öZA }ZÆ`Ö „`ûZ E¨`é¬`ß≈õ Æ`Ωûd Á`û£`ùØ`≈å £`û z Æ`Ωûd Á`û£`¡ç£`§ö zZ £``¡¿Ü ,Õ``çZ „``ûÆ``û£``ç ¨``¿ú£``øù
f¬``µÖ ‰``ò ‰``´úÚ £``¡ö£``ç „``ûZ Á``õ£``øÜ ‰``º¿ûZ ,v¬``§ñ :¨``û¬``Ω≈õ f¬``õZ „``ûZ Á``õ£``øÜ x£``û£``à fd Á``û£``•çzf xÚ /Õ``çZ ‹``≈è¬``Ü
;‚`ûÆ`û≠`à Á`øú Zf £`ùØ`≈å „`ûZ £`õ ,¨`≈úZ¨``≈õ /Õ``çZ Á``¿∑õ Á`Ö̀ z c¬``à £``¡¿ûZ ‰``øù ,‰``ò Õ``çZ „``ûZ wZ ydÆ``ò ‹``≤ò yÆ``∂•¿õÆ``≈î
’``úZd z £``ùd£``¿•çZ z \£``øæò }£``¡≈¿ûÆ``ïÚ ’``∫ú fd rÆ``î £``õ ‰``øù /‚``≈•±ù ˘£``∑•õ z x¨``ø•õ z ‡``¿ùÆ``ï £``Ö f£``≈±Ö £``õ
@‹``öZA z /‚``≈¿º≈õ Ø``≈ùÆ``à £``¡¿ûZ x¨``ûd gZ £``õ /‚``≈¿≈Ö Á``øú Zf yd£``ç Õ``≈∑ñZz „``ûZ £``õ /‚``ûZ ‰``•ï£``û ¨``≈ø∑Ü ‰``ú¬``Ω¿ûZ z y¨``é
ozÆ``é Æ``ºπÜ z ‰``≤û¨``úZ „``≈é£``õ fl``≈Ü£``õ¬``ÜZ f¬``µÖ y£``ΩúÚ :Õ``±ù \Æ``ÖZÆ``Ö fd Õ``≈∑ñZz ,Ø``≈å xÚ ,„``ò y£``Ωú :¨``û¬``Ω≈õ z y¨``õÚ
/wZ ydÆ``ò Zf f£``ò „``ûZ ‰``ò Õ``çZ v£``ç xZfZØ``ù „``õ Ew¬``≤≈õ Õ``ò£``ç „``õ „``ûZ Æ``Ö£``¿Ö Ej£``Ö Õ``ò£``ç ,¨``û¬``Ω≈õ z yd¬``øú f£``ò ‰``Ö
/ÕéZd ¨ùZ¬™ú Áú£û£à ØôÆù ¨úzf „ûZ z
Á``égfZ Á``Ö Õ``±û£``§≈õ „``õ ,‰``ò Õ``çZ „``ûZ ‚``¡úÚ z Õ``çZ Ø``≈å fl``û ¨``ú£``ø≈õ Á``ñ£``Ö ‰``ò ‰``´úÚ £``®¿ûZ fd „``ûZÆ``Ö£``¿Ö
„```≈¿å ‰```º≈ú£```õg £```Ü ,¨```≈úZ¨```≈õ E¨```¿•±≈ú ’```≈Ö }Æ```•±ò£`` `ã £```¡úÚ ' ‚```û£```øú ‹```≤ò Zf wZ ydZd w£```®úZ ‰```ò Á```¢£```ùf£```ò ‰```øù
xZ¬``¿∑Ö Æ``∂ú df¬``õ Ø``≈å xÚ ,i£``≈∫õ Á``Ö xÚ ,¨``Ö£``≈ú Õ``ûd¬``â¬``õ Æ``•±ò£``ã „``ûZ ‰``Ö Á``ù£``Ωú „``≈¿å z dÆ``≈Ωú ·``ºé }Æ``•±ò£``ã
‰```ò Õ```çZ }Ø```≈å xÚ ¨```¿ú£```øù ,Õ`` `çZ „```≈øù fd ‰```≈¥ñ Á```û£```§ûg z /¨```ù¨```≈øú x£```≤ú Zf jd¬```ã y£```Ω´≈ù \£```≈ä Y£```≤¿õ
/dfzÛ≈õ xzÆÖ Æç Æ•±ò£ã }ÎÖÍ gZ i¬¿∫ñ :¨¿û¬Ω≈õ
/¨ûÛ≈õ xzÆÖ Æ•±ò£ã „ûZ xzfd gZ ‰ò }Ø≈å ‰æÖ :‚ù¬Ö
/d¬≤≈õ ¨ö¬•õ Æ•±ò£ã „ûZ xzfd gZ '
/Õ±ù ‰ò Áû£ùØ≈å xÚ ‰øù gZ x¨é £ùf ,ÕçZ Áû£ùf x£øù „ûZ „≈∫û ‰Ö :‚ù¬Ö
J
/d¬≤≈õ ¨ö¬•õ \z£π•õ Îõ£ò z Áç£çZ f¬µÖ }Ø≈å £®¿ûZ fd '
/ÕçZ „ézf£ú Áì¬ê¬õ ,ÕçZ i£çZ x£øù „ùe ‰º¿ûZ ,¨ûZ ‰•πô xZ „≈øù £øé ‰ò ‰´úÚ :‚ù¬Ö
/„ùe „ûZ ‰ú £õZ /‰æÖ ,yzZ ?„ùe '
/Õ±≈ú Æ∂ú df¬õ „ùe x£øù „ùe „ûZ ‘à :‚ù¬Ö
Õ``≤à Õ``±û£``§≈õ Zf Ø``≈å ‰``øù ‰``ò ‚``çÆ``Ö }Z ‰``µ∫ú ‰``Ö „``õ Æ``ôZ ,¨``úzÆ``Ö „``≈Ö gZ £``¡¿ûZ ‰``øù „``õ xzfd fd Æ``ôZ '
/¨Ö£≈≈õ Õûd¬â¬õ \z£π•õ Õû£∏Ö z „û¬ú Á¿ùe Á•ö£ä „≈¿å fd y£ΩúÚ ,d¬øú £ùf Æç
J
’``úZd x£``øù Á``ú¬``¿ò }Z¬``•©õ z ,Õ``çZ jd¬``ã }Z¬```•©õ x£``øù „``ùe /Õ``çZ „```ézf Î``õ£``ò ‰``•ºú „``ûZ :‚``ù¬``Ö
J
/d¬Ö ¨ùZ¬ã „û¬ú Îõ£ò dÆ≈Ω≈õ ·ºé ‰ò Á¿ùe ,„ùe }Z¬•©õ xZ¬¿∑Ö ’úZd „ûZ xz¨Ö z ,ÕçZ

1980 ·ûÆàÚ 12 ,£≈úÆπ≈ö£ò ,}£âzZ