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  • Lectura Pilotes

    Diunggah oleh

    OSCAR HERNAN ROA
    6 tayangan10 halaman
    En este documento se encuentra la clasificación de los pilotes y es importante para los estudiantes de ingeniería civil

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    lectura pilotes

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    En este documento se encuentra la clasificación de los pilotes y es importante para los estudiantes de ingeniería civil

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Unduh sebagai PDF atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    6 tayangan10 halaman

    Lectura Pilotes

    Diunggah oleh

    OSCAR HERNAN ROA
    En este documento se encuentra la clasificación de los pilotes y es importante para los estudiantes de ingeniería civil

    Hak Cipta:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Unduh sebagai PDF atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    dari 10
    CHAPTER 9 Loading capacity of pile foundations 9.1 Type of piles A deep foundation is defined as a foundation unit whose depth is at least five times larger than its width. Such a foundation unit provides support to ‘an externally applied load through friction developing on its sides, better known as skin or shaft friction, and also through its ‘oe or base as depicted in figure 9.1 The proportions of both skin friction and base resistance depend on the soil in which the pile is embedded, and the graphs on each side of figure 9.1 give an indication of how the overall axial load applied at the pile head is transferred to the soil along the pile shaft. For a pile embedded in a thick layer of soft clay, most of the resistance develops along the shaft, and the pile io referred to a a floating pile. owever, when the pile is driven through a layer of soft clay, to be embedded in a much stiffer soil, then toe resistance is predominant and the pile is known as an end bearing pile. Figure 9.1: Axial load transfer through a piled foundation. TYPE OF PILES 427 In both cases, both shaft friction and toe resistance must be calculated for the overall load capacity of the pile to be correctly evaluated, because the applied (axial) load is transferred from pile to soil through a combination of shaft friction and toe resistance. There is evidence that deep foundations were used by the Romans when oak and olive wood piles were considered imperishable when submerged in water. Perhaps the most famous site where wooden piles were used extensively is Venice, where some buildings are thought to be supported by 1100 year old wooden piles. However, since the mid-twentieth century, piles are almost exclusively made of concrete and steel. Piles are classified into two categories as follows: (@) Displacement piles (or driven piles) In the case of a displacement pile the soil is moved laterally as the pile is driven into the ground and, obviously, the larger the cross-sectional area of the pil, the larger the volume of soil displaced to make room for the pile. Accordingly, a compaction process takes place in the vicinity of the fan extent that a vertical soil movement can be observed at the ground surface were the pile to be driven into a dense granular material. The increased density during driving can be a mixed blessing, since it increases the shaft friction but, in the meantime, it can potentially impede the driving of the pile to the required depth. Also, heave may affect adjacent piles, particularly in dense sands. Piles can be of different cross-sectional areas as shown in figure 9.2, and they can be made of precast concrete, prestressed concrete, steel tubes or steel boxes. The method of installation of displacement piles usually consists of using hydraulic diesel or compressed air hammers and, consequently, the pile head and toe should be protected so as to prevent ‘any structural damage to the foundation. Obviously, the force needed to drive the pile to the desired depth exceeds the load the pile is designed to carry safely. Moreover, the driving generates tensile stresses within the pile due to wave reflections off its tip and, therefore, concrete piles must bbe designed to withstand these excess stresses. Tip reflections are a particular problem in clays where end resistance is small and reflections can be very large. 428 LOADING CAPACITY OF PILE FOUNDATIONS. (On the other hand, piles installed in sands can be driven using a vibration methods, in which case, care must be taken so as to minimise the structural damage to neighbouring buildings since vibration can cause quicksand conditions to occur (refer to section 3.2). In particular, vibration has important effects in looser sands where it causes a volume decrease. Also, piles with diameters of less than the nominal value of 250 mm, known as ‘icropiles, can be jacked into the ground (usually hydraulically) against a fixed reaction. Figure 9.2: Some displacement piles. Some of the most widely used types of displacement piles and their installation techniques are briefly introduced in the following. Prefabricated concrete piles: these are constituted of reinforced concrete, and can be prestressed. These piles are installed either by driving or by vibration. Piles with diameters of between 200 mm and 600 mm can be prefabricated into up to 14 m long elements which are then driven in situ through jacking against a fixed reaction. During this process the different elements can be prestressed. For plain reinforced concrete piles, jointing systems allow installation of very long piles in some ground conditions. ‘Steel piles: these are made of steel with a minor copper content (usually less than 0.5%), and may be jacked into the ground against a fixed reaction. They may also be driven using conventional hammers. Driven and cast-in-place piles (also known as Franki piles): these are plugged tubes, with a fabricated steel or a reinforced concrete shoe and a protected head, driven by a hammer to the required depth. The tube is then TYPE OF PILES 429 filled with concrete. A steel reinforcement cage is always used (reinforcement serves the purpose of resisting heave forces when adjacent piles are driven). In most cases, the tube is withdrawn during concreting. ‘Steel piles coated with concrete: steel tubes, steel H-sections or steel boxes, with steel plates larger than their cross-sectional areas welded at their bases are driven whilst concrete of high workability is poured to fill the void space including that created by the protruding base plate. Such a process requires that the extemal steel area is covered by at least a 40 mm thick conerete coat. Note that this type of piles is not common. Screwed and cast-in-place piles: the process consists of obtaining a threaded hole by pushing a rotating drilling screw into the ground as depicted in figure 9.3. On reaching the required depth, the drilling equipment is then withdrawn through rotation in the opposite direction, while fresh concrete is poured into the hole. This process leads to a substantial increase in the carrying capacity of the pile (Imbo, 1984, Bustamente and Gianeselli, 1995). This type of Franki pile is especially suited for clays (excluding very soft and boulder clays). Figure 9.3: Atlas! screwed ‘and cast n place pile Open base piles: these are of relatively small cross-sectional areas such as, steel H-sections, open end steel tubes and boxes (see figure 9.4), and are mainly used offshore. In particular, open end concrete shell piles consist of elements of concrete shells, with a length of between 1.5 m and 3 m, an internal diameter of between 0.7 m and 0.9 m and a wall thickness of about 150 mm, driven with an open base to the required depth, then prestressed in situ. Sometimes, the upper layer of the soil plug inside the tube can be drilled using a rotating cutter, so as to facilitate the driving. Regardless of their (cross-sectional) size, these piles, known as low displacement piles, offer a small cross-section to the soil and are easy to drive because, in this case, less compaction develops along the shaft during 430 LOADING CAPACITY OF PILE FOUNDATIONS driving, thus lessening the friction between pile and soil. The reduced friction is an obvious advantage when the required depth of embedment is substantial, Figure 9.4: Low displacement piles. (©) Non-displacement piles (bored piles) For a non-displacement pile, a borehole with a diameter corresponding to that of the pile is first excavated, then a concrete pile is cast in situ. For small diameter piles (up to 600 mm), boreholes are often executed using rigs of the type used for site investigations. Larger diameter boreholes are usually executed using rotary drilling methods (see Fleming ef al. (1992) for instance). The two main techniques used in conjunction with bored piles consist of ‘augering and grabbing, the choice of which depends on soil conditions and pile dimensions. Hence, some heavy duty rotary augers can drill pile shafts with diameters of 4.5 m and depths of up to 70 m (Tomlinson, 1995). Depending on soil conditions, the borehole may have to be supported so as to prevent its collapse. A full casing can be used during drilling, then ee during ‘concreting’ of the pile. Also, a bentonite slurry can le lateral support to the walls of a borehole (refer to figure 9.5), due {o its high densi and thxoropic properties (Le. t forms a gel t ret and becomes a fluid if rapidly agitated). Bentonite consists largely of montmorillonite, a clay mineral known for its expansive properties as introduced :n chapter 1. Bentonite slurry is made of a suspension of 5% bentonite (by weight) in water, thus forming a mud with a unit weight yy ~11kNim°, greater than that of water ‘TYPE OF PILES 431 (yw = 10kN/m3). This slurry is characterised by thixotropic properties, in that its high viscosity under low stresses decreases as the stresses are increased. For these properties, bentonite slurry is widely used in the construction industry to provide lateral support to the walls of an ‘excavation while preventing any water ingress. When the soil conditions are such that rotary augers cannot be used economically (drilling through boulder clays or very coarse gravel for example), then a grabbing rig is often preferred (see figure 9.5). This technique is used especially in conjuncti the construction of diaphragm walls (which are discussed in detail in chapter 11) and barettes which are piles with large cross-sectional areas with different shapes as illustrated in figure 9.6. eee oom Nb) Figure 9.5: Augering and grabbing of ple shaft Generally, the cross-sectional dimensions of a barette are such that 2m

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