CarnotCycleOnIdealGas Author

File: C:\Users\105043993\Desktop\CarnotCycleOnIdealGas-author.
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Page: 25
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author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
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Page: 26
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author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
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author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
$CellContext`V1$$, $CellContext`V2$$,
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$CellContext`V1, \
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author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
$CellContext`V1, \
$CellContext`V1, \
$CellContext`V2, $CellContext`\[Gamma]], PlotRange -> All,
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$CellContext`V1, \
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Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
Plot[(($CellContext`R $CellContext`T2)
$CellContext`V1^($CellContext`\
\[Gamma] - 1))/(
1000 $CellContext`V^$CellContext`\[Gamma]),
{$CellContext`V, \
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$CellContext`\[Gamma]] $CellContext`V1}, PlotRange -> All,
PlotStyle ->
Blue], $CellContext`R = 8.3145, $CellContext`r[
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] := ($CellContext`T2/$CellContext`T1)^(
1/($CellContext`\[Gamma] - 1)),
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author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Attributes[PlotRange] = {ReadProtected}, $CellContext`c4[
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\[Gamma] - 1))/(
{$CellContext`V, \
\
PlotStyle ->
Blue], $CellContext`c1[
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
Plot[($CellContext`R $CellContext`T2)/(
1000 $CellContext`V), {$CellContext`V, $CellContext`V1,
\
$CellContext`V2}, PlotRange -> All, PlotStyle -> Red],
$CellContext`c3[
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Page: 30
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author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Blank[]]] :=
1000 $CellContext`V), {$CellContext`V, \
$CellContext`r[$CellContext`T2, $CellContext`T1,
$CellContext`\[Gamma]] \
\
PlotStyle ->
Red], $CellContext`TS[
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] := Show[
$CellContext`s1[$CellContext`T1, $CellContext`T2,
$CellContext`V1, \
$CellContext`V1, \
$CellContext`t[$CellContext`T1, $CellContext`T2,
$CellContext`V1, \
PlotRange -> {{$CellContext`S1[$CellContext`T2,
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$CellContext`\[Gamma]] 2, $CellContext`S2[$CellContext`T2, $CellContext`V2,
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-> True,
FrameTicks -> False, FrameLabel -> {"entropy",
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ImageSize -> {150, 100}], $CellContext`s1[
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
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author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
Plot[(-(($CellContext`T1 - $CellContext`T2)/
0.02)) $CellContext`S ($CellContext`S1[$CellContext`T2, \
$CellContext`V1, $CellContext`\[Gamma]] ($CellContext`T2 $CellContext`T1) - \
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$CellContext`\[Gamma]] + 0.01}, PlotStyle -> Blue, Axes ->
False], $CellContext`S1[
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] := ($CellContext`R/($CellContext`\[Gamma] 1))
Log[($CellContext`R $CellContext`T2)
\[Gamma] - 1)], $CellContext`s2[
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
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3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
\
\
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
\[Gamma] - 1)], $CellContext`t[
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
Plot[{$CellContext`T2, $CellContext`T1}, {$CellContext`S,
$CellContext`S1[$CellContext`T2, $CellContext`V1,
$CellContext`\
\[Gamma]],
$CellContext`\
\[Gamma]]}, PlotStyle -> Red], $CellContextèngine[
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Page: 33
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Blank[]]] := Graphics[{
Thickness[0.02], Red,
Line[{{-1, 1.25}, {-1, 2}, {1, 2}, {1, 1.25}, {-1,
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Line[{{-1, -1.25}, {-1, -2}, {1, -2}, {1, -1.25}, {-1,
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Page: 34
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author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
24, Bold], {2.1, 0}],
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Style[
Row[{"\[Eta] = ",
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Blank[]],
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$CellContext`q1[
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
$CellContext`w[
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Page: 35
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
Round[($CellContext`T2 - $CellContext`T1) \
(($CellContext`S2[$CellContext`T2, $CellContext`V2,
$CellContext`\[Gamma]] - \
$CellContext`\[Gamma]])/
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Blank[]],
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TypesetìnitDone$$ = True),
SynchronousInitialization->True,
UnsavedVariables:>{TypesetìnitDone$$},
UntrackedVariables:>{Typeset`size$$}], "Manipulate",
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"The Carnot cycle is an idealization for a heat engine operating
reversibly \
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Cell[BoxData[
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" and ",
Cell[BoxData[
FormBox[
". The working substance is assumed to be one mole of an ideal
Page: 36
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author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
gas with \
heat-capacity ratio ",
Cell[BoxData[
FormBox[
RowBox[{"\[Gamma]", " ", "=", " ",
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Cell[BoxData[
FormBox[
RowBox[{
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".) The four steps of the cycle are most commonly plotted on a
\
pressure-volume diagram, shown on the left, with alternate
isotherms (red \
curves of",
Cell[BoxData[
FormBox[" ", TraditionalForm]], "InlineMath"],
"constant temperature) and adiabatics or isentropics (blue
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Page: 37
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author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
3.4127147388724613`*^9, 3.4127148385048943`*^9},
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Cell["\<\
An accurately-drawn pV diagram of a Carnot cycle approximates a
narrow \
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physical \
chemistry texts that have aspect ratios around 1.\
\>", "ManipulateCaption",
CellChangeTimes->{
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"A schematic diagram of an idealized heat engine is shown on the
right. In \
each cycle of the engine, a quantity of heat ",
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author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Cell[BoxData[
FormBox[
SubscriptBox["q", "2"], TraditionalForm]], "InlineMath"],
" is withdrawn from the hot reservoir at temperature ",
Cell[BoxData[
FormBox[
". The fraction ",
Cell[BoxData[
FormBox[
" is rejected to the cold reservoir at temperature ",
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FormBox[
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Cell[BoxData[
FormBox[
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Cell[BoxData[
FormBox[
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Cell[BoxData[
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Cell[BoxData[
FormBox[
" is essentially wasted, the efficiency of the heat engine is
expressed as \
the ratio ",
Cell[BoxData[
FormBox[
RowBox[{"\[Eta]", "=",
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3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
RowBox[{"w", "/",
SubscriptBox["q", "2"]}]}], TraditionalForm]],
"InlineMath"],
". The efficiency of a Carnot cycle depends only on the
temperatures of the \
two reservoirs: ",
Cell[BoxData[
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RowBox[{"\[Eta]", "=",
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", where ",
Cell[BoxData[
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Cell[BoxData[
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FormBox[
RowBox[{"\[Eta]", " ", "=", "1"}], TraditionalForm]],
"InlineMath"],
", the cold reservoir would have to be at ",
Cell[BoxData[
FormBox[
RowBox[{
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", absolute zero, which is unattainable. The area enclosed by
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CellChangeTimes->{
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Page: 40
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
3.41271814296049*^9}, {3.41271819015171*^9,
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CellID->1467865871],
Cell[TextData[{
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Cell[BoxData[
FormBox["\[Gamma]", TraditionalForm]], "InlineMath",
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Page: 41
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
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Page: 42
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
=
TypesetìnitDone$$,
\)\)]\) (K)"},
(K)"}, 301, 500,
1, Appearance ->
->
->
Page: 43
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
ImageSizeCache->{639., {246., 251.}},
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] := Show[
$CellContext`V1, \
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FrameLabel -> {
"pressure (kPa)"},
10}},
Epilog -> Inset[
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Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Page: 44
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\[Gamma] - 1))/(
{$CellContext`V, \
\
PlotStyle ->
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\[Gamma] - 1))/(
{$CellContext`V, \
\
PlotStyle ->
Page: 45
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\
$CellContext`c3[
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Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\
PlotStyle ->
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] := Show[
Page: 46
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
$CellContext`V1, \
$CellContext`V1, \
$CellContext`V1, \
$CellContext`V1, \
\
-> True,
"temperature"},
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\
\
Blank[]],
Page: 47
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\
\
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Page: 48
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
$CellContext`\
\[Gamma]],
$CellContext`\
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Line[{{-1, 1.25}, {-1, 2}, {1, 2}, {1, 1.25}, {-1,
1.25}}],
Line[{{-1, -1.25}, {-1, -2}, {1, -2}, {1, -1.25}, {-1,
-1.25}}],
Arrowheads[0.1],
Arrow[{{0, 1.25}, {0, 0.5}}],
Arrow[{{0, -0.5}, {0, -1.25}}],
Text[
Style[
Subscript[
Text[
Style[
Subscript[
Text[
Style[
Row[{
NumberForm[
Page: 49
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author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
\
2}], " kJ"}],
24, Bold], {1, 0.85}],
Text[
Style[
Row[{
NumberForm[
\
2}], " kJ"}],
24, Bold], {1, -0.85}], Black,
Circle[{0, 0}, 0.5],
Arrow[{{0.5, 0}, {1.25, 0}}],
Text[
Style[
Row[{
NumberForm[
2}], " kJ"}],
24, Bold], {2.1, 0}],
Text[
Style[
Row[{"\[Eta] = ",
NumberForm[
3}]}], 24, Bold, Black], {-1.75, 0}]},
ImageSize -> {300, 200}],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
$CellContext`V2, $CellContext`\[Gamma]] Page: 50
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
$CellContext`S1[$CellContext`T2, \
$CellContext`q1[
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
$CellContext`w[
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
Blank[]],
0.001]};
Deployed->True,
Page: 51
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
CellID->359898714]
}, Open ]],
Cell["", "SnapshotsSection"],
Cell[BoxData[
TagBox[
StyleBox[
373, $CellContext`V1$$ = 2.2800000000000002`,
$CellContext`V2$$ =
=
\)\)]\) (K)"}, 50,
300, 1}, {{
301, 500,
1}, {{
Hold[$CellContext`V1$$], 2.2800000000000002`,
\[Gamma]"},
1.2, 1.667}}, Typeset`size$$ = {593., {147.5, 152.5}},
=
Page: 52
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
1, StandardForm,
=
373, $CellContext`V1$$ = 2.2800000000000002`,
$CellContext`V2$$ =
TypesetìnitDone$$,
\)\)]\) (K)"},
(K)"}, 301, 500,
1, Appearance ->
"Labeled"}, {{$CellContext`V1$$, 2.2800000000000002`,
->
Page: 53
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
->
ImageSizeCache->{639., {246., 251.}},
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] := Show[
$CellContext`V1, \
$CellContext`V1, \
$CellContext`V1, \
$CellContext`V1, \
FrameLabel -> {
"pressure (kPa)"},
10}},
Epilog -> Inset[
$CellContext`V1, \
Blank[]],
Page: 54
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\[Gamma] - 1))/(
{$CellContext`V, \
\
PlotStyle ->
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\[Gamma] - 1))/(
{$CellContext`V, \
\
PlotStyle ->
Page: 55
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\
$CellContext`c3[
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\
PlotStyle ->
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Page: 56
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Blank[]]] := Show[
$CellContext`V1, \
$CellContext`V1, \
$CellContext`V1, \
$CellContext`V1, \
\
-> True,
"temperature"},
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\
\
Page: 57
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\
\
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Page: 58
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
$CellContext`\
\[Gamma]],
$CellContext`\
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Line[{{-1, 1.25}, {-1, 2}, {1, 2}, {1, 1.25}, {-1,
1.25}}],
Line[{{-1, -1.25}, {-1, -2}, {1, -2}, {1, -1.25}, {-1,
-1.25}}],
Arrowheads[0.1],
Arrow[{{0, 1.25}, {0, 0.5}}],
Arrow[{{0, -0.5}, {0, -1.25}}],
Text[
Style[
Subscript[
Text[
Style[
Subscript[
Text[
Style[
Row[{
Page: 59
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author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
NumberForm[
\
2}], " kJ"}],
24, Bold], {1, 0.85}],
Text[
Style[
Row[{
NumberForm[
\
2}], " kJ"}],
24, Bold], {1, -0.85}], Black,
Circle[{0, 0}, 0.5],
Arrow[{{0.5, 0}, {1.25, 0}}],
Text[
Style[
Row[{
NumberForm[
2}], " kJ"}],
24, Bold], {2.1, 0}],
Text[
Style[
Row[{"\[Eta] = ",
NumberForm[
3}]}], 24, Bold, Black], {-1.75, 0}]},
ImageSize -> {300, 200}],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
Page: 60
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
$CellContext`q1[
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
$CellContext`w[
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
Blank[]],
0.001]};
Page: 61
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Deployed->True,
CellID->404995070],
Cell[BoxData[
TagBox[
StyleBox[
500, $CellContext`V1$$ = 2.2800000000000002`,
$CellContext`V2$$ =
=
\)\)]\) (K)"}, 50,
300, 1}, {{
301, 500,
1}, {{
\[Gamma]"},
1.2, 1.667}}, Typeset`size$$ = {593., {147.5, 152.5}},
=
1, StandardForm,
=
Page: 62
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
500, $CellContext`V1$$ = 2.2800000000000002`,
$CellContext`V2$$ =
TypesetìnitDone$$,
\)\)]\) (K)"},
(K)"}, 301, 500,
1, Appearance ->
->
->
Page: 63
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
ImageSizeCache->{639., {246., 251.}},
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] := Show[
$CellContext`V1, \
$CellContext`V1, \
$CellContext`V1, \
$CellContext`V1, \
FrameLabel -> {
"pressure (kPa)"},
10}},
Epilog -> Inset[
$CellContext`V1, \
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Page: 64
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\[Gamma] - 1))/(
{$CellContext`V, \
\
PlotStyle ->
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\[Gamma] - 1))/(
{$CellContext`V, \
\
PlotStyle ->
Blank[]],
Page: 65
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\
$CellContext`c3[
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\
PlotStyle ->
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] := Show[
$CellContext`V1, \
Page: 66
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
$CellContext`V1, \
$CellContext`V1, \
$CellContext`V1, \
\
-> True,
"temperature"},
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\
\
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Page: 67
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\
\
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Page: 68
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
$CellContext`\
\[Gamma]],
$CellContext`\
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Line[{{-1, 1.25}, {-1, 2}, {1, 2}, {1, 1.25}, {-1,
1.25}}],
Line[{{-1, -1.25}, {-1, -2}, {1, -2}, {1, -1.25}, {-1,
-1.25}}],
Arrowheads[0.1],
Arrow[{{0, 1.25}, {0, 0.5}}],
Arrow[{{0, -0.5}, {0, -1.25}}],
Text[
Style[
Subscript[
Text[
Style[
Subscript[
Text[
Style[
Row[{
NumberForm[
\
Page: 69
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
2}], " kJ"}],
24, Bold], {1, 0.85}],
Text[
Style[
Row[{
NumberForm[
\
2}], " kJ"}],
24, Bold], {1, -0.85}], Black,
Circle[{0, 0}, 0.5],
Arrow[{{0.5, 0}, {1.25, 0}}],
Text[
Style[
Row[{
NumberForm[
2}], " kJ"}],
24, Bold], {2.1, 0}],
Text[
Style[
Row[{"\[Eta] = ",
NumberForm[
3}]}], 24, Bold, Black], {-1.75, 0}]},
ImageSize -> {300, 200}],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
Page: 70
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
$CellContext`q1[
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
$CellContext`w[
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
Blank[]],
0.001]};
Deployed->True,
Page: 71
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author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
CellID->873880490],
Cell[BoxData[
TagBox[
StyleBox[
500, $CellContext`V1$$ = 2.2800000000000002`,
$CellContext`V2$$ =
=
\)\)]\) (K)"}, 50,
300, 1}, {{
301, 500,
1}, {{
\[Gamma]"},
1.2, 1.667}}, Typeset`size$$ = {593., {147.5, 152.5}},
=
1, StandardForm,
"Variables" :> {$CellContext`T1$$ = 50, $CellContext`T2$$ =
500, $CellContext`V1$$ = 2.2800000000000002`,
$CellContext`V2$$ =
Page: 72
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
TypesetìnitDone$$,
\)\)]\) (K)"},
(K)"}, 301, 500,
1, Appearance ->
->
->
ImageSizeCache->{639., {246., 251.}},
Page: 73
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] := Show[
$CellContext`V1, \
$CellContext`V1, \
$CellContext`V1, \
$CellContext`V1, \
FrameLabel -> {
"pressure (kPa)"},
10}},
Epilog -> Inset[
$CellContext`V1, \
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
Page: 74
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
\[Gamma] - 1))/(
{$CellContext`V, \
\
PlotStyle ->
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\[Gamma] - 1))/(
{$CellContext`V, \
\
PlotStyle ->
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Page: 75
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\
$CellContext`c3[
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\
PlotStyle ->
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] := Show[
$CellContext`V1, \
$CellContext`V1, \
Page: 76
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author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
$CellContext`V1, \
$CellContext`V1, \
\
-> True,
"temperature"},
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\
\
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Page: 77
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
\
\
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Page: 78
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Blank[]]] :=
$CellContext`\
\[Gamma]],
$CellContext`\
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Line[{{-1, 1.25}, {-1, 2}, {1, 2}, {1, 1.25}, {-1,
1.25}}],
Line[{{-1, -1.25}, {-1, -2}, {1, -2}, {1, -1.25}, {-1,
-1.25}}],
Arrowheads[0.1],
Arrow[{{0, 1.25}, {0, 0.5}}],
Arrow[{{0, -0.5}, {0, -1.25}}],
Text[
Style[
Subscript[
Text[
Style[
Subscript[
Text[
Style[
Row[{
NumberForm[
\
2}], " kJ"}],
24, Bold], {1, 0.85}],
Text[
Page: 79
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author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Style[
Row[{
NumberForm[
\
2}], " kJ"}],
24, Bold], {1, -0.85}], Black,
Circle[{0, 0}, 0.5],
Arrow[{{0.5, 0}, {1.25, 0}}],
Text[
Style[
Row[{
NumberForm[
2}], " kJ"}],
24, Bold], {2.1, 0}],
Text[
Style[
Row[{"\[Eta] = ",
NumberForm[
3}]}], 24, Bold, Black], {-1.75, 0}]},
ImageSize -> {300, 200}],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
$CellContext`q1[
Blank[]],
Page: 80
3/2/2016,
author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
$CellContext`w[
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]],
Blank[]]] :=
Blank[]],
0.001]};
Deployed->True,
CellID->354957263]
}, Open ]],
Page: 81
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author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Cell["", "DetailsSection"],
Cell["\<\
Snapshot 1: A heat engine operating between the freezing and
boiling points \
of water has an efficiency of only about 27%. Steam engines'
efficiencies are \
in this approximate range.\
\>", "DetailNotes",
CellChangeTimes->{
3.35696210375764*^9, {3.412732226220449*^9,
3.412732362059659*^9}, {
3.412732522261465*^9, 3.412732533204248*^9},
{3.4129412515171237`*^9,
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CellID->1938198435],
Cell[TextData[{
"Snapshot 2: 50% efficiency for ",
Cell[BoxData[
FormBox[
RowBox[{
SubscriptBox["T", "2"], "=",
RowBox[{"2",
FormBox[
TraditionalForm]}]}], TraditionalForm]], "InlineMath"]
}], "DetailNotes",
CellChangeTimes->{
3.35696210375764*^9, {3.412732388254353*^9,
3.4127324867964783`*^9}, {
3.412941220954819*^9, 3.4129412480796456`*^9}},
CellID->121655702],
Cell[TextData[{
"Snapshot 3: 90% efficiency for ",
Cell[BoxData[
FormBox[
RowBox[{
SubscriptBox["T", "2"], "=",
Page: 82
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author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
RowBox[{"10",
FormBox[
TraditionalForm]}]}], TraditionalForm]], "InlineMath"]
}], "DetailNotes",
CellChangeTimes->{
3.35696210375764*^9, 3.412732507807561*^9,
{3.4127325632767982`*^9,
3.412732568085353*^9}, {3.412941235376602*^9,
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CellID->262951570],
Cell[TextData[{
"Carnot cycles are discussed in all physical chemistry texts.
See, for \
example, P. W. Atkins, ",
StyleBox["Physical Chemistry",
FontSlant->"Italic"],
", San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 2006 or S. M. Blinder, ",
StyleBox["Advanced Physical Chemistry",
FontSlant->"Italic"],
", New York: Macmillan, 1969."
}], "DetailNotes",
CellChangeTimes->{
3.35696210375764*^9, {3.413131224773448*^9,
3.4131312279609275`*^9}},
CellID->199484328]
}, Open ]],
Cell["", "ControlSuggestionsSection"],
Cell[BoxData[
TooltipBox[
RowBox[{
CheckboxBox[True], Cell[" Resize Images"]}],
"\"Click inside an image to reveal its orange resize
frame.\\nDrag any of \
the orange resize handles to resize the image.\"",
ActionDelay->0.35]], "ControlSuggestions",
CellChangeTimes->{3.35696210375764*^9, 3.412941260126444*^9},
FontFamily->"Verdana",
CellTags->"ResizeImages"],
Page: 83
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author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
Cell[BoxData[
TooltipBox[
RowBox[{
CheckboxBox[False], Cell[" Rotate and Zoom in 3D"]}],
RowBox[{
"\"Drag a 3D graphic to rotate it. Starting the drag near the
center \
tumbles\\nthe graphic; starting near a corner turns it parallel
to the plane \
of the screen.\\nHold down \"",
FrameBox[
"Ctrl", Background -> GrayLevel[0.9], FrameMargins -> 2,
FrameStyle ->
GrayLevel[0.9]], "\" (or \"",
FrameBox[
"Cmd", Background -> GrayLevel[0.9], FrameMargins -> 2,
FrameStyle ->
GrayLevel[0.9]], "\" on Mac) and drag up and down to
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CellTags->"RotateAndZoomIn3D"],
Cell[BoxData[
TooltipBox[
RowBox[{
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RowBox[{"\"Drag any locator (\"",
GraphicsBox[
LocatorBox[
Scaled[{0.5, 0.5}]], ImageSize -> 20],
"\", etc.) to move it around.\""}],
CellTags->"DragLocators"],
Cell[BoxData[
TooltipBox[
RowBox[{
CheckboxBox[False], Cell[" Create and Delete Locators"]}],
RowBox[{"\"Insert a new locator in the graphic by holding down
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FrameBox[
Page: 84
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author.nb 3/2/2016, 3:49:37 PM
"Alt", Background -> GrayLevel[0.9], FrameMargins -> 2,
FrameStyle ->
GrayLevel[0.9]],
"\" key\\nand clicking where you want it to be. Delete a
locator by \
clicking it\\nwhile holding down the \"",
FrameBox[
FrameStyle ->
GrayLevel[0.9]], "\" key.\""}],
CellTags->"CreateAndDeleteLocators"],
Cell[BoxData[
TooltipBox[
RowBox[{
CheckboxBox[False], Cell[" Slider Zoom"]}],
RowBox[{"\"Hold down the \"",
FrameBox[
FrameStyle ->
GrayLevel[0.9]],
"\" key while moving a slider to make fine adjustments in the
slider \
value.\\nHold \"",
FrameBox[
"Ctrl", Background -> GrayLevel[0.9], FrameMargins -> 2,
FrameStyle ->
GrayLevel[0.9]], "\" and/or \"",
FrameBox[
"Shift", Background -> GrayLevel[0.9], FrameMargins -> 2,
FrameStyle ->
GrayLevel[0.9]], "\" at the same time as \"",
FrameBox[
FrameStyle ->
GrayLevel[0.9]], "\" to make ever finer adjustments.\""}],
CellTags->"SliderZoom"],
Cell[BoxData[
TooltipBox[
Page: 85
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RowBox[{
CheckboxBox[False], Cell[" Gamepad Controls"]}],
"\"Control this Demonstration with a gamepad or other\\nhuman
interface \
device connected to your computer.\"",
CellChangeTimes->{3.35696210375764*^9, 3.3895522232313623`*^9},
CellTags->"GamepadControls"],
Cell[BoxData[
TooltipBox[
RowBox[{
CheckboxBox[False], Cell[" Automatic Animation"]}],
RowBox[{"\"Animate a slider in this Demonstration by clicking
the\"",
AdjustmentBox[
Cell[
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ImageMargins ->
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BoxMargins -> {{0., 0.}, {-0.1839080459770115,
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"\"button\\nnext to the slider, and then clicking the play
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StyleBox["Autorun", FontWeight -> "Bold"], "\" from the\"",
AdjustmentBox[
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