ITCM 202 Structural Design

Assignment # 1 - Due August 24 Monday

Total points: 20

Name: Shane Holbrook

1. Do Research on following. You need to explain with examples (find

picture as appropriate)
a. Gravity load- Is essentially the earth acting upon an object. It is a
downward force pulling toward the center of the earth which is
classified as one of two types of gravity loads. Dead loads, which is
basically the weight of fixed and finite objects such as floors, walls, etc.
Then you have live loards which are more variable such as: people,
furniture, rain, and ice. These are usually set to minimum standard
building codes, since they are so variable.

Figure 1 shows an example of live loads and dead loads, which are forms of gravity loads.

b. Lateral loads Are essentially variable in the sense that the force that
act upon the structure are coming from a horizontal path. They are
typically two types of lateral loads: wind, and seismic loads. In both
seismic and wind loads the effects are similar: Swaying, bending, base
shear, and possible torsion and uplift. During wind loads there is both
the force acting on the external side of the building, and on the
opposite side there is a suction. To compensate for these
unpredicatable forces, building codes are strategically placed based on
geographical location

Figure 2 shows an example of wind and seismic loads, which are forms of lateral loads.

c. Dynamic Load and Impact Load

Dynamic Loads Are applied suddenly and are sometimes rhythmic
movements. These are highly variable and can be the result of: heavy
vibrating machinary, elevators, vehicles, or even soliders and marching
bands on a bridge. What happens when this dynamic load is exerted is
that it amplifies the actual static load. Codes usually account for them
by adding additional equivalent static loads.

Figure 3 shows a perfect example of dynamic load, a marching band marching in unison on
a bridge.

Impact Loads Are typically the result of sudden collisions or explosions.

There are usually codes in place to account for impact loads by adding
additional factors of safety for the static loads. The actual impact resistance
can be the result of automobiles hitting a garage column, or from a blast
resistant design.

Figure 4 shows impact resistant column which are supported by plastic shells to increase
their impact load resistance.

d. Load path Is simply enough the path that a force will take through a
structure. So in essence the compilation of dead loads and live
loads/gravity loads, all must follow some path in order to reach ground.
In which point the ground pushes back, due to physics force can be
created by never destroyed, in which the ground acts as an opposite
and equates the force being delivered to the gravity load.

Figure 5 shows the load path of a gravity load on a simple structure. Notice how the
ground is acting back on the force at the footing.

e. Tension and Compression

Tension Tension is simply a body being pulled apart. So the
item/object under tension is being stretched from both ends.

Figure 6 shows an example of a machine designed just for tensile tests.

Compression Is simply a structure/object when it is being crushed.

The forces are acting inwardly on the object itself in a downward and upward
motion from both force and the ground itself.

Figure 7 shows a piece of what appears to be concrete going through a compression test
with a special machine.

f. Shear Is when an object is sliced. Usually this is done when two

forces are acting upon an object in opposite direction at the cross
section of the object.

Figure 8 (D) shows a great example of the force of shear on a bolt at the cross section. Also
noted here are great examples of tension (A), compression (B), Torsion (C), and Bending (E)

g. Torsion Torsion is also a type of shear although instead of the

opposite forces being in horizontal, the forces are exterted in an
opposite circular motion. Which results in shear stresses as well.
Figure 8 (D) shows a great example of the force of shear on a bolt at the cross
section. Also noted here are great examples of tension (A), compression (B), Torsion
(C), and Bending (E)

h. Bending and Buckling Buckling and bending are essentially the same
thing. Where as the very definiting of buckling, is bending. Beding on
the other hand is when a body compresses along one edge and
stretchs along the other. So a supported beam under load, will actually
experience both compressive and tensile forces at the same time at
the edges. However, in the center (neutral line), running through the
beam, the forces will diminish to zero. During bending, there can also
be the effects of shear due in part to both horizontal force, or vertical.
So in essence the shear can be horizontal or perpendicular to the beam
itself.
Figure 8 (D) shows a great example of the force of shear on a bolt at the cross
section. Also noted here are great examples of tension (A), compression (B), Torsion
(C), and Bending (E)

References
https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buildright/content/bcgbc4010a/11_wall_syst
ems/02_bracing/images/page_002_construction_load.gif
https://www.wbdg.org/images/seismic_7.gif
http://i.ytimg.com/vi/clx1WXr4LRU/hqdefault.jpg
http://foamguards.com/assets/images/autogen/a_ColumnSentryMezzanine.jpg

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/d22MhEqLu9E/U2JZQWA2c4I/AAAAAAAAE9U/UPkjtOFUK48/s1600/Load-path
%5BEngineersdaily.com%5D.png
http://cfnewsads.thomasnet.com/images/large/825/825276.jpg
http://www.misu.ait.ac.th/NewsAndEvents/newsletterData/HTMLFormat/iss4no6/DSC
_0156.JPG
http://navyaviation.tpub.com/14014/img/14014_74_1.jpg

2. For the right triangle shown in Figure, Determine missing r, and

52 +6.52=8.22

a.

So r = 8.2ft for theta=

6.5
=0.79 2then we take0.79 2 x sin1=52.37
8.2

5
=0.610 then we take 0.610 x sin1=37.580
8.2

for beta =

1=
b.

16 +4 =16.49

2 + 22 =22.10

so r = 22.10 ft for theta =

22
=0.995Then wetake 0.995 x sin1=84.268
22.10
2
=0.090 thenwe take 0.090 x sin1=5.164
22.10
d.

4
=0.242then we take0.242 x sin
16.49

16
=0.970then we take 0.970 x sin1=75.930
16.49

14.004 for Beta =

c.

so r = 16.49 m for theta =

10.5 +6 =12.10

so r = 12.10 ft For Theta =

FOR BETA =

6
=0.496Then wetake 0.496 x sin1=29.736
12.10
10.5
=0.868Then we take 0.868 x sin1=60.227
12.10

FOR BETA =