SOLAR POWER

TO MAKE BUILDINGS INTELLIGENT

BY:
JYOTI AHLAWAT
SAJIDA SHAH
TSERING

SOLAR ENERGY

SOLAR ENERGY IS THE ULTIMATE SOURCE OF ENERGY FROM MILLIONS OF

YEARS AND IT IS A RENEWABLE ENERGY.

THIS ENERGY CONSISTS OF RADIANT LIGHT AND HEAT ENERGY FROM THE
SUN.

OUT OF ALL ENERGY EMITTED BY SUN ONLY A SMALL FRACTION OF ENERGY

IS ABSORBED BY THE EARTH.

JUST THIS TINY FRACTION OF THE SUNS ENERGY THAT HITS THE EARTH IS
ENOUGH TO MEET ALL OUR POWER NEEDS.

USING PRESENT SOLAR TECHNIQUES SOME OF THE SOLAR ENERGY REACHING

THE EARTH IS UTILIZED FOR GENERATING ELECTRICITY ETC.

EVEN THEN THE ENERGY DEMAND MET BY USING SOLAR ENERGY IS VERY
LESS.

PRESENT SCENARIO
FOSSIL
BIO
FUEL
Fossils
HYDRO
BASED
NUCLEAR
SOLAR(0.8
%)
WINDMILL
S

TECHNOLOGIES USED
DIRECTLY USING PHOTOVOLTAIC(PV)PV IS AN ELECTRICAL DEVICE WHICH CONVERT
LIGHT DIRECTLY INTO ELECTRICITY BY THE
PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECTS IS USED, CALLED SOLAR
CELL . MAINLY CONSTRUCTED WITHMONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON POLYCRYSTALLINE
SILICON AMORPHOUS SILICON CADMIUM TELLURIDE
CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER (CSP)
SYSTEMS GENERATE SOLAR POWER BY USING
MIRRORS OR LENSES TO CONCENTRATE A LARGE
AREA OF SUNLIGHT, OR SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY,
ONTO A SMALL AREA. ELECTRICITY IS GENERATED
WHEN THE CONCENTRATED LIGHT IS CONVERTED TO
HEAT, WHICH DRIVES A HEAT ENGINE (USUALLY A
STEAM TURBINE) CONNECTED TO AN ELECTRICAL
POWER GENERATOR.

WORKING OF SOLAR PANEL

ONE SOLAR PANEL IS MADE UP OF MANY SMALL

SOLAR CELLS. EACH OF THESE CELLS USES LIGHT

TO MAKE ELECTRONS MOVE.
THE CELL IS MADE UP OF TWO DIFFERENT
LAYERS THAT ARE STUCK TOGETHER. THE FIRST
LAYER IS LOADED WITH ELECTRONS, SO THE
ELECTRONS ARE READY TO JUMP FROM THIS
LAYER TO THE SECOND LAYER.
WHEN THE LIGHT HITS AN ELECTRON IN THE
FIRST LAYER, THE ELECTRON JUMPS TO THE
SECOND LAYER.
THAT ELECTRON MAKES ANOTHER ELECTRON
MOVE, WHICH MAKES ANOTHER ELECTRON MOVE,
AND SO ON.

ROOFTOP SOLAR PV SYSTEMS

A SOLAR PV POWER PLANT CONVERTS SUNLIGHT INTO ELECTRICITY. IT DOES SO
WITHOUT ANY MOVING PARTS AND WITHOUT GENERATING EITHER NOISE OR
POLLUTION.
A SOLAR PV SYSTEM CAN BE INSTALLED AT ANY UN-SHADED LOCATION SUCH AS ON
ROOFTOPS OF BUILDINGS, CAR PARKING SHEDS, EMPTY LAND, OR EVEN ON TOP OF
CANALS AND ROADS. TYPICAL SYSTEM SIZES RANGE FROM 240 WATTS TO 100 MW.
THERE IS VERY LITTLE DIFFERENCE IN THE TECHNICAL DESIGN BETWEEN SMALL
KW-SIZED PLANTS (TYPICALLY DE-CENTRALIZED, OFF-GRID) AND LARGE, MW-SIZED
PLANTS (TYPICALLY CENTRALIZED, GRID-CONNECTED).
1 KW OF SOLAR PV REQUIRES 10 M2 OF SHADOW FREE AREA

ROOFTOP SOLAR PV WITH NET METERING

SOLAR PV SYSTEMS COULD BE SIZED TO NOT EXCEED THE LOAD DEMAND
DURING THE DAY. IF THEY ARE LARGER, AND SOLAR POWER IS BEING GENERATED
THAT EXCEEDS CONSUMPTION AT THAT POINT IN TIME, WASTAGE CAN BE AVOIDED
BY STORING THE EXCESS POWER. ALTERNATIVELY, EXCESS POWER COULD BE
INJECTED INTO THE GRID. IN THIS CASE, METERING WOULD BE REQUIRED TO
MEASURE ENERGY TRANSACTIONS BETWEEN THE PV SYSTEM AND THE GRID

ROOFTOP SOLAR PV WITH STORAGE

STORAGE IN SOLAR PV SYSTEMS IS REQUIRED TO PROVIDE STABLE BACKUP POWER
WHEN THE SOLAR ENERGY IS NOT AVAILABLE (AT NIGHT) OR NOT ADEQUATE TO
MEET THE ENTIRE LOAD DEMAND.
BATTERIES CAN BE USED TO STORE SOLAR POWER TO SAFEGUARD AGAINST A
SHORT-TERM FALL IN SOLAR POWER GENERATION. INTERMITTENCY CAN ALSO BE
AVOIDED BY CONNECTED THE SOLAR PV SYSTEM TO THE GRID. IN THIS CASE THE
GRID PROVIDES THE EXTRA ENERGY AT TIMES OF INADEQUATE SUNSHINE.
.

TOP SUCCESSFUL SOLAR COMPANIES

In World

FIRST SOLAR
SUNTECH POWER CO.
GT ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
TRINA SOLAR
JINKO SOLAR
RENASOLA
YINGLI GREEN
SUN POWER
CANADIAN SOLAR LNC.
JA SOLAR

In India
.
.
.
.
.
.

AMMINI
TATA POWER SOLAR SYSTEMS LTD
SUNTECH POWER HOLDING
MOSER BEAR SOLAR LTD
PLG POWER LTD
SURANA VENTURES LTD

CONDITIONS FOR
INSTALLING SOLAR PANELS
EQUIPMENT ON A BUILDING SHOULD BE SITED, SO FAR AS IS PRACTICABLE, TO
MINIMISE THE EFFECT ON THE EXTERNAL APPEARANCE OF THE BUILDING AND THE
AMENITY OF THE AREA.
WHEN NO LONGER NEEDED EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE REMOVED AS SOON AS
REASONABLY PRACTICABLE.
PANELS SHOULD NOT BE INSTALLED ABOVE THE HIGHEST PART OF THE ROOF
(EXCLUDING THE CHIMNEY) AND SHOULD PROJECT NO MORE THAN 200MM FROM
THE ROOF SLOPE OR WALL SURFACE.
THE PANELS MUST NOT BE INSTALLED ON A BUILDING THAT IS WITHIN THE GROUNDS
OF A LISTED BUILDING OR ON A SITE DESIGNATED AS A SCHEDULED MONUMENT.
IF YOUR PROPERTY IS IN A CONSERVATION AREA, OR IN A WORLD HERITAGE SITE,
PANELS MUST NOT BE FITTED TO A WALL WHICH FRONTS A HIGHWAY.

FACTORS AFFECTING ELECTRICITY GENERATION

WITH SOLAR PANELS FOR HOME
SIZE OF THE SYSTEM - THE TYPICAL DOMESTIC INSTALLATION IS A
3.5KW SYSTEM, WHICH IS NORMALLY AROUND 12 PANELS. A SMALLER
1KW DOMESTIC SYSTEM IS LIKELY TO BE ONLY 2 PANELS.
DIRECTION THAT ROOF FACES AND THE ANGLE - FOR OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE,
YOUR PANELS WILL NEED TO BE ON A 35-DEGREE ANGLE, FACING SOUTH.
ROOF THAT IS NOT IN THE SHADE WILL INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF ELECTRICITY
YOU ARE ABLE TO PRODUCE.

TIME OF YEAR WILL ALSO HAVE AN IMPACT. DURING LONGER DAYLIGHT HOURS IN
THE SUMMER YOU WILL BE ABLE TO PRODUCE PROPORTIONALLY MORE POWER.

FACTORS EFFECTING SYSTEM SIZE

HOW ROOF SHAPE AND STRUCTURE

EFFECT SYSTEM SIZE

SIZE AND WATTAGE OF SOLAR PANELS

LIKE LIGHT BULBS, SOLAR PANELS COME IN DIFFERENT WATTAGES. A COMMON
POWER RATING FOR A HIGH END SOLAR PANEL IS 345 WATTS.
THE SIZE OF THIS PANEL IS ABOUT 61 BY 41 (154.9*104.4cm) OR ABOUT
17.3 SQUARE FEET. THAT MEANS THIS PANEL, AT ITS MAXIMUM, PUTS OUT 345
WATTS FROM SUNLIGHT FALLING ON ITS 17.3 FT AREA.
ANOTHER WAY TO SAY THIS IS, AT ITS MAXIMUM, A 345 WATT SOLAR PANEL
PUTS OUT A MAXIMUM OF ABOUT 20 WATTS PER SQUARE FOOT (345 DIVIDED BY
17.3 EQUALS ABOUT 20).

15494

10414
345 WATT

SOLAR SYSTEM FOR HOME

AREA CALCULATION FOR

SOLAR PANELS INSTALLATION
CALCULATE YOUR ENERGY REQUIREMENTS:
CALCULATE YOUR ENERGY REQUIREMENTS BY CHECKING YOUR
MONTHLY ELECTRICITY BILL FOR POWER CONSUMED IN KWHR
AND TAKE AVERAGE OF POWER CONSUMED IN SUMMERS
AND WINTERS.
CALCULATE THE AVERAGE DAILY CONSUMPTION: DIVIDE YOUR AVERAGE MONTHLY
CONSUMPTION BY 30, TO GET THE AVERAGE DAILY CONSUMPTION.
SAY IT IS 330/30 = 11 KWHR.
R
FIND SOLA
N
INSOLATIO

Find out the average hours of sunlight or average

daily solar insolation in your area:
FOR DELHI ITS 5.5 kWh/meters squared/day.

CALCULATE THE TOTAL WATTAGE: NOW, DIVIDE YOUR AVERAGE DAILY

CONSUMPTION BY THE AVERAGE DAILY HOURS OF SUNLIGHT. IN OUR CASE, 11
KWHR/5.5 HOURS = 2 KW OR 2000 WATTS. THIS WILL TELL YOU THE TOTAL WATTAGE OF
THE PANELS YOU REQUIRE TO COVER YOUR ENERGY NEEDS IN IDEAL CONDITIONS
THAT IS WHEN THERE ARE NO ENERGY LOSSES.
Consider the energy losses: MULTIPLY THE FIGURE YOU OBTAINED IN EARLIER
STEP BY 1.4 TO COVER UP THE LOSSES DUE TO INEFFICIENCIES LIKE ENERGY
CONVERSION LOSSES AND HEAT LOSSES. WE GET 2000 WATTS X 1.4 = 2800 WATTS. THIS
WILL BE THE TOTAL WATTAGE OF THE PANEL YOU REQUIRE TO MEET YOUR ENERGY
NEEDS.
CALCULATE THE SHADOW FREE AREA: FIND OUT THE SHADOW
FREE AREA OF YOUR ROOF TOP BY MULTIPLYING ITS LENGTH
AND BREATH. LET US ASSUME THAT THE SHADOW FREE AREA
OF THE ROOF IS, 20 FEET BY 11 FEET,
220 SQUARE FEET.(20.4 M SQ)

FIND OUT THE GENERAL DIMENSIONS OF THE SOLAR PANELS

OF DIFFERENT WATTAGE:

THESE DIMENSIONS CAN BE OBTAINED FROM THE

PHYSICAL DATA SHEETS
AVAILABLE IN THE SOLAR COMPANY WEBSITE.
FOR ROOF TOP INSTALLATION SOLAR PANELS ARE USUALLY
COME IN SIZES OF 150 WATTS, 175 WATTS, 200 WATTS,
250 WATTS AND 300 WATTS.
SOME OF THE DIMENSIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS:

CALCULATE THE TOTAL AREA REQUIRED BY THE SOLAR PANELS:

THE TOTAL WATTAGE OF PANELS REQUIRED, TO COVER YOUR DAILY ENERGY NEEDS,
IS 2800 WATTS. HERE WE WILL CALCULATE THE TOTAL AREA COVERED BY THE
PANELS OF DIFFERENT WATTAGE.
IF THE TOTAL AREA OF THE SOLAR PANELS IS LESS THAN THE SHADOW FREE AREA,
220 SQUARE FEET, THEN WE WILL CONSIDER IT FOR INSTALLATION OTHERWISE
REJECT THAT WATTAGE OF SOLAR PANEL.

NO OF PANELS REQUIRED-2800/175 = 16 NOS.

TOTAL AREA OF SIXTEEN PANELS WOULD BE 16 NOS X 17.7 = 283.2 SQ.FT.
IT IS ADVISABLE TO LEAVE SOME GAP BETWEEN TWO PANELS, SO THAT AIR CAN
PASS THROUGH AND KEEP THE PANELS COOL IN SUMMERS. INCREASE THE TOTAL
AREA OF THE PANELS BY 2.5%, WE GET.
FINAL AREA REQUIRED-290.3 SQ. FT.

WIND POWER
POWER OBTAINED BY HARNESSING THE ENERGY OF THE WIND

WIND ENERGY
WIND IS A FORM OF SOLAR ENERGY.
WINDS ARE CAUSED BY THE UNEVEN HEATING
OF THE ATMOSPHERE BY THE SUN, THE
IRREGULARITIES OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE, AND
ROTATION OF THE EARTH.
WIND FLOW PATTERNS ARE MODIFIED BY :

VEGETATIVE COVER

BODIES OF WATER

EARTH'S TERRAIN

THIS WIND FLOW, OR MOTION ENERGY, WHEN "HARVESTED" BY MODERN WIND

TURBINES, CAN BE USED TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY I.E WIND POWER.

WHY WIND POWER

IN THE CASE OF WIND, IF CONVENTIONAL ON SHORE WIND TURBINES WITH 80-M
TOWERS WERE INSTALLED ON 13% OF THE EARTHS SURFACE, THE ESTIMATED WIND
POWER THAT COULD BE COMMERCIALLY VIABLE IS 72 TERAWATT (TW).
THAT AMOUNTS TO ALMOST FIVE TIMES THE GLOBAL POWER CONSUMPTION IN ALL
FORMS, WHICH CURRENTLY AVERAGES ABOUT 15 TW.

MAIN PROBLEMS:
1. COST
2. AVAILABILITY

HOW WIND POWER IS GENERATED

THE WIND'S KINETIC ENERGY CAN BE HARNESSED BY A WIND TURBINE, A DEVICE

THAT LOOKS LIKE AN EXTREMELY TALL, SKINNY FAN.
WIND POWER AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO FOSSIL FUELS IS PLENTIFUL, RENEWABLE,
WIDELY DISTRIBUTED, CLEAN, PRODUCES NO GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
DURING OPERATION, AND USES LITTLE LAND.

COMPONENTS OF WIND TURBINE

WIND TURBINES CONSIST OF A FOUNDATION, A TOWER, A NACELLE AND A ROTOR.

COMPONENTS OF WIND TURBINE

WIND TURBINES START OPERATING AT WIND SPEEDS OF 4

TO 5 METRES PER SECOND AND REACH MAXIMUM POWER
OUTPUT AT AROUND 15 METRES/SECOND..
A MODERN WIND TURBINE PRODUCES ELECTRICITY 70-85%
OF THE TIME, BUT IT GENERATES DIFFERENT OUTPUTS
DEPENDING ON THE WIND SPEED.

OVER THE COURSE OF A YEAR, IT WILL

TYPICALLY GENERATE ABOUT 24% OF THE
THEORETICAL MAXIMUM OUTPUT (41%
OFFSHORE). THIS IS KNOWN AS ITS
CAPACITY FACTOR.

PREFERED LOCATIONS
AT 100 FEET (30 METERS) OR MORE ABOVE GROUND, THEY CAN TAKE ADVANTAGE
OF FASTER AND LESS TURBULENT WIND.
TURBINES WORK AT THE BEST WHEN ON HIGH, EXPOSED SITES. COASTAL SITES
ARE ESPECIALLY GOOD.
TOWN CENTRES AND HIGHLY POPULATED RESIDENTIAL AREAS ARE USUALLY
NOT SUITABLE SITES FOR WIND TURBINES.

SIZES OF WIND TURBINES

THE AVERAGE SIZE OF ON SHORE
TURBINES BEING MANUFACTURED
TODAY IS AROUND 2.5-3 MW, WITH
BLADES OF ABOUT 50 METRES
LENGTH.
AN AVERAGE OFFSHORE WIND
TURBINE OF 3.6 MW CAN POWER MORE
THAN 3,312 AVERAGE HOUSEHOLDS.

IN 2012, THE AVERAGE SIZE IS

2.5 MW WITH ROTOR DIAMETERS
OF 100 METRES.
7.5 MW TURBINES ARE THE
LARGEST TODAY WITH BLADES
ABOUT 60 METRES LONG.

MATERIAL USED
THE TOWERS ARE MOSTLY TUBULAR AND MADE OF STEEL OR CONCRETE,
GENERALLY PAINTED LIGHT GREY.
THE BLADES ARE MADE OF FIBREGLASS, REINFORCED POLYESTER OR WOODEPOXY
. THEY ARE LIGHT GREY BECAUSE IT IS INCONSPICUOUS UNDER MOST LIGHTING
CONDITIONS.
THE FINISH IS MATT, TO REDUCE REFLECTED LIGHT.

WIND TURBINES CAN CARRY ON GENERATING ELECTRICITY FOR 20-25 YEARS.

OVER THEIR LIFETIME THEY WILL BE RUNNING CONTINUOUSLY FOR AS MUCH AS
120,000 HOURS.

SIZE RANGES
RESIDENTIAL:
BELOW 30 KW
CHOOSE A SIZE
BASED ON
ELECTRICAL
LOAD

MEDIUM:
30 - 500 KW
MAY BE SIZEDTO A LOAD.
TYPICALLY USED WHEN
THERE IS A LARGE
ELECTRICAL LOAD.

COMMERCIAL SCALE:
500 KW - 2 MW
USUALLY FED INTO
THE GRID, NOT SIZED TO
A SINGLE LOAD

RESIDENTIA MEDIUM
L

COMMERCIAL

DIAMETER(m)

1-13

13-30

47-90

HEIGHT(m)

18-37

35-50

50-80

POWER(KWH/YEAR)

20,000

600,000

4,000,000

WIND FARM CONFIGURATIONS

IDEALLY, THE AREA SHOULD BE AS WIDE AND OPEN AS POSSIBLE IN THE

PREVAILING WIND DIRECTION, WITH FEW OBSTACLES.

ITS VISUAL INFLUENCE NEEDS TO BE CONSIDERED FEW, LARGER TURBINES ARE
USUALLY BETTER THAN MANY SMALLER ONES.
THE TURBINES NEED TO BE EASILY ACCESSIBLE FOR MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
WORK WHEN NEEDED.
NOISE LEVELS CAN BE CALCULATED SO THE FARM IS COMPATIBLE WITH THE
LEVELS OF SOUND STIPULATED IN NATIONAL LEGISLATION.

THE TURBINE SUPPLIER DEFINES THE MINIMUM TURBINE SPACING, TAKING INTO
ACCOUNT THE EFFECT ONE TURBINE CAN HAVE ON OTHERS NEARBY THE 'WAKE
EFFECT'.
THE RISK OF EXTREME EVENTS SUCH AS EARTHQUAKES, HOW EASY IT IS TO
TRANSPORT THE TURBINES TO THE SITE AND THE LOCAL AVAILABILITY OF CRANES.

IN A WIND FARM THE TURBINES THEMSELVES TAKE UP LESS THAN 1% OF THE

LAND AREA. EXISTING ACTIVITIES LIKE FARMING AND TOURISM CAN TAKE PLACE
AROUND THEM AND ANIMALS LIKE COWS AND SHEEP ARE NOT DISTURBED.

SCENARIO IN INDIA
WIND IN INDIA ARE INFLUENCED BY THE STRONG
SOUTH-WEST SUMMER MONSOON, WHICH STARTS IN
MAY-JUNE, WHEN COOL, HUMID AIR MOVES TOWARDS
DURING THE PERIOD MARCH TO AUGUST, THE WINDS
ARE UNIFORMLY STRONG OVER THE WHOLE INDIAN
PENINSULA, EXCEPT THE EASTERN PENINSULAR
COAST.

WIND SPEEDS DURING THE PERIOD NOVEMBER TO MARCH

ARE RELATIVELY WEAK, THOUGH HIGHER WINDS ARE
AVAILABLE DURING A PART OF THE PERIOD ON THE TAMIL
NADU COASTLINE.
THE LAND AND THE WEAKER NORTH-EAST WINTER
MONSOON, WHICH STARTS IN OCTOBER, WHEN COOL, DRY
AIR MOVES TOWARDS THE OCEAN.

WIND POWER GENERATION CAPACITY IN INDIA

THE WIND POWER GENERATION CAPACITY IN INDIA IS 49,130 MW AS PER THE
OFFICIAL ESTIMATES IN THE INDIAN WIND ATLAS (2010) .
THE POTENTIAL IS CALCULATED WITH RESPECT TO 2 PER CENT LAND AVAILABILITY
AT WINDY LOCATIONS AND PERTAINS TO A 50 METER HUB HEIGHT LEVEL OF THE
WIND TURBINES.
PRESENTLY LARGE WIND TURBINES WITH HIGHER HUB HEIGHT IN THE RANGE OF 80100 METER WITH LARGE ROTOR DIAMETERS UP TO 120 M ARE AVAILABLE IN THE
INDIAN MARKET.
CONCEDING TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT AND HIGHER WIND SPEEDS AT HIGHER
HUB HEIGHTS, THE POTENTIAL OF 49,130 MW AT 50 METER LEVEL IF EXTRAPOLATED
THE CAPITAL COST RANGES BETWEEN 4.5 CRORES TO 6.85 CRORES PER MW,
DEPENDING UP ON THE TYPE OF TURBINE, TECHNOLOGY, SIZE AND LOCATION.

PLANNING IMPLICATIONS
MUNICIPAL CONSULTATIONS
EXPERIENCED WIND ENERGY DEVELOPERS TAKE THE TIME TO TALK WITH THE
PEOPLE IN THE COMMUNITY THAT MAY BE IMPACTED DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY,
AND ENGAGE THEM EARLY IN THE PLANNING PROCESS AND KEEPING AN OPEN
DIALOGUE THROUGHOUT THE DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATIONAL PHASES.
WIND ASSESSMENT.
SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS USE METEOROLOGICAL MASTS TO MEASURE WIND
SPEED AND OTHER CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. THIS DATA IS THEN USED TO ESTIMATE
HOW MUCH ENERGY A POTENTIAL WIND FARM COULD PRODUCE.
WIND FARM DESIGN
WIND DATA IS COMBINED WITH TOPOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION TO DESIGN THE
WIND FARM. ENGINEERS MODEL WIND FLOW, TURBINE PERFORMANCE, SOUND
LEVELS AND OTHER PARAMETERS TO OPTIMIZE THE LOCATION OF WIND
TURBINES.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS IDENTIFY AND TO MITIGATE POTENTIAL IMPACTS
ON COMMUNITY RESIDENTS, LANDSCAPE, PLANTS AND WILDLIFE, SOIL AND
WATER, LAND USE OR OTHER ACTIVITIES SUCH AS AVIATION AND
TELECOMMUNICATIONS

PERMITTING AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION

AS WITH ANY OTHER MAJOR POWER PROJECT, DEVELOPERS SEEK MUNICIPAL,
PROVINCIAL AND FEDERAL PERMITS BEFORE THE PROJECT CAN GO AHEAD.
ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
.
.THEY WORK TO ESTIMATE
THE COST OF TURBINES AND THEIR INSTALLATION, AS
WELL AS THE COSTS OF ACCESS ROADS, ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS, OPERATIONS AND
MAINTENANCE..
MANUFACTURING
WIND TURBINE COMPONENT PARTS ARE MANUFACTURED AND PRE-ASSEMBLED AT
THE FACTORY, THEN SHIPPED TO THE WIND FARM SITE WHERE THE FINAL ASSEMBLY
TAKES PLACE.
SITE PREPARATION AND CONSTRUCTION
WORK CREWS PREPARE TURBINE SITES BY BUILDING ACCESS ROADS, PREPARING
TURBINE FOUNDATIONS AND REASSEMBLING TURBINE COMPONENTS. A CRANE IS
USED TO ERECT TURBINE TOWERS AND INSTALL THE NACELLES .
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
ACTIVITIES THAT ARE PERFORMED ON A REGULAR BASIS THROUGHOUT THE PROJECT
LIFE INCLUDE MONITORING AND ANALYZING PERFORMANCE, CONDUCTING
ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEYS AND PERFORMING PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE ON THE
TURBINES AND OTHER COMPONENTS OF THE FACILITY

TERMINOLOGY AND FORMULAS

THE POWER PRODUCED BY A WIND TURBINE DEPENDS ON THE
TURBINES SIZE AND
THE WIND SPEED THROUGH THE ROTOR
THE RANGE OF WIND SPEEDS THAT ARE USABLE BY A PARTICULAR
WIND TURBINE FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION IS
CALLED PRODUCTIVE WIND SPEED.
PRODUCTIVE WIND SPEEDS WILL RANGE BETWEEN 4 M/SEC TO 35 M/SEC. THE
MINIMUM PRESCRIBED SPEED FOR OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE OF LARGE SCALE
WIND FARMS IS ABOUT 6 M/S.
THE POWER AVAILABLE FROM WIND IS PROPORTIONAL TO CUBE OF THE WIND'S
SPEED.
P=(WIND SPEED)3
USUALLY, WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT IS DONE PRIOR TO A WIND SYSTEMS
CONSTRUCTION.
THE POWER (ENERGY/SECOND) AVAILABLE IN THE WIND WILL BE GIVEN BY
THE FORMULA POWER
= 0.5 X ROTOR SWEPT AREA (M2) X WIND DENSITY (KG/M3) X VELOCITY3 (M/S)

CALCULATIONS
CALCULATE YOUR ENERGY REQUIREMENTS:
CALCULATE YOUR ENERGY REQUIREMENTS BY CHECKING YOUR MONTHLY
ELECTRICITY BILL FOR POWER CONSUMED IN KWHR
CALCULATE THE AVERAGE DAILY CONSUMPTION: DIVIDE YOUR AVERAGE
MONTHLY CONSUMPTION BY 30, TO GET THE AVERAGE DAILY CONSUMPTION.
SAY IT IS 330/30 = 11 KWHR=0.011MW
FIND THE AVERAGE VELOCITY OF SITE AREA:
THIS VALUE CAN BE TAKEN FROM TABLE GIVEN BY IS CODES.
FOR DELHI ITS 44M/S.
THE POWER (ENERGY/SECOND) AVAILABLE IN THE WIND.
= 0.5 X ROTOR SWEPT AREA (M2) X WIND DENSITY (KG/M3) X VELOCITY3 (M/S)
CALCULATING THE ROTOR SWEPT AREA:
P=0.5*R*wind density*velocity
11=0.5*R*1.2*44
R=11/(0.5*1.2*44)
R=0.41m2

R=0.41m2
R=r2 = (pie *radius of wind turbine)2
0.41=3.14r2
r=0.130
r=0.36m=36cm
WIND TURBINE TO BE USED:
POWER=0.011MW
DIAMETRE =72CM
HUB HEIGHT BELOW 18M