Government716AndrewBennett

GeorgetownUniversity(202)6875800
BennettA@GUnet.Georgetown.edu
Spring2001
Mondays4:156:05Maguire102

QualitativeResearchMethods
CourseGoals
Thecentralgoaloftheseminaristoenablestudentstocreateandcritique
methodologicallysophisticatedcasestudyresearchdesignsinthesocialsciences.Todo
so,theseminarwillexplorethetechniques,uses,strengths,andlimitationsofcasestudy
methods,whileemphasizingtherelationshipsamongthesemethods,alternativemethods,
andcontemporarydebatesinthephilosophyofscience.Theresearchexamplesusedto
illustratemethodologicalissueswillbedrawnfrominternationalrelations,comparative
politics,andAmericanpolitics.However,themethodologicalcontentofthecourseis
alsoapplicabletothestudyofhistory,sociology,andeconomics.
Theseminarwillbeginwithafocusonthephilosophyofscience,theory
construction,theorytesting,causality,andcausalinference.Withthisepistemological
grounding,theseminarwillthenexplorethecoreissuesincasestudyresearchdesign,
includingmethodsofstructuredandfocusedcomparisonsofcases,typologicaltheory,
caseselection,processtracing,congruencetesting,andtheuseofcounterfactualanalysis.
Next,theseminarwilllookattheepistemologicalassumptions,comparativestrengths
andweaknesses,andproperdomainofcasestudymethodsandalternativeapproaches,
particularlystatisticalmethodsandformalmodeling.Thefourthsectionofthecoursewill
methodologicallycritiqueexamplesofcasestudyresearchwithindefinedresearch
programs.Theseexampleswillbeselectedinpartbasedontheinterestsandinputof
seminarparticipants.Thefinalthreeweeksoftheseminarwillbedevotedtostudent
presentationsofcasestudyresearchdesignsandconstructivecritiquesofthesedesignsby
seminarparticipants.Presumably,manystudentswillchoosetopresenttheresearch
designfortheirthesis,thoughstudentscouldalsopresentaresearchdesignforaseparate
projectoreditedvolume.
Requirements
Masteryofassignedreadingsandactiveparticipationinseminardiscussions.
Oneshortessaycritiquingtheassignedreadingsforoneweek.Eachstudentwillbe
requiredtowriteone15001800wordcritiqueoftheassignedreadingsforagivenweek.
Thiscritiquecanfocusononeorseveralofthereadingsfortheweek,orononeorafew
crosscuttingthemes.Itneednotaddressallofthereadingsordiscussionquestionsfora
week.

ResearchDesignPaperandPresentation.Studentswillberequiredtosubmitcopiesof
aresearchdesignpapertoallseminarparticipantsoneweekinadvanceofpresentingthis
designintheseminar.Eachstudentwillpresenttheirdesignintheseminarfora
constructivecritiqueofahalfhourorso,withashortintroductionfromthestudent
and/oradvancereadingquestionssuggestingissuesormethodologicaldilemmasupon
whichparticipantsshouldfocus.
Researchdesignsshouldaddressallofthefollowingtasks(elaborateduponinthe
BennettGeorgepaper,"ResearchDesignTasks,"intheassignedreadingsbelow):1)
specificationoftheresearchproblemandresearchobjectives,inrelationtothecurrent
stageofdevelopmentandresearchneedsoftherelevantresearchprogram,related
literatures,andalternativeexplanations2)specificationoftheindependentand
dependentvariables3)selectionofahistoricalcaseorcasesthatareappropriateinlight
ofthefirsttwotasks,andjustificationofwhythesecaseswereselectedandotherswere
not4)considerationofhowvarianceinthevariablescanbestbedescribedfortesting
and/orrefiningexistingtheories5)specificationofthedatarequirements,includingboth
processtracingdataandmeasurementsoftheindependentanddependentvariablesfor
themainhypothesesofinterest,includingalternativeexplanations.
Thereisnominimumlengthlimit,thoughmostdesignswillprobablybearound
7,0009,000 wordsandshouldbeshorterthan11,000words.
Followupmemoonrefinementoftheresearchdesign.Whilestudentsarenot
expectedtorevisefullyandresubmittheirresearchdesignsbytheendofthecourse,they
willberequiredtosubmitamemoofabout1500wordsonthemodificationstheythink
arenecessary,andthedilemmasthatarestillunresolved,inlightofthecritiquethey
receivedintheseminar.
Grading
30%masteryofthereadingsasevidentthroughparticipationinclassdiscussions
20%shortessay
50%writtenresearchdesign,presentationofresearchdesign,andfollowupmemo
BooksforPurchase
GaryKing,RobertKeohane,andSidneyVerba,DesigningSocialInquiry(Princeton
UniversityPress,1994).
CharlesRagin,FuzzySetSocialScience(UniversityofChicago,2000)
DanielLittle,Microfoundations,Method,andCausation,(Transaction,1998).
SteveVanEvera,GuidetoMethodsforStudentsofPoliticalScience(Cornell,1997).

CourseOutline

Jan.22Introduction
I)PhilosophyofScienceandEpistemologicalIssues
Jan.29 EvaluatingTheories:PositivistandScientificRealistApproachesandTheir
Critics
Feb.5Causality,Explanation,andCausalInference
II)CaseStudyMethods
Feb.12ConceptFormation
Feb.26DesignsforSingleandComparativeCaseStudiesandAlternativeResearch
Goals
Mar.12TypologicalTheoryandCaseSelection
Mar.19ProcessTracing,CongruenceTesting,andCounterfactualAnalysis
III)CaseStudiesandAlternativeMethods:ComparativeAdvantagesand
Complementarities
Mar.26StatisticsandFormalModeling:ContrastsandComplementaritieswithCase
Studies
April2CritiquesandJustificationsofCaseStudy Methods
IV)CritiquingExamplesofCaseStudyResearch
April9CaseStudiesandtheInterdemocraticPeaceResearchProgram
April23CaseStudiesandMacroHistoricalComparisoninComparativePolitics
V)StudentResearchDesignPresentations
April30,May3(MondayonlyclassesarescheduledtomeetonThursdayofStudy
Weekifnecessary,wecantrytomovethistoadayconvenientforeveryone)

Readings
January22Introduction
CharlesRaginandDavidZaret,"TheoryandMethodinComparativeResearch:Two

Strategies,"in SocialForces,Vol.61,No.3(March1983),pp.731754.
StephenVanEvera,GuidetoMethodologyforStudentsofPoliticalScience,pp.89121.
CharlesRaginandHowardBecker,"Introduction"toRaginandBecker,WhatisaCase?
(Cambridge,1995),pp.117.
RudraSil,TheDivisionofLaborinSocialScienceResearch:UnifiedMethodolobyor
OrganicSolidarity,PolityVol.32,no.4(Summer,2000)pp.499531.
AlexanderL.GeorgeandAndrewBennett,draftprefacetoCaseStudiesandTheory
Development(forthcoming,MITPress).

I)PhilosophyofScienceandEpistemologicalIssues
January29EvaluatingTheories:PositivistandScientificRealistApproachesand
TheirCritics
ImreLakatos,"FalsificationandtheMethodologyofScientificResearchPrograms,"in
LakatosandMusgrave,eds.,CriticismandtheGrowthofKnowledge(Cambridge
UniversityPress,1970)pp.91138,173180.
MiriamandColinElman,Introduction,and"LessonsfromLakatos,"forthcomingin
ColinandMiriamElman,ProgressinInternationalRelationsTheory:Metricsand
MethodsofScientificChange, MITPress2001.
AndrewBennett,ALakatosianReadingofLakatos:WhatCanweSalvagefromthe
HardCore?,forthcominginColinandMiriamElman,ProgressinInternational
RelationsTheory:MetricsandMethodsofScientificChange,MITPress2001.
Keohane,King,andVerba(hereafterKKV),DesigningSocialInquirypp.333,99114.
MiltonFriedman,TheMethodologyofPositiveEconomics,inDanielHausman,ed.,
ThePhilosophyofEconomics,pp.210238.
DanielLittle,Microfoundations,chapters9,10,and12,pp.173214,237256.
PeterHedstromandRichardSwedberg,SocialMechanisms, ACTASociologica1996
no.3,pp.281308.
Paul RabinowandWilliamSullivan,InterpretiveSocialScience:ASecondLook,
introduction,pp.130,andchapterbyCharlesTaylor,"InterpretationandtheSciencesof
Man,"pp.3381.

February5:Causality,Explanation,andCausalInference
MargaretMariniandBurtonSinger,"CausalityintheSocialSciences,"inClifford
Clogg,ed.,Sociologicalmethodology1988 (AmericanSociologicalAssociation)pp.
347409.
KKV,DesigningSocialInquiry,pp.7691.
RobertJervis,SystemsEffects(Princeton,1997)pp.2991,orreadJervis,Complexity
andtheAnalysisofPoliticalandSocialLife,PoliticalScienceQuarterlyWinter
1997/98,pp.569594.
AlbertYee,"TheEffectsofIdeasonPolicies,"InternationalOrganizationvol.50,no.1
(Winter,1996)briefexcerptpp.8285.
JimMahoney,"StrategiesofCausalInferenceinSmallnAnalysis,"Sociological
MethodsandResearch,1999.
PaulPierson,IncreasingReturns,PathDependence,andtheStudyofPolitics,
AmericanPoliticalScienceReview,June2000,pp.251268.
AndrewBennett,1999ISApaperoncausalinferenceincasestudies.
CharlesRagin,FuzzySetSocialScience,introductionandchapters1and4,pp.319,21
42,88119.
AlanZuckerman,ReformulatingExplanatoryStandardsandAdvancingTheoryin
ComparativePolitics,inMarkIrvingLichbachandAlanS.Zuckerman,eds.,
ComparativePolitics:Rationality,Culture,andStructure(Cambridge,1997)pp.277
305.

II)CaseStudyMethods
February12:ConceptFormation
JohnGerring,WhatMakesaConceptGood?,PolitySpring1999:35793.
LeeMcIntyre,ComplexityandSocialScientificLaws,Synthese97(1993)pp.20927.
DavidCollier,Data,FieldWork,andExtractingNewIdeasatCloseRange,APSA CP
NewsletterWinter1999pp.16.
RobertAdcockandDavidCollier,ConnectingIdeaswithFacts:TheValidityof
Measurement,APSAConferencepaper2000.

GiovanniSartori,"ConceptMisformationinComparativePolitics,"AmericanPolitical
ScienceReview,December1970.
DavidCollierandJamesMahon,"ConceptualStretchingRevisited:AdaptingCategories
inComparativeAnalysis,"APSRDecember1993,pp.845855.
DavidCollierandStevenLevitsky,"DemocracywithAdjectives:ConceptualInnovation
inComparativeResearch,"WorldPolitics,Vol.49,No.3(April1997)pp.430451.
RobertAdcockandDavidCollier,DemocracyandDichotomies,AnnualReviewof
PoliticalScience,Vol.2,1999,pp.537565.

February26DesignsforSingleandComparativeCaseStudiesandAlternative
ResearchGoals
DavidCollier,"TheComparativeMethod,"inAdaFinifter,ed., PoliticalScience:the
StateoftheDisciplineII (Washington,D.C.:AmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation,
1993),pp.105119.
AndrewBennettandAlexanderGeorge,"ResearchDesignTasks,"draftchapterforCase
StudiesandTheoryDevelopment.
VanEvera,GuidetoMethodology,pp.4976.
TheodoreMeckstroth,"'MostDifferentSystems'and'MostSimilarSystems:'AStudyin
theLogicofComparativeInquiry,"ComparativePoliticalStudiesJuly1975,pp.
133177.
SidneyTarrow,ExpandingPairedComparison:AModestProposal,APSACP
NewsletterSummer1999:912.
BriefExamples:StephenWalt,RevolutionandWar,pp.1217JackSnyder,Mythsof
Empire,pp.6065possibleadditionalbriefexamplesTBA.

March12TypologicalTheoryandCaseSelection
DesigningSocialInquirypp.124149.
DavidCollierandJamesMahoney,"InsightsandPitfalls:SelectionBiasinQualitative
Research,"WorldPoliticsvol.49,no.1(October,1996)pp.5691.
BarbaraGeddes,"HowtheCasesYouChooseAffecttheAnswersYouGet:Selection
BiasinComparativePolitics,"PoliticalAnalysisvol.2(1990).

VanEvera,GuidetoMethodology,pp.7788.
AndrewBennettandAlexanderGeorge,"DraftChapteronTypologicalTheory,"draft
manuscript.
Ragin,FuzzySetSocialScience,chapters2,3,6,7.
DanielLittle,Microfoundations,chapter11,pp.215236.
BriefExamples:Bennett,Lepgold,andUnger,FriendsinNeed,pp.2428 Andrew
Bennett, CondemnedtoRepetition:TheRise,Fall,andRepriseofSovietRussian
MilitaryInterventionism19731996pp.1229,104112.
March19:ProcessTracing,CongruenceTesting,andCounterfactualAnalysis
AndrewBennettandAlexanderGeorge,"CaseStudyMethodsinHistoryandPolitical
Science:SimilarStrokesforDifferentFoci,"inColinandMiriamElman,eds.,
InternationalHistoryandInternationalRelationsTheory:RespectingDifferencesand
CrossingBoundaries,forthcomingfromMITPress,1999.
IanLustick,"History,Historiography,andPoliticalScience:MultipleHistoricalRecords
andtheProblemofSelectionBias,"APSRSeptember1996,pp.605618.
AlexanderGeorgeandAndrewBennett,TheCongruenceMethod,draftchapterfor
CaseStudiesandTheoryDevelopment.
DavidWaldner,StateBuildingandLateDevelopment(Cornell,1998)pp.230240.
PhilipTetlockandAaronBelkin,eds., CounterfactualThoughtExperiments,chapters1,
12.
RichardNedLebow,ThatsSoDifferentAboutaCounterfactual?,WorldPoliticsJuly
1999:55085.
AdamPrzeworski,contributiontoTheRoleofTheoryinComparativePolitics:A
Symposium,WorldPoliticsOctober1995pp.1621.
BriefExamples:ScottSagan,TheLimitsofSafety, YuenFoongKhong,Analogiesat
War,TimothyMcKeown,"HegemonicStabilityTheoryand19th CenturyTariffLevelsin
Europe, InternationalOrganization (Winter1983),pp.TBD.

III)CaseStudiesandAlternativeMethods:ComparativeAdvantagesand
Complementarities

March26:StatisticsandFormalModeling:ContrastsandComplementaritieswith
CaseStudies
KKV,DesigningSocialInquiry,pp.5563,9195.
HenryBradyandDavidCollier,RethinkingSocialInquiry:DiverseTools,Shared
Standards,forthcoming,draftintroduction,pp.117.
AlexanderGeorgeandAndrewBennett,draftchapter1from CaseStudiesandTheory
Development.
GerardoMunck,"CanonsofResearchDesigninQualitativeAnalysis,"Studiesin
ComparativeInternationalDevelopment,Fall1998.
CharlesRagin,"TurningtheTables:HowCaseOrientedResearchChallenges
VariableOrientedResearch,"ComparativeSocialResearchVol.16,1997,pp.2742.
DavidDessler,"BeyondCorrelations:TowardaCausalTheoryofWar,"International
StudiesQuarterlyvol.35no.3(September,1991),pp.337355.
Yee,"EffectsofIdeasonPolicies,"pp.6882.
VaughnMcKimandStephenTurner,eds., CausalityinCrisis?StatisticalMethodsand
theSearchforCausalKnowledgeintheSocialSciences(UniversityofNotreDame,
1997)pp.119.
RobertPowell,IntheShadowofPower,pp.2339.
RobertBates,AvnerGreif,MargaretLevi,JeanLaurentRosenthal,andBarryWeingast,
AnalyticNarratives,pp.318critiquebyJonElsterandrejoinderbytheauthorsin
AmericanPoliticalScienceReview September200pp.685702.Also,reviewsbyDavid
DesslerandAndrewBennett.

April2:CritiquesandJustificationsofCaseStudyMethods
KKV,DesigningSocialInquiry,pp.4648,118121,208230.
DavidCollier,"TranslatingQuantitativeMethodsforQualitativeResearchers:TheCase
ofSelectionBias"RonaldRogowski,"TheRoleofTheoryandAnomalyin
SocialScientificInference"andSidneyTarrow,"BridgingtheQuantitativeQualitative
DivideinPoliticalScience,"in AmericanPoliticalScienceReview vol.89no.2(June,
1995)pp.4461474.
APSACP:NewsletteroftheAPSAOrganizedSectioninComparativePolitics,Vo.9,

No.1(Winter1998)articlesbyDavidCollier,TimMcKeown,RogerPetersenandJohn
Bowen,CharlesRagin,andJohnStephens.
OlavNjolstad,"LearningFromHistory?CaseStudiesandtheLimitsto
TheoryBuilding,"inOlavNjolstad,ed., ArmsRaces:TechnologicalandPolitical
Dynamics(Sage,1990)pp.220246.
StanleyLieberson,"Moreon theUneasyCaseforUsingMillTypeMethodsinSmallN
ComparativeStudies,"SocialForcesJune1994,pp.12251237.
JohnGoldthorpe,"CurrentIssuesinComparativeMacrosociology"Dietrich
ReuschemeyerandJohnStephens,"ComparingHistoricalSequencesAPowerfulTool
forCausalAnalysis"JackGoldstone,"MethodologicalIssuesinComparative
Macrosociology"andJohnGoldthorpe,"AResponsetotheCommentaries,"allin
ComparativeSocialResearchVol16(1997)pp.126,5572,107120,and121132,
respectively.
TimothyMcKeown,"CaseStudiesandtheStatisticalWorldView,"International
OrganizationVol.53,No.1(Winter,1999)pp.161190.
CharlesRagin,FuzzySetSocialScience,Chapter11,FuzzySetsandtheDialogue
BetweenIdeasandEvidence.
IV)CritiquingExamplesofCaseStudyResearch
April9:TheInterdemocraticPeaceResearchProgram
JamesLeeRay,DemocraciesandInternationalConflict,pp.1142,8687.
ChristopherLayne,"KantorCant:TheMythofDemocraticPeace,"andJohnOwen,
"How
LiberalismProducesDemocraticPeace,"in InternationalSecurityFall1994.
MiriamElman,ed.,PathstoPeace:IsDemocracytheAnswer?(MITPress,1997).pp.
157,473506.
AndrewBennettandAlexanderGeorge,"CaseStudyMethodsandResearchonthe
DemocraticPeace,"1997APSApaper.

April23:CaseStudiesand"MacroComparison"inComparativePolitics
IraKatznelson,"StructureandConfigurationinComparativePolitics,"inMark
Lichbach,and
AlanZuckerman,eds.,ComparativePolitics:Rationality,Culture,andStructure
(Cambridge,1997)pp.81111.

JamesMahoneyandDietrichRueschemeyer,ComparativeHistoricalAnalysis:An
Introduction,paperforaconferenceandforthcomingbookeditedbytheauthorson
comparativehistoricalanalysis.
DavidCollier,"ComparativeHistoricalAnalysis:WhereDoWeStand?"APSACP
Newsletter,Vol.9,No.2(Summer,1998)pp.15.
JamesMahoney,"Nominal,Ordinal,andNarrativeAppraisalinMacroCausalAnalysis,"
AmericanJournalofSociology, Vol.104,No.3(January1999).
ThomasErtman,BirthoftheLeviathan:BuildingStatesandRegimesinMedievaland
EarlyModernEurope,pp.134,317334.
GregoryLuebbert,"SocialFoundationsofPoliticalOrderinInterwarEurope,"World
PoliticsJuly1987.
Possibleadditionalextendedexamplestobechosenfromthefollowinglist,withinput
fromstudents:
RuthBerinsCollierandDavidCollier,ShapingthePoliticalArena
BrianDowning,TheMilitaryRevolutionandPoliticalChange
Peter Evans,EmbeddedAutonomy:StatesandIndustrialTransformation
JackGoldstone, RevolutionandRebellionintheEarlyModernWorld
JeffGoodwin,StatesandRevolutionaryMovements
PeterHall,GoverningtheEconomy:ThePoliticsofStateInterventioninBritainand
France
GregoryLeubbert, Liberalism,Fascism,orSocialDemocracy(relatedtohisarticle
above)
JuanLinzandAlfredStepan,ProblemsofDemocraticTransitionandConsolidation
IanLustick,UnsettledStates,DisuptedLands:BritainandIreland,FranceandAlgeria,
IsraelandtheWestBankGaza
AnnSholaOrloff,ThePoliticsofPensions:AComparativeAnalysisofBritain,Canada,
andtheUnitedStates
PaulPierson,DismantlingtheWelfareState?Reagan,Thatcher,andthePoliticsof
Retrenchment
RobertPutnam,MakingDemocracyWork
DietrichReuschemeyerandEvelynandJohnStephens,CapitalistDevelopmentand
Democracy
ThedaSkocpol,StatesandSocialRevolutions
HendrikSpruyt, TheSovereignStateandItsCompetitors:AnAnalysisofSystems
Change
CharlesTilly,TheFormationofNationalStatesinWesternEurope
DavidWaldner,StateBuildingandLateDevelopment
TimothyWickhamCrowley,GeurillasandRevolutioninLatinAmerica

AdditionalSuggestedReadings

CaseStudiesinAmericanPolitics
CasestudiesonthePresidency,Judiciary,Congress,Media,orothertopicstobe
determinedwithstudentinput(somepossibilitiesincludeRichardNeustadt, Presidential
Power,BurkeandGreenstein,HowPresidentsTestReality,LarrySabato, MediaFeeding
Frenzies,andStephenSkowronek,ThePoliticsPresidentsMake:LeadershipfromJohn
AdamstoGeorgeBush).

I)PhilosophyofScienceandEpistemologicalIssues:
PaulHumphreys,TheChancesofExplanation:CausalExplanationintheSocial,
Medical,andPhysicalSciences
GabrialAlmondandSteveGenco,Clouds,ClocksandtheStudyofPolitics,World
PoliticsJuly1977,pp.489522.
JamesFearon,"CounterfactualsandHypothesisTestinginPoliticalScience,"World
PoliticsVol.43,No.2(January,1991)pp.169195.
DavidDessler,"TalkingAcrossDisciplinesintheStudyofPeaceandSecurity:
EpistemologyandPragmaticsasSourcesofDivisionintheSocialSciences,"working
paper,CenterforInternationalSecurityandArmsControl,StanfordUniversity,June
1996.
EmmanuelAdler,"SeizingtheMiddleGround:ConstructivisminWorldPolitics,"
EuropeanJournalofInternationalRelations,September1997.
TimothyMcKeown,TheLimitationsofStructuralTheoriesofCommercialPolicy,
InternationalOrganizationVol.40,No.1(Winter,1986)pp.4364.AcritiqueofMilton
Friedmanontheasifassumption.
RichardBerk,""Causalinferenceforsociologicaldata,"in HandbookofSociologyedited
byNeilSmelser(Sage,1988).
RichardBoyd,PhilipGasper,andJ.D.Trout,eds., ThePhilosophyofScience(MIT,
1991)
ThomasCookandDonaldCampbell,QuasiExperimentation(RandMcNally)pp.1436.
DavidDessler,"EmpiricalResearchasPuzzleSolving,"workingdraft.

DavidDessler,"What'satStakeintheAgentStructureDebate," inKratochwil.
PaulDiesing,HowDoesSocialScienceWork?(Univ.OfPittsburghPress,1991)
JonElster,NutsandBoltsfortheSocialSciences
CliffordGeertz,"ThickDescription"and"NotesonaBalineseCockfight"
JohnGunnell,"RealizingTheory:ThePhilosophyofScienceRevisited,"Journalof
PoliticsVol.57no.4(November,1995)pp.923940.
Hawthorn,PlausibleWorlds
VanEvera,GuidetoMethods,pp.748.
CarlHempel,"TheFunctionofGeneral LawsinHistory,"inhisAspectsofScientific
Explanation
MarkHoffmann,"CriticaltheoryandtheInterParadigmDebate,"Millenium Vol.16,
No.2(1987)pp.231250.
PhilipKitcher,TheAdvancementofScience:ScienceWithoutLegend,Objectivity
WithoutIllusions(Oxford,1993)
RobertKlee,IntroductiontothePhilosophyofScience(Oxford,1997)
ThomasKuhn,TheStructureofScientificRevolutions
LarryLaudan,BeyondPositivismandRelativismProgressanditsProblems
DanielLittle,VarietiesofSocialExplanation (Westview,1991)pp.1338,222238.
RichardMiller,FactandMethod,1987
KarlPopper,TheLogicofScientificDiscovery
ClaytonRoberts,TheLogicofHistoricalExplanation
WesleySalmon,FourDecadesofScientificExplanation,1989
WesleySalmon,CausalityandExplanation,1998
AndrewSayer,MethodinSocialScience:Arealistapproach(Routledge,1992)pp.111,
103117,121136,204231.
MichaelSobel,"CausalInferenceintheSocialandBehaviorSciences,"inGerhard

Arminger,CliffordClogg,andMichaelSobel,eds.,HandbookofStatisticalModelingfor
theSocialandBehavioralSciences(PlenumPress,1995)pp.
ArthurStinchcombe,ConstructingSocialTheories
AlexanderWendt,"AnarchyIsWhatStatesMakeofIt."InternationalOrganization
PeterWinch,TheIdeaofaSocialScience,1958/1990
WilliamWohlforth,"RealityCheck:RevisingTheoriesofInternationalPoliticsin
ResponsetotheEndoftheColdWar,"WorldPoliticsVol.50,No.4(July1998)pp.
650680.
RichardK.AshleyandR.B.J.Walker,"SpeakingtheLanguageofExile:Dissident
ThoughtinInternationalStudies,"InternationalStudiesQuarterly,September1990,pp.
259268.
JimGeorgeandDavidCampbell,"PatternsofDissentandtheCelebrationofDifference:
CriticalSocialTheoryandInternationalRelations,"InternationalStudiesQuarterly,
September1990,pp.269293
YosefLapid,"TheThirdDebate:OntheProspectsofInternationalTheoryina
PostPositivistEra,"InternationalStudiesQuarterly,September1989,pp.235254.
ThomasBiersteker,"CriticalReflectionsonPostPositivisminInternationalRelations,"
InternationalStudiesQuarterly,September1989,pp.263268.
JimGeorge,"InternationalRelationsandtheSearchforThinkingSpace:AnotherView
oftheThirdDebate,"InternationalStudiesQuarterly,September1989,pp.269279.
JeffreyT.Checkel,"TheConstructivistTurninInternationalRelationsTheory,"World
PoliticsJanuary1998,pp.324348.

II)CaseStudy Methods
Ragin,TheComparativeMethod,1987.
YorkBradshawandMichaelWallace,InformingGeneralityandExplaining
Uniqueness:ThePlaceofCaseStudiesinComparativeResearch,InternationalJournal
ofComparativeSociologyJan./April1991,pp.15471.
CookandCampbell,QuasiExperimentalMethods(esp.pp.3791,onthreatstovalidity).
HarryEckstein,"CaseStudiesandTheoryinPoliticalScience,"inFredGreensteinand
NelsonPolsby,eds.,HandbookofPoliticalScience(AddisonWesley,1975)vol.7pp.

79138.
JohnFrendreis,"ExplanationofVariationandDetectionofCovariation:ThePurposeand
LogicofComparativeAnalysis,"ComparativePoliticalStudiesJuly1983,pp.255272.
AlexanderGeorge,"CaseStudiesandTheoryDevelopment,"inPaulLauren,ed.,
Diplomacy:NewApproachesinTheory,History,andPolicy(FreePress,1979)pp.
4368.
AlexanderGeorgeandTimMcKeown,"CaseStudiesandTheoriesofOrganizational
decisionMaking,"inRobertCoulamandRichardSmith,eds.,AdvancesinInformation
ProcessinginOrganizations(Greenwich,CT.JAIPress,1985)pp.4368.
ThomasHomerDixon,"StrategiesforStudyingCausationinComplexEcological
PoliticalSystems,"AmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience,1995,pp.
112.
ColinHowsonandPeterUrbach,ScientificReasoning:ABayesianApproach(2dedition,
OpenCourt,1993).
DeborahMayo,ErrorandtheGrowthofExperimentalKnowledge(Chicago,1996).
ArendLijphart,"TheComparableCasesStrategyinComparativeResearch,"
ComparativePoliticalStudies,July1975,pp.133177.
AdamPrzeworskiandHenryTeune,TheLogicofComparativeSocialInquiry(NY,
Wiley,1970).
CharlesRagin,"ComparativeSociologyandComparativeMethod,"International
JournalofComparativeSociologyvol.22nos.12(MarchJune,1981,pp.102120.
NeilSmelser,"MethodologyofComparativeAnalysis,"inhisEssaysinSociological
Interpretation,(1968),pp.6275
CharlesTilly,"MeansandEndsofComparisoninMacrosociology,"ComparativeSocial
ResearchVol.16,1997,pp.4353.
"TheRoleofTheoryinComparativePolitics:ASymposium,"WorldPoliticsOctober
1995,EssaysbyAtulKohli,PeterEvans,PeterKatzenstein,andThedaSkocpolpp.115,
3749.
ThedaSkocpolandMargaretSomers,"TheUsesofComparativeHistoryinMacrosocial
Inquiry,"ComparativeStudiesinSocietyandHistory,Vol.22(1980)pp.156173.
ElizabethNichols,"SkocpolonRevolution"ComparativeAnalysisvs.Historical
Conjuncture,"andrejoinderbyThedaSkocpol,"AnalyzingCausalConfigurationsin
History,"ComparativeSocialResearchVol.9,1986,pp.163186,187194.

III)CritiquesandJustificationsofCaseStudiesandAlternativeMethods
ChrisAchenandDuncanSnidal,"RationalDeterrenceTheoryandComparativeCase
Studies,"
AlexanderGeorgeandRichardSmoke,"DeterrenceandForeignPolicy,"andGeorge
Downs,"TheRationalDeterrenceDebate,"in WorldPoliticsvol.41,no.2(January,
1989)pp.143182,225237.
HenryBrady,"SymposiumonDesigningSocialInquiry,"ThePoliticalMethodologist
vol.6,no.2(Spring1995)pp.1119.
DonaldGreenandIanShapiro,PathologiesofRationalChoiceTheory,(Yale,1994)pp.
TBD.
JeffreyFriedman,ed., TheRationalChoiceControversy(Yale,1996)pp.TBD.
AndrewBennett,"LostintheTranslation:Big(N)MisinterpretationsofCaseStudy
Methods,"1997ISApaper.
DonaldCampbell,"DegreesofFreedomandtheCaseStudy,"ComparativePolitical
Studies8no.2(July1975),pp.178193.
DougDion,"EvidenceandInferenceintheComparativeCaseStudy,"Comparative
Politics.
JohnFerejohnandDebraSatz,"Unification,Universalism,andRationalChoiceTheory,"
CriticalReview vol.9,no.s12(WinterSpring1995)pp.7184.
PaulHolland,"StatisticsandCausalInference,"andcritiquesinDecember1986Journal
oftheAmericanStatisticalAssociation.
StanleyLieberson,"SmallN"sandbigconclusions,"inCharlesRaginandHoward
Becker,Whatisacase,pp.105118.
"SymposiumonMethodologicalFoundationsoftheStudyofInternationalConflict,"
InternationalStudiesQuarterlyJune1985pp.119154.
JamesLeeRay,DemocraciesandInternationalConflict,pp.158198("CaseStudies,
CoveringLaws,andCausality")andpp.158198("TheFashodaCrisisandthe
SpanishAmericanWar").
IV)AdditionalExamplesofCaseStudyResearch
InternationalRelations
GrahamAllison,EssenceofDecision

RandallSchweller,"DomesticStructureandPreventiveWar:AreDemocraciesMore
Pacific?,"WorldPoliticsJan.1992.
StephenR.Rock,WhyPeaceBreaksOut
StephenR.Rock, AppeasementinInternationalPolitics
BrentSterling,"PolicyChoiceDuringLimitedWar:UsingaRiskBasedArgumentto
AccountfortheDirectionofWarAimsandtheLevelofMeans,"Ph.D.Thesis,
GeorgetownUniversity,1998,pp.TBA(goodexampleoftypologicaltheory).
AlexanderGeorgeandRichardSmoke,DeterrenceinAmericanForeignPolicy
BruceJentleson,OpportunitiesMissed,OpportunitiesSeized:PreventiveDiplomacyin
thePostColdWarWorld
HelenMilner,Interests,Institutions,andInformation:DomesticPoliticsand
InternationalRelations
SteveWalt,TheOriginsofAlliances
SteveWeber,CooperationandDiscordinU.S.SovietArmsControl
ComparativePolitics:Seetheexcellentbibliographyofqualitativeresearchcompiledby
DavidCollierat<http://www.polisci.berkeley.edu:9000/faculty/dcollier.html>
AmericanPolitics
RichardNeustadt, PresidentialPower
StephenSkowronek,ThePoliticsPresidentsMake:LeadershipfromJohnAdamsto
GeorgeBush
LarrySabato, MediaFeedingFrenzies
BurkeandGreenstein,HowPresidentsTestReality

V)ReadingsonConceptFormation,Measurement,UsesandLimitsofArchival,
Interview,andOtherDataSources
RobertK.Yin,CaseStudyResearch
Taylor,IntroductiontoQualitativeResearch
JamesMaxwell,QualitativeResearchDesign

A.StraussandJ.Corbin,BasicsofQualitativeResearch
A.Strauss,QualitativeAnalysis
LewisDexter, EliteandSpecializedInterviewing
GeromeMurphy,GettingtheFacts(interviewtechniques)