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Agenda 21
on sustainable construction
CIB Report Publication 237
CIB
Agenda 21
on sustainable construction
July 1999
Copyright CIB
ISBN 90-6363-015-8
Contact:
CIB General Secretariat
Post Box 1837
3000 BV Rotterdam The Netherlands
E-mail: secretariat@cibworld.nl
www.cibworld.nl
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AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION
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FOREWORD FROM CIB..............................................................................................................5
FOREWORD FROM PARTNER ORGANISATIONS............................................................................9
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................13

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1.1. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................25
1.2. TOWARDS AN AGENDA 21 FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION..........................................26
1.3. THE CIB WORLD BUILDING CONGRESS 1998, GVLE, SWEDEN ......................................27
1.4. OBJECTIVES OF AN AGENDA 21 FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION .................................29
1.5. STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS ...........................................................................................31
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2.1. BACKGROUND AND DEFINITIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ...................................35
2.2. HOW THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IS CONCERNED .......................................................39
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2.3. A SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS:
THE ROLE OF VARIOUS ACTORS .............................................................................................47
2.4. MAIN CHALLENGING DOMAINS FOR A SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR ..................49
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3.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................53
3.2. PROCESS AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES ..............................................................................54
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Introduction................................................................................................................................. 56
Design process........................................................................................................................... 56
Environmental quality of construction........................................................................................ 56
Re-engineering of the building process..................................................................................... 57
New building concepts............................................................................................................... 57
Human Resources ..................................................................................................................... 57
Decision making processes....................................................................................................... 58
Education.................................................................................................................................... 58
Public awareness....................................................................................................................... 58
Standard and regulations........................................................................................................... 58
Research .................................................................................................................................... 59
3.3. PRODUCT AND BUILDING ISSUES...................................................................................... 59

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Objective..................................................................................................................................... 60
State of the art ............................................................................................................................ 61
Major challenges ........................................................................................................................ 62
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3.4. RESOURCES CONSUMPTION ............................................................................................ 68
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State of the art ............................................................................................................................ 68
Main challenges ......................................................................................................................... 69
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State of the art ............................................................................................................................ 70
Main challenges ......................................................................................................................... 71
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State of the art ............................................................................................................................ 73
Main challenges ......................................................................................................................... 73
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3.5. CONSTRUCTION IMPACTS ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT ................................. 77
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Urban growth .............................................................................................................................. 78
Resource use and waste management..................................................................................... 78
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3.6. ENVIRONMENTAL BURDENS ............................................................................................. 83
3.7. SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES ..................................................................... 85

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4.1. GLOBAL APPROACH ........................................................................................................ 91
4.2. A REVIEW OF VARIOUS DETAILED STRATEGIES................................................................. 93
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The defensive strategy - complying with regulation .................................................................. 95
The offensive strategy - beyond compliance............................................................................. 96
Eco-efficiency strategy............................................................................................................... 96
Sustainability strategy ............................................................................................................... 97
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4.3. CHALLENGES TOWARDS VARIOUS STAKEHOLDERS ........................................................101

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4.4. CONCLUSIONS ...............................................................................................................110

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1 ELABORATION OF SELECTED CIB ACTIVITIES CRUCIAL UNDER THE HEADING OF SUSTAINABLE
CONSTRUCTION ....................................................................................................................116
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2 PROJECT "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE FUTURE OF CONSTRUCTION" BY WORKING
COMMISSION W082 ON "FUTURE STUDIES IN CONSTRUCTION"...............................................119
FOREWORD FROM PARTNER ORGANISATIONS

The Construction Engineering Research Foundation - CERF
CERF is an independent, non-profit organisation created by the American
Society of Civil Engineers and headquartered in Washington DC. Operating
since 1989, CERFs mission is to bring together diverse groups within the
civil engineering community to facilitate, coordinate, and integrate research
by the civil engineering community and the design, construction, and
environmental industries. CERF operates innovation technology evaluation
centers in the areas of highways, public works, the environment, and buildings
to help the design and construction industry expedite the transfer of
innovation into practice. By uniting voices and leveraging resources from
across the industry, CERF identifies needs, sets priorities, and organises
collaborative projects. The Agenda 21 on Sustainable Construction provides
a valuable benchmark and springboard for the future for the building and
construction sector globally.
Harvey M. Bernstein
President
The International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials

and Structures - RILEM
RILEM provides a worldwide network of communication throughout
80 countries, to bring together specialists from research and industry with
the common objective to promote progress in the design, testing,
manufacture and use of building materials. The RILEM engagement in
developing sustainable construction practices is demonstrated through the
manifold activities of its Technical Committees. A life cycle view on material
resources in building is an obvious need to reach the goal of sustainable
development and an environmentally sound construction industry. The
Agenda 21 on Sustainable Construction gives essential support to and
direction for the work towards a sustainable building and construction
sector.
Carmen Andrade
Vice President

The International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement on Energy

Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems - IEA ECBCS
On behalf of the Implementing Agreement on Energy Conservation in
Buildings and Community Systems of the International Energy Agency, I wish
to express my support for this Document. The well-substantiated need to
reduce the impacts of the construction industry on the global environment
makes it imperative for the industry to undertake substantial and rapid
improvements in the way buildings and other structures are designed, built
and operated. The contents of Agenda 21 provide a summary of the issues
and outline a path forward which can guide our policy-making and daily
operations towards this desirable and indeed most necessary end.
Richard Karney
Chairman
Energy Conservation in
Buildings and Community Systems Executive Committee
The International Society for Indoor Air Quality and Climate - ISIAQ
The Board of Directors of ISIAQ, together with its 500 members spread
over 40 countries, are strongly motivated partners with CIB in the Agenda
21 for Sustainable Construction. Sustainable buildings are those that protect
and promote the health and comfort of the occupants while at the same
time safeguarding the environment and making an effective use of energy.
The ISIAQ mandate is to promote the design and construction of indoor
environments that support peoples health, welfare and productivity. ISIAQ
intends to collaborate in Agenda 21 to the utmost of its professional and
intellectual energy.
Marco Moroni
President
11

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executive summary
sustainable development is
development that meets the needs of
the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet
their own needs
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Energy use :
Water:
direct use 30%, inefficient water use

indirect use 50%
lack of water
resources in some
countries
Environmental loads
Materials:
Land:
impact on
bio-diversity
through
fragmentation
of natural
areas and
ecosystems,
use of
renewable
materials
conservation of
open space and
rural settlements
trends towards
high/low density
buildings
Demand for
sustainable
development
Main challenges to construction industry

Promoting
energy
efficiency
energy saving
measures,
extensive
retrofit
programmes,
transport
aspects, use of
renewable
energies
Reducing
use of highquality
drinking
water
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rainwater/grey
water, reducing
domestic
consumption with
water
management
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waterless
sanitation
systems and use
of draught
resistant plants
Selecting
materials on
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performance
use of renewable
materials, reduction
of the use of
natural resources,
recycling
Social, cultural &

economic issues
- contribution to poverty alleviation
- healthy & safe working environment
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to a
sustainable
urban
development
efficient use of
land, design for a
long service life,
the longevity of
buildings through
flexibility and
adaptability,
convert existing
buildings,
refurbishment,
sustainable
management of
buildings,
prevention of urban
decline and
reduction of
sprawl, contribution
to employment
creation, cultural
heritage
preservation
Issues and Challenges of Sustainable Construction

67

3.4.1
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section four
resulting challenges and actions
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External drivers for change
Challenges for construction

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ISBN 90-6363-015-8

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Agenda 21

CIB Report Publication 237

CIB Report Publication 237

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3.3. PRODUCT AND BUILDING ISSUES...................................................................................... 59

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4.3. CHALLENGES TOWARDS VARIOUS STAKEHOLDERS ........................................................101

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FOREWORD FROM PARTNER ORGANISATIONS

The International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials

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The International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement on Energy

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