DEFINISI
NYERI
International association for the study of
pain
(IASP)
Langkah-langkah
Menghadapi
NYERI:
1. Macam NYERI
N.
NOSISEPTIK
N.Somatik
N.Viseral
Referred
Pain
(Nyeri Inflamasi)
NYER
I
N. PSIKOGENIK
N.
NEUROPATIK
Perifer
Sentral
(Nyeri Fungsional)
Nyeri
Nyeri
Neuropati
Nosiseptik
k
Penyebab
Cirinya
Terapi
Stimuli saraf
nosiseptik
Sakit ringan
sampai berat
Disfungsi
sistim saraf
Hiperpati,
allodinia,
disestesia
Analgetik /
NSAID
Antikonvulsa
n
Antidepresan
MIXED PAIN
Nyeri
Nyeri
Neuropati
Nosiseptik
k
Penyebab
Cirinya
Terapi
Stimuli saraf
nosiseptik
Sakit ringan
sampai berat
Disfungsi/lesi
sistim saraf
Hiperpati,
allodinia,
disestesia
Analgetik /
NSAID
Antikonvulsa
n
Antidepresan
Penyebab
Biasanya
diketahui
Seringkali tidak
diketahui.
Durasi
Durasi
singkat
Berlangsung minimal
3-6 bulan
3. Intensitas nyeri
Pengukuran skala nyeri
1. Numeric Pain Intensity Scale (NPIS)
13
Nyeri ringan
46
7 10
Nyeri sedang
Nyeri berat
4. Apa Penyebabnya?
Nyeri merupakan gejala
Cari etiologinya
(radang, trauma, tumor, dsb)
5. Edukasi Pasien
Berilah keterangan dan penerangan
Terapi apa yang dapat diberikan?
Bagaimana harapan kesembuhan?
Pengertian dan kerja sama pasien
sangat penting
3. Derajat Nyeri
- Ringan
- Sedang
- Berat
4. Penyebab Nyeri
- Non Maligna
- Maligna
- Psikogenik
5. Edukasi Pasien
Nyeri Neuropatik
I. Penyebabnya
Infeksi
Bedah
Sindrom jebakan saraf
CRPS jenis II
Amputasi
(nyeri fantom/nyeri tungkul)
Cedera medula spinalis
Cedera KLL
Herpes zoster
Infeksi mononukleosis
HIV
Tabes
Difteri
Lepra
Defisiensi nutrisi/
neuropati
alkoholik
Niasin, tiamin, piridoksin
Nyeri
Neuropatik
Toksin
Obat kemoterapi
Obat
Arsen, timah, emas, air
raksa
Zat organik
Menghirup lem (Glue
sniffing)
Keganasan
Kompresif
Infiltratif
Paraneoplastik
Iatrogenik
Metastatik
Kompresi / tekanan
Stenosis Spinal
Sindrom Terowongan Karpal
Radikulopati
Nyeri
Neuropatik
Otoimun
Multipel sklerosis
Gangguan Metabolik
Diabetes melitus
Uremia
Porfiria
Hipotiroidisme
Amiloidosis
Kelainan vaskuler /
iskemia
SLE
RA
Poliarteritis nodosa
Stroke
Genetik
Penyakit Fabry
Neuropati sensori
herediter
Lain-lain
Nyeri
Neuropatik
GBS
Siringomielia
ALS
Polineuropati kronik
progresif/rekuren
II.
Nyeri Neuropatik
NYERI NEUROPATIK
NYERI SPONTAN
KONTINU
PAROKSISMAL
ALODINIA
HIPERALGESIA
Kehilangan
kontrol
penghambatan
Mekanisme
sentral
Hipereksitasi
neuron sentral
Abnormal
discharges
Nyeri
neuropatik
Perception
PERSEPSI NYERI
Pain
Modulation
Descending
modulation
Ascending
input
Spinothalamic
tract
Dorsal Horn
Dorsal root
ganglion
transmission
Transduction
Peripheral
nerve
Peripheral
nociceptors
Adapted from Gottschalk A et al. Am Fam Physician. 2001;63:1981, and Kehlet H et al. Anesth Analg. 1993;77:1049.
Trauma
Noxious
stimuli
Descending
modulation
Ascending
input
AKTIVITAS EKTOPIK
Nerve lesion(Ectopic
induces hyperactivity
due to changes in ion channel function
Discharges)
Perceived pain
Nerve lesion
Descending
modulation
Ascending
input
Spinal cord
DISINHIBISI
(Lossmodulation
of inhibitory
controls)
Loss of descending
causes exaggerated
pain due to an imbalance
between ascending and descending signals
Exaggerated pain
perception
Noxious
stimuli
Loss of
descending
modulation
Ascending
input
IV. DIAGNOSIS
ANAMNESIS
1. Riwayat nyeri: lokasi, kualitas, awitan, etc.
2. Macamnya nyeri
3. Durasi nyeri
4. Intensitas nyeri
5. Ko-morbid: insomnia, cemas, depresi
PEMERIKSAAN
PEMERIKSAAN NEUROLOGI
NEUROPATI DIABETIKA
Prevensi
NEURALGIA TRIGEMINAL
V. Prinsip Manajemen
Nyeri :
I. Terapi farmakologik
- Analgesik non opioid
- Analgesik opioid
- Analgesik ajuvan
- Analgesik topikal
III.
-
Analgesik Ajuvan
Antikonvulsan
Antidepresan
Relaksan otot
Kortikosteroid
Anestesi lokal (anti-aritmia)
Golongan Antikonvulsan
Carbamazepin
Dosis
Efek samping
(mg/hr)
100 - 1000 Pusing, neutropeni
Fenitoin
100 - 300
Gabapentin
Ataxia, hipertrofi
gusi
300 - 1500 Somnolen, ataxia
Lamotrigin
150 - 500
Oxcarbazepin
Diplopia,
mengantuk
900 - 1800 Lelah, ngantuk
Topiramat
25 - 200
Valproat
Pregabalin
pusing
150 600
Lelah, anorexia
Somnolen,
Golongan Antidepresan
Dosis
(mg/hr)
Anti
kolinergik
Amitriptilin
10 - 150
+++
Imipramin
25 - 75
++
Maproptilin 25 - 150
+++
Fluoxetin 20 - 40
+
Paroxetin
20 - 40
+
Sertralin
50
+
+
Duloxetin 60-120 (nausea)
Venlafaxin
150 (gastrointestinal)
Hipotensi
+++
Sedasi
++
++
+++
+
-
GBP/Pregabalin
TCA
Opioid, SNRI
2. Neuralgia Trigeminal
CBZ/OXC
Operasi
TCA, LTG
GBP/ Pregabalin
EFNS: European Federation of Neurological Societies
EFEKTIF (Efficacy)
AMAN (Safety)
RASIONAL (Evidence Based)
PROFIL FARMAKOKINETIK
PREGABALIN
Variable
Properties
Clinical relevance
Absorption
Tmax 1 h
Bioavailability
90%
No food effect
Pharmacokinetic
s (150600
mg/day)
Linear PK
Dose-proportional Cmax &
AUC
Plasma half-life
6.3 h
Steady state
24 48 h
Protein binding
No
Metabolised
No (<2%)
No hepatic effects
98% unchanged
Oral hypoglycemics
Diuretics
Oral contraceptive
Oxycodone
Alcohol
Lorazepam
Anti-epileptic drugs
(AEDs)
Carbamazepine
Gabapentin
Lamotrigine
Phenytoin
Valproic acid
Phenobarbital*
Tiagabine*
Topiramate*
Pregabalin (n=1556)
Incidence
Discontinue
d
Incidence
Discontinue
d
Dizziness
6.4
0.3
21.7*
3.1
Somnolence
3.8
0.1
13.8*
2.6
Peripheral
edema
1.8
0.1
9.5*
0.8
Infection
4.8
0.1
6.2
0.1
Dry mouth
1.8
0.1
5.9*
0.3
EP
5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
Placebo (n=70)
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EP
EP
*
*
Dosis Pregabalin
(Geriatri 2 x 50 mg)
(PREGABALIN)
Functional
impairment
MOOD
SLEEP
Anxiety
Depression
Deprivation
Insomnia
Poor
Quality of Life