Kingdom Animalia

Classification Project
Arionna Mejia

Phylum Porifera (Sponges)

Types of Organisms
Sponges

Sponge Information
Symmetry: No definite symmetry
Reproduction: Sexually and asexually
Tissues: They do not have tissues, they only have types of specialized cells
Sponges are sessile. This means that they are unable to move from where they are
attached.
I find it interesting that sponges are one of the most ancient groups of known
animals.

Phylum Cnidaria

Types of Organisms
Jellyfish

Coral

Cnidaria Information
Symmetry: Radial
Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
Purpose of tentacles: Tentacles help with nematocysts, because the tentacles
are stuff through the animals mouth into the gastrovascular cavity.
Cnidarians are interesting because they have mesoglea - a jellylike material.

Medusa vs. Polyp

Medusa:

Polyp:

Umbrella shaped

Cylindrical tubes

Mouth and tentacles under

Mouth and tentacles upward

Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

Flatworm Information
Symmetry: Bilateral
Reproduction: Regeneration/Hermaphrodite
Acoelomate: An invertebrate lacking coelom
Cephalization: The concentration of sense organs and nervous control at the
anterior end of the body, forming a head and a brain.

Flatworm Information Continued

Gastrovascular Cavity: Responsible for both the digestion of food and the
transport of nutrients throughout the body. The cavity has only one opening, so
food goes in and waste comes out at the same opening.
There is no circulatory system because of their shape. They can move oxygen to
their cells by diffusion, so all their cells must be close to the outside environment.
These animals are interesting because they move oxygen to their cells by diffusion

Flukes

Parasites that feed on the body fluids of other animals

Mouth with a pharynx that opens into a gut cavity
Life cycles involve more than one host
Cause schistosomiasis

Planarians

Free-living, nonparasitic flatworms

Have a head with eyespots and a simple brain built of a cluster of nerve tissue
Mouth is found on the animals ventral surface rather than in its head, and it
leads to a gut cavity
Hunt for food using chemoreceptors to detect odors in the water or in the air

Tapeworms

Parasites that live in vertebrate guts

Small head with suckers or hooks used to attach to the host
No gut, they absorb nutrients from the digested food in which they live
They have segments with both male and female sexual organs

Phylum Rotifera

Types of Organisms
Plankton. There are between 1,500 and 2,000 species of Rotifera

Rotifera Information
Symmetry: Bilateral
Reproduction: Sexual
They have a pseudocoelomate body plan. This means they have a pseudocoel,
which is a body cavity of certain invertebrate metazoan animals between the body
wall and the intestine, which is not lined with a mesodermal epithelium.
These animals are interesting because they have a well developed cuticle that
either gives them a box-like shape or a worm-like shape.

Phylum Nematoda

Types of Organisms - Roundworms

Hookworms

Pin Worms

Guinea Worms

Nematoda Information
Symmetry: Bilateral
Reproduction: Sexual
Body Plan: Cylindrical, with a blunt head and a tapered tail. Covered with a tough cuticle
that lies over a layer of muscle. Muscle is laid out lengthwise.
Alimentary Canal: A tube containing specialized digestive organs. They have two external
openings - a mouth and an anus.
Lack of circulatory system - they use diffusion.
They are interesting because they are part of the group Ecdysozoa, which includes
arthropods crustaceans, spiders, and insects.

Trichinosis
Roundworms (Trichinella Spiralis) cause Trichinosis.
Transmission: Eating raw or undercooked pork.
Symptoms: Abdominal discomfort, Nausea, Diarrhea, Vomiting, Fatigue, Fever.
Treatment: Mebendazole or albendazole

Phylum Mollusca

Gastropoda
Includes snails, nudibranchs, abalones, and limpets.

Pelecypoda
Includes Clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops.

Cephalopoda
Includes squid, octopuses, nautiluses, and cuttlefish.

Scaphopoda
A.K.A. Tusk Shells.

Polyplacophora
A.K.A. Chitons.

Aplacophora
Includes small wormlike animals that do not have shells.

Tryblidia

Mollusca Information
Symmetry: Bilateral
Reproduction: Hermaphrodites/Cross-Fertilization
Body Plan: Radula - A filelike feeding organ. Mantle - An area of tissue covering
the internal organs. Ctenidia - Flat gills found in a pocket of the mantle tissue
called the mantle cavity.
Circulatory System: Hemocoel - Spaces between cells within the animals
tissues. Extends into a large muscular foot.

Mollusca Information Continued

Excretion: Undigested food becomes a solid waste that is eliminated through the
anus as feces. Another form of waste removal for mollusks is Cellular Metabolism
which produces nitrogen-containing waste in the form of ammonia. The poisonous
ammonia is removed through the body fluids. The mollusks use a simple tube
shaped organ called the nephridia to eliminate the ammonia from the bloodstream
and to the outside.
I find it interesting that there are so many different classes and types. There are a
wide variety. I wonder why so little is known about Tryblidia.

Mollusk Bodies

Phylum Annelida

Types of Organisms
Earthworms

Marine Worms

Leeches

Annelida Information
Symmetry: Bilateral
Reproduction: Asexual or Sexual
Body Plan: Segmented body - meaning they have repeated sections that contain
a complex set of body structures. A typical annelid segment contains part of the
digestive tract, nerve cord, and blood vessels that carry blood to the worms
tissues. They also have coelom, which is a fluid filled space that is completely
surrounded by muscle.

Annelida Information Continued

Digestive System: Consists of an unsegmented gut that runs through the middle
of the body from the mouth, located on the underside of the head, to the anus.
Circulatory System: Closed circulatory system.
Nervous System: The nervous system typically consists of a primitive brain, or
ganglionic mass, located in the head region, connected by a ring of nerves to a
ventral nerve cord that runs the length of the body; the cord gives rise to lateral
nerves and ganglia in each segment.
These animals are interesting because they are the first to have segmentation and
coelom.

Phylum Arthropoda

Trilobites

Crustaceans
Includes Huge King crabs and lobsters, copepods, barnacles, and armored pill
bugs.

Chelicerates
Includes horseshoe crabs, scorpions, spiders, mites, ticks, and sea scorpions
(extinct).

Insects
Includes ants, bees, butterflies, moths, cockroaches, flies, mosquitoes, etc.

Myriapods
Centipedes and Millipedes

Arthropoda Information
Symmetry: Bilateral Symmetry
Reproduction: Sexual
Body Plan: Exoskeletons made of chitin. Jointed appendages. Segmentation.
Exoskeleton: External skeleton that supports the animals tissues against
gravity. It is made of chitin that is arranged in layers. It is very strong, and protects
the animal from predators. It cannot grow with animals, so it must shed the
exoskeleton and reform a new one in order to get bigger.
Circulatory System: Open circulatory system.

Arthropoda Information Continued

Organs used for gas exchange: Highly vascularized gills

Incomplete Metamorphosis
Direct development. They look like miniature adults when they hatch. These
immature insects are often called nymphs. They have six legs and a head, thorax,
and abdomen, but they do not have wings or sex organs. Nymphs get larger with
each molt, but only grow wings and sexual organs during the later molting stages.
Ex: Grasshoppers and Cockroaches.

Complete Metamorphosis
Young insects do not look like adults but molt and change their form as they
mature. Young insects hatch out of eggs as wormlike larvae whose bodies are not
clearly divided into a head, thorax, and abdomen, and they often lack legs or
antennae. As they grow, larvae pass through several molts, getting bigger each
time, until they molt into an inactive form called a pupa. When an adult insect
emerges from the pupa, it looks very different from a larva. It has wings, legs, and
compound eyes, and is ready to fly away and begin its search for a mate.
Ex: Monarch Butterfly

Why are they the most heavily represented group?

Insects have moved into virtually every ecological niche, which has helped them
diversify into the largest group of animals. They can be found in the most extreme
places, including hot sulphur springs and the soil of Antarctica. They are also
found in streams and ponds. Due to such a wide distribution, scientists are
discovering new species of insects every day.

Phylum Echinodermata

Types of Organisms
Feather Stars
and Sea Lilies

Sea Stars

Sea Urchins

Sea Biscuits

Brittle Stars

Sand Dollars

Basket Stars

Sea
Cucumbers

Echinodermata Information
Symmetry: Radial.
Reproduction: Sexual.
Body Plan: Echinoderms have a variety of body plans, ranging from the spiny round sea
urchin to the oblong sea cucumber.
Water Vascular System: A series of water-filled canals that extend along each arm from
the ring canal surrounding the central disk. The radial canals store water that is used for
circulation and for filling tiny suckerlike appendages along the arms called tube feet.
Echinoderms are interesting because Sea stars are able to push their stomach out of their
mouths.

Phylum Chordata

Features in Chordates
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord: A hollow nerve cord runs along the animal's
back. The nerve cord forms from a section of the ectoderm that rolls up
during development.
Notochord: A flexible skeletal support rod embedded in the animals back.
Pharyngeal Gill Slits: Slits through the body wall in the pharynx, the part of the gut
immediately beyond the mouth.
A tail extends beyond the anal opening. The tail, as well as the rest of the
animal, contains segments of muscle tissue used for movement.

Class Chondrichthyes
A.K.A. cartilaginous fish. They have skeletons made of cartilage. These animals
include sharks, rays, and chimeras.

Class Osteichthyes
A.K.A. bony fish. They have skeletons made of bone. Ray-finned fish, a type of
bony fish, are the most diverse group of vertebrates.

Class Amphibia
The Amphibia were the first vertebrates adapted to live both in water and on land,
although they reproduce in water or on moist land. These animals include
salamanders, frogs, and caecilians.

Class Reptilia
The Reptilia are able to retain moisture, which lets them live exclusively on land.
Reptiles produce eggs that do not have to develop in water. Reptiles include
snakes, lizards, crocodiles, alligators, and turtles.

Class Aves
The Aves are bids. Aves are distinguished by the presence of feathers, along with
other features.

Class Mammalia
The Mammalia are animals that have hair, mammary glands, and three middle ear
bones. A few examples of mammals are whales, elephants, and humans.

Amphibians
Reproduction: Amphibians need a source of water to reproduce. They lay eggs
directly in water, on moist ground, wrap them in leaves, or brood eggs in pockets
on the female's back.
Circulatory System: Amphibians have a three-chambered heart. It is made up
of two atria and one ventricle. Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are partially
separated by the two atria. Blood is pumped through the heart on a double circuit.
Blood pumped through the pulmonary circuit goes to the skin and lungs. Blood
pumped through the systemic circuit brings oxygen-rich blood to the organs and
returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart.

Reptiles

Reptiles are ectothermic

Amniotic Egg: Amniotic eggs are self-sustaining and allow an embryonic reptile
to develop fully before it is born. There are two ways that a reptile eggs develop:
Oviparous and viviparous.
Scales: Scales are dry, absorb energy, and help contain heat needed to maintain
normal body functions.
Reproduction: Sexual with either internal or external fertilization.
Circulatory System: All reptilian circulatory systems have a heart, blood vessels
such as veins and arteries, and blood, just like mammals and birds. Not all reptiles
have the same exact circulatory structure, though, especially with regard to the
heart.

Birds
Feathers/Hollow Bones: Feathers are important for flight and insulation that
helps maintain body temperature and protects the birds skin. Hollow bones
reduce weight without compromising strength. They are also directly connected to
the birds respiratory system.
Reproduction: Sexual
Circulatory System: Birds require amounts of ATP to provide the energy
needed for flight. Air sacs provide a great deal of oxygen, but birds must also
consume large amounts of food to support their active metabolism.
Birds are endothermic

Mammals
Hair: Most species are covered with a layer f hair that helps them retain heat. The
hair traps a layer of air next to the skin, which insulates the animal. Hair is also
used for behavioral displays, camouflage, and sensory information.
Mammary Glands: Specialized glands that produce milk. They are present in
both males and females but produce milk only in females.
Circulatory System: Closed.
Brain: The brain size usually increases with the size of the mammal. Smaller
mammals have smaller brains and larger mammals have larger brains.

Mammals - Monotremes
Monotremes are mammals that lay eggs. They are remnants of an ancient group of
mammals that have characteristics of both mammals and reptiles. Only three
species of monotreme survive today.
Monotremes have retained reptilian characteristics such as:

A sprawling posture
A single external opening, called the cloaca, for their urinary, digestive, and
reproductive tracts
Amniotic eggs with leathery shells that develop outside the body.

They also have mammary glands

Mammals - Marsupials
Marsupials are mammals that give birth to immature, underdeveloped live young
that grow to maturity inside a marsupium, or pouch. Most marsupial species give
birth only a few weeks after fertilization.

Placental Mammals
A.K.A. Eutherian mammals. Placental mammals give birth to live young that have
completed fetal development. Eutherian gestation lasts longer than in marsupials
and the babies are born at a more advanced stage of development. Modern
eutherians include fast carnivores such as cheetahs, and massive herbivores such
as elephants.

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