NATURAL SCIENCE

ND
2 OF ESO

UNIT 10?

HEAT AND
TEMPERATURE

WHAT IS HEAT?
Heat is the thermal energy which transfers form one
body or system to another.
This transfer is caused by a difference of temperature.
Heat flows in
one direction:
from higher
temperature
(the cup) to
lower
temperature
(the hands).

One system
releases heat
(the cup) and
the other
absorbs it
(the hands).

THERMAL EQULIBRIUM
When two bodies or systems are at the same temperature,
they can't transfer heat between them. This is called
thermal equilibrium.

HEAT UNITS
There are two measurements of heat:

1)

Since heat is thermal energy in transit, in the Uniternational

System the measurement unit for heat is the joule (J).

2)

The most common unit of measurement for heat is the

calorie (cal). It is used for thermal pumps and food.

1J = 0,24 cal
1cal = 4184J

WHAT IS TEMPERATURE?
Temperature is the measurement of the amount of heat in
a body or a system.
Heat and temperature ARE NOT THE SAME:
Heat is energy in
transit. When a body
transfers heat to
another, its
temperature
decreases.
The soda transfers
heat to the ice cubes,
so gets colder.

When a body
absorbs
temperature from
another, its
temperature
increases.
The ice cubes
recieve heat from the
soda, so they get
warmer and
eventually melt.

...until they reach the thermal equilibrium (both systems are at the
same temperature).

WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF HEAT?

EXPANSION: This is the increase of volume which occurs when a system
gains heat or increases its temperature.
CONTRACTION: This is the decrease in volume which occurs when a
system loses heat or cools.

WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF HEAT?

A CHANGE OF STATE is a modification in the way the molecules
and atoms of a substance are disposed.
Changes of states can be:
ENDOTHERMICS: changes are produced by heat absorption, such
as melting, evaporation or sublimation.
EXOTHERMIC: the changes are produced by heat loss, such as
solidification, condensation and desublimation.

BOILING POINT & MELTING POINT

While a change of state is occuring, the substance doesn't change its
temperature, no matter if it's absorbing or releasing heat.
This heat is used to change the way its molecules are disposed in space.
The temperature at wich
a substance changes
from liquid to gas is
called boiling point.
The boiling point for
water is 100C.
The temperature at wich
a substance changes
from solid to liquid is
called melting point.
The melting point for
water is 0C.

HOW IS TEMPERATURE MEASURED?

HOW IS TEMPERATURE MEASURED?

HOW DOES HEAT TRANSFER?

CONDUCTION
CONDUCTION is how heat transfers in SOLID bodies or systems.

In conduction, heat is
tranferred by CONTACT.
Two substances at
different temperatures
transfer heat between
them through contact,
untill they reach the
same temperature (this
is, they reach the
thermal equilibrium).

CONDUCTORS & INSULATORS

Metals are usually good
conductors. When we touch
them, we usually feel cold
because the heat transfer is very
quick.

Porous and fibrous materials,

which can contain air in its
inners, are good insulators.

CONVECTION

RADIATION