18
*T
15 JULY 1943
CHEMICAL WARFARE
Instructors
Heading this
Vmmmmt
Sign Below
C^ila No.
__ -
PREPARED BY
WAR DEPARTMENT
,%
.-^
MILITARYINTELLIGENCE SERVICE
Wab Depabtment
Washington, 15 July 1943
SPECIAL SERIES
No. 16
MIS 461
NOTICE
1.
1a
Infantry
Cavalry Division
Division
Div Hq
8 Div Hq
Ren tr
Sig Co
Bngr Bn
Mcd Bn
QM Co
Hq Inf Regt, 6 each
Inf Bn, 7 each
Hq Div Arty
FA Bn, 7 each
2 Ord Co
2 Sig Tr
7 Ren Sq
Bngr Sq
7 Mcd Sq
18 QM Sq
63 Hq Cay Brig, 3 each
8 Cay Regt, 20 each
28
Hq
Div Arty
FA Bn, 7 each
Abmored Division
8
2
2
7
7
7
7
6
80
3
21
Div Hq
11
Ren Bn
Engr Bn
Mcd Bn
Maint Bn
Sup Bn
Div Tn Hq
Armd Regt, 25 each
FA Bn, 7 each
Inf Regt
150
50
21
25
150
150
4a4
FOREWORD
FOREWORD
of built-up areas.
The tactical value of the flame-thrower against pill
boxes and fixed emplacements is recognized. Itis a
particularly effective weapon when mounted on tanks.
Also, the terrifying effect of the flame-thrower upon
morale, when first encountered, cannot be overlooked.
It is therefore proposed to present an estimate of
the capabilities of the Axis powers to wage chemical
warfare in its principal phases, and without special
emphasis on toxic gases, which may or may not be
encountered.
CONTENTS
Page
Part I. GERMANY.
;_
(Schweres Werferregiment)
d. Other Units
(1) General
(2) Decontamination battalion
(3) Road decontamination battalion
(4) Motorized decontamination com
1.
Agents
a. General
b. Nitrogen Mustards
2. Ground Weapons
a. Mortars
(1) 10.5-cm chemical mortar
(2) 15-cm Nebelwerfer (Werfer) 41.. _
(3) Schweres Wurfgerdt
(4) Miscellaneous rocket weapons
(5) Spigot mortar
10
10
10
10
14
16
17
17
17
b. Artillery
(1) General
(2) 12-cm (4.72-inch) mortar
c. Infantry
d. Candles and Grenades
(1) Candles.-.
(a) Smoke candle 39 (Nebel
kerzeSff)
(b) Smoke candle
panies
c. Attached Units
3. Schools and Training
11. MANUFACTURE AND STORAGE
111. OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
1
1
18
18
19
19
19
19
34
v
COMTEfISTTS
Part I. GERMANYContinued.
Section 111. OFFENSIVE WEAPONS Continued.
2. Ground Weapons
Continued.
Page
19
34)
(b) Tank-mounted rack
(3) Grenades
(a) Smoke hand grenade 39 (Nb.
Hgr. 39)
c. Bulk Contamination
f Miscellaneous
(1) Gas-cloud cylinders
3. Aerial Weapons
a. Spray
(1) General
19
20
21
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
23
23
23
L. l9o_-._
(1) 10-kg chemical-fragmentation bomb
(K. C. 10)
(2) 80-kg mustard gas bomb (K. C. 50)
(3) 250-kg mustard gas bomb (K. C.
250)
(4) 1,000-kg gas bomb (K. C. 1000)...
c. Incendiary Bombs
(1) 1-kg magnesium bombs
(2) 1-kg explosive-nose bomb
(3) 50-kg phosphorus and oil bomb
(4) Sprengbrand C. 50 (combination
incendiary bomb)
(5) Oilbombs
a. Portable Flame-Throwers
(1) Light-weight Kleif
(2) Medium-weight Grof
23
24
24
25
b. Gas Bombs
4. Flame-Throwers
23
23
25
25
26
26
26
27
27
27
30
30
30
30
30
32
CQNTEiNTS
Part I. GERMANYContinued.
Section 111. OFFENSIVE WEAPONS Continued.
Continued.
4. Flame-Throwers
b. Miscellaneous Flame-Throwers
(1) General
(2) Model 41
c. Flame-Thrower Tanks.
IV. DEFENSIVE EQUIPMENT
1. Gas Masks
a. Basic Type
(1) Facepieces
(2) Canisters
2.
3.
4.
5.
b. Pioneer Helmet
c. Special Helmet for Wounded
Gas Detectors
a. Gas-Detector Set
b. Gas-Detection Powder
c. Other Detectors
'__
Protective Clothing
a. Light Clothing
b. Heavy Clothing
c. Parachute Clothing
d. Protective Cape
Collective Protection
Decontamination
a. Personal Decontamination
b. Ground Decontamination
c. Decontamination of Personnel and Cloth
ing
d. Decontamination of Equipment
6. Horse Antigas Protection
V. CIVILIANPROTECTION...
.
Part 11. ITALY
Section I. CHEMICAL TROOPS
1. General
2. Organization
a. General
b. Chemical Regiment
c. Mixed Chemical Group
(1) Chemical battalion
(2) Chemical and flame-thrower
bat
talions and chemical mortar group..
d. Alpine Chemical Company
c. Regimental Antigas Units
3. Schools and Training
Page
34
34
34
35
36
36
36
37
37
38
38
38
38
39
39
40
40
40
41
42
42
43
43
44
44
45
45
46
48
48
48
48
48
49
49
50
51
51
51
52
CONTENTS
Page
54
55
55
55
56
56
56
57
57
58
_:
General
b. Peril No. 1
2. Ground Weapons
a. 8.1-cm Chemical Mortar
b. Artillery
c. Infantry
d. Candles and Grenades
(1) Toxic smoke candles
(a) Small candle
(b) 2-kg candle
(c) 4~kg candle
(d) 6-kg candle
(2) Lacrimatory candles
(3) Smoke candles
(a) Candela fumogena
a.
58
58
58
58
58
58
59
(smoke
generator)
(b) Candelotto fumogeno (smoke
candle)
(c) Small smoke and incendiary
grenade
Bulk Contamination
(1) Knapsack sprayer (irroratore spal
leggiato)
(2) Portable smoke generator (cloramma
barellato)
(3) Mobile smoke generator (cloramma
carrellato)
(4) Six-wheeled cross-country mustard-
con rimorchio)
f. Miscellaneous
3. Aerial Weapons
a. Spray
b. Gas Bombs
c. Incendiary Bombs
\u25a0__
59
59
59
59
60
60
60
60
61
61
61
62
62
62
63
CONTENTS
65
65
69
70
70
70
,70
70
71
73
73
74
74
74
*
75
76
a. Personal Decontamination
b. Ground Decontamination
c. Decontamination of Personnel
d. Decontamination of Clothing
6. Gas Alarms
V. CIVILIANPROTECTION
page
64
1. General
2. Organization
a. Infantry (Regimental) Temporary Smoke
Companies
b. Field Gas Companies
c. Independent Gas Companies
d. Gas Battalions
c. Temporary Smoke Battalions
f. Chemical Warfare Regiments
g. Miscellaneous Units
3. Schools and Training
11. MANUFACTURE AND STORAGE..
78
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
84
84
85
85
85
86
86
86
87
87
87
89
CONTEEINTS
Page
92
1. Agents
2. Ground Weapons
a. Mortars
b.
c.
d.
94-
97
c.
f Candles and Grenades
(1) Toxic smoke candles and grenades
(a) Self-projecting smoke can-
thrown type
(c) Toxic smoke candle (large)
(d) "T. B." hand-thrown HCN
92
92
92
92
97
grenade
89
(b) Green lacrimatory candle,
model A
97
99
99
100
101
102
103
103
103
105
105
107
109
109
110
C
(3) Smoke candles and grenades
(a) Self-projecting smoke can
dle, model 99
(b) Smoke candle (small), model
110
112
113
94
113
113
model 94-B
115
116
smoke
(c) 10-kg naval smoke candle-(f) Grenade-discharger
smoke
grenade
(g) Rifle smoke grenade
(h) Frangible smoke grenade
116
117
118
CONTENTS.
Page
119
119
121
122
123
123
(1) Heavy
(2) Light
123
i. Gas Mines
j. Bulk Contamination
(1) Portable sprayers
(2) Bulk contamination vehicles
3. Aerial Weapons
Spray
a.
c. u^iaj
b. Gas Bombs
(1) 50-kg gas bomb, model 92
(2) Miscellaneous gas bombs
c. Incendiary Bombs
(1) 1-kg combination incendiary
123
124
and
antipersonnel bomb
(2) 50-kg (or 70-kg) incendiary bomb(3) 50-kg (or 60-kg) "dual-purpose" in
cendiary bomb
(4) 60-kg incendiary bomb
(5) Miscellaneous incendiary bombs
__
4. Flame-Throwers.
a. General
b. Portable
(1) No. 1
_^__
mechanism
(c) Operation
(2) No. 2
c.
Flame-Thrower Tanks
124
124
124
124
124
124
125
126
126
126
127
128
129
130
130
130
130
131
132
132
132
133
133
134
135
135
135
137
137
138
CONTENTS
PMe
139
139
140
140
141
141
141
142
142
a. General
142
142
b. Ground Decontamination
c. Decontamination of Clothing and Per
sonnel
V. CIVILIANPROTECTION
Appendix. AREA SMOKE SCREENING
1. Germany
___
'.
Figure
144
145
145
147
149
149
155
Japan
144
146
2. Italy
3.
142
\u0084___
156
ILLUSTRATIONS
8
11
12
13
15
26
28
29
31
32
33
34
CONTENTS
Figure
Page
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
95
96
98
99
104-105
106-107
108
109
111
112
114
115
115
117
portable flame-thrower
military gas mask, 1939 model
44.
personal decontamination kit
War gas comparison chart
36
63
64
66
67
68
69
71
72
73
77
93
120
121
131
faces
page
135
143
156
Part I. Germany
1. GENERAL
fer) regiment is
means
SIG
Hq
ii
ii
ii
(Werferabteilung)
(25 officers
540 enlisted men)*
24 (10.5-cm) mortars
'
'
\u25a0
Hq
(6 officers,
12 enlisted
men)*
'
.'.
.'.
SIG
MET
(1 officer,
'
(6 officers,
30 enlisted
men)*
\u25a0
G
'
-*
\u25a04
* Pre-war
!
G
4 mortars
\u25a0
4 mortars
.
Organization ofiWerferregiment)
the -German chemical
Figure 1
strength
(Smoke) regiment
GERMANY
CHEMICAL TROOPS
Werferregi merit) 2
The chemical
(smoke) battalion
(Werferabteilung) (see b, above) and the decontamina
tion battalion (Entgiftungsabteilung) exist as inde
pendent units in the GHQ pool. In addition, itis be
lieved that the road decontamination battalion (Stras
sen-Entgiftungsabteilung) and motorized decontamina
tion companies also exist as independent units.
(2) Decontamination battalion. This unit consists
of a headquarters, signal and meteorological sections,
and three companies, with nine trucks, each carrying
1.2 tons of bleaching powder. Each company consists
of two platoons, each equipped with six medium halftracked trucks fitted withhoppers to scatter the bleach
ing powder.
Although the primary function of the decontamina
tion battalion is to clear contaminated areas, itis said
to be trained and provided with equipment for con
taminating purposes, and thus would be available
instantly for offensive chemical warfare. In this role,
2
537.350 43
unit.
occasions.
Army antigas schools are located in Berlin, Celle,
and Breloh, and the schools attached to the firms of
Aver and Drager also are extensively used for train
ing both officers and noncommissioned officers.
Training of German troops in the use of the gas
mask, in gas chamber exercises, and in identification of
gases is generally along the same lines as in the U. S.
Army. There is great insistence on the proper fit
GERMANY
CHEMICAL TROOPS
1. AGENTS
a. General
b. Nitrogen Mustards
In addition to the more or less standard agents,
there is documentary evidence to show that the Ger
mans possess a nearly odorless gas designated as
7
COMMON NAME
Blister Gases (Vesicants) "YellowCross"
1. Mustard (H)
2. Lewisite (L)
3. Ethyldichlorarsine
GERMAN NAME
Lost; Senf; Gelbkreuz
Gelbkreug II(?)
(ED)
"Green
Cross"
D-Stoff; Griinkreuz
1. Phosgene (CG)
2. Diphosgene (DP)
3. Chlorpicrin (PS)
4. Chlorine (Cl)
"Blue Cross"
Clark I;Blaukreuz
Clark II;Cyan Clark
(DA)
(DC)
DM. Adamsit
"White
1. Chloracetophenone (CN)
2. Brombenzylcyanide (BBC)
1914-18.)
Cross"
T-Stoff
T-Stoff
(Neither of these gases was' used by the Germans in the last war. They
relied upon a number of bromide compounds, which are less powerful than
the two substances listed. It is thought that Germany attaches little
importance to tear gases alone, but the possible use of other gases camou
flaged by tear gases must not be overlooked.)
GERMANY
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
2. GROUND WEAPONS
a. Mortars
3
The Stokes mortar is a smooth-bore, muzzle-loading weapon firing a
cylindrical projectile which is unstabilized in flight and which therefore
requires an "always" fuze, that is, a fuze designed to function upon impact
regardless of the manner in which the projectile strikes. The Stokes mortar
was used extensively by the British and U. S. forces during World War I.
GERMANY
15
Figure 3.
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
11
12
Ballistic cap
-I
a
Propellant
charge
Spacers--^
36.65
Propellant
case
"Inches
.>
Bursting
charge
Exploder
Base
Weight class
Designation of HE
_- Date
filled
\u25a0"Date assembled
fuze
German
Figure 4.
15-cm HE rocket.
GERMANY
13
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
Ballistic
cap
Green ring
Propellant
charge 1
Spacers
Propellant
case
Jet
40.16
inches
Weight class
Chemical
,Designation
of HE.
filling'
Bursting
charge
Designation of
chemical filling
Type of shell
chemical filling
Exploder
filled
NDate
assembled
Base fuze
Figure 5.
14
GERMANY
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
15
Schwerer
Figure 6.
40).
16
GERMANY
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
17
b. Artillery
(1) General. It is believed that the Germans con
sider as uneconomical the dispersion of smoke by
artillery weapons, as the latter are thereby prevented
from carrying out their primary role. Smoke shells,
however, are still carried by artillery units and com
prise approximately 25 percent of the total ammuni
tion carried. The limitations of gas shells for artillery
are clearly recognized. Nevertheless, reports suggest
that the Germans for some time have been building
18
c. Infantry
Weapons
ra!^f
M
range
Caliber
19
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
GERMANY
in
Eateofflre
-Type of filling
ofpro
jectile
3,800 yds
B.lcm
2,looyds
Heavy infantry 15 cm
6,000 yds
6 rounds in 8
to 9 sees.
4to 6 rpm
Light infantry
gun.
7.5 cm
Mortar
\u25a0_
Lung irritants
...
7.75 lbs.
cants.
howitzer.
(The Pz.
hells.)
14.25 lbs.
equipped
537350
43
20
'.
:__
110 yards.
220 yards.
550 yards.
According to recent reports, the Pz.Kw. HInow has three smoke candles
arranged on each side of the turret instead of a rack of five or six on the
back of the tank. Itis understood that the candles on the Pz.Kw. IV are
similarly arranged.
8
GERMAJSTY
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
21
c. Bulk Contamination
22
f. Miscellaneous
(1) Gas-cloud cylinders. Germany was the first
country to use cylinders for gas-cloud attack and is
certainly familiar with this weapon, although reports
concerning its existence are vague.
(2) Bifled projector. A rifled projector (Livens
type 8 ) of 16-cm (6.30-inch) caliber, with a range of
8
The Livens projector is a simple device for projecting a gas container
into the enemy's area and then releasing the gas by an explosive charge.
It consists of a smooth-bore tube fixed to a base at a 45-degree elevation ;
the tube is approximately 8 inches in diameter and fires electrically one
gas cylinder or shell. The projector fires but one shell per projector per
installation. Usually from 25 to 200 Livens projectors are set in a line
and fired simultaneously in order to give a dense gas concentration.
GERMANY
23
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
24
seconds.
(b) Nebelgerdt
44 gallons.
GERMANY
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
25
10
90
Weight empty
Weight charged (smoke
liquid)
FumaL.9O
90 liters (23.8 gals)__
97 pounds
440 pounds
FumaL.l9o
190 liters (50.2 gals).
132 pounds
880 pounds
11
12
45 yards.
(2) 50-kg mustard gas bomb (X.C.11 50). This
bomb is about the same size as the S.C. 12 50-kg HE
bomb. Equipped with a highly sensitive electrical im
10
These spray apparatuses have previously been reported as having capaci
ties of 20 and 42 gallons, respectively.
11
12
26
Bombs
The principal incendiary bombs known to have been
used by the Germans are listed in figure 7.
Body
le^
1-kg magnesium
l-kg (explosive nose)...
Tail
dSer
dSr
9.8
4.7 to 4.9
13.8
16.7
45H
62^
4.7
25
2
20
25
11
11
20.7
14M
18J^
23}^
23J4
8
8
24^
24H
24}^
62^
69J^
Four types in
use.
Weight, 2.2kg.
42^ to 43
42j^t043
OFFENSIVE
GERMANY
WEAPONS
27
28
German
Figure 8.
(This
2.2-kg antipersonnel
incendiary bomb
bomb.)
OFFENSIVE
GERMANY
MSI
29
WEAPONS
Screws by which
tailis attached
to collar
\v Rubber
(block)
Awasher
\
Sheet- metal
-8"-
Tail reported to
be of normal sheetmetal construction,
dark gray with
yellow stripes
collar welded
to bomb
on cone.
30"
Electrical fuze
lug*
German
Figure 9.
50-kg phosphorus
Suspension
eye bolt
30
OFFENSIVE
GERMANY
p<
43
11 1/2"
KuL
111
'\u25a0*
31
WEAPONS
S?
"I
1/2"
1/4' I _
HII
eoac-22-6-4
25 1/2
4 2 amp
)e
(Lettering on
both sides of bomb)
Figure 10.
Sprengbrand
C.50
t*
M
1
x 1/4
l/
(combination
incendiary
bomb).
32
14
OFFENSIVE:
GERMANY
Figure 12.
German medium-weight
33
WEAPONS
flame-thrower
(m/ff/erer
Flammenwerfer, m.Fm.W.).
15
34
GERMANY
OFFENSIVE
WEAPONS
35
Flame-Thrower Tanks
tanks fitted with flame-throwers
Krupp-type Mark I
reported
captured
have been
in Libya. The smallsize flame-thrower is fitted in place of the port light
machine gun, and three fuel reservoirs, containing a
reserve of 300 liters (l^Aga^s ) oi oil, are located on
the tank.
c.
537350 43
1. GAS MASKS
a. Basic Type
Two types
GERMANY
DEFENSIVE EQUIPMENT
37
(1) Facepieces.
of facepieces are now
in use. The Gm. 30 consists of layers of canvas, rub
ber, and cotton fabric, with a fitting band of suede
leather and an adjustable head harness of cotton
webbing and a coiled steel spring. The eyepieces are
of cellulose acetate in removable brass rims. A rub
ber-disk inlet valve and a spring-loaded mica-disk
outlet valve, together with a protective grid, are housed
in the canister attachment piece, which is threaded to
receive the neck of the canister. The canisters are
gray-painted tin-plated drums. Facepieces are avail
able in three sizes, and special spectacle frames with
flat side pieces and antidimming compound for the
lenses are likewise provided.
The Gm. 38 facepiece, intended to replace the Gm. 30,
is an all-rubber molded facepiece similar in de
sign and shape to the earlier model, except that the
eyepieces are non-removable. The old mica disk has
been replaced by a rubber outlet valve of the same
design.
(2) Canisters.~FE 37 and FE 37R (non-magnetic
type) canisters contain a filling consisting of a layer
of impregnated, extruded charcoal, a layer of highly
activated nut-shell charcoal, and the mechanical filter.
It is reported that these canisters are now being re
placed with the FE 41 canister and a non-magnetic
equivalent, presumably made of an aluminum alloy, for
issue to parachutist units.
A carrier of gray canvas with an aluminum zipper
fastened to open at the side is also in use, but prob
ably is intended only for parachute or air-landing
38
b. Pioneer Helmet
Some pioneer troops are issued a leather helmet
having under the front brim a rolled-up piece of
rubber in which eyepieces are set. This may be
rolled down quickly over the face and fastened by a
Set
GERMANY
DEFENSIVE EQUIPMENT
39
40
3. PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
Considerable
a. Light Clothing
b. Heavy Clothing
The heavy antigas clothing consists of a jacket with
hood attached and a pair of trousers and gloves, the
three pieces weighing 7% pounds. The loose-fitting
GERMANY
DEFENSIVE EQUIPMENT
41
c. Parachute
42
4. COLLECTIVE PROTECTION
Gas protective curtains are presumably available in
the German army. It is reported that the artillery
makes a practice of gas-proofing its gun positions, and
GERMANY
DEFENSIVE
EQUIPMENT
43
Decontamination
AllGerman troops are equipped with 4 small bakelite boxes, each containing 10 tablets of Losantin, a
high-quality, stabilized bleaching powder. The method
of use is to mix 1 of the tablets with water or saliva
and apply the resulting paste to the affected parts of
the body.
Troops are forbidden to carry Losantin tablets in
their gas-mask carriers because of the corrosive effect
of the slowly leaking chlorine upon the rubber parts
of the mask.
44
b. Ground Decontamination
Bleaching powder (chloride of lime) is the usual
material for ground decontamination. According to a
German manual of 1941 (Manual on the Grossing of
Contaminated Ground), heavily contaminated ground
willbe cleared by the decontamination battalion (see
sec. I,par. 2d (2), above).
As previously mentioned, each platoon of the decon
tamination battalion is equipped with six medium (3
ton) half-track trucks fitted with hoppers to scatter
the bleaching powder, which is distributed by move
ment of the vehicle. Each of these trucks carries ap
proximately three-quarters of a ton of bleaching pow
a strip roughly 5 feet
der, which will
wide and seven-eighths of a mile long, and sixteen 22
pound boxes of bleaching powder for decontamination
of isolated areas by hand. The crew of each vehicle
numbers three.
There are also an indeterminate number of light
(1-ton) half-track cross-coimtry trucks provided with
distribution hoppers at the rear, the loading space
being packed with drums of the decontaminating
material.
of Personnel and Clothing
Large (10-ton) six-wheeled trucks are provided for
decontamination of personnel and clothing. For the
latter, it is thought that mobile laundries are available,
consisting of a water tube boiler for the rapid genera
tion of steam, a steam chamber, and a drying chamber
mounted on a large truck. Special decontamination in
c. Decontamination
DEFENSIVE
GERMANY
EQUIPMENT
45
Section V. CIVILIANPROTECTION
CIVILIANPROTECTION
GERMANY
47
1. GENERAL
49
have been
definitely
b. Chemical Regiment
to be
the mixed chemical group, assigned to GHQ, which is
reported to consist of the following units :
Chemical battalion,
Flame-thrower battalions,
50
1
Some documents refer to this battalion as nebu, but this may possibly
be a typographical error for nube (smoke literally "cloud"). See p. 61,
sec. 111, par. 2e (4), below.
51
13
52
"
53
Chlorpicrin
Diphenylchlorarsine
Chloracetophenone
Lewisite
.
(The limiting factor
chlorine.)
1. AGENTS
a. General
56
57
"
b. Artillery
Italian documents refer to gas shells of a wide vari
ety of calibers as being standard in the Italian army.
In addition to the fillings previously discussed, two
types of smoke shells are reported in use by the ar
tillery. One, called fumogeno incendiario (smoke in
cendiary), is filled with white phosphorus and the
other, called fumogeno (smoke), with a smoke mix
ture, probably oleum and sulfur trioxide. Ammuni
tion of both types is said to be provided for the 7.5
cm, 10-cm, and 10.5-cm guns.
c. Infantry
58
59
c. Bulk Contamination
of
fuze.
60
61
f. Miscellaneous
A simple apparatus, which may be used either as a
portable sprayer or as a chemical mine, consists of a
62
WARFARE
b. Gas Bombs
Gas-filled aircraft bombs, as listed in figure 15, have
been identified from enemy documents and other
reliable sources.
According to a recent report, these bombs are painted
yellow with the usual Geneva Cross to indicate the
filling (see par. la, above). With the exception of
type 500 C. and the homba furetto, these bombs are
filled with DA (diphenylchlorarsine).
They have a
63
Bomba500 C_-._
100 C
40C-.-._
Old
designs-
tion
Bomba
filling
pletebomb
Kg
Kg
C.4OP----^ Q5 -
isP._..{^^
}
:::
}J
{^niF'
4C._-._.p^
r
[
C- DA 0.33
C
C. [^
f
15
C____.
C.
-"
Spezzone
Spezzone
Furetto
1 T. probably
J P. probably
/
"
ql4
Lacrimator
10__
.._...
Figure 15.
Diameter of Over-all
bomb body length
Inches
18 "
10.
50. 2
47.0
9.0
32.3
16.0
4.7
31.0
2.7
12.2
* 298>
101. 9
"(I)
1/55
%7
25
6.3
Inches
96" 6
6'6'!
32.7
'
64
Weight
New desig-
Ola
Old designation
dpoiena tinn
nation
iivalpnt
tt
a Pm
equivalent
v ..
]Bomba
Bomba
100.5.P.D
Bomb
Combined
personnel
incendiary.
70. I.P
SO. I
da Kg.SO. I
7.1...
Bombettaincendia-
antiand
iContains
Kg
Thermite24.s
Thermite
Thermite/oil mix-
Incendiary
Thermite
Ha mista da Kg. 8
;./
Kg
(See note)
Incendiary
Incendiary
-.-
ture.
List of Italian
Diam-
89.1
Inches
10.7
Inches
53.2
62.0
19.4
9.9
6.3
47.a
2.7
12.2
2.7
6.1
34.0
Figure 16.
incendiary bombs.
4. FLAME-THROWERS
65
a. Portable, Model 35
66
1. Diaphragm
2. Fuel take-off tube
3. Main fuel control valve
4. Elastic carrier
6.
7.
8.
9.
1.0.
11.
Diaphragm
Threaded plug
Figure 17.
ITALY-OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
537350
43
67
68
Figure 19.
OFFENSIVE;
ITALY
69
WEAPONS
Figure 20.
(L 3/35)
with trailer.
1. GAS MASKS
rims.
(2) M (M.31 and M. 33). This facepiece is similar
to the earlier model, but is gray or brown in color (fig.
22). Instead of the rubber baffle, this type has an
inner secondary mask of black rubber wired to the
valve holder. A considerable improvement over model
5
This mask is undoubtedly named after Col. L. Penna, the first chief of
the Italian Military Chemical Service.
70
71
Penna type.
.Italian military gas mask, attached.)
Figure 21
type
(The separate-
canister is
72
Figure 22.
Italian
militarygas mask, M. 31
canister is attached.)
(The separate-type
73
tttachment
lask.
Figure 23.
6
74
2. GAS DETECTORS
75
minutes.
An Italian naval manual describes the protective
clothing used in the Navy. A one-piece outfit in the
form of a diving suit, with separate hood and gloves,
and the heavy combination suit of apron, overshoes,
hood, rubber gloves, and oversleeves, are made of rub
88.8
76
77
clothing.
proteciv
Itali n
24.
Figure
78
ENEMY CAPABILITIES
79
b. Ground Decontamination
Ground decontamination is effected by means of
standard Army trucks fitted with a hopper at the
back from which chloride of lime may be distributed
on the ground. They are of two types, the heavy six
80
Capacity of hopper_
Light truck
440 pounds.
14.
1,540 pounds.
220 pounds.
1 minute.
c. Decontamination
of Personnel
81
"
82
necessary
6. GAS ALARMS
Gas alarms to be employed in the event of gas
attack consist of sirens or klaxons, sounding three
short notes and one long note, repeatedly.
Section V. CIVILIANPROTECTION
537350 43
Pakt 111.
Japan
1. GENERAL
For some years past, the Japanese have been en
gaged in developing the means of employing chemical
warfare in their Army and Air Forces. They are
known to have organized a Chemical Warfare De
partment with a technical research branch and to have
established units of chemical warfare troops. They
have constructed factories for the manufacture of
poison gas, worked out a system of gas protection,
and provided their troops with an efficient type of gas
mask. They have also undertaken some of the meas
ures necessary for the protection of the civilian popu
lation against gas from the air. In short, the Japa
nese appear to be capable of conducting chemical war
fare should they decide that itwould be to their interest
to do so.
Itshould be remembered that Japan did not ratify
the Geneva Protocol of 1925, prohibiting the use of
gases in war, and is, therefore, under no obligation to
refrain from their use. Furthermore, there is definite
evidence that the Japanese have employed toxic
gases in limited quantities against the Chinese upon
numerous occasions.
84
JAPAN
CHEMICAL TROOPS
85
2. ORGANIZATION
Chemical warfare organization in the Japanese
Army is of comparatively recent growth. While de
tailed information on the subject is meager, there is
definite information of undoubted reliability that the
Japanese Army is provided with some chemical troops.
The following units have been reported :
86
WARFARE
CHEMICAL TROOPS
JAPAN
87
88
90
JAPAN
91
Section 111.
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
1. AGENTS
92
*$
.
'
gase inany
?jj
S
|
I
used (now
\u25a0<
-j2g \Q
shels; aginst
Chlorpicn/sta
03
anas in
only
weapons. improbale. hbaeven projects mixture. solutin. used use vehicls. used
Remarks Any might thes Maalsoy improbale). chloride CCI4 ready armoed May manufctre.
None
Now
Crude.
.
and mines,
also morta
b
o
m
b
s
g
r
e
n
a
d
s
,
g
r
e
n
a
d
s
.
hand
c
o
n
t
a
m
i
a
i
r
c
f
t
p
e
r
h
a
s
s
h
e
l
s
,
b
o
m
b
s
.
Weapons bombs spray, bulk bombs airc ft bombs candles,bombs, bombgj grenads. hand hand
Aircaft and natio. Shels Aircaft Cylinders. Shels, AircaftShels; airc ft [Shels, Shels, candles. Shels,
g
a
s
e
.
(
?
)
.
(
?
)
_
.
(?).
'
thes beused
of
of
in
>
in
intermda
yet for be
In
..
I
j
Marking
\u25a0
yel-
yel-
and
bands
and
blanodsw.
band
1 ?
be n used
having
as
repotd
Whet r Manufctred
Gase
No
P05ib1e.
band band
Dan
red
brown gren
1
(im i
No Yes.
Yes
ne t).
war
Japnes
of
\u25a0
List
Yes
25.
Yes
Yes Yes_
gas
C
h
l
o
r
a
c
e
t
p
n
.
D
i
p
h
e
n
y
l
c
a
r
s
.
P
h
o
s
g
e
n
/
c
l
r
i
D
i
p
h
e
n
y
l
c
o
r
a
s
.
P
h
o
s
g
e
n
.
C
h
l
o
r
p
i
c
n
D
i
p
h
o
s
g
e
n
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
.
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
.
Adamsite Hydrocani
Lewiste Mustard
Mustard
gas
(vesi-
of
Blister cant).
Type
1.
gas/Lewit
Yes
acid
(lung
Choking ir tan).
2.
.
(toxic
Nose smoke).
3.
Gacri
Yes
Figure
:
trichlode
Arsenic
94
Caliber
Length of barrel
Length of recoil
Elevation
Weight of barrel
Weight of mount
Weight of base plate_
Weight of sight
Total weight
Maximum range
49.68 inches.
45 to 85 degrees.
75.2 pounds.
106 pounds.
90.2 pounds.
2.97 pounds.
349.8 pounds.
4,155 yards.
95
JAPANOFFENSIVE WEAPONS
Half Section
Transit
plug
M93 fuze
~ Combination
(not shown)
Burster
Caliber: 90 mm
(3.54 in)
Weight:
5.26
4 1/2 grooves
Wooden block
(yellow band
~ Filling
lung injurant
or red
band respiratory
irritant)
kg
Burster container
\
1
(11.6 lbs)
Bomb body
Primary charge
(propellant cartridge)
Figure 26.
96
ENEMY CAPABILITIES
K)R
CHfiMICAL WARFARE"
Half Section
Red tip
Blue band
Transit plug
. Delayed-action
(not shown)
fuze
1/2 grooves
,Burster
container (varnished)
Body painted
black with
yellow, white,"
and red bands
- 177 cc
(236 gm)
Bomb body
End view
of tail
Figure 27.
Japanese
JAPAN
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
97
Caliber
Total weight
Weight of projectile :
Light
Heavy
Maximum range :
Light projectile
Heavy projectile
7.2 pounds.
14.3 pounds.
3,280 yards.
1,310 yards.
Caliber
Weight of mortar
Weight of projectile
Weight of filling
Maximum range
Rate of fire
1
8
98
c
Caliber
_\
Length of body
Total weight
Weight of projectile (filled)
Weight of chemical filling
Weight of explosive charge
Maximum range
of this
weapon
are
330 pounds.
48.4 pounds.
25.1 pounds.
0.66 pound.
2,725 yards.
JAPAN
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
99
1. Barrel
2. Base cup
3. Range-adjusting cogwheel
4. Screw bushing
5. Range-adjusting knob
6. Nut
7. Adjusting shaft
Figure 29.
537350 43
8. Trigger housing
9. Range-adjusting worm
10. Trigger
11 Spring sleeve
12. Base plate
13. Barrel lock
100
101
d. Artillery
Artillery gas shells are reported to be available for
the 75-mm and 105-mm guns and for the 150-mm how
itzer. Fillings are reported to be phosgene, mustard
gas, hydrocyanic acid (unconfirmed), and a mixture of
mustard gas and Lewisite.
A distinction is made between "gas shell," in which
the explosive charge is relatively small and serves only
to burst the body of the shell, and "combined HE and
chemical shell," in which the explosive charge com
prises about 30 percent of the combined filling.
Combined HE and mustard-gas shells are provided
for all three calibers. However, combined HE and
phosgene shells are available for the 150-mm howitzer
only.
Among some shells captured by the Chinese and ex
amined at Hong Kong was a 75-mm shell weighing
about 12.5 pounds and filled with approximately 1.4
pounds of crude Lewisite. The propellant charge
(13.3 pounds) was in a silk bag in a cartridge case
(2.85 pounds) which was a push fit over the base of the
shell up to the driving band.
The color and markings of this shell correspond to
that of a single 75-mm shell recently found in New
Guinea, which was filled with a mixture of mustard
gas and Lewisite. This shell was painted gray
with a red tip and blue band on the nose. Six inches
down the body was a white cross over the number
"132." Immediately above the rotating band were
white and yellow bands. Adark double cross appeared
near the base of the shell.
102
JAPAN
103
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
Nitrocellulose.
50.4
Ash
Diphenylcyanarsine
percent
4.9 percent.
40.0
3.0
Moisture
Camphor.
percent.
percent.
1.7 percent (by difference).
104
- Black
Grey green
~ White
"
band
numbers
Red
.57 inch
8.17
inches
i
12.03 inchesj
f diameter,"f|
7.96 inch
2.07_
"inches
1. Adhesive tape.
2. Top lid with lettering "1612 X"
sealed with adhesive tape.
3. Spike used to set up the candle.
4.
5.
6.
7.
JAPAN
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
11
12.
13.
14.
105
15. Fuze.
16. Cylindrical steel pan (or powder
propellant.
17. Propellant.
Wooden disk with abrasive edging. 18. Fuze tube.
19. .Fuze.
two cardboard packing disks.
Bottom of outer container with slot 20. Lead cover.
at center for positioning wooden 21 Inner container, wallthickness about
block.
2.5 mm (0.098 inch).
Wooden block drilled for fuze with 22. Charge.
positioning slot at bottom.
tape.
Figure 30.
106
White edges
"Red letter
Plan without top cover
2.09
inches
i
Top
cover
Red band
7.89
inches
\u25a0Bluish
gray
1 Leadfoil cover.
2. Fuze.
3. Smoke vent.
JAPAN
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
gray
color.
Figure 31.
Japanese
107
10. Charge.
108
Handles (2)
Khaki color
Crown cork
Ribbed cardboard
Sand and sawdust
Cylindrical container
Hydrocyanic acid
-
-
Glass flask
Metallic copper
Outer canister
Figure 32.
JAPAN
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
109
. Adhesive tape
2. Lid(metal)
3. Abrasive surface
4. Scratch block (wood)
5. Cotton wad
6. Match head
7. Inner cover
8. Gauze
Figure 33.
9. Vents
10. Fuze
11 Fuze tube (copper)
12. Starter mixture
13. Impregnated Hakes
14. Container
15. Base
16. Label
110
JAPAN
OFFENSIVE
WEAPONS
111
SECTION A-A
1 Lid(metal)
2. Abrasive surface
3. Scratch block (wood)
4. Cotton wad
5. Match head
6. Three layers of gauze
7. Vents
8. Fuze
9. Fuze tube (brass)
10. Starter mixture
Figure 34.
11 Impregnated flakes
12. Outer container
13. Inner container (cardboard)
14. Base
15. Cord for removing tape
16. Adhesive tape
17. Vents (sealed with oil paper or
tinfoil)
18. Label
112
1 Lid (metal)
2. Abrasive surface
3. Scratch block (wood)
4. Cotton wad
5. Match head
6. Cement stopper
7. Adhesive tape
8. Outer container (metal)
9. Fuze
JAPAN
OFFENSIVE
113
WEAPONS
Hexachlorethane
Zinc dust
Zinc chloride
Zinc oxide
30.0
percent.
2.8 percent.
percent.
114
1. Top cover.
2. Cotton wad.
3. Tinfoil cover.
Figure 36.
\
9. Base.
10. Abrasive surface.
11. Ignition block.
12. Igniter.
13. Smoke-producing mixture.
14. Adhesive band.
15. Markings, etc.
JAPAN
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
115
Smoke
4. Fuze tube.
5. Body.
Figure 37.-
6. Cardboard.
7. Ignition cap.
8. Igniting powder.
9. Smoke-producing mixture.
Figure 38.
116
50.0 percent.
23.5 percent.
26.5
percent.
JAPAN
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
117
-8 1/2 inches
Figure 39.
118
56.1
Zinc dust_
Zinc chloride
27.6 per.cent
2.9 percent.
percent.
Zinc oxide
13.4
percent.
59.2 percent.
40.8
percent (by
ference).
dif
JAPAN
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
119
120
cover
-Firingpin
-Creep spring
Safety pin
Percussion
cap
Fuze
Outer brass
cover
Fuze tube
Inner brass
cover
White phosphorus
filling
Burster
\u25a0
Propelling
attachment
Propellant
Paper packing
Felt packing
Percussion cap
Figure 40.
Japanese
JAPAN
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
121
\\ \_Fuze
'Burster
V \ \-Percussion cap
spring
'-Firingpin
Lightbrass cover
.Japanese
Figure 41
carbon disulphide
filling
122
JAPAN
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
123
h. Gas Cylinders
Little information is available concerning the gas
cylinders available for use by Japanese troops. A
Russian article, published in July 1936 and confirmed
by a French report in1939, mentions the two following
types :
(1) Heavy. The heavy cylinder weighs 50 kg (110
lbs) and contains a mixture of chlorine and phosgene.
This cylinder would be used inposition warfare onfy.
(2) LightThe light cylinder weighs 20 kg (44 lbs)
and, likewise, contains a mixture of chlorine and
phosgene. Groups of these cylinders would be used
in mobile warfare against enemy support posts.
i. Gas Mines
124
WARFARE
j. Bulk Contamination
3. AERIAL WEAPONS
a. Spray
JAPAN-
OFFENSIVE
WEAPONS
'
125
126
JAPANOFFENSIVE WEAPONS
127
128
JAPAN
129
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
poVder.
130
131
lan
Figure 42.
10
132
CHEMICA^
WARFARE
jJAPAN*-OFFENSIVE WEAPONS
133
134
c. Flame-Thrower Tanks
1. GAS MASKS
136
jMMf
DEFENSIVE
EQUIPMENT
137
inUi was provided for the 1939 model, but none was
fdtHiwiththe 1938 model. 5
"Aconcertina-type filter with seven wings furnishes
paxticulate protection. Construction details of the
filter are lacking, but usually it is made of cotton im
pregnated with asbestos and, contrary to usual prac
tice, is located above the charcoal and soda-lime
mixture.
b. Model 93, No. 2 (Navy Type)
A gas mask of this type was carried by a member
of a naval landing party in New Guinea.
A khaki-colored haversack, with shoulder sling and
metal buckle, is provided for the facepiece only, the
canister being carried on the back. An inside pocket
in the haversack carries a small folded square of
cheesecloth and ail antidim stick in a small tin cylin
der. A metal plug to prevent absorption of moisture
is provided for the air inlet opening of the canister.
An auxiliary canister may be attached to the base of
the main canister to give protection against carbon
monoxide (up to 3 percent concentration) for 40 to
s*o minutes.
c. Model 93, No. 3 (Navy Type)
138
JAPAN
DEFENSIVE EQUIPMENT
139
similar conditions.
The satchel appears to be unit equipment and is
probably issued to the unit gas officer.
140
ENEMY
3A&A3BDEFENSIVE EQUIPMENT
141
4. PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
a. General
A sample outfit of Japanese protective clothing was
examined by the British in 1939. It consisted of a
ja&ket (with hood attached), trousers, boots, and
gloves. The jacket and trousers were made of light,
double-rubberized fabric, and the boots are of heavy,
142
Personal Decontamination
(1) Personal decontamination hit.This kit (fig.
44) is intended for use by the individual soldier in
destroying liquid vesicants that may have come in con
a.
JAPAN
DEFENSIVE
143
EQUIPMENT
Decontaminating
agent
Cotton
Container
(front view)
Pouch
Container
(back view)
kit.
144
JAPAN-^DEFENSIVE
145
EQUJPMEIjFF
Alcohol
Chloroform
Ether
Ammonia
.
:
20
percent
20 percent
50 drops.
146
Section V. CIVILIANPROTECTION
43
147
11
148
1. GERMANY
bombers.
149
150
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
151
152
appendix:
area
smoke
screening
153
This liquid,
when poured, into the water, takes the paint off the
sides of the boats and causes the putty around their
portholes to flake and drop off. A heavy grayish
smoke develops, which clings to the water and spreads
gradually upward as the concentration increases. On
one occasion, a half hour elapsed before complete pro
tection was afforded. This source reports, however,
that smoke became effective over a limited dock area
in a specific Grerman port in only 5 minutes.
Another unverified report states that the main part
of a -smoke screen employed in a certain area in Nor
way was produced by 20 small fishing boats, each
manned by 3 or 4 men, whose operations were supple
mented by 3 land-based crews. The smoke here was
more irritating to the nose and throat than the harm
less, odorless smoke produced at Brest. Itis said to
have incapacitated men working in the vicinity, al
though cattle in adjoining fields apparently were not
seriously affected. According to a Norwegian source,
the Germans appeared reluctant to start smoke screens
except when a major attack was imminent. The rea
son for this was not known, although it is suggested
that the cost of the operations may be a- factor.
Certain Grerman cities are reported to be protected
by extensive smoke-screen systems. RAF pilots have
reported dark gray smoke screens over Berlin 20 to 30
miles long and 2 miles wide. The very dense smoke
appeared to have come from generators 20 yards
apart. 8
3
154
appendix:
area
smoke
screening
155
2. ITALY
Reports indicate the use by the Italians of ehlorsul
fonic acid smoke apparatus operated by air pressure
for -screening Genoa against air attack. The genera
tors are said to consist of pairs of 220-liter (58-gallon)
drums lying on their sides, end to. end. One of each
pair is fitted with a stopcock on the top side, and the
other drum constitutes a reserve supply. The genera
tors are dispersed around the harbor at intervals of
about 150 yards.
156
vr
}'>
RtSTWCTED
\u25a0
;~\ ~.'-~"
Chemical name
Physiological classification
Formula
Odor
Tactical
_J-L_____
German
Adamsite...
Arsine
Diphenylaminechlorarsine
Arsine
NH(C6Hi)2AsCI-. Sternutator
Systemic poison
AsHs
Brombenzylcyanide...
Brombenzylcyanide
CH3COCH2Br
CaH S CHBrCN
Lacrimator
Lacrimator
Benzyl bromide
Benzyl bromide
CsHjCHjr..
Lacrimator
Cyanogen bromide
Chloracetophenone
Cyanogen
Bromacetone
Bromacetone...
bromide-
Alpha-chloracetophenone
Faint aromatic
Faint phosphorus
Oldleaves bitter
Lacrimator
CoHsCOCHsCI... Lacrimator
Chlorine...
Chlorpicrin
Trichloronitromethane
ClaCCI3NO2
Diphenylchlorarsine...
Diphenylchlorarsine__
(CBHj)2AsCHj)2AsCl
I8
Diphenylcyanarsine...
Diphenylcyanarsine.
(C 6HS)2AsCN
T-Stofl.
Aromatic watercress.
Harassing...
T-Stoff
Piquant bitter
Apple blossoms
Casualty
Ce-Stoft..
T-Stofl
Sternutator
Casualty
Casualty
Harassing...
Sternutator
Bitter almonds
Harassing...
Diphosgene
Trichlormethylchloroformate..
CICOOCCI3
Lungirritant..
Ethyliodoacetate
Ethyldichlorarsine
Hydrocyanic acid
Ethyliodoacetate.
Dichlorethylarsine
Hydrocyanic acid
CH2ICOOC2H{.--
Lacrimator...
Pear juice.
C2HSASCIS
Biting fruity
HCN...
Lewisite
Chlorvinyldichlorarsine
CICH:CHAsCI2-- Vesicant.
Musty hay
1whiteband
......
'"
...
"
_.i
"
Yellow
Casualty
Harassing...
Casualty
Casualty
Vesicant..
Methyldichlorarsine... Dichloromethylarsine
Dichlorethyl sulphide
Mustard
CH3ASCI2
(CICH2CH2)2S.._.
Nitrogen mustards
Garliconion
lgreenband
lgreenband
Aquinite
Clark I
1blue band
Bertholite..
Arushin
1blue band
SA
Buromushian-
lgreenband
BBC
lgreenband
CN
BA
lredband.
2greenbands.
benjiru.
Buromuben
jiru.
Buromushian
Olorocceta-
Yellow
body,
1white band.
Kuroruasetofuenon.
\u25a0-..
Cl
PS
lgreenband.
DA
lredband.
lredband.
DC
lredband.
arushin.
Diibsgene.
Vincennite or Man-.
Casualty
Casualty
Winterlost
_.
Jihosugen
1yellowband (?)_ DP
2greenbands.
ED
2greenbands.
Seisan
1brown band
AC
Ruisaito
1 white and 2
lgreenband
...
lredband
Casualty
Casualty
...
Lewisite..
_:___ :
Casualty
Casualty
Stickstofflost.. 1yellowband...
Pfiffikus
1white band
Sternite or No. 22
Phosgene.
Carbonyl chloride
COCI2
Lungirritant
Mustyhay
Casualty
D-Stoft
lgreenband
Xylylbromide
Xylylbromide
CH3C6H4CH2Br__
Lacrimator
Pungent lilacs
Harassing...
T-Stoff_
lgreenband-.
Collongite or No. 5
2greenbands.
yellowbands.
1 white and 2 HL
yellowbands.
;
Yperite or No. 20
Bitter almonds
2green
bands.
2green
bands.
MD._
. Iprite...
Yellow
body,
1green band.
Fenildiclorarsina.
Fosgene
.....
Masutado
Iperitto.
or 1 white and 2 H
yellowbands.
HN
PD
Yellow body,
1 whiteband.
Hosugen
lyellowband
CG
lgreenband.
captured.
RESTRICTED
DM
Enso.
Kurorupikurin- 1yellowband (?).
-..."- Cloropicrina
1 white band-. Difenilelor- Yellow body, Jifuenirukuro- lredband
red nose.
ruarushin.
arsina.
, Red nose
Jifuenirushian- lredband
1white band."
3 green bands
lgreenband
Vesicant
Vesicant and lung irritant
been
lredband
Jodessigester
Dick
Blausaure
CsHsAsCh
body,
...........
Surpalite
Phenyldichlorarsine.
are listed here, because the Axis armies may use quantities of these
*U. S. gaseswararegaseslisted
for purposes of comparison.
Adamusaito
red nose.
Phenyldichlorarsine...
1 French
Yellow
._
body,
United States
red nose.
..'._...
1 whiteband.
Klop
Chlor
Japanese
Italian
\u25a0\u25a0_
ganite.
Geraniums
_,
i
white hand
...
ofishell markings of
Symbols, names,
*
fenone.
Flypaper...
Shoepolish
Bleaching powder
Lungirritant
Lungirritant.
lgreenband
"ii^T
J...
Harassing... B-Stofl
Harassing...
French
Adamsit
Casualty
CNBr
Chlorine..
Harassing...
y:i-
637360-43
(Face p. 166)