BarCharts, Inc.

WORLDS #1 ACADEMIC OUTLINE

VOLUME (LIQUID)

BASIC MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

All measurement is derived from seven basic units and is described internationally as the Systme International dUnitis (SI) or sometimes referred to
as SI-metric. These basic units are:
Ampere
A
Electric Current
Candela
cd
Luminosity (intensity of light)
Kelvin
K
Thermodynamic Temperature
Kilogram
kg
Weight (mass)
Meter (Metre)
m
Length
Mole
mol
Substance (molecule)
Second
s
Time

Unit

LENGTH
Unit
Angstrom
Cable
Centimeter
Chain (Gunters/surveyors)
Chain (Ramdens/engineers)
Decimeter
Dekameter
Fathom
Foot
Furlong
Hand (horses height)
Inch
Kilometer
League
Link (Gunters)
Link (Ramdens)
Meter
Micrometer (Micron)
Mile (statute/land)
Mile (nautical/sea)
Millimeter
Mil
Point (type size)
Pica (type size)
Rod
Yard

Abbr SI/metric

cb
cm
chG
chR
dm
dam
fm
ft
fur

in
km

mi
nmi
mm
mil

rd
yd

Imperial

.0001 (10-10)
219.456 m
.01 m
20.1168 m
30.48 m
.1 m
10 m
1.83 m
.3048 m
201.168 m
10.16 cm
2.54 cm
1,000 m
4.8 km
.201 m
.305 m

.001 mm
1.609 km
1.85 km
.001 m
.0254 mm
.353 mm
4 mm
5.029 m
.9144 m

.000,000,004 in
120 fathoms/720 ft
.3937 in
66 feet/4 rods
100 ft
3.937 in
32.8 ft
6 ft
12 in
statute mi
4 in

.621 mi
3 statute mi
7.92 in
12 in
39.37 in
3.9370x10-5 in
5,280 ft
6076.11549 ft
.03937 in
.001 in
.0138 in
12 points (.1668 in)
16.5 ft
3 ft

Unit

Abbr SI/metric
A
a
ha
cm 2
ft 2
in 2
km 2
m2
mi 2
mm 2
rd 2
yd 2

Unit

Unit
Dram (avdp)
Grain
Gram
Kilogram
Milligram
Ounce (avdp)
Ounce (troy)
Pennyweight
Pound (avdp)
Stone
Ton (long or British)
Tonne (metric)
Ton (short)

Abbr

Equivalent

Btu
cal15
HP
J
Kw

.0002929 Kw
4.1858 J
746 watts
.7376 ft/lbs
1.341 HP

cm3
ft3
in3
ST
yd3

SI/Metric
1,000 mm3
.02832 m3
16.387 cm3
1 m3
.7646 m3

Abbr

SI/Metric

dr (avdp)
gr
g
kg
mg
oz
oz tr
dwt
lb
st
lt
mt
sh t

1.772 g
.0648 g
.001 kg
1,000 g
.001 g
.0280 kg
.03 kg
1.555 g
.454 kg
6.35 kg
1,016 kg
1,000 kg
907.18 kg

NUMERICAL
PREFIXES
1

/10
1
/2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
15

ENERGY
Unit

Imperial

Imperial
.061 in3
1,728 in3

1.3 yd3
27 ft3

WEIGHT

43,560 ft 2
1076.39 ft 2
2.471 A
.155 in 2
144 in 2
.386 mi 2
10.764 ft 2
640 A
.00155 in 2
272.25 ft 2
9 ft 2

British Thermal Unit

Calorie (@15.5c)
Horsepower (mechanical)
Joule (absolute)
Kilowatt

Abbr

Cubic centimeter
Cubic foot
Cubic inch
Stere (cubic meter)
Cubic yard

Imperial

4,047 m 2
100 m 2
10,000 m 2
100 mm 2
.0929 m 2
6.4516 cm 2
1,000,000 m 2
10,000 cm 2
2.59 km 2

25.293 m 2
.836 m 2

SI/Metric

VOLUME (DRY)

AREA
Acre
Are
Hectare
Square centimeter
Square foot
Square inch
Square kilometer
Square meter
Square mile
Square millimeter
Square rod
Square yard

Abbr

Barrel (US) fluid

bbl
26.2 gal (UK)
31.5 gal*
Dram (US)
dr
3.697 ml
.125 oz
gi
.142 L
4.8038 oz
Gill ( UK pint)
Gallon (UK)
gal
4.546 L
1.201 gal
Gallon (US)
gal
3.785 L
4 qt
Liter
L
.001 m3
1.057 qt
Ounce, fluid (UK)
oz
.028 L
.96 oz
Ounce, fluid (US)
oz
.02957 L
2 tbs
Pint (UK)
pt
1.2 pt (US)
19.2 oz
Pint (US)
pt
.833 pt (UK)
16 oz
Quart
qt
.946 L
2 pt
*A barrel may be recognized by different liquid sizes in different states and
for different substances. Sizes may be stated in gallons, cubic inches or
weight. See notes on page 2.

Deci
Semi, hemi, demi
Uni
Bi, di
Tri, ter
Tetra, tetr, quadri
Penta, quint
Sex, hex, hexa
Hept, sept, septo
Oct, octo
Non, ennea
Dec, deca, deka
Hendeca, undeca
Dodeca
Quindeca

Imperial
.0625 oz
.00229 oz
.03527 oz
2.2 lb
.00003 oz
.0625 lb
1.0971 oz
.05486 oz
16 oz
14 lb
2,240 lb
2204.6 lb
2,000 lb

SI PREFIXES
Factor
10 24
10 21
10 18
10 15
10 12
10 9
10 6
10 3
10 2
10
10 -1
10 -2
10 -3
10 -6
10 -9
10 -12
10 -15
10 -18
10 -21
10 -24

Prefix
yottazettaexapetateragigamegakilohectodekadecicentimillimicronanopicofemtoattozeptoyocto-

Symbol
Y
Z
E
P
T
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m
or r
n
p
f
a
z
y

LENGTH

AREA

LIQUID
CAPACITY

DRY
CAPACITY

Centimeters & Inches

cm x .394 = in
in x 2.54 = cm

Sq. Centimeters & Sq. In.

cm2 x .155 = in2
in2 x 6.452 = cm2

UK & US Gallons
UK gal x 1.201 = US gal
US gal x .833 = UK gal

Cubic Centimeters &

Cubic Inches
cm3 x .061 = in3
3
in x 16.387 = cm3

Centimeters & Millimeters

cm x 10 = mm
mm x .1 = cm

Sq. Meters & Sq. Chains (G)*

m2 x .0025 = ch2
ch2 x 404.686 = m2

UK & US Quarts
UK qt x 1.201 = US qt
US qt x .833 = UK qt

Sq. Rods & Sq. Chains (G)*

rd2 x 625 = ch2 (G)
ch2 x 16 = rd2

UK & US Pints
UK pt x 1.201 = US pt
US pt x .833 = UK pt

Sq. Chains & Acres

ch2 (G) x .1 = A
A x 10 = ch2(G)

UK & US Ounces
UK oz x .961 = US oz
US oz x 1.041 = UK oz

Sq. Chains (G)* & Sq. Feet

ch2 (G) x 4,356 = ft2
ft2 x .00023 = ch2 (G)

UK Gallons & Liters

UK gal x 4.546 = L
L x .220 = UK gal

Hectares & Sq. Miles

ha x .0039 = mi2
mi2 x 258.999 = ha

UK Quarts & Liters

UK qt x 1.137 = L
L x .880 = UK qt

Cubic Meters &

Cubic Feet
m3 x 35.315 = ft3
ft3 x .028 = m3

Hectares & Acres

ha x 2.471 = A
A x .405 = ha

UK Pints & Liters

UK pt x .568 = L
L x 1.760 = UK pt

Pints & Quarts

pt x .5 = qt
qt x 2 = pt

Acres & Sq. Miles

A x .00156 = mi2
mi2 x 640 = A

UK Ounces & Milliliters

UK oz x 28.413 = ml
ml x .035 = UK oz

Sq. Kilometers & Sq. Miles

km2 x .386 = mi2
mi2 x 2.590 = km2

US Gallons & Liters

US gal x 3.785 = L
L x .264 = US gal

Sq. Meters & Acres

m2 x .000247 = A
A x 4046.856 = m2

US Quarts & Liters

US qt x .947 = L
L x 1.056 = US qt

Sq. Meters & Hectares

m2 x .0001 = ha
ha x 10,000 = m2

US Pints & Liters

US pt x .473 = L
L x 2.113 = US pt

Sq. Meters & Sq. Feet

m2 x 10.764 = ft2
ft2 x .093 = m2

US Ounces & Liters

US oz x .03 = L
Liter x 33.8 = US oz

Chains (G)* & Yards

ch x 22 = yd
yd x .455 = ch

Sq. Meters & Sq. Yards

m2 x 1.196 = yd2
yd2 x .836 = m2

US Ounces & Milliliters

US oz x 29.572 = ml
ml x .034 = US oz

Fathoms & Feet

fa x 6 = ft
ft x .167 = fa

Sq. Meters & Sq. Rods

m2 x .03954 = rd2
rd2 x 25.293 = m2

Gills (US) & Ounces (US)

gi x 4 = oz
oz x .25 = gi

Kilometers & Feet

km x 3280.84 = ft
ft x (3.048 x 104) = km

Sq. Yards & Sq. Feet

yd2 x 9 = ft2
ft2 x .1111 = yd2

Gills (US) & Cubic Centimeters

Kilometers & Yards

km x 1093.6 = yd
yd x .00091 = km

*(G) = Gunters
or surveyors chain

Gills (UK) & Cubic Centimeters

gi x 142.065 = cc
cc x .00704 = gi

Centimeters & Picas

cm x 2.371 = picas
picas x .4233 = cm
Centimeters & Points
cm x 28.4528 = points
points x .0351 = cm
Millimeters & Inches
mm x .0394 = in
in x 25.4 = mm
Millimeters & Micrometers
(Microns)
mm x 1,000 =
x .001 = mm

Meters & Chains (G)

m x .04971 = ch
ch x 20.117 = m
Meters & Fathoms
m x .547 = fm
fm x 1.83 = m
Meters & Feet
m x 3.281 = ft
ft x .305 = m
Meters & Yards
m x 1.094 = yd
yd x .914 = m
Meters & Furlongs
m x .005 = fur
fur x 201.17 = m
Chains (G)* & Feet
ch x 66 = ft
ft x .015 = ch
Chains (G)* & Rods
ch x 4 = rd
rd x .25 = ch

Kilometers & Statute Miles

km x .621 = mi
mi x 1.609 = km
Kilometers & Nautical Miles
km x .540 = n mi
n mi x 1.852 = km
Nautical Miles & Statute Miles
n mi x 1.15 = s mi
s mi x .869 = n mi

*(G) = Gunters or
surveyors chain

gi x 118.29 = cc
cc x .00845 = gi

KITCHEN LIQUID MEASURES

1 gal
gal
gal

4 qt
2 qt
1 qt
qt
qt

8
4
2
1

pt 16 cups 128 fl
pt 8 cups 64 fl
pt 4 cups 32 fl
pt 2 cups 16 fl
pt 1 cup
8 fl
cup
4 fl
cup
2 fl
cup
1 fl
fl

oz 3.79L
oz 1.89L
oz
.95L
.47L
oz
oz
.24L
oz
.12L 8 Tbs 24 tsp
oz
.06L 4 Tbs 12 tsp
oz
.03L 2 Tbs 6 tsp
oz .015L 1 Tbs 3 tsp

WEIGHT
Grains (gr) & Grams
gr x .065 = g
g x 15.432 = gr

(g)

Drams

(avdp)* & Ounces (avdp)

dr (avdp) x .062 = oz (avdp)
oz (avdp) x 16 = dr (avdp)

Cubic Inches &

Cubic Feet
in3 x .000579 = ft3
3
ft x 1,728 = in3

Pennyweight & Grams

dwt x 1.5552 = g
g x .643 = dwt

Cubic Feet &

Cubic Yards
ft3 x .037 = yd3
yd3 x 27 = ft3

Grams & Ounces (US)

g x .035 = oz
oz x 28.349 = g

Cubic Meters &

Cubic Yards
m3 x 1.308 = yd3
yd3 x .765 = m3

Ounces (troy) & Grains

oz tr x 480 = gr
gr x .00208 = oz tr
Ounces (troy) & Grams
oz tr x 31.103 = g
g x .032 = oz tr
Ounces (troy) & Ounces (avdp)
oz tr x 1.097 = oz (avdp)
oz (avdp) x .911 = oz tr

Ounces (avdp) & Pounds (avdp)

oz (avdp) x .0625 = lb (avdp)
lb (avdp) x 16 = oz (avdp)

Quarts & Pecks

qt x .125 = pk
pk x 8 = qt

Milligrams & Grains

mg x .015 = gr
gr x 64.799 = mg

Pecks (US) &

Bushels (US)
pk x .25 = bu
bu x 4 = pk

Grains & Carats

gr x .32399 = c
c x 3.0865 = gr
Grams & Carats (metric)
g x 5 = c (metric)
c (metric) x .2 = g

Bushels (US) &

Barrels (US)*
bu x .0305 = bbl
bbl x 3.281 = bu
Bushels (UK) &
Bushels (US)
bu (US) x .969 = bu (UK)
bu (UK) x 1.032 = bu (US)
* A barrel is not the same container as a steel drum, which
typically holds 55 gallons (US).
Barrels come in different sizes
based on their contents, as
defined by various statutes.
Oil = 42 gal
Beer = 31 gal (US)
Beer = 50 liters (Europe)
Dry Goods = 7,056 in3
Cranberries = 5,826 in3
Flour = 196 lbs.
Cornmeal = 200 lbs.
Cement = 376 lbs.
Lime = 280 lbs.

Milligrams & Carats (metric)

mg x .005 = c (metric)
c (metric) x 200 = mg
Pounds & Kilograms
lb x .454 = kg
kg x 2.205 = lb
Tons (long) & Pounds (avdp)
lt x 2,240 = lbs (avdp)
lbs (avdp) x .0004464 = lt
Tons (short) & Pounds (avdp)
sht x 2,000 = lbs (avdp)
lbs (avdp) x .0005 = sht
Tonnes (metric) & Pounds (avdp)
t x 2204.62 = lbs (avdp)
lbs (avdp) x .0004536 = t
*avdp = avoirdupois
(from French), meaning goods
of weight

KITCHEN DRY MEASURES

1 cup
cup
cup
cup
cup
cup
cup
cup
cup

8 fl
6 fl
5 fl
4 fl
2 fl
2 fl
1 fl
fl
fl

oz
oz
oz
oz
oz
oz
oz
oz
oz

16 Tbs
12 Tbs
10 Tbs
8 Tbs
5 Tbs
4 Tbs
2 Tbs
1 Tbs
Tbs

48
36
32
24
16
12
6
3
1

tsp
tsp
tsp
tsp
tsp
tsp
tsp
tsp
tsp

237
177
158
118
79
59
30
15
5

ml
ml
ml
ml
ml
ml
ml
ml
ml

LUMBER SIZES
Nominal
inches

Actual (dry)
inches
mm

COMMON NAILS

Actual (green)
inches
mm

60d

THICKNESS
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
6
8

1
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
5
7

19
25
32
38
51
64
76
89
102
140
191

1
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
5
7

20
26
33
40
52
65
78
90
103
141
194

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
13
15

40
65
90
117
143
168
190
216
241
267
292
343
394

50d
40d
30d
20d
16d
12d

WIDTH
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
14
16

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
13
15

38
64
89
114
140
165
184
210
235
260
286
337
387

10d
9d
8d
7d
6d
5d
4d
1

NOT TO SCALE

BOLT GRADES

GEOMETRY
LENGTH

Rectangle

Stove Bolt

Area (A) = Width (w) x Height (h)

SAE Strength Standard Markings

Strongest

Weakest

Hex Bolt

Carriage Bolt

Triangle

Machine Screw

Bolt to Screw

Pythagorean Theorem:

If a right triangle has hypotenuse

(c) and sides (a) and (b), then:
c2 = a2 + b2

a
a
h

0, 1 & 2

Cone

Volume (V) = r2h

3
Area of curved surface:
A = rr2+h2

8
9
10

Sphere

11

Circle

Area (A) = r 2
Circumference (C) = 2r
= 3.1416 r= radius

h
r

LENGTH IN INCHES

Volume (V) = 4r3

3
Surface Area: A = 4r2

S
O
F
T

W
O
O
D

H
A
R
D

W
O
O
D

12

Oval Head

Round Head

Flat Head

16

Right Cylinder

18

Common Sizes

Volume (V) = r2h

Lateral surface area (A) = 2rh

20

Some Availability

24

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5

Screw Length

14

NOTE: There is no 4 grade.

STANDARD WOOD SCREWS

S
H
A
N
K

Area (A) = (a+b) x h

2

Bolt to Bolt

PILOT
HOLE
SIZES
G
A
U
G
E

Trapezoid
b

Area (A) = Base (b) x Height (h)

FAHRENHEIT-TO-CELSIUS CONVERSION
F

-50
-49
-48
-47
-46
-45
-44
-43
-42
-41
-40
-39
-38
-37
-36
-35
-34
-33
-32
-31
-30
-29
-28
-27

-45.6
-45.0
-44.4
-43.9
-43.3
-42.8
-42.2
-41.7
-41.1
-40.6
-40.0
-39.4
-38.9
-38.3
-37.8
-37.2
-36.7
-36.1
-35.6
-35.0
-34.4
-33.9
-33.3
-32.8

-26
-25
-24
-23
-22
-21
-20
-19
-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3

-32.2
-31.7
-31.1
-30.6
-30.0
-29.4
-28.9
-28.3
-27.8
-27.2
-26.7
-26.1
-25.6
-25.0
-24.4
-23.9
-23.3
-22.8
-22.2
-21.7
-21.1
-20.6
-20.0
-19.4

-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

-18.9
-18.3
-17.8
-17.2
-16.7
-16.1
-15.5
-15.0
-14.4
-13.9
-13.3
-12.8
-12.2
-11.6
-11.1
-10.5
-10.0
-9.4
-8.9
-8.3
-7.8
-7.2
-6.7
-6.1

22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

-5.5
-5.0
-4.4
-3.9
-3.3
-2.8
-2.2
-1.7
-1.1
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.1
1.7
2.2
2.8
3.3
3.9
4.4
5.0
5.5
6.1
6.7
7.2

46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69

7.8
8.3
8.9
9.4
10.0
10.5
11.1
11.7
12.2
12.8
13.3
13.9
14.4
15.0
15.5
16.1
16.7
17.2
17.8
18.3
18.9
19.4
20.0
20.5

70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93

21.1
21.7
22.2
22.8
23.3
23.9
24.4
25.0
25.5
26.1
26.7
27.2
27.8
28.3
28.9
29.4
30.0
30.5
31.1
31.7
32.2
32.8
33.3
33.9

94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

34.4
35.0
35.5
36.1
36.7
37.2
37.8
38.3
38.9
39.4
40.0
40.5
41.1
41.7
42.2
42.8
43.3
43.9
44.4
45.0
45.5
46.1
46.7
47.2

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141

47.8
48.3
48.9
49.4
50.0
50.5
51.1
51.7
52.2
52.8
53.3
53.9
54.4
55.0
55.5
56.1
56.7
57.2
57.8
58.3
58.9
59.4
60.0
60.5

142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165

61.1
61.7
62.2
62.8
63.3
63.9
64.4
65.0
65.5
66.1
66.7
67.2
67.8
68.3
68.9
69.4
70.0
70.5
71.1
71.7
72.2
72.8
73.3
73.9

166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189

74.4
75.0
75.5
76.1
76.7
77.2
77.8
78.3
78.9
79.4
80.0
80.5
81.1
81.7
82.2
82.8
83.3
83.9
84.4
85.0
85.5
86.1
86.7
87.2

190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212

87.8
88.3
88.9
89.4
90.0
90.5
91.1
91.7
92.2
92.8
93.3
93.9
94.4
95.0
95.5
96.1
96.7
97.2
97.8
98.3
98.9
99.4
100.0

TC X 1.8 + 32 = TF

WIND CHILL INDEX (F) REVISED 2001

0 mph

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5 mph

36

31

25

19

13

-5

-11

10 mph 34
15 mph 32

27
25

21
19

15
13

9
6

-4

-7

20 mph 30

24

17

11

-2

-9

25 mph 29

23

16

-4

-11

30 mph 28

22

15

-5

-12

35 mph 28

21

14

-7

-14

40 mph 27

20

13

-1

-8

45 mph 26

19

12

-2

-9

-10

-16

-13

-19

-15

HEAT INDEX

-16

-22

-22

-28

-26

-32
-35

-28

-34

-35

-41

-39

-45

-42

-48

-40
-47
-51
-55

-46
-53
-58
-61

-52
-59
-64
-68

-57 -63
-66 -72
-71 -77

-22

-29

-74 -81

-17

-24

-31

-37

-44

-51

-58

-64

-71

-78 -84

-19

-26

-33

-39

-46

-53

-60

-67

-73

-80 -87

-21

-27

-34

-41

-48

-55

-62

-69

-76

-52 -89

-15

-22

-29

-36

-43

-50

-57

-64

-71

-78

-84 -91

-16

-23

-30

-37

-44

-51

-58

-65

-72

-79

-86 -93

50 mph 26
19 12
4
-3 -10 -17 -24 -31 -38 -45 -52 -60 -67 -74 -81 -88 -95
WINDCHILL (F) = 35.74 + 0.6215T - 35.75(V0.16) + 0.4275T(V0.16 ) V = WIND SPEED (mph) T (F) = AIR TEMP.

SAFFIR-SIMPSON HURRICANE SCALE

CAT.

IN. MERCURY MILLIBARS

> 28.94

WIND/KPH

WIND/MPH

WIND/KNOTS SURGE/FT

74-95

119-153

> 980

CURRENT TEMPERATURE F

-5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 -45

64-82

4-5

R
E
L
A
T
I
V
E
H
U
M
I
D
I
T
Y

Moderate. Overturned mobile homes, downed trees,

shingles blown off and some signs down.

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

64

69

73

78

83

87

91

10%

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

20%

66

72

77

82

87

93

99

30%

67

73

78

84

90

96

10 4

40%

68

74

79

86

93

101

11 0

50%

69

75

81

88

96

107

12 0

60%

70

76

82

90

100

114

13 2

70%

70

77

85

93

106

124

14 4

80%

71

78

86

97

113

136

15 7

90%

71

79

88

102

122

150

17 0

100%

72

80

91

108

133

166

184

BEAUFORT WIND SCALE

DAMAGE LIKELY
Minimal. Broken trees, shrubs and street signs. Inwater boat and mobile home damage.

0
0%

WIND SPEED
KPH

MPH

KNOTS

DESCRIPTION

calm

1-5

1-3

1-3

light air

6 - 11

4-7

4-6

light breeze

28.50-28.91

965-979

154-177

96-110

83-95

6-8

27.91-28.47

945-964

178-209

111-130

96-113

9-12

27.17-27.88

920-944

210-249

131-155

114-135

13-18

Extreme. Roofs blown off, building walls collapsed.

Storm surge near beach flooding homes.

12 - 19

8 - 12

7 - 10

gentle breeze

> 18

Catastrophic. Concrete structures damaged. Small

structures and cars overturned and blown away.

20 - 28

13 - 18

11 - 16

moderate breeze

29 - 38

19 - 24

17 - 21

fresh breeze

39 - 49

25 - 31

22 - 27

strong breeze

50 - 61

32 - 38

28 - 33

near gale

< 27.17

< 920

> 249

> 155

> 135

FUJITA-PEARSON

SUN TANNING INDEX

TORNADO SCALE REVISED 2007

SKIN PROTECTION FACTOR # TO USE

CLASS

TYPE SKIN REACTION

Tans little or not at all,
1 always burns easily &
severely, then peels
Usually burns easily &
2 severely; tans minimally
& lightly, also peels

EXAMPLES

People with fair skin, blue

12-20
or hazel eyes, blonde or
red hair

Burns moderately, gains Average caucasian

Burns minimally, tans

4 easily & above average
with each exposure

People with light brown

skin, dark brown hair,
dark eyes

Rarely burns, tans easily Brown-skinned persons

5 & substantially

6 Tans profusely & never

burns

SPF#

People with fair skin, blue

eyes, freckles, white,
20-30
unexposed skin

3 average tan

Black-skinned persons

Extensive. Large trees down; signs, awnings and

windows broken. Mobile homes destroyed.

F
F
F
F
F
F

0
1
2
3
4
5

KPH

MPH

DAMAGE LIKELY

64 - 116
117 - 180
181 - 253
254 - 332
333 - 419
420 - 512

40 - 72
73 - 112
113 - 157
158 - 207
208 - 260
261 - 318

light
moderate
considerable
severe
devastating
incredible

62 - 74

39 - 46

34 - 40

gale

75 - 88

47 - 54

41 - 47

strong gale

89 - 102

55 - 63

48 - 55

10

storm

103 - 117 64 - 72

56 - 63

11

violent storm

> 64

12

hurricane

> 118

> 73

SMALL CRAFT
ADVISORY
GALE
WARNING
STORM
WARNING

HURRICANE WARNING

8-10

ULTRAVIOLET
INDEX

Price: U.S. $4.95 / CAN. $7.50

5-8

VALUE EXPOSURE

quickstudy.com

free downloads &

hundreds of titles at

4
2

0-2

Minimal

3-4

Low

5-6

Moderate

7-9

High

> 10

Very High

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in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy,
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Customer Hotline # 1.800.230.9522

4

TROPICAL STORM
WARNING

(TF - 32)/1.8 = TC

ISBN-13: 978-142320710-8
ISBN-10: 142320710-6