WIRAUSAHA
WIRAUSAHA
Kewirausahaan adalah suatu nilai yang diwujudkan dalam perilaku yang dijadikan
dasar sumber daya, tenaga penggerak, tujuan, siasat, kiat, proses dan hasil bisnis
(Achmad Sanusi, 1994).
Kewirausahaan adalah suatu kemampuan untuk menciptakan sesuatu yang baru dan
berbeda (ability to create the new and different). (Drucker, 1959).
Kewirausahaan adalah suatu nilai yang diperlukan untuk memulai suatu usaha (starup phase) dan perkembangan usaha (venture growth). (Soeharto Prawiro, 1997).
Ciri-ciri atau karakteristik wirausaha tercermin dari sifat-sifat yang ada dalam diri
seseorang. Ada beberapa sifat tertentu yang akan mewarnai jiwa kewirausahaan seseorang,
antara lain:
1. Inisiatif
Seorang wirausaha harus mempunyai inisiatif, yaitu prakarsa atau ikhtiar dalam
membuka peluang atau membangun kegiatan yang berguna bagi dirinya dan orang lain.
2. Disiplin
Dalam menjalankan kehidupan dan kegiatan usahanya, wirausahawan dituntut untuk
memiliki kedisiplinan. Kedislipinan harus diterapkan dalam berbagai hal, sesuai dengan
usaha yang sedang dijalankan.
3. Komitmen Tinggi
Untuk mendukung tercapainya keberhasilan usaha, wirausaha harus mempunyai
komitmen yang tinggi terhadap jegiatan usaha yang dijalankannya.
4. Jujur
Sifat jujur adalah perilaku utama yang harus ditonjolkan wirausaha untuk membangun
kepercayaan (kredibilitas) dari semua pihak antara lain mitra kerja, kreditor, dan pelanggan.
Untuk dapat mencapai tujuan yang diharapkan, maka setiap orang memerlukan
ciri-ciri dan juga memiliki sifat-sifat dalam kewirausahaan. Ciri-ciri seorang
wirausaha adalah:
Percaya diri
Pengambil risiko
Kepemimpinan
Keorisinilan
Bertingkah laku sebagai pemimpin, dapat bergaul dengan orang lain dan
suka terhadap saran dan kritik yang membangun.
Memiliki inovasi dan kreativitas tinggi, fleksibel, serba bisa dan memiliki
jaringan bisnis yang luas.
Memiliki persepsi dan cara pandang yang berorientasi pada masa depan.
When it comes to choosing a candidate for a new job or a promotion, employers consistently
say they want a team player.
This means someone who can "put the team goals and the team accountability ahead of their
own individual situation," says Steve Kass, president for the Great Plains district of Robert
Half International (RHI).
But how, exactly, do you go about showing that you're a team player? Experts offer the
following five suggestions for concrete ways you can show your dedication to the team.
1. Meet Your Deadlines
When Accountemps, a division of RHI, surveyed senior executives at large companies about
what it meant to be a team player, the most common reply was "meets deadlines."
When you're doing one part of a larger project, as is often the case when you're on a team at
work, you can hold up everyone else if you don't get your work done on time. A good team
player is someone other team members know they can depend on.
2. Be Candid
Glenn Parker, a team-building consultant in Princeton, New Jersey, and author of Team
Players and Teamwork: New Strategies for Developing Successful Collaboration, believes
companies used to have a one-dimensional view of a team player: someone who worked hard
and didn't ask questions. "But the world has changed," he says. "The idea of just supporting
things is not as valued as it was."
Indeed, in the Accountemps survey, "supports his or her manager" was low on the list of
qualities a team player should have. This doesn't mean managers want to be undermined -but many do appreciate suggestions and constructive criticism.
3. Adapt Quickly
You may work with teams whose members are in different locations. It's likely you'll be a
member of several different teams at work, too, each focused on a different goal.
Today, with advances in technology, increased globalization and more diversity in the
workplace, team players need to be "more complex, adaptive, creative and flexible," Parker
says.
One way to demonstrate how adaptable you are is to offer to change the way you work if it
seems like it would help your teammates, Kass said.
Attitude is important, too. People used to assume that trust among team members had to be
built over a long period. In today's fast-paced business world, there may not be time for that.
So, Parker says, successful team members begin by assuming that their coworkers are
capable, dependable and engaged.
4. Appreciate Others' Work Styles
One person may be good at facilitating communication; another likes to challenge the group's
assumptions. The best teams will have a mix of these styles and members who appreciate
each other's contributions.
"The really good team player, regardless of style, is somebody who can understand and
appreciate and work with people whose style is different from theirs," Parker says.
5. Avoid Politics
In Accountemps' survey, avoiding workplace politics was second only to meeting deadlines
when it came to defining a good team player. "This means that you don't let yourself get
distracted by issues that aren't crucial to the team's mission," Kass says.
Tujuan analisis lingkungan adalah untuk dapat mengerti dan memahami lingkungan
oraganisasi sehingga manajemen akan dapat melakukan reaksi secara tepat terhadap setiap
perubahan, selain itu agar manajemen mempunyai kemampuan merespon berbagai isu kritis
mengenai lingkungan yang mempunyai pengaruh yang cukup kuat terhadap perusahaan.
Lingkungan terdiri dari lingkungan eksternal dan lingkungan internal. Lingkungan eksternal
berada di luar perusahaan sedangkan lingkungan internal berada di dalam perusahaan.
Lingkungan eksternal:
Terdiri dari dua bagian yaitu lingkungan tugas dan lingkungan umum
Lingkungan internal:
3. Memformulasikan strategi
Formulasi strategi melibatkan penetapan serangkaian tindakan yang tepat guna mencapai
tujuan perusahaan. Formulasi strategi ini meliputi pengembangan misi bisnis, analisa
SWOT:mengidentifikasi peluang dan ancaman eksternal serta mengukur dan menetapkan
kelemahan dan kekuatan internal dan menetapkan tujuan jangka panjang.
Analisa SWOT