)
Launching the New Ship of State
1789-1800
Writing Guided Notes Down Helps!!! (Try to copy these explained ones
down)
Blue writing points out causes while the green writing shows effects!
Growth and Building of the Nation:
The American population was doubling every 25 years in the late
1700s.
George Washington was elected as President in 1789. He took the oath
of office on April 30, 1789. George Washington established the cabinet.
Washington's cabinet included: Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson,
Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, and Secretary of War
Henry Knox.
James Madison wrote the Bill of Rights and encouraged Congress to
pass it in 1791. The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the federal court
system, this included the Supreme Court. It also created the office of
attorney general.
John Jay became the first Chief Justice. Alexander Hamilton had a goal
to fix the financial system of America. He was initially determined to
strengthen national credit. He wanted the federal government to pay
off its debts at face value plus interest. He also pushed for assumption,
in which the federal government would pay states' debts. States with
large debts, like Massachusetts, accepted Hamilton's proposal, but
states with small debts, like Virginia, did not want the government to
assume state debts. Congress passed Hamiltons plan in 1790.
Hamilton believed that a national debt was good for the country. He
believed that if people were owed something by the government that
they would be more interested in how it was being run. Hamilton
supported the tariff law of 1789 that imposed taxes on specific imports.
It protected small American industries and brought the needed
revenue to the government.
Congress passed an excise tax in 1971 on a few domestic items,
including whiskey. Which would later lead to the Whiskey Rebellion.
The Whiskey Rebellion in 1974 took place in Pennsylvania and was lead
by distillers who strongly opposed the 1791 excise tax on whiskey.
President Washington sent in federal troops to end the rebellion. The
troops faced no opposition and were not necessary, however
want to leave the valuable fur trade in the Great Lakes region, and the
British were often found selling firearms to Indian organizations that
would terrorize Americans. The Jeffersonian Democrat-Republicans felt
that American should go to war with Britain again in defense of
America's liberties. The Federalists opposed this action because they
believed that any hope for economic development depended on trade
with Britain.
In a last attempt to avoid war in 1794, President Washington sent Chief
Justice John Jay to London in order to negotiate. Jay debated a treaty,
which the Democrat-Republicans were against, known as Jay's Treaty.
The British promised to take men out of the chain of posts on U.S. soil
and to pay for the cost of the seizures of American ships. Britain did
not agree to end future ship seizures or to stop their supply of arms to
the Native Americans. The U.S. agreed to continue to pay the debts
owed to British merchants on pre-Revolutionary War accounts.
Pinckneys Treaty with Spain was made in response to Jay's Treaty. This
was due to the Spanish fear of an Anglo-American alliance. In 1795
Pinckney's Treaty with Spain granted the Americans free navigation of
the Mississippi River and the large territory north of Florida. In his
Farewell Address to the nation before he left office in 1797, Washington
urged against permanent alliances.
John Adams, who was Washington's Vice President, beat Thomas
Jefferson in 1797 to become to the 2nd President.
France was upset with Jay's Treaty because the French did not want
America to have friendly relations with Britain. Due to this displeasure
the French started capturing American merchant ships. In 1797
President John Adams sent John Marshall to France to negotiate. Hoping
the meet the French foreign minister Marshall was secretly approached
by three negotiators, who would be referred to later on as X, Y, and Z.
The French spokesmen demanded a bribe of $250,000 in order for
Marshall to talk to Talleyrand. Angered by the unreasonable dealings,
Marshall returned to the U.S. Due to the XYZ Affair, America began
preparations for war with France. The Navy Department was created
and the three-ship navy was expanded with the United States Marine
Corps being re-established. Because France did not want another
enemy, and they were not prepared for war, they agreed that if the
Americans sent another negotiator he would be given proper respect.
Napoleon Bonaparte was the dictator of France. Bonaparte signed the
Convention of 1800 with American representative John Jay in order to
ensure that France would not gain another enemy. It withdrew the
alliance between France and America that had come about during the
Revolutionary War. The agreement also called for France to return any
captured American ships while the U.S. was to pay the damage claims
of American shippers that were caused by the French.
In order to decrease the number of Jeffersonian followers the Federalist
Congress passed a series of oppressive laws aimed at "aliens" or
foreigners because many new American immigrants supported
Jefferson. The Alien Laws raised the residence requirements for aliens
who wanted to become citizens from 5 years to 14 years. The President
could also deport or jail foreigners in times of peace or hostilities. The
Sedition Act stated that anyone who inhibited the policies of the
government or falsely slandered its officials could be forced to pay a
heavy fine or be imprisoned. Due to the Alien and Sedition Acts
Kentucky and Virginia passed resolutions stating that the states had
the right to refuse laws created by the federal government that could
be considered unconstitutional. This was through the process of
nullification.
Bill of Rights- the first ten amendments written into the U.S.
Constitution in 1791. Purpose is to secure the key rights of
individuals and to reserve to the states the powers that are not
clearly given or forbidden by the Constitution.
Judiciary Act of 1789- this Act organized the federal legal system
by creating different levels of the court. The Supreme Court was
established as well as federal, district, and circuit courts. It also
created the office of the attorney general whose role is to
counsel legislators and state agencies.
Watch this video and always use lots of timelines, super helpful!!!
https://www.apstudynotes.org/us-history/timelines/1775-1800/
^^This is the timeline that relates to this chapters time period
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYWzcx7Quc0
^^Watch this video (and all of Adam Norris videos, he explains things
very well and they are also a good resource to use when reviewing for
the exam)
Changes/Continuities: there were many changes throughout chapter
10 that you (should have) read about and wrote down from the notes
above! However, a continuity, that is not as easily seen, is that
throughout this time period the American people and its leaders were
constantly working on shaping both the political and economic systems
as a new country that was separate from Britain.