Chapter 020

The Language Of
Medicine
10 edition
th
Davi-Ellen Chabner
Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Chapter 20
Radiology and
Nuclear Medicine
Chapter Goals
List the physical properties of x-rays.
Identify diagnostic techniques used by
radiologists and nuclear physicians.
Name x-ray views and patient
positions used in x-ray examinations.
Describe the role of radioactivity in
the diagnosis of disease.
Chapter Goals (contd)

Recognize medical terms used in
the specialties of radiology and
nuclear medicine.
Apply your new knowledge to
understanding medical terms in
their proper contexts, such as
medical reports and records.
Chapter 20
Lesson 20.1
Introduction
Radiology: medical specialty
concerned with the study of x-rays and
other technologies (such as ultrasound
and magnetic resonance) to produce
and interpret images of the human
body for diagnosis of disease
X-rays: invisible waves of energy
Nuclear medicine: use of radioactive
substances in the diagnosis of disease
Personnel in This Medical

Field
Radiologist
Nuclear physician
Radiologic technologists
Radiographers, nuclear medicine
technologists, sonographers
Characteristics of X-rays
Expose photographic plates

Penetrate substances
Invisible
Travel in straight lines
Scatter
Ionization
Diagnostic Techniques
X-Ray studies
Digital radiography
Computed tomography (CT)
Contrast studies
Barium sulfate: upper GI, lower GI
Iodine compounds: angiography,
arthrography, cholangiography,
digital subtraction angiography
(DSA), hysterosalpingography,
myelography, pyelography
Diagnostic Techniques
(contd)
Fluoroscopy
Digital imaging techniques
Interventional radiology
Ultrasound
Magnetic imaging or magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI or MR)
10
X-ray Positioning
Posteroanterior (PA) view: posterior
source to anterior detector
11
X-ray Positioning (contd)

Anteroposterior (AP) view: anterior
source to posterior detector
12

Lateral view: in left lateral view,
source at right of patient, to
detector at left of patient
13

Oblique view: source slanting
direction at angle from
perpendicular plane
14

To describe the position of patient:
Abductionmovement away from the midline
Adductionmovement toward the midline
Eversionturning outward
Extensionlengthening or straightening a
flexed limb
Flexionbending a part of the body
15

To describe the position of
patient:
Lateral decubituslying down on the side
Pronelying on the belly (face down)
Recumbentlying down (prone or supine)
Supinelying on the back (face up)
16
QUICK QUIZ:
1. Obstructing the passage of
x-rays:
A. radiopaque
B. radiolucent
C. radioisotope
D.radiopharmaceutical
17
Chapter 20
Lesson 20.2
Nuclear Medicine
Radionuclides/radioisotopes
Alpha particles, beta particles,
gamma rays
Nuclear medicine tests

In vitro: test tube
In vivo: in the body
19
In Vitro Procedures
Analysis of blood and urine
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) uses
radioactive chemicals and antibodies
to detect hormones and drugs in the
patients blood (for example, digitalis
detection, hypothyroidism in
newborns).
20
In Vivo Procedures
Radioactive substance given
directly to patient to evaluate
organ function or image
Radiopharmaceutical (labeled
compound) concentrates in organ
Scintiscanner (gamma camera)
detection instrument produces picture
(scintiscan)
21
Procedures Using
Radionuclides
Bone scan
Lymphoscintigra
phy
Positron
emission
tomography
(PET) scan
PET/CT scan
Single-photon
emission computed
tomography
(SPECT)
Technetium Tc-99m
sestamibi
(Cardiolite) scan
Thallium (Tl) scan
Thyroid scan
22
Focus on PET Scan

Radioisotopes (emission of positrons)
instead of contrast x-rays
Intravenous injection
Concentrates radioisotopes in tissues
where the radionuclide is or is not being
metabolized
Useful in treating stroke, epilepsy,
Alzheimer disease, brain tumors,
abdominal and pulmonary malignancies
23
Focus on SPECT
Intravenous injection of radioactive
tracer
Computer reconstruction of 3-D
image based on many views
Detects liver tumors, cardiac
ischemia, diseases of bone and
spine
24
Vocabulary
computed
tomography (CT)
contrast studies
gamma camera
gamma rays
25
Vocabulary (contd)
computed
tomography
(CT)
contrast studies
gamma camera
gamma rays
Diagnostic x-ray procedure that

produces a cross-sectional image of a
specific body segment
Radiopaque materials are injected to
obtain contrast with surrounding tissue
when shown on x-ray film
Machine to detect gamma rays
emitted from radiopharmaceuticals
High-energy rays emitted by
radioactive substances in tracer
studies
26
Vocabulary (contd)
half-life
interventional
radiology
in vitro
in vivo
27
Vocabulary (contd)
half-life
Time required for a radioactive substance to

lose half its radioactivity by disintegration
or diagnostic procedures
interventional Therapeutic
performed by a radiologist
radiology
in vitro
in vivo
Process, test, or procedure performed,

measured, or observed outside a living
organism
Process, test, or procedure is performed,
measured, or observed within a living
organism
28
Vocabulary (contd)
ionization
magnetic
resonance
imaging (MRI)
nuclear medicine
29
Vocabulary (contd)
ionization
Transformation of electrically
neutral substances into electrically
charged particles
magnetic
resonance
imaging (MRI)
nuclear medicine
Use of magnetic field and radio

waves to produce sagittal, coronal,
and axial images of the body
Medical specialty that studies uses
of radioactive substances in
diagnosis of disease
30
Vocabulary (contd)
positron emission
tomography (PET)
radioimmunoassa
y
radioisotope
31
Vocabulary (contd)
positron emission
tomography (PET)
Use of positron-emitting radioactive

substances given intravenously to
create a cross-sectional image of
cellular metabolism
radioimmunoassa
y
Test that combines radioactive

chemicals and antibodies to detect
minute quantities of substances in
a patients blood
radioisotope
Radioactive form of an element ;

radionuclide
32
Vocabulary (contd)
radiolabeled
compound
radiology
radiolucent
radionuclide
33
Vocabulary (contd)
radiolabeled
compound
Radiopharmaceutical; used in
nuclear medicine studies
radiology
Medical specialty concerned with

the study of x-rays and their use in
diagnosis of disease
radiolucent
Permitting the passage of x-rays
radionuclide
Radioactive form of an element;

radioisotope
34
Vocabulary (contd)
radiopaque
radiopharmaceuti
cal
scan
scintigraphy
35
Vocabulary (contd)
radiopaque
Obstructing the passage of x-rays
radiopharmaceuti
cal
Radioactive drug used for diagnostic

and therapeutic purposes
scan
Image of an area, organ or tissue of

the body obtained from ultrasound,
radioactive tracer studies, CT, or MRI
scintigraphy
Diagnostic nuclear medicine test

using radiopharmaceuticals and
gamma cameras to create images
36
Vocabulary (contd)
single photon
emission
computed
tomography
(SPECT)
tagging
tracer studies
37
Vocabulary (contd)
single photon
emission
computed
tomography
(SPECT)
tagging
tracer studies
Radioactive tracer is injected

intravenously and a computer
reconstructs a 3D-image based
on a composite of many views
Attaching a radionuclide to a
chemical and following its path
in the body
Use of radionuclide tags
attached to chemicals and
followed as they travel through
the body
38
Vocabulary (contd)
ultrasonography
(US, U/S)
ultrasound
transducer
uptake
ventilationperfusion
studies
39
Vocabulary (contd)
ultrasonography
(US, U/S)
Diagnostic technique that projects and

retrieves high-frequency sound waves
as they echo off body parts
ultrasound
transducer
Handheld device that sends and

receives ultrasound signals
uptake
Rate of absorption of a radionuclide

into an organ or tissue
Ventilation and perfusion of a

ventilationradiopharmaceutical followed by
perfusion studies imaging its passage through the
respiratory tract
40
QUICK QUIZ:
2. Which of the following is a
handheld device that
sends and receives
ultrasound signals?
A. Gamma camera
B. Roentgenology
C. Radioisotope
D.Transducer
41
Combining Forms,
Suffixes, Prefixes, and
COMBINING FORMS
Terminology
Combining Form
Meaning
fluor/o
__________
is/o
__________
pharmaceut/o __________
radi/o
__________
roentgen/o
__________
42
Combining Forms, Suffixes,

COMBINING FORMS
Prefixes, and Terminology

Combining Form
Meaning
(contd)
fluor/o
luminous
is/o
same
pharmaceut/o drug
radi/o
x-rays
roentgen/o
x-rays
43

(contd)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
son/o
therapeut/o
vitr/o
viv/o
Meaning
__________
__________
__________
__________
44

(contd)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
son/o
therapeut/o
vitr/o
viv/o
Meaning
sound
treatment
glass
life
45

(contd)
SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
__________
__________
__________
__________
-gram
-graphy
-lucent
-opaque
46

(contd)
SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
-gram
-graphy
recording
-lucent
-opaque
record
process of
to shine
obscure
47

(contd)
PREFIXES
Prefix
Meaning
cine echo ultra-
__________
__________
__________
48

(contd)
PREFIXES
Prefix
Meaning
cine echosound
ultra-
movement
a repeated
beyond
49
Abbreviations
Angio
AP
Ba
BE
C-spine
CT
CXR
Decub
DICOM
DI
50
Abbreviations (contd)
Angio
AP
Ba
BE
C-spine
CT
CXR
Decub
DICOM
DI
Angiography
Anteroposterior
Barium
Barium enema
Cervical spine films
Computed tomography
Chest x-ray (film)
Decubitus lying down
Digital image communication in medicine
Diagnostic imaging
51
DSA
ECHO
EUS
18F-FDG
Gd
123I
131I
IVP
KUB
LAT
52
DSA
ECHO
EUS
18F-FDG
Gd
123I
131I
IVP
KUB
LAT
Digital subtraction angiography

Echocardiography
Endoscopic ultrasonography
Fluorodeoxyglucose
Gadolinium
Isotope of radioactive iodine
Isotope of radioactive iodine
Intravenous pyelogram
Kidneys, ureters, bladder (series)
Lateral
53
LS films
L-spine
MDCT
MR, MRI
MRA
MRV
MUGA
PA
PACS
PET
PET/CT
RAIU
54
LS films
L-spine
MDCT
MR, MRI
MRA
MRV
MUGA
PA
PACS
PET
PET/CT
RAIU
Lumbosacral (spine) films

Lumbar spine
Multidetector CT scanner
Magnetic resonance, magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance angiography
Magnetic resonance venography
Multiple-gated acquisitions (scan)
Posteroanterior
Picture archival and communications system
Positron emission tomography
Positron emission tomography/computed
tomography
Radioactive iodine uptake (test)
55
RFA
SBFT
SPECT
99TC
201Tl
T-spine
UGI
US, U/S
V/Q scan
56
RFA
SBFT
SPECT
99TC
201Tl
T-spine
UGI
US, U/S
V/Q scan
Radiofrequency ablation
Small bowel follow-through
Singe photon emission computed
tomography
Radioactive technetium
Thallium-201
Thoracic spine
Upper gastrointestinal (series)
Ultrasound; ultrasonography
Ventilation-perfusion scan of the lungs
57
QUICK QUIZ:
3. Which term refers to
movement away from the
midline of the body?
A. Adduction
B. Abduction
C. PA
D.Inversion
58
QUICK QUIZ: (contd)

4. Which term refers to a
patient lying on the back?
A. Prone
B. Supine
C. Flexion
D.Lateral decubitus
59

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The Language Of

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Chapter Goals (contd)

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Personnel in This Medical

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Expose photographic plates

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

X-ray Positioning (contd)

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

X-ray Positioning (contd)

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

X-ray Positioning (contd)

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

X-ray Positioning (contd)

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

X-ray Positioning (contd)

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Nuclear medicine tests

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Focus on PET Scan

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Diagnostic x-ray procedure that

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Time required for a radioactive substance to

Process, test, or procedure performed,

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Use of magnetic field and radio

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Use of positron-emitting radioactive

Test that combines radioactive

Radioactive form of an element ;

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Medical specialty concerned with

Permitting the passage of x-rays

Radioactive form of an element;

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Obstructing the passage of x-rays

Radioactive drug used for diagnostic

Image of an area, organ or tissue of

Diagnostic nuclear medicine test

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Radioactive tracer is injected

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Diagnostic technique that projects and

Handheld device that sends and

Rate of absorption of a radionuclide

Ventilation and perfusion of a