Artificial Lift System L

ARTIFICIAL LIFT SYSTEM
Types
Selection, requirements & identification
PROF. DR. ARIFFIN SAMSURI
MYP 2513
ARTIFICIAL LIFT SYSTEM LEARNING OUTCOMES
Students must be able to:

Distinguish different type of artificial lift system
Identify & select the requirement for artificial lift
system
INTRODUCTION
Purpose:
To maintain a reduced producing bottom hole pressure so that formation
can give desired reservoir fluids required flowing bottom hole pressure
can be maintained for certain q
Design basis:
Maintaining required flowing bottom hole pressure for desired q
Requirement based on:

When well produced less than desired q
When well dead
Artificial Lift Fundamental
Reservoir pressure so low static fluid level below wellhead no natural flow
If PI sufficiently high & produced fluid contains enough gas flowing fluid pressure gradient
gives positive wellhead pressure well can flow but need kicked off by swabbing or other
techniques
Artificial Lift Fundamental
Pump installed create limited drawdown q
Maximises Potential Drawdown & q
Deeper pump create larger drawdown on formation & maximum potential production can
be achieved
ARTIFICIAL LIFT SYSTEM TYPE
Available types:
Sucker rod pump

Progressive cavity pump PCP
Hydraulic pump
Electrical submersible pump (ESP)
Electrical submersible progressive cavity pump (ESPCP)
Rotating rod pump
Sonic pump
Plunger lift
Gas lift
etc
Most popular artificial lift type
Various Artificial Lift Technique/Method
Pump Classification
SELECTION CONCEPT
Philosophy :
for maximum potential, select most economical type/system
Methods or steps include:

Operator experience
Method available for installation @ certain area
Possibility of working in adjoining or similar field
Method will lift @ desired q from required depth
Evaluating advantages & disadvantages
Expert system to both eliminate & select system
Evaluation of initial cost, operating costs, production
capabilities, etc
SELECTION CONCEPT cont.
Generally should consider:

geographic location,
capital cost,
operating cost,
production flexibility,
reliability,
mean time between failures,
reservoir pressure,
well productivity,
reservoir fluids,
long-term reservoir performance &
facility constraints
In most cases, what has worked best or which lift method performs best in similar field serve
as selection criteria, together with consideration on equipment services available
type/system which provides highest present value for project life will be
selected
ARTIFICAL LIFT TECHNIQUE SELECTION CRITERIA

FACTOR TO BE CONSIDERED:
1.
Well & reservoir characteristics

1.
Well factor
2.
Reservoir factor
3.
Reservoir properties especially drive & type
Fluid factor
2.
Well geometry, performance, especially PI, q
Fluid properties particularly GOR, composition, SG, viscosity
Field location & environment
Well location & environment pollution
3.
Operational problems
4.
Economics
5.
Implementation of artificial lift selection techniques
6.
Long term reservoir performance & facility constraints
WELL & RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Production casing size

Maximum size of production tubing & required production rate
Annular & tubing safety systems
Producing formation depth & deviation
Nature of produced fluids
Well inflow characteristics
Influence of IPR on Production @ Drawdown Increased
Influence of IPR on production increase achieved when well

drawdown increased
FIELD LOCATION & ENVIRONMENT
Offshore platform design dictates maximum physical size and weight of

artificial lift equipment can be installed
Onshore environment strongly influence artificial lift selection:
Urban location requiring minimum visual & acoustic impact
Remote location with minimum availability of support infrastructure or regular access to well
Climatic extremes,
e.g. arctic operations will limit practical choices
Wellhead processing facilities distance will determine minimum wellhead

flowing pressure
E.g. ESP more attractive than gas lift since extra pressure drop @ flowline, due to injected
gas, makes gas lift unsuitable option
Power source available for prime mover will impact detailed equipment
design & reliability
E.g. voltage spikes reduce ESPs electrical motor lifetime.
OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS
Sand production
gas lift more tolerant to solids than centrifugal pump
Inhibitor can be carried in the power fluid for hydraulic pump suitable for massive organic & inorganic deposits such as
paraffin, asphaltene, scale & hydrate
ECONOMICS
Full life cycle of economic analysis : operating cost vs initial capital cost to
installed artificial lift
If capital cost to installed small as compared to total project costs and benefit to
increased revenue & reduced operating cost installed artificial lift
Need to consider:
Capital cost vs total operating cost & benefit
Reliability (maintenance & operator costs)
Energy efficiency
Maintenance cost depend on: location, service company infrastructure

Number of well (economic scale) operating costs
Need for automation & centralised facilities operating costs
Operational staff skill @ artificial lift technique
Energy Efficiency Comparison
Energy Efficiency of Various Artificial Lift Method
Only ESP & PCP have EE > 50%
IMPLEMENTATION
Need to consider, how to:
Determine the optimum type of artificial lift for a given well
Matching facility constraints, artificial lift capabilities & well
productivity efficient lift installation ?
Environmental factor
Geographical factor
Production problems: sand & paraffin production
Reservoir fluid characteristics
Example:
Populated area : sucker rod pump is not suitable
GLR: suitable for gas lift but problem for all pumps
Long Term Reservoir Performance
Problems in artificial lift selection & sizing 2 approaches

1. Equipment installed can handle well production & production condition @ lifetime
oversize equipment based on producing large water
equipment operate at poor efficiency due to underloading at early production

life
2. Design for current well producing conditions and not worry about future
many changes in type of lift equipment @ wells producing life

low cost operation @ short term but large sums money spent later to change
artificial lift equipment and/or completion
Facility Constraints
In new field development; fluid handling equipment may significantly increase size &
cost of facilities required
Rod pump & ESP : only produced fluid handled through facilities
Gas lift requires injection gas compression & distribution facilities & circulating lift gas increases size of
production facilities required
Hydraulic pump needs power fluid volume equal to produced fluid volume
Wellbore size need to be consider for desired flow rate
Casing designed to minimize drilling cost limitation on artificial lift equipment can be installed
Smaller casing size higher long term production cost due to well servicing problems, gas separation
problems etc.
METHOD/TYPE SELECTION
Examples
1.
Well factor
2.
Reservoir factor
3.
Water drive reservoir gas lift if adequate high pressure supply available
Fluid factor
4.
Big volume shallow well continuous flow gas lift, centrifugal pump, hydraulic pump
Small volume shallow well sucker rod pump
Small volume deviated deep well hydraulic pump
High GOR Gas lift

Crude with paraffin content Not suitable for hydraulic pump
High viscosity & low gravity crude Not suitable for hydraulic pump
High viscosity crude sucker rod pump
Environmental factor
To reduce pollution gas lift, hydraulic pump

Offshore, remote area or wash land area less maintenance/treatment type, such as
gas lift or hydraulic pump
Typical application areas of

artificial lift techniques
SUCKER ROD PUMP
Oldest and most widely used for oil wells
Working principal:
As energy transmitted from prime mover to polished rod, speed reducer @ gear box
reduces the speed
Rotary motion translated to reciprocating motion through crank, pitman & beam
Sucker rod string transmit horsepower from beam to pump
Downhole plunger moved up-down by a rod connected to engine @ surface
When pump actuated, work done on the well fluid as it is lifted to surface
Plunger movement displaces produced fluid into tubing via pump (with travelling &
standing valves within pump barrel)
Moved up-down fluid displaces surface @ q
principal parts:
Pump
Sucker rod string
Pumping unit
Prime mover
Sucker Rod Pump Surface Equipments
Surface Equipment @ Sucker Rod Pump
Sucker Rop Pump Operation
Sucker Rod Operation
SUCKER ROD PUMP

Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages:
New wells, lower volume cost effective over time & simple
system & easier to operate.
Lifting moderate volume from shallow depth (1000 BPD @
7000 ft)
Lifting small volume from intermediate depth (200 BPD @
14000 ft)
Disadvantages:
Most incompatible with deviated (doglegged) wells
Limited ability to produce sand-laden fluids
Paraffin & scale can interfere
Free gas interference can reduces pump efficiency
Leaking problems @ polished-rod stuffing box
ROD PUMP
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
1. Capital cost
2. Downhole equipment
3. Operating efficiency (hydraulic hp / input hp)
4. System Flexibility
5. Miscellaneous Problems
6. Operating costs
7. System Reliability
8. Salvage Value
9. System Total
10.Usage/Outlook
ROD PUMP
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Capital cost
Low to moderate
Increases as depth and unit size increases
Downhole equipment
Reasonably good rod design & operating practices needed

Data bank of failures beneficial
Good selection, operating, and repair practices needed for rods & pumps
Operating efficiency (hydraulic hp / input hp)

Excellent total system efficiency
With full pump fillage, efficiency typically 45 to 60%
System Flexibility
Excellent
Can alter strokes per minute, stroke length, plunger size & run time to control
production rate
Miscellaneous Problems
Stuffing box leakage may be messy & potential hazard
Rod Pump
Design Considerations
Operating costs
Low for shallow to medium depth (<7000 ft) onland with low production (<400 BFPD)
System Reliability
Excellent
Run time efficiency >95% if good rod practices followed
Salvage Value
Excellent
Easily moved & good market for used equipment
System Total
Straightfoward & basic procedures to design, install & operate following API specs and
RPs.
Each well is an individual system
Usage/Outlook
Excellent
Used on 85% of US artificial lift wells
Normal standard artificial lift method
ROD PUMP
NORMAL OPERATING CONSIDERATIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Casing Size Limits

Depth Limits
Intake Capabilities
Noise Level
Obstrusiveness
Prime Mover Flexibility
Surveillance
Relative Ease of Well Testing
Time Cycle & Pump Off
ROD PUMP
Casing Size Limits

Problem in high rate well (required large plunger pump)
Small casing sizes (4.5 5.5 in.) may limit free gas separation
Depth Limits
Good
Rod / structure may limit rate at depth
Effectively, 150 BPD at 15000 ft, 100 to 11000 ft typical, 16000 ft maximum
Intake Capabilities
Excellent, <25psi provided adequate displacement & gas venting
Typically, 50 100 psig
Noise Level
Fair
Moderate high for urban areas
Obstrusiveness
Size & operation drawbacks in populated & farming areas
ROD PUMP
Surveillance
Good
Both engine & motor can be used easily
Motor more reliable & fliexible
Excellent
Can be easily analyzed @ well test, fluid level, etc
Improved analysis by use of dynamometers & computer
Good
Well testing simple with few problems with use of standard available
equipment & procedures
Excellent if well can be pumped off
ROD PUMP
SPECIAL PROBLEMS & CONSIDERATIONS
1. Corrosion/Scale Handling Ability

2. Crooked/Deviated Holes
3. Duals Applications
4. Gas Handling Ability
5. Offshore Application
6. Paraffin Handling Capability
7. Slimhole Completions
8. Solids/Sand Handling Ability
9. Temperature Limitations
10. High Viscosity Fluid Handling Capability
11. High Volume Lift Capability
12. Low Volume Lift Capability
ROD PUMP
Corrosion/Scale Handling Ability
Crooked/Deviated Holes
Good if can vent & use gas anchor with proper designed pump
Poor if must pump (50%) free gas
Offshore Application
Fair, parallel 2x2 in. low rate feasible inside 7 in. casing
Inside 5.5 in. not in fovor, potential gas problem from lower zone, increased mechanical problems
Gas Handling Ability
Fair, increased load & wear problems

High angle deviated holes (>70o) & horizontal wells are being produced
Some success in 15o/100ft dogleg severity with use of rod guides
Typical: 0 20, 0 90o, <15o/100 maximum
Duals Applications
Good to excellent
Batch treating inhibitor down annulus feasible
Poor, must design for unit size, weight, & pulling units space
Air balanced is lightest unit
Paraffin Handling Capability
Good / excellent
Hot water / oil treating and/or use of scrapers possible, but increase operating costs
ROD PUMP
Slimhole Completions
Feasible for low rates (<100BPD) & low GOR (<250)
Solids/Sand Handling Ability

Fair for low viscosity (<10cp) production
Improved performance for high viscosity (>200cp)
May be able to handle up to 0.1% sand
Temperature Limitations
Excellent, currently used in thermal operations (550oF)
High Viscosity Fluid Handling Capability

Good for up to <200cp & low rates (400 BPD)
Diluent, downhole stuffing box or other methods for higher rates
High Volume Lift Capability

Fair, restricted to shallow depths with use of large plungers
Maximum rate 4000 BFPD from 1000 ft, and 1000 BFPD from 5000 ft
Low Volume Lift Capability
Excellent.
Most commonly used for wells producing <100 BFPD
Sucker Rod Pump Operational Diagnosis
Pump conditions can be evaluated by measuring

load at top of polished rod as function of its
position dynamometer card recording
Practical problems:
Excessive rod or pump friction

Restriction in flow-path
Vibrations
Sticking plunger, leaking travelling or standing valves
Gas presence in pump barrel and viscous emulsion
formation.
Dynamic load experienced by properly operating pump
HYDRAULIC PUMP
Use high pressure fluid to:
Drive downhole turbine or positive pump, or
Flow through venturi or jet, creating low pressure
area which produces increased drawdown and
inflow from reservoir
Two types:
Hydraulic jet pump
Reciprocating positive displacement pump
Hydraulic Pump Completion
Hydraulic Pump
Hydraulic Pump Positive Displacement Pump
Positive Displacement Hydraulic Pump Operation
Jet or Venturi Pump Operation
Jet or Venturi Pump Operation
Venturi/nozzle -- reduced pressure pressure energy converted into velocity

High velocity low pressure flow of power fluid commingles with production flow @
throat
Diffuser reduces velocity, increasing fluid pressure fluid flow to surface
Hydraulic pump installation types:

Open system
Power fluid supplied to downhole
equipment via separate injection
tubing
Commingle exhaust fluid with
production fluid
Closed system
Power fluid supplied to downhole
equipment via separate injection
tubing
Power fluid return to surface via
third separate tubing
HYDRAULIC PUMP CAPACITIES

RECIPROCATING
POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT
PUMP
RECIPROCATING
POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT
PUMP
JET-FREE
PUMP
Tubing size (in.)
Working Fluid Level (ft)
Max.Pump Disp. (BPD)
Production (BPD)
2 3/8
6000 - 17000
1311 - 381
3000
2 7/8
6000 - 17000
2500 - 744
6000
3 1/2
6000 - 15000
4015 - 1357
10000
HYDRAULIC PUMP ADVANTAGES
Able to circulate the pump in and out of the well

Positive-displacement pump capable of pumping depth to 17000 ft and
deeper for large volume
Working fluid level of jet pump limited to 9000 ft
By changing power-fluid rate to pump, production rate can be varied from
10 100% of pump capacity. Optimum speed 20 85% of rated speed.
Operating life significantly reduced if pump operated above the maximum
rated speed
Suitable for crooked & deviated wells
Jet pumps, with hardened nozzle throats, can handle sand/solid
Positive displacement pump with diluents added or power fluid can be
heated, the pumps can handle viscous oils very well
Corrosion inhibitors can be injected into power fluid for corrosion control.
Added fresh water can solve salt-buildup problems
HYDRAULIC PUMP DISADVANTAGES
Removing solid from power fluid is very important to positive-displacement

pump. Solid can also affect surface plunger pump. But, jet pump very
tolerant of poor power fluid quality
Positive displacement pump have shorter life time than jet, sucker rod and
ESP but operating at greater depth and at higher strokes per minute than
beam pump
Jet pump have very long pump life, lower efficiency and higher energy
costs
Positive displacement pump can pump from low BHP (<100psi). Jet pump
needs 1000 psi BHP if set at 10000 ft and 500 psi when set at 5000 ft
Positive displacement pump generally require more maintenance than jet
pump and others artificial lift (pump speed must be monitored daily & not
allowed to become excessive
Hydraulic Reciprocating Pump

Capital Cost
Varies, but often competitive with rod pumps
Multiple well, central systems reduces cost per well but more complicated
Downhole equipment
Proper pump sizing & operating practices essential
Requires two conductors (power fluid & returns)
Operating efficiency (hydraulic hp/input hp)

Fair to good, usually not as good as rod pumping because of GLR, friction & pump wear)
Typical efficiency 30 40% with GLR>100, 40-50% if lower GLR
System flexibility
Good to excellent
Can vary power fluid rate; stroke / minute of downhole pump
Numerous pump sizes & pump-to-engine ratio adapt to production & depth requirements
Miscellaneous problems
Power fluid solid control essential

15 ppm of 15um particles maximum to avoid excessive engine wear
Must add surfactant to water power fluid for lubricity
High pressure power oil leakage may be hazardous
Triplex plunger leakage control required
Fluid system requires added tubing string
Hydraulic Reciprocating Pump

Operating costs
System Reliability
Often higher than rod pump

Short run life increases total operating costs
Good with correctly designed & operated system
Wellsite power fluid system minimizes power oil or water problems
Problems or changing well conditions reduce downhole pump reliability
Frequent downtime results from power oil problems, injection pressure, pump maintenance problems, & downhole
pump failure
Salvage Value
System Total
Usage/Outlook
Fair, some trade in value especially for triplex pump

Good value for wellsite system easy moved well to well
Simple manual / computer design well application
Operating procedures easily learned
Free pump retrieved for servicing
Individual well unit flexible but extra cost (requires attention)
Central plant more complex; usually results in test & treatment problems
Often used as default artificial lift well system
Good for flexible operation; wide rate range to relatively deep, high volume, high temperature, deviated, oil wells
Used on <5% of US lifted wells
Hydraulic Jet Pump

Capital Cost
Competitive with rod pump
Relatively low cost over 1500 BFPD
Increases with higher hp
Downhole equipment
Requires computer design program for sizing
Tolerant of moderate solid in power fluid
No moving parts in pump; long service life, simple repair procedures to run & retrieve pump
downhole

Fair to poor, maximum eff. (ideal) 30%
Heavily influenced by power fluid & production gradient
Typical operating eff. 10-30%
System flexibility
Good to excellent
Power fluid rate & pressure adjust production rate & lift capacity ( from no flow to full design
capacity installed pump)
Selection of throat & nozzle sizes extends range of volume & capacity
More tolerant of power fluid solid; 200 ppm of 25um particle acceptable
Diluents may be added, if required
Power water, either fresh, produced, or sea water is acceptable
Hydraulic Jet Pump

Operating costs
Higher power cost because of hp requirement
Low pump maintenance cost with properly sized throat & nozzle for long run life
System Reliability
Good with proper throat & nozzle sizing
Must avoid operating in cavitation range of jet pump throat
More problems if pressure >4000 psig
Salvage Value
Good, easily moved well to well
Fair, some trade in value (especially triplex pump)
System Total
Available computer design program for application design

Basic operating procedure for downhole pump & wellsite unit
Free pump easily retrieved for on-site repair/replacement
Downhole jet often requires trial & error to arrive at best/optimum jet
Usage/Outlook
Good for higher volume wells requiring flexible operation, wide depth range, high temperature,
high corrosion, high GOR, significant sand production
Used on <1% US lifted wells
Sometime used to test wells that will not flow offshore
HYDRAULIC RECIPROCATING
Casing Size Limits

Large casing required for parallel free or closed systems
Small casing (4.5 5.5 in.) excessive friction losses & limits producing rate
Depth Limits
Intake Capabilities
Excellent but limited by power fluid pressure (5000 psi) or hp

Low volume/high lift pump operating at depths to 17000 ft.
Typical depth: 7500 10000 ft, maximum 17000 ft
Fair, not as good as rod pumping

Pp <100 psig frequent pump repairs
Free gas reduces displacement efficiency & service life
Noise Level
Good, well noise low and wellsite power fluid unit can be sound proofed
Obstrusiveness
Fair to good, wellhead equipment low profile
Requires surface treating & high pressure pumping equipment
Free pump can be retrieved into lubricator to avoid oil spillage
HYDRAULIC RECIPROCATING PUMP

Surveillance
Excellent
Can be electric motor, gas or diesel fired engines / motor
Good/fair
Downhole pump performance can be analyzed from surface power fluid
rate & pressure, stroke/minute & producing rate
Pressure recorder can be run & retrieved on free pump

Fair and well testing with standard individual well units units present few
problems
Well testing with central system more complex; requires accurate power
fluid measurement
Poor but possible with electric drive wellsite unit
HYDRAULIC JET PUMP

Casing Size Limits

Small casing limits producing rate at acceptable pressure drop
Larger casing required for dual strings
Depth Limits
Excellent & similar as reciprocating pump
Intake Capabilities
Poor to fair; >350 psig to 5000 ft with low GLR
Typical design target 25% submergence
Noise Level
Same as reciprocating pump
Obstrusiveness
HYDRAULIC JET PUMP


Surveillance

Three stage production test can be conducted y adjusting
production step rates

Poor


Good/excellent; batch/continuous treating inhibitor circulated downhole with power fluid
for effective control
Excellent; if tubing can be run in well & pump pass through tubing
Free pump retrieved without pulling tubing
Duals Applications
Fair, limited to low GLR & moderate rate

Good/fair
Fair, requires deck space for power fluid pump & preferably wellsite type power fluid
system to avoid increased production treating capacity
Power water may be used in closed power fluid system but power oil potential fire/safety
problems
Good/excellent. Heated power water/oil circulates heat to downhole pump to minimize
buildup
Hot water/oil treatment, mechanical cutting, inhibition possible

Good. >8oAPI production with <500cp possible

Power fluid can be used to dilute low gravity production
Excellent; standard materials to 325oF, typical 100-250oF

Operating to 400-500oF feasible with special materials
Poor; requires <10ppm power fluid for good run life

Produced fluid must have low solid (<200ppm of 15um) for reasonable life
Freshwater injection into power stream may solve salt buildup in pump
Possible but may have high friction losses / gas problems

Have been used when moderate production rate & low GLR
Good but limited by tubulars & hp

Typical: 3000BFPD from 4000ft & 1000 BFPD from 10000ft with 3500 psi system
50-500BPD typical; 4000BPD maximum
Fair, not as good as rod pumping

Typical: 100-300 BFPD from 4000-10000ft; >75 BFPD from 12000 ft possible
HYDRAULIC JET PUMP


Good/excellent; inhibitor with power fluid mixes with produced fluid at entry of jet pump
throat
Batch treat down annulus
Duals Applications
Excellent; short jet pump can pass through doglegs up to 24o/100ft in 2 3/8 in. tubing
0-20o typical; 0-90o <24o/100 build angle maximum
Same as reciprocating pump except can handle higher GLR with sufficient surface hp

Same as reciprocating pump except can handle higher GLR
Free gas reduces efficiency but helps lift. Vent free gas possible. Use gas anchor
Good; produced water or sea water may be used as power fluid with wellsite type system,
or power fluid separation before production treating system

HYDRAULIC JET PUMP

Same as reciprocating pump except can handle higher GLR

Fair/good; operating with 3% sand content
Power fluid can tolerate 200 ppm of 25um particle; freshwater treatment for salt buildup
possible
Excellent
Typical: 100-250oF, possible to operate @ 500-600oF with special material
Good/excellent; >6oAPI with <800cp possible
Power oil of >24oAPI & <50cp or water power fluid reduces friction losses

Excellent; up to 15000BFPD with adequate Pwf, tubular size & hp
300-1000BPD typical; >15000 BPD maximum
Fair; >200 BFPD from 4000 ft
ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMP (ESP)
Employs downhole centrifugal pump driven by electric motor

supplied with electric power via cable run from surface
penetrates wellhead & strapped to outside of tubing
5 basic components:
- Electric motor
- Multistage centrifugal pump
- Electric cable (surface pump)
- Switchboard
- Power transformer
Large volume : 150 60000 BPD
Entire pumping system lowered, suspended on tubing string,
to desired depth
Electric Submersible Centrifugal Pump (ESP)
Electric Submersible Centrifugal Pump Well Completion
ESP Completion Design with Gas Anchors
Shroud :
to make use of casing ability to separate

produced gas from liquid
Increase maximum ESP diameter
Suitable for low rate well with large annular clearances
& large bubbles gas (free gas)
Protector or seal:
Unit connects electric motor drive shaft to
pump or gas separator shaft
Isolation barrier between clean motor oil & well
fluid
Expansion buffer for motor oil
Equaliser for internal motor pressure & well
annular pressure
Absorber for thrust generated by pump
Electric motor : 15 900 HP
Downhole sensor package: Measurement of:
Pump suction & discharge P & T
Fluid intake T
Electric motor T
Motor & pump vibration
Electrical current leakage to earth
ESP Incorporating Packer & @ Surface Controlled

Subsurface Safety Valves
Regulatory requirement
Venting gas to surface
Typical ESP Applications
a.
Direct water injection
Aquifer water lifted from

supply zone & pumped
directly to single injection
well
b. Powered dumpflood with ESP
Water supply well

combine with injection
well
ESP inverted with pump at

bottom & use to replace
conventional surface
mounted transfer pump
c. Pressure boosting surface pipeline
with shallow, subsurface mounted
ESP
ESP use to boost pressure

in surface flow line
d. Horizontally mounted ESP surface
pump
Y-tool
Device to allow wireline or CT

access below ESP, including:
Cased hole logging
Well stimulation
Perforating
Setting bridge plugs
(water shut off)
Pressure memory
gauges installation &
recovery
Plugs running &
retrieval
Downhole sampling
Bypass tubing > 2.375OD
Pump Duty Requirements
Pump required to deliver

required pressure (TDH)
Total dynamic head (TDH)
Difference between
pump discharge &
suction pressure
Sum of hydrostatic head
from ESP pump to
surface, tubing pressure
losses
Required surface
pressure @ q
NINE STEPS - ESP

1. Basic data
Collect & analysis all well data (for design)
2. Production capacity
Determine well productivity @ pump setting depth or determine pump setting depth
@ desired q
3. Gas calculation
Calculate fluid volume @ pump intake conditions
4. Total dynamic head
Determine pump discharge requirement
5. Pump type
Given capacity @ head select pump type @ highest efficiency for q
6. Optimum size of components
7. Electric cable
8. Accessory & optional equipment
9. Variable speed pumping system
ESP ADVANTAGES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Adaptable to highly deviated wells; up to horizontal but must be set in straight section.
Crooked hole present no problem
Adaptable to required subsurface wellheads, 6 ft apart for maximum surface location density
Permit use of minimum space for subsurface controls & associated production facilities
Quiet, safe & sanitary for acceptance operation in offshore & environmentally conscious
area. Unobtrusive in urban locations
Generally considered a high volume pump. Can lift up to 20000BPD in shallow wells with
large casing. Available for different sizes, controllable production rate
Provides for increased volumes & water cut by pressure maintenance & secondary recovery
operations
Permits placing wells on production even while drilling & working over wells in immediate
vicinity
Simple to operate
Easy to install downhole pressure sensor for telemetering pressure to surface by cable
Corrosion & scale treatment easy to perform
Lifting cost for high volume generally very low
Efficient energy usage (>50% possible)
Access below ESP via Y tool
Comprehensive downhole measurements available
Quick start after shut down
ESP DISADVANTAGES
1.
Pump susceptible to damage by producing solids tolerate minimal % sand

production
2.
Costly pulling operations and lost production when correcting downhole failures
3.
Below 400 BPD, power efficiency drops sharply
4.
Not suitable for low volume well (<150 BPD)
5.
Need relatively large casing size (> 4.5 in OD) for moderate high production rate
equipment
6.
Long life ESP equipment required to keep production economical.
7.
Susceptible to damage during completion installation
8.
Tubing has to be pulled to replace pump
9.
High GOR presents gas handling problems
10.
Viscous crude reduces pump efficiency
11.
High T can degrade electrical motors
12.
Power cable requires penetration of wellhead & packer integrity
ESP
Capital Cost
Relatively low if electrical power available
Increases as hp increases
Downhole equipment
Requires proper cable in addition to motor, pump, seal, etc.
Good design & operating practices essential

Good for high rate wells but decreases significantly for <1000BFPD
Typical total system eff. 50% for high rate wells but for <1000BPD eff. typically 40%
Eff. can be as high as 60% for large ID equipment
System flexibility
Poor for fixed speed. Requires careful design

Variable speed drive provides better flexibility
Requires highly reliable electric power system
System very sensitive to changes downhole or in fluid properties
ESP
Operating costs
Varies. Higher hp high energy cost
High pulling cost result from short run life especially in offshore operation
Repair cost often high
System Reliability
Varies. Poor for problem area (very sensitive to operating temperature & electrical malfunction)
Salvage Value
Fair. Some trade in value. Poor open market value
System Total
Fairly simple to design but requires good rate data.

Requires excellent operating practices.
Follow API RPs in design, testing & operation.
Each well is individual producer with common electric system
Usage/Outlook
Excellent high rate artificial system

Best suited for <200oF and >1000BFPD rate
Most often used on high water cut wells
Used on 5% US lifted wells
ESP
Casing Size Limits

Will limit use of large motor & pump
Avoid 4.5 in. casing & smaller
Reduced performance inside 5.5 in. casing, depending on depth & rate
Depth Limits
Limited to motor hp or temperature

Practical depth 10000ft, typical 1000-10000ft TVD, 15000ft max.
Intake Capabilities
Fair if little free gas (Pp > 250psi)
5% gas at low pressure can cause problems
Noise Level
Excellent. Very low noise.

Often preferred in urban area if production rate high
Obstrusiveness
Good. Low profile but requires transformer bank
ESP

Fair.
Requires good power source without spikes or interruption
Higher voltage can reduce losses
Surveillance
Fair. Electrical checks but special equipment needed otherwise

Good. Simple with few problems
High water cut & high rate well may requires free water knockout

Poor.
Soft start & improved seal/protectors recommended
ESP

Fair. Batch treating inhibitor down annulus feasible
Good. Few problems

Limited experience in horizontal well. Requires long radius wellbore bends to get
through
10o typical; 0-90o <10o/100 build angle maximum, but must set in section 0-2o
maximum deviation
Duals Applications
Larger casing required. Possible run & pull problems
Poor for free gas (>5% through pump)

Rotary gas separator helpful if solid not produced
Good. Must provide electrical power & service pulling unit
Fair. Hot water/oil treatments, mechanical cutting, batch inhibition possible
ESP
Fair. Limited to as high as 1000cp

Increases hp & reduces head solution to use core flow with 20% water
Limited to <250oF for standard & <400oF for special motor & cable
100-275oF typical
Poor. Requires <100-200ppm solid for standard construction.

200-2000ppm as special bushing, stage materials, coating, & thrust bearing added
Maximum amount 5000ppm, but sharpness & angularity of grains important
Not record installed
Excellent. Limited by needed hp & can be restricted by casing size

In 5.5in. casing can produce 4000BFPD from 4000ft with 240 hp.
Tandem motor increase hp & operating cost
200-20000 BPD typical, 30000 BPD maximum. 52000 BPD, shallow, 10.25 in. equipment has been done
Poor. Lower efficiency & high operating cost <400 BFPD
ESP Ammeter Chart Monitoring

24 hours normal operation
Technique:
Surface measurement of
current supplied to pump
along with well test
Supervisory Control &
Data Acquisition
system(SCADA)

Pumped off well
At 8.15am: Pump started large
initial current surge motor up to
speed
Motor speed increase & steady
current for next 3 hours with
decreasing slightly as fluid head above
pump decreases
At 11.10am: current begins oscillate
rapidly & increases until 1.15pm when
pump shut down
Suspected gas form problem when
Pwf reduced below Pb gas locking &
pump ceasing to pump.
Leaving well fluid level build up 100
minutes & restart pump at 3.05pm
Same cycle repeated & problems
appear at 6.15pm
8.20pm: 3rd cycle started after 100
minutes shut-in current oscillation
starting again after 2 hours
production
11.00 pm : shut-in the well

Pumped off well
Basic problem : Pumping fluid to surface faster

than fluid flowing into well from reservoir (outflow
> inflow )
Continue stopping & restarting ESP motor is not
recommended due to damage to motor winding by
initial high current surge as motor begins to rotate
early motor burnout
Option are:
Install lower capacity pump (smaller pump)
Operate pump at lower speed using variable
frequency drive (VFD)
Stimulate well to improve inflow performance
ESP Monitoring - SCADA
SCADA ESP Monitoring
Prior to energising pump, pump intake & discharge pressure same

Pump start at A
Pump discharge pressure increasing
Motor T warmer than fluid entering pump
Limited vibration @ surface choke adjustment
Follows by surface choke adjustment
At B steady operating conditions
Pump suction & discharge pressure slowly decline as well Pwf
reduced
New Technology ESP

Coiled tubing deployed ESP
Current: pump installed as part of conventional completion string & power cable
attached outside of tubing ESP as end of coiled tubing, power cable mounted
outside of coiled tubing & fluid flow inside of coiled tubing faster installation &
no need for wellhead penetration
Auto Y tool
Allow access below pump by flow generate power to open tool as compare to
wireline
Dual pump installation

Each zone having its own ESP & production tubing
Reducing water production

Hydrocyclone concept use for produced oil & water separation downhole
Single electric motor powering upper & lower pump unit. Lower pump to operate
hydrocyclone & upper pump to lift up produced fluid
PROGRESSING CAVITY PUMP (PCP)
Employs helical, metal rotor rotating inside an elastometric,

double helical stator
Rotating action supplied by downhole electric motor or by

rotating rods & prime mover
Popular for viscous crude oil production
Progressing Cavity Pump Completion
Progressing Cavity Pump (PCP) Well Completion
PCP Principle
PCP & Components (Cross Section View)
a. Steel shaft rotor formed into helix

b. Rotor rotated inside elastometric pump body or stator
c. Offset center line of rotor & stator creating series if fluid filled cavities along the
length of pump
Rotor within stator operates as pump fluid trapped in sealed cavities progress
along pump length from suction to discharge
PCP ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

Advantages
Disadvantages
Simple design
High volume efficiency
Efficient design for gas anchors available
High energy efficiency
Emulsion not formed due to low shear
pumping action
Capable of pumping viscous crude oil
Can be run into horizontal & deviated
wells
Q can be varied with variable speed
controller & cheap downhole pressure
sensor
Moderate cost
High electrical efficiency
High starting torque

Fluid compatibility problems with
elastomers in direct contact with aromatic
crude oil
Gas dissolves in elastomers, at high
bottom hole pressure
Upper T limit for stator material H2S
chemical deterioration
Frequent stops & starts several
operating problems (wear & leaking)
Best efficiency occurs @ gas is separated
bottomhole separator needed
If unit pump off the well or gas flows
continuously, stator will be permanently
damaged (overheating by gas compression)
Gearbox in ESPCP is source of failure if
wellbore fluid or solid leak inside it or if
excessive wear occurs
PCP
Capital Cost
Low but increases as depth & pump rate increases
Downhole equipment
Problems on selection of stator elastomer
Operating efficiency
Excellent. May exceed rod pumps
Typical: 40 70%
System flexibility
Fair, can alter strokes/minute
Hydraulic unit provides additional flexibility with added cost
Limited service in some areas with limited field knowledge & experiences
PCP
Operating costs
Low but short run life on stator or rotor
System Reliability
Good. Normally over pumping & lack of experience decrease run time
Salvage Value
Fair/poor.
Easily moved & some market for used equipment
System Total
Simple to install & operate
Each well as an individual system
Usage/Outlook
Limited to relative shallow wells with low rate
Used <0.5% US lifted wells, primarily gas well dewatering
PCP
Casing Size Limits

Normally no problem for 4.5 in. casing & larger, but gas separation
limited
Depth Limits
Poor. Limited to shallow depth
Possible 5000ft, 2000-4000 ft typical, 6000ft TVD maximum
Intake Capabilities
Good. <100 psi provided adequate displacement & gas venting
Noise Level
Good. Only surface prime mover noisy
Obstrusiveness
Good. Low profile surface equipment
PCP

Good. Both engines & motor can be used
Surveillance
Fair. Analysis based on production & fluid levels only
Good. Well testing simple with few problems
Poor. Avoid shutdown in high viscosity/sand production
PCP

Good. Batch treating inhibitor down annulus feasible
Poor-fair. Increased load & water problems
Very few known installation
Duals Applications
No known installations
Poor if pump must handle free gas

Poor. Need pulling unit
Fair. Tubing may need treatment

Rod scrapers not possible to use
PCP
Feasible if low rates, low GOR & shallow depth, but no known installation
Excellent. Up to 50% sand with high viscosity (>200cp) crude
Decrease to 10% sand for water
Fair. Limited to stator elastometer.
Max. 250oF, typical 75-150oF
Excellent for high viscosity fluids provided no stator/rotator problems

Poor. Restricted to relatively small rate.
Possible 2000 BFPD from 2000ft & 200 BFPD from 5000ft. Maximum 4500 BPD at shallow depth
Excellent for <100 BFPD shallow wells
Progressing Cavity Electric Submersible Pump PCESP
Require gearbox to reduce rotation speed since

centrifugal pup in ESP is high speed device & PCP is
low speed device
Well suitable for handling solids & viscous fluid
Simple design & rugged construction very reliable
Low operating speed (300-600 rev/min) long
period downhole operation
Problem of rotating rods & tubular in PCP PCESP
was introduced (PCP + ESP)
ESP & PCESP Comparison
Comparison Between ESP & PCESP
ROTATING ROD PUMP
Operates as electrical submergible centrifugal

pump, but utilizes rotating rod as its means of
power (not electrical cable)
Internal combustion engine as its prime mover
on the surface
Generally utilized for shallow wells
SONIC PUMP
Mechanical device actuated by conventional source of
power
Designed to vibrate tubing string so that series of
valves, installed in tubing collar will lift fluid to surface
Operates based on elastic characteristics of metal
rod, free both ends that will vibrate according to
simple harmonic motion principle
When tubing string vibrated at one end at a rate
corresponding to its fundamental frequency,
vibrations transmitted over entire length of tubing
string and form standing wave on tubing (tubing is in
resonance)
PLUNGER LIFT
Plunger (free piston) fits inside tubing string and
allowed to travel freely in the tubing string
Provide sealing interface between liquid slug
produced by gas volume and gas volume itself
Communication between tubing & casing will
accumulated a gas in casing-tubing annular space
between cycles (gas is a source power producing
liquid slug)
Plunger mechanically closed upon hitting bottom
(provides positive seal for upward travel) and opened
when at the top (provides bypass allowing plunger to
fall back to bottom)
Plunger Pump
Capital Cost
Very low if no compressor required
Downhole equipment
Operating practices have to be tailored to each well for optimization

Some problems with sticking plungers
Excellent for flowing well. No input energy required because it uses

well energy
System flexibility
Good to low volume well

Can adjust injection time & frequency
Plunger hang up & sticking is major problem
Plunger Pump
Operating costs
Usually very low unless plunger problem
System Reliability
Good if well production stable
Salvage Value
Fair. Some trade in value
Poor open market value
System Total
Individual well or system.
Simple to design, install & operate
Usage/Outlook
Essentially low liquid rate, high GLR lift method
Can be used for extending flow life or improving efficiency
Ample gas volume and/or pressure needed for successful
operation
Used on <1% US wells
PLUNGER PUMP
Casing Size Limits

Small casing suitable for low volume type lift
Depth Limits
8000ft TVD typical; 19000 ft TVD maximum
Intake Capabilities
Good. Bottomhole pressure <150 psi @ 10000 ft for low
rate, high GLR wells
Noise Level
Low at well
Obstrusiveness
Good
PLUNGER PUMP

None required
Surveillance
Good depending on good well tests & well pressure chart

Well testing simple with few problems

Not applicable
PLUNGER PUMP
Excellent
Duals Applications
Fair. Normal production cycle interrupted to batch treat the well
No known installations
Excellent
Excellent for correct application
Excellent. Cuts paraffin & removes small scale deposits
PLUNGER PUMP
Slimhole Completions (2 7/8 production casing string)
Sand can stick plunger. Plunger wipes tubing clean. Brush plunger
usually used for small amount of sand
Good. Similar to casing lift but must have adequate formation gas
Excellent
Not applicable
Poor. Limited by cycle number.

Possible 200 BFPD from 10000ft. Typical 1 5 BPD; maximum 200-300
BPD
Excellent for 1-2 BFPD with high GLR
SELECTION METHODS
1.
Depth/Rate system capabilities consideration
Use of depth vs rate chart @ types can function
2.
Beam pump produces more from shallower depth & less from deeper depth
ESP can produce large production rate
Plunger for low liquid rate
Initial selection possibilities or quick elimination of possibilities
Advantages & disadvantages
3.
Preliminary look of type operation details & capabilities
Expert program available
4.
Computerized artificial lift selection programs, include rules & logic to select best system as function
of user input well & operating conditions
Module 1: includes knowledge base structured from human expertise, theoretical, rule of thumb
ranks selected types & issues warning
Module 2: incorporates simulation design & facility-component specification programs for all selected
types
Module 3: economic evaluation; cost database, cost-analysis program for lift profitability
Net-present-value comparison
More thorough selection technique depending on life time economics of available types; system
components failure rate, fuel cost, maintenance cost, inflation rate, well anticipated revenue return
Users required to have good idea on costs, advantages & disadvantages, additional equipment &
costs,
ADVANTAGES
Rod Pump
Simple, basic design

Unit easily changed
Simple to operate
Can achieve low
BHFP
Can lift high
temperature viscous
oils
Pump off control
pump motor off @
fluid level reached
minimum safety level
above the pump
ESP
Extremely high
volume lift using up to
1000 kw motor
Venturi Hydraulic
Pump
Gas Lift
High volume
Solids tolerant
Can use water as

power fluid
Large volume in high

PI wells
Unobstrusive surface
location
Remote power source
Simple maintenance
Downhole telemetry
available
Tolerant high well

deviation / doglegs
location / remote
power source
Tolerant high well

elevation / doglegs
Corrosion / scale
treatments possible
Tolerant high well

deviation / doglegs
Tolerant high GOR
reservoir fluids
Wireline maintenance
PCP
Solids and viscous

crude tolerant
Energy efficient
location with
downhole motor
DISADVANTAGES
Rod Pump
Friction in crooked
holes
Pump wear with
solids production
Free gas reduces
pump efficiency
Obstrusive in urban
areas
Downhole corrosion
inhibition difficult
Heavy equipment for
offshore use
ESP
Not suitable for
shallow, low volume
wells
Full workover
required to change
pump
Cable susceptible to
damage during
installation with
tubing
Cable deteriorates at
high temperature
Gas and solids
intolerant
Increased praduction
casing size often
Venturi
Hydraulic Pump
Gas Lift
PCP
High surface
pressures
Lift gas may not

available
Elastomers swell in
some crude oils
Sensitive to change in
surface flowing
pressure
Not suitable for

viscous crude oil or
emulsions
Pump off control

difficult
Free gas reduces

pump efficiency
Susceptible to gas
FBHP
Power oil systems

hazardous
Abandonment
pressure may not be
reached
High minimum FBHP

Abandonment
pressure may not be
reached
Casing must
withstand lift gas
pressure
Problems with
rotating rods (windup
& after spin) increase
with depth
HYBRID SYSTEMS
Combination of two artificial lift type
Mostly combination of gas lift with other types (gas above )

Some benefits of combining gas lift with positive displacement artificial lift
method (ESP, PCP, sucker rod, etc.)
Increased volumetric efficiency higher liquid volumes

Decreased injection gas requirements compared to gas lift alone
Increased reservoir drawdown & production
Increase pump installation depth- allows greater reservoir drawdown
Reduction in pump & motor power requirements
Lower electrical energy consumption compared to pump alone
Gas lift provides backup in case of pump failure
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ARTIFICIAL LIFT SYSTEM

ARTIFICIAL LIFT SYSTEM LEARNING OUTCOMES

Students must be able to:

Requirement based on:

Artificial Lift Fundamental

Artificial Lift Fundamental

Pump installed create limited drawdown q

Maximises Potential Drawdown & q

ARTIFICIAL LIFT SYSTEM TYPE

Sucker rod pump

Most popular artificial lift type

Various Artificial Lift Technique/Method

Methods or steps include:

SELECTION CONCEPT cont.

Generally should consider:

ARTIFICAL LIFT TECHNIQUE SELECTION CRITERIA

Well & reservoir characteristics

Reservoir properties especially drive & type

Well geometry, performance, especially PI, q

Fluid properties particularly GOR, composition, SG, viscosity

Field location & environment

Well location & environment pollution

Implementation of artificial lift selection techniques

Long term reservoir performance & facility constraints

WELL & RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS

Production casing size

Influence of IPR on Production @ Drawdown Increased

Influence of IPR on production increase achieved when well

FIELD LOCATION & ENVIRONMENT

Offshore platform design dictates maximum physical size and weight of

Urban location requiring minimum visual & acoustic impact

e.g. arctic operations will limit practical choices

Wellhead processing facilities distance will determine minimum wellhead

E.g. voltage spikes reduce ESPs electrical motor lifetime.

Maintenance cost depend on: location, service company infrastructure

Energy Efficiency Comparison

Energy Efficiency of Various Artificial Lift Method

Only ESP & PCP have EE > 50%

Long Term Reservoir Performance

Problems in artificial lift selection & sizing 2 approaches

equipment operate at poor efficiency due to underloading at early production

many changes in type of lift equipment @ wells producing life

Wellbore size need to be consider for desired flow rate

High GOR Gas lift

To reduce pollution gas lift, hydraulic pump

Typical application areas of

SUCKER ROD PUMP

Oldest and most widely used for oil wells

Sucker Rod Pump Surface Equipments

Surface Equipment @ Sucker Rod Pump

Sucker Rop Pump Operation

Sucker Rod Operation

SUCKER ROD PUMP

Reasonably good rod design & operating practices needed

Operating efficiency (hydraulic hp / input hp)

Casing Size Limits

Casing Size Limits

Size & operation drawbacks in populated & farming areas

Prime Mover Flexibility

Relative Ease of Well Testing

Time Cycle & Pump Off

1. Corrosion/Scale Handling Ability

Corrosion/Scale Handling Ability