1

NAME

VENKATESH JAKKA

ROLLNO

1410110494

BATCH

7.

BIODIVERSITY:
Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on earth. It is a measure of the variety
of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation,
or species variation (number of species)within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be
highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary
productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropics. Marine
biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest
and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity
generally tends to cluster in hot spots, and has been increasing through time but will be likely to slow in the
future.
Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. Although more than 99 percent of all species
that ever lived on the planet are estimated to be extinct, there are currently 1014 million species of life on the
Earth.
The earliest evidences for life on Earth are graphite found to be biogenic in 3.7 billion-yearold metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland and microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billionyear-old sandstonediscovered in Western Australia. Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and
several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last
540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosiona period during which
the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive
biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great
loss of plant and animal life. The PermianTriassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst;
vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event,
occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the
extinction of the dinosaurs.
The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an
accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, the reduction is caused primarily
by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity impacts human health in a number
of ways, both positively and negatively.
The United Nations designated 20112020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity.
DEFINITION OF BIODIVERSITY:

"Biodiversity" is most commonly used to replace the more clearly defined and long established terms, species
diversity and species richness. Biologists most often define biodiversity as the "totality of genes, species, and
ecosystems of a region". An advantage of this definition is that it seems to describe most circumstances and
presents a unified view of the traditional types of biological variety previously identified:

taxonomic diversity (usually measured at the species diversity level)

ecological diversity often viewed from the perspective of ecosystem diversity

morphological diversity which stems from genetic diversity

In 2003 Professor Anthony Campbell at Cardiff University, UK and the Darwin Centre, Pembrokeshire, defined
a fourth level: Molecular Diversity.
This multilevel construct is consistent with Dasmann and Lovejoy. An explicit definition consistent with this
interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) for the 1982 World National Parks Conference. Wilcox's
definition was "Biological diversity is the variety of life forms...at all levels of biological systems (i.e.,
molecular, organismic, population, species and ecosystem)...". The 1992 United Nations Earth Summit defined
"biological diversity" as "the variability among living organisms from all sources, including, 'inter
alia', terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part: this
includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems". This definition is used in the United
Nations Convention on Biological Diversity.
One textbook's definition is "variation of life at all levels of biological organization".
Genetically biodiversity can be defined as the diversity of alleles, genes, and organisms. They study processes
such as mutation and gene transfer that drive evolution.
Measuring diversity at one level in a group of organisms may not precisely correspond to diversity at other
levels. However, tetrapod (terrestrial vertebrates) taxonomic and ecological diversity shows a very close
correlation.

NEED FOR BIODIVERSITY PARKS:

These days many species of plants and animals are becoming extinct. This affects the biological life cycle a lot.
Due to this the food chain becomes unstable and finally the world comes to an end. To avoid this, as a
preventive measure and a cure to the already lost species, an attempt to protect the environment is being taken
by all the world countries. In this attempt, various biodiversity parks, sanctuaries, zoos, conservatories are built
all over the world. India is a country with huge biodiversity. So, various locations have their own local species.
As we already know in-situ conservation is more suitable due to the low budget pro and also suitable
environmental conditions. The indian government has constructed many parks all over the country. The list of
the top 5 biodiversity parks in the country are:
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1.Aravalli bio diversity park

2.Yamuna bio diversity park

3.Raj bhavan bio diversity park

4.jp bio diversity park

5.tau devi lal bio diversity park

6.baner-pashan bio diversity park

7.bio diversity park(andhra pradesh)

Several acts are implemented to conserve these endangered species. The following acts are made by the indian
government towards conservation of flora and fauna:
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1.BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ACT,2002.

2. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BIODIVERSITY ACT,2004.
3. BIODIVERSITY BILL,2000.
4. COMPULSORY COURSE ON EVS (UGC).

Therefore, it is very important for everyone to understand the importance of conservation.

United nations declared the decade 2011-2020 as the decade for biodiversity. The following is the logo given by
the United Nations on this occasion:

ABOUT THE YAMUNA BIODIVERSITYPARK:

The main aim of this field trip is to get to know the bio diversity of our environment. As an attempt of this
understanding this subject, we are brought to this place which is rich in biodiversity.

LOCATION:

Yamuna Biodiversity Park is spread over an area of 457 acres and is located along the floodplains in the
upstream of river Yamuna near Wazirabad village.

ABOUT THE PARK:

This project is being developed in two phases.

PHASE I : Phase I was initiated in the year 2002 and today it has fully functional wetland ecosystems and well
developed forest ecosystems characteristic of the river Yamuna basin. The wetlands of Yamuna Biodiversity
Park are biologically productive and harbor luxuriant flora and fauna. These wetlands are known as important
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birding area of Delhi and attract large number of bird lovers, naturalists, educationists and civil societies every
year.

PHASE II :Yamuna Biodiversity Park Phase II started in the year 2009 and it is being implemented in the same
manner as an extension of the project Yamuna Biodiversity Park: Establishment & Management. Delhi

Development Authority is the funding agency of the project.

We are given access to the first phase of the biodiversity park.

Firstly, I came to knew that this place was barren and the mud here is full of salt content before the biodiversity
park was started. The officials took a lot of effort to remove the salt content in the soil by planting salt absorbing
plants.

THESE ARE THE SALT ABSORBING TREES. THEY BECOME RED WHEN THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT
OF SALT IS ALREADY ABSORBED. THEN THEY ARE REPLACED BY NEW PLANTS.

The above procedure is used till the salt content of the soil at this place is reasonable for growing plants of
various types.the above picture is taken at the yamuna biodiversity park.

And now yamuna biodiversity park is rich in various types of trees and supports shelter for many migratory
birds species and has a rich diversity of animal life too.
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MAP OF YAMUNA BIO DIVERSITY PARK:

THIS PARK BEING IN THE CAPITAL HAS BECOME A MAIN ATTRACTION.

IT IS ONE OF THE MOST VISITED PLACES OF THE CAPITAL CITY.

FLORA AND FAUNA OF YAMUNA BIO DIVERSITY PARK:

There are around 2000-3000 species of flora and fauna at the yamuna bio diversity park.

Here are the different species of various flora and fauna available in this park which are displayed in the gallery
of the park.

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INSECT DIVERSITY
BIRDS DIVERSITY

BUTTERFLY DIVERSITY

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ANIMAL DIVERSITY

UNDERGROUND ANIMAL LIFE DIVERSITY

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