elama dekade terakhir satu dari setiap 10 anak yang lahir di India
Meninggal sebelum mencapai ulasan ulang tahun kelima mereka, yang mewakili
sekitar 20% dari kematian anak kematian globally.1 Sebuah survei nasional yang
representatif yang dilakukan di India antara tahun 2001 dan 2003 ( "Juta
Kematian Study") diperkirakan bahwa 16% dari kematian anak-anak <5 tahun
yang menyebabkan
oleh pneumonia dan ~ 4% oleh penyakit bakteri invasif seperti meningitis.2
Haemophilus influenzae tipe b (Hib), sebuah rium bakteriofag ditularkan dari
orang ke orang melalui rute pernapasan, adalah penyebab utama pneumonia
bakteri di negara-negara di mana vaksin adalah tidak digunakan. Hib program
conjugate vaksinasi nasional yang aman dan efektif sekarang diterapkan di
sebagian besar negara di seluruh dunia, tetapi pendahuluan telah ditunda jauh di
India Dibandingkan dengan negara-negara lainnya. di
Juni 2008, India National Technical Advisory Group on Immunization
direkomendasikan pengenalan nasional Hib conjugate vaccination.3,4 Ini
kemudian mengambil 3,5 tahun untuk memulai pengenalan bertahap, dimulai
pada bulan Desember 2011 dengan Tamil Nadu dan Kerala, dua negara yang
meliputi kurang dari 5% dari beban kematian anak nasional. Untuk saat ini,
vaksin ini belum Diperkenalkan di salah satu negara kematian yang tinggi.
State
Delhi
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir
Punjab
Rajasthan
Chhattisgarh
Madhya Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Bihar
Jharkhand
Orissa
West Bengal
Region
North
North
North
North
North
North
Central
Central
Central
East
East
East
East
Mortality
Incidence per 100 000, 1-59 mo
CFRs 1-59 mo
children
Births <5 yrs per
Life
Percent
Access
Hib
Hib.
Hib
Hib
Hib.
Hib
per 1000
1000
expectancy underweight* to care pneumonia meningitis NPNM pneumonia meningitis NPNM
351
547
125
267
519
1735
629
1981
6216
2487
780
837
1675
25
64
42
76
52
79
93
94
85
65
72
83
46
74
70
73
68
71
69
64
65
66
69
67
66
71
26%
40%
37%
26%
25%
40%
47%
60%
42%
56%
57%
41%
39%
89%
88%
69%
73%
87%
66%
67%
53%
76%
72%
71%
76%
70%
1184
1530
1450
1171
1153
1537
1722
2052
1601
1947
1962
1558
1507
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
0.1%
0.1%
0.3%
0.3%
0.1%
0.3%
1.3%
1.7%
1.1%
1.2%
1.2%
1.1%
1.2%
21%
22%
39%
35%
22%
41%
41%
53%
32%
36%
37%
32%
38%
5%
5%
6%
5%
5%
6%
6%
6%
5%
6%
6%
5%
6%
North East
Gujaret
Maharashtra
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
North East
West
West
South
South
South
South
281
1203
2258
1619
1165
578
1159
46
58
39
55
53
12
43
71
71
70
69
70
75
70
36%
25%
37%
33%
38%
23%
30%
44%
64%
74%
60%
71%
89%
77%
1430
1156
1463
1348
1478
1102
1279
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
0.5%
0.5%
0.4%
0.6%
0.4%
0.2%
0.3%
61%
43%
34%
46%
37%
21%
31%
7%
6%
5%
6%
6%
5%
5%
Berat untuk usia < -2SD dari penduduk referensi WHO Wilayah North East meliputi Sikkim , Arunachal
Pradesh , Nagaland , Manipur , Mizoram , Tripura , Meghalaya , dan Assam
Table II. Distribution of inpatient admissions and outpatient visits by type of provider
by state
Inpatient distribution
Outpatient distribution
State
Region
Delhi
North
61%
0%
37%
2%
0%
1%
67%
13%
12%
0%
8%
Haryana
North
83%
0%
16%
1%
3%
3%
75%
15%
0%
0%
3%
z
North
39%
38%
21%
1%
2%
6%
51%
14%
5%
14%
8%
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir North
18%
62%
19%
1%
1% 19%
31%
8%
3%
28%
9%
Punjab
North
72%
0%
26%
1%
0%
5%
73%
16%
0%
0%
6%
Rajasthan
North
32%
49%
18%
1%
2%
7%
41%
14%
6%
22%
8%
Chhattisgarh
Central
43%
16%
39%
2%
0%
6%
66%
7%
12%
2%
6%
Madhya Pradesh
Central
46%
23%
29%
2%
12%
4%
55%
12%
4%
6%
8%
Uttar Pradesh
Central
23%
64%
12%
1%
2%
7%
80%
2%
1%
6%
1%
Bihar
East
86%
7%
6%
0%
6% 18%
61%
11%
3%
1%
1%
Jharkhand
East
62%
0%
36%
2%
3% 11%
74%
6%
3%
0%
4%
Orissa
East
18%
59%
22%
1%
12%
6%
31%
8%
4%
27%
10%
West Bengal
East
22%
31%
44%
2%
16%
6%
62%
3%
3%
4%
6%
North East
14%
61%
24%
1%
19% 19%
29%
3%
10%
14%
6%
North East,z
Gujaret
West
67%
9%
23%
1%
0%
4%
51%
28%
4%
4%
9%
Maharashtra
West
56%
9%
32%
2%
4%
3%
62%
17%
0%
3%
10%
Andhra Pradesh
South
67%
0%
32%
2%
0%
0%
40%
40%
0%
0%
19%
Karnataka
South
70%
18%
12%
1%
4%
0%
38%
38%
3%
10%
6%
Kerala
South
63%
0%
35%
2%
11%
0%
4%
50%
7%
0%
27%
Tamil Nadu
South
41%
17%
40%
2%
4%
1%
25%
28%
0%
12%
28%
1ary , primer ; 2ary , sekunder ; 3ary , tersier ; gov , pemerintah ; hosp , rumah sakit ; Pharm , farmasi ; priv ,
swasta ; trad , tradisional .
* Priv Trad mengacu penyedia layanan kesehatan nonmedis swasta ( misalnya dukun ) .
Wilayah North East meliputi Sikkim , Arunachal Pradesh , Nagaland , Manipur , Mizoram , Tripura , Meghalaya ,
dan Assam . Daerah yang lebih kecil berikut dikeluarkan dari evaluasi : Andoman dan Kepulauan Nicobar ,
Chandigarh , Dadra dan Nagar Haveli , Daman dan Diu , Goa , Lakshadweep , Pondicherry , dan Uttaranchal
.distribusi Regional digunakan karena perkiraan untuk negara ini didasarkan pada sampel yang rendah anakanak ( jumlah tertimbang anak < 25 ) .
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
1%
1%
0%
1%
1%
Table III. Average Hib disease treatment costs per inpatient admission and outpatient
visit (2010 US$)
Cost per inpatient admission
Cost per outpatient visit
Type of Hib
disease
Meningitis
Pneumonia/NPNM
Region
Priv hosp
All
Gov hosp
1ary
Gov hosp
2ary
Gov hosp
3ary
Priv
trad
Priv
pharm
Priv clinic
or hosp
Gov clinic
or hosp
North
Central
East
Northeast
West
South
North
Central
204
345
229
468
483
193
126
213
336 (51%)
505 (67%)
217 (24%)
206 (20%)
232 (29%)
201 (18%)
202 (52%)
307 (69%)
343
513
225
213
240
208
207
312
551 (31%)
721 (47%)
433 (12%)
422 (10%)
448 (15%)
417 (9%)
329 (32%)
434 (48%)
6
1
5
3
0
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
11
9
5
5
6
7
11
9
15 (81%)
6 (49%)
13 (77%)
10 (70%)
4 (18%)
5 (37%)
15 (81%)
6 (49%)
(50%)
(66%)
(23%)
(19%)
(28%)
(17%)
(51%)
(68%)
East
Northeast
West
South
141
289
298
119
129 (25%)
122 (21%)
139 (30%)
119 (19%)
134
127
143
124
(24%)
(20%)
(29%)
(18%)
256 (13%)
249 (10%)
266 (16%)
246 (9%)
5
3
0
1
1
1
1
1
5
5
6
7
13 (77%)
10 (70%)
4 (18%)
5 (37%)
Distribusi usia dan Perkiraan DALY ,Gambar cakupan 3. Negara - tingkat vaksinasi dtp2 :
bayi dengan berat badan relatif terhadap semua bayi . Data cakupan dtp2 dari NFHS 2006
analisis skenario untuk
memungkinkan perbaikan tahunan
(diperlukan pengurangan dalam
divaksinasi) selama periode 20122030. Banyak anak tidak menerima
vaksin mereka sesuai dengan yang
direkomendasikan 6-, 10-, dan 14
minggu jadwal. Kami, oleh karena
itu, diperkirakan ketepatan waktu
vaksinasi (cakupan usia-spesifik)
untuk setiap negara menggunakan
methods.54 dijelaskan sebelumnya
perkalian sederhana efikasi vaksin
dan cakupan vaksin cenderung
Table IV. Hib vaccine impact and cost-effectiveness by state: aggregate estimates over the
period
2012-2031
Vaccine impact, undiscounted
Cost-effectiveness, discounted at 3%
State
Region
US$ per
US$ per
Meningitis NPNM Total Percent Vaccine Gov cost Family cost Total
DALY averted DALY averted
Pneumonia
lives
lives
lives of U5MR costs
savings
savings
DALYs (government
(societal
lives saved
saved
saved saved averted (millions) (millions) (millions) averted perspective) perspective)
Delhi
North
278
807
34
1119
Haryana
North
472
1038
42
1552
Himachal Pradesh North
253
506
13
773
Jammu and
North
262
662
19
943
Kashmir
Punjab
North
364
1048
41
1453
Rajasthan
North
2942
5492
140
8575
Chhattisgarh
Central
6050
2315
59
8424
Madhya Pradesh Central
21 415
7010
152 28 578
Uttar Pradesh
Central
30 054
12 112
364 42 531
Bihar
East
19 200
6431
179 25 810
Jharkhand
East
7482
2493
68 10 043
Orissa
East
4820
1995
60
6876
West Bengal
East
12 577
5468
147 18 191
North East*
North East
614
1170
23
1807
Gujaret
West
2419
3793
94
6305
Maharashtra
West
6073
7993
233 14 299
Andhra Pradesh South
6019
7979
188 14 186
Karnataka
South
3645
4636
127
8408
Kerala
South
662
1403
58
2123
Tamil Nadu
South
2266
3490
107
5863
India
127 869
77 840
2150 207 859
* Wilayah North East meliputi Sikkim , Arunachal Pradesh ,
dan Assam .
Hasil
Hib Konjugat Vaksinasi Dampak
Antara 2012 dan 2031,
vaksinasi konjugat Hib adalah
estimasi dikawinkan untuk
mencegah 207 859 kematian
terdiskonto anak (~ 1% kematian
pada anak-anak <5 tahun) dengan
asumsi tidak ada manfaat dari
kekebalan kawanan. kehidupan
terdiskonto
disimpan adalah 127 869 untuk Hib
pneumonia, 77 840 untuk Hib
meningitis, dan 2150 untuk Hib
NPNM. The reduksi median total
kematian anak-anak <5 tahun
adalah 0,9% dan berkisar antara
0,3% -2,0% di seluruh negara (Tabel
IV dan Gambar 4).
0.6%
0.3%
1.0%
0.3%
$36
$43
$10
$20
$0.6
$0.3
$0.3
$0.5
$3.2
$4.9
$1.0
$1.2
34 470
47 096
20 314
25 620
1033
903
500
777
0.4%
0.4%
1.0%
1.1%
0.5%
1.0%
1.2%
0.7%
1.5%
0.9%
0.6%
1.0%
1.0%
0.9%
2.0%
0.8%
$45
$0.4
$3.7
44 145
1017
$118
$3.0
$9.9
220 070
524
$51
$2.8
$11.3
197 709
245
$133
$5.6
$24.4
661 798
192
$432
$24.6
$82.6
1 040 354
392
$169
$2.4
$24.4
617 964
269
$62
$2.5
$7.8
237 934
252
$58
$4.7
$4.9
169 599
315
$130
$8.3
$8.9
439 363
276
$19
$0.3
$0.4
43 599
420
$83
$1.1
$7.0
161 467
506
$204
$4.6
$22.2
374 003
533
$147
$2.2
$7.7
351 765
411
$104
$1.7
$7.1
216 132
474
$51
$1.3
$3.2
64 781
775
$90
$3.1
$4.4
156 945
555
$2006
$70
$240
5 125 128
378
Nagaland , Manipur , Mizoram , Tripura , Meghalaya ,
939
800
453
728
934
479
188
155
312
229
219
286
256
411
463
474
389
441
725
526
331
Gambar 4. Dampak dan efektivitas biaya vaksinasi Hib oleh Negara India
Berbagai asumsi , menguntungkan
dan tidak menguntungkan untuk Hib
pengenalan vaksin konjugasi ,
dianggap dalam analisis skenario
( Gambar 5 ) . Biaya per DALY
dihindari berkisar dari skenario
penghematan biaya , di mana
penghematan biaya perawatan
Skenario ( US $ 1830)
menggabungkan semua asumsi yang
tidak menguntungkan yang
tercantum di atas skenario dasar ,
dan skenario penghematan biaya
menggabungkan semua asumsi yang
Diskusi
Table V. Vaccine and syringe costs of the schedule* with and without Hib conjugate
vaccine (2010 US$)
Doses in schedule
Vaccine costs
Injection supply costs
Costs per dose
1
3
3
1
4
0.04
0.04
0.11
0.20
0.08
1.82
2 565 849
2 977 936
9 854 186
7 603 174
8 272 044
31 273 189
1.63
143 600 101
162 041 168
8.44
130 767 979
2 137 351
3 594 400
3 594 400
1 467 332
10 793 483
0.56
3 594 400
7 199 083
0.37
3 594 400
Harga per jarum suntik adalah US $ 0,06. Harga per kotak pengaman dengan kapasitas 100
jarum suntik yang digunakan
adalah US $ 1,50. tingkat wastage vaksin yang 61 % untuk
Bacille Calmette Guerin , 27 % untuk DTP dan vaksin pentavalent , 33 % untuk vaksin hepatitis B ,
35 % untuk campak dan 47 % untuk polio.
Total
4 703 199
6 572 336
13 448 586
9 070 505
8 272 044
42 066 671
2.19
147 194 502
169 240 250
8.81
127 173 579
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