e
Pq izs
6
DgAi vgUw
zAi g
2015
PlP oP AW (j.)
100 Cr v g, APj 3 Av,
AUg - 560 085.
oP gZ w
CzsPg:
1) . gWAz n, ZAig(v), J.J.n. z Pd, r,
avzU.
2) q.J. sg, Ag(v), Dg.. PPg zAi (L.J.J.E), AUg.
zg:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
jPg:
1) J. Cgx, CAim sg, sU, J.J.Ji.Dg..
z Pd, AUg.
2) q.e. x, CAm sg, sv sU, Ji.E.J. z Pd, AUg.
AzP Aq:
1) J. jAit, Rg, fAim JiN, E GU PAz, AUg.
2) q. P.J. gA, zsPg(v), dAi PPg zAi, AUg.
3) q. Pv PAv, zsPg(v), t sU, AUg zAi, AUg.
CzPg :
1)
2)
3)
4)
R AAidPg:
. f.J. qArvAi, AAidPg, oP jgu v oP gZ,
PlP oP AW, AUg.
R Ugg:
UAz Pig, P zPg, PlP oP AW, AUg.
AqgAU, GzPg (sj), PlP oP AW, AUg.
PAiP AAidPg :
w J. Dg. dPij, jAi AiP zPg, PlP oP AW, AUg.
ii
CzsP
g rr
J..Js.-2005 v P..Js.-2007 EU Arg DAi v UjU
zs UVgAv J AivU ir F oP gaz. vgUwAi
PorAi Av / sUv q zs-PP QAiAi ZAv
E oU zrVz. zs-PP QAiAi UqUU
vUgz. zV Cz vgUwAi PorAi DZU ZaPAvUP. zyU
ZlnPU vqVPv, AidU gv PAizg P Ez zsUAv
oP gVz.
ZPU a iwU qVz F iwU zyU oU
U DQAi rAw. C g Ppt UU rg z AiU
zyU oP DvzAU vAvV NP zsUAv ir.
oPz Zaz jPU UAv Pz, P tavU
MzV Aiwz. F avU Pq P NU gPUvAz sv.
wAiAz oz PU rg U zyU v Pvz gP
v o Pvz Ug e U xU rP Ai
iqAw. Mn, PAi v v e PnPzg zyU CvAv
QAiivPV vqUz F oP Gzz.
PlP gd oP AWz P zPg, G zPg v
oPU gZAi R AAidPgz . f.J.qArvAi Eg U F
ez oP ga djAi zg. EzPV F AijU
PvdvU v.
E oU ga P z J RPjU zszU
v. oU N P wzrU a, oU UAv, vUzAv
v U EAiAv iq z oP jPjU
PvdvU v.
oP Z DPPUAv AU Pj Pir tavU rz
Pz .. AU AijU zszU.
F oP ga v Ez Z AzgU Pgtgz Jg
PvdvUAU Aiv. F oP E GvrAv U
z Uwv.
. gWAz n
q. J. sg
CzsPg
iii
zAi g
jr
P.A.
WlP
l AS
1.
1 - 16
2.
fU CAU AAid
17 - 40
3.
zsvU v AAiPU
41 - 56
4.
U v CU
57 - 67
5.
tzg U rP
68 - 83
6.
zvPU v gzsPU
84 - 91
7.
CvAi zsU
92 - 108
iv
WlP - 1
(HABITAT)
U z U q U U Z U
vsjvVgv.
Uz UqU EAx U Uz
UU CvAv DgzAiP UVgv.
Uz U D U v DgPV
Az vlU
v
! Avgz
U
U z U wAz U z U q
SAi i U v z . SAi i z U z U r
U
U v
. U zrAi
g UAi Pq v.
z Ai :
vsjv - j
DAz Prz
z Ai :
Az - gz,
Pq ewU jz
fU
fAP v U J v? C CgtU z
U wz.
CP QU ml P Pv j ir, jUU UlP
Pl zP gU vvPz UqU PnPArgv.
VdU QU Az uz, gz gAUAz Ez vUq
UqU PnPv.
QAi Uq
VdU Uq
av 1.2
, P, , q, lg l, g Z, Ur
v Pa tU j zPz Ptwj. Pg Pz
vPU AvAz Feqv. C z Ai v.
UAi AVU zs
z
z zz
jA
i, zAqAi Ai
v. EAx tU GsAiZgU (amphibious) Jg.
vP, AVUAv PU Cx VU j ?
E. E gz gAU iv v.
EzP gzV vPU v AV QU gz gAU
? zs E. E C JvgP j gz gAU
vg. F QU gz gAU v vz Dg
qAig. DzjAz E gz .
t-QU w Dg v CU z q
Kzg AAzszAi?
UA ZZ : vP, AV, PU, V, , fAP, , v
E - EU Dg Aiiz? E v Dg J qzPv?
3
ZlnP 1.3 :
F PU Png t, QU Dg v CU
U gj.
t/QU
Dg
fAP
gPnU
vP
V
PqPt
AV
F ZlnPAi P, tU v CU Dg
F Jgqg q AAzs Ez JAz wAiz. tU
vU J Dg zgAivzAi C zPv. DzjAz VU
gU gA l, vPUAv j zPg.
tU zP Dg z U wz Ez. zP
PU EAz ZlnP AiizAz wg?
Cz Ggl. PUP UAi vUzPv.
UAi DQdC GglP PAq P q DPqC
gUq Pv.
ZlnP 1.4 : U MU UzAv v V U
Fd g z g jU z V, Gg U n Ai z g
U Pgwj. Dzg U r. j C GgUlz
CAiiV Feqwg v. MAz jAz gU vUz
g
Cz Aivzz JjU wz AUwAiiVz.
U vgtzg DQdC GglP g.
jg U GgUlz DgV FeqwgzjAz C
v GglP j PgV
g DQdC wg
P. Dzg U
v z Evg CP tUU vgtzg
DQdC gV v. j PgVg DQdC
GglP g.
F J ZZUAz wAizAzg, fAP, , ,
E Ev tU v Dg v GglPV DQdC z
zPAq qAiv. U DgV EgAv
E z zPv. UAi UU g DgzAiP
AiiVgvz. U, tUU dz UAwg s z
Cx dAZAiU D (habitat) Jg.
fAP, , QU AvzUU DVgvz. UU
v Evg P tUU g DVz. U s z v g
Jgq sv DUV.
fU s z s D (terrestrial habitat) v
d AZAiUz Aq, Pg, Pm, a, , v zU
d D (aquatic habitat) Jg.
D
s D
(s)
d D
(g)
5
+
F d AZAiU jg uA, Gv Avz CeP CAU.
6
1.
d D
(Aquatic habitat)
j D
z D
C D
uA g v
z j q w.
uA . 1 QAv
Pr.
uA . 3.5 QAv
Z.
Gzgu: Aq,vn,
d AUAi,
DuPl, U, ,
, U.
Gzgu: z v Gzgu: z
g R.
UgU.
vU:
vU:
vU:
j gl v
g qz g ,
a, qDli,
qDli v zz
g, PA v PAz
tz aU.
qDli v zz
aU.
DmjAi,
P U Ev.
z Ai :
vU - zw Au QAiAi P v Dg
v vAiijP fU.
7
C) j D
(Freshwater habitat)
j Dz uA PVgvz. F wAi C
tUU Ai Mqvz. F tU gPzAv jg
z
zz v
Eg jVAv Z
z
z Ai :
ztVgvz. VgzjAz gVg
g jg zzP g zzP jg zU - jgz
EgAv zU.
Aiwvz. UAi jg zz
Gzgu : gP
aU Eg tU gV jP g
A i w v . Ez Cg U PjAi i z A U w Ai i Vz . Dz jAz
jg tU F QAiU vPAv AztPAi
zuU irPArgv.
av 1.3 : j tU
Ez wj :
jgz Eg zUAzg, gP, zUg (lymph - gPzAvAi Ez PA tz
gPPtU Ez tz z), CAUAz z (fPU vjg z).
EU g v tU it MAz itz EgPUvz.
Ez wj :
jg tU gUqAz zzU g a g, z
v a itz f P gPv.
8
D) z D
(Marine habitat)
Ez wj :
zzg U Z tU PgVg v f
P t v j vz Ai UjPv.
av 1.4 : Ugz tU
tU EAv U jP
v P zuU irPv.
EAv zuU
AztPU (adaptations)
Jg. A WlPU EAv P
AztPU U PAij.
9
z Ai :
AztPU - v
jgz xV
zP fU
v irPArg
zuU.
E) C D
(Estuarine habitat)
CUAzg RU - U z g sUU. F
sUz j uA j PrAiiVg v zz
j ZVg. Egqg qzVgvz. E tU EAv
wAi As PzAv AztPU irPArgv.
av 1.5
CAi tU
av 1.6 : CAi tU
Dg qAiz.
d DU zP P tU E n iqt.
CPgPU (invertebrates) : Ad t,
z Ai :
q, z
, CA , z P ,
Ur , g Z, lg l, A CPgPU -
Ez tU.
, P a , w a , Pv
, DP Ev.
PgPU -
PgPU (vertebrates) : , P, D,
, wAV, q, , Ev.
2.
s D
(Terrestrial habitat)
Eg tU.
Ez wj :
* j Ai Cx Cw Z z g eU zU
Ai U d U (hydrophytes) Jg.
* P Dzg g Av eU DUz t zz Ai
UU sm (mesophytes) Jg.
* Cw Pr , gsAiAv Mt zU Ai U
U (xerophytes) Jg.
* Cw Pr GvAi, AdUq Djg zs zz sUz Ai
UU zs zz U (cryophytes) Jg.
Ai
i t Dzsj
s
Dz
g U A i gAi U
Ptv. EzP CUtV s Dz
g zsU. C AiiAzg - Cgt,
U v gs.
z Ai :
g - MAz
zz Ai
Ml U .
s D
Cgt
Ai it :
C) Cgt D
U
Ai it :
P 25 jAz 75cm
(Forest habitat)
gs
Ai it :
P 25cm VAv Pr
av 1.7 : Cgt
Ez wj :
gU Prz CgtU gAi iqzjAz Cgt v Czg
vv zU zuUAmUv. F zU Ai it
PrAiiUvz. t PAiwg AAi (humus) it
PrAiiUv gvz. Pt t gAvV D z gUq (desert)
DUvz. F QAiAi gsPgt (desertication) Jg.
D) U D
Ai it : w 25 jAz 75cm.
g : zs
i tz
g. Pr Jvgz gU,
zgU v .
tU : gqv, qv,
v
,
, gU
v
, ,
C, , j, v Ev.
av 1.8 : U
E) gs D
(Desert habitat)
av 1.9 : gsAi U
12
tU : MAm,
, NwPv, Hg,
Nq Q, A,
gsAi E,
AU Ev.
av 1.10 : gsAi tU
Ez wj :
Aqz vz Pjg QjAi v AzU Aqz v
tU zU Pv. F zUg eP U (organic
compounds) Mqz CeP AAiPU (inorganic compounds) GAmUv.
Aqz U v aU F tU PAq v Dg
vAiijPv. a t (crustacean) UAv aP tU U v
aU sUU wv. aP U F a tU wv. zq
U aP U wv. F UAU Aiizzg MAz
PuAiizg Gz fU UAU zjuAliqvz. U
Aiiz Dz zP J fU jPAq MAz zz fU
ZAiVgvz.
r
DAzg v tU zQU PU J CAU
MzV . D = sUP z + CeP CAU.
s z v g - Jgq svz DUV.
EU PV s D v d D Jg.
13
v t U D U i q g z v
Ugz.
CsU
I.
w Ai Az t/ C t P A i P U A i i Ai
GvgU qVz. jAiiz Gvg DAi ir Czg
Az Ugv Q :
1. j zP U F Ai JzjPUvz.
C) jg zAz g ggz.
D) gV g jg zz jPz.
E) jg zzP tU jPz.
F) gV g Mj tU gP gz.
14
2. Cw Z uA F j Egvz.
C) Pg
D)
E) Ug
F) C
3. MAmU Eg D
II.
C) Cgt D
D) gs D
E) d D
F) U D
l U P zUAz vA :
1. Dz
g
swP (CeP) CAU
Czg
_ _________ U
zsjv.
2. d Dz R CeP CAAzg __________
3. gsAi Dz Ai it __________
III.
1.
Mt v Cw Pr
C) U
2.
zs itz uA
D) gs
3.
a v svz t
E) zz D
4.
PgVz DQd
F) C
5.
Cw Pr P
G) Cgt
H) d D
IV.
PV UU Gvj :
1. D JAzg?
2. gs Dzg U j.
15
3. dAZAiU uA JAzg?
4. d D JAzg?
5. s Dz CeP CAU nir.
6. d Dz zsU w.
7. s Dz zsU w.
Aid PAi
F PU Png av Aii D wvz? F Dz
tU Jzj U U iw AU.
AiV PtU t, QU
D v DgU
ni r.
Y
16
WlP - 2
fU CAU AAid
d D
s D
17
zs DU zP fU DPg v CU CAUU
vU Ptwg? Ez UP?
1. tU
z gZ
A i s
v AztPU
v PAiU
(Basic adaptations in animal forms and functions) :
g g DU zP tU v v DUU
APAq zP zuU CrPPUvz. EAv
zuU AztPU (adaptations) Jg.
D tUU Dg, DAi v g MzVvz. F
PAiU Uj itz qzPAq xV zP
tU DPg v gZU Pv. EAv DPg v
gZU DPV AztPUV.
, q, wAV, QU v Pgr EU Pt
sv AztPU wAit.
(Fish)
avzg zz gZAi U.
av 2.1 : zz gZ.
DPg Vz?
Cz Jgq vU ZVg PjAv Cx AiAv
DPgVz. EAv DPg Aii PgtPV Ez?
U AiiPgz z ZAi Azsz g Mq
WuAi PrUvz.
Ez wj :
UV Z jgU iV A v A Jgq vU
ZVjPArgv. EzjAz v izs Pr WuAiAU
s zsUvz.
Ez wj :
zv Zv U g RV v P AzP Pqv.
Ez wj :
zz GzP Jgq U Eg AiUAz zz GzP vgAU
jwAi Ai ZU GAmUv. EzjAz g AzP vl
z AzP Pqvz.
FdgPU
(ns),
U ZU Aiiqv.
z Ai :
Fd gP - ZmAiiz, zz gZaPU.
19
(gills)
P Ggqv
.
Da :
QgU
U Ggqv?
av 2.3 : U Ggl.
q :
(Dolphin)
z Ai :
q jg MAz .
: Pzg t.
Ez P
U
P Ggqvz
.
Ez j Pvz. UAyU
Ez j xV zP
jUU Prvz.
AztPU irPArgvz.
Gzgu : z, AU, .
Ez wj :
q MAz et t. Ez gAU Dlq Eqvz.
av 2.4 : q
20
q AztPU :
Av-Av ZV q Gz
AUU n
(paddles)
(stream-lined)
zz DPg.
DPg Agz.
wAV
(smooth)
(Whale)
Agz.
av 2.5 : wAV
QU
(Birds)
v zz CP QU Ptv.
ZlnP 2.3 : zz Pt QU n ir.
P.A
1
2
3
4
5
6
QU g
UjU
PP
av 2.6 : j
22
Pgr
(Polar bear)
PgrAi rg?
Ez Aii Dz zPvz? KP?
PgrAi AztPU :
Ez zzz v (fur)
av 2.7 : Pgr
Agvz.
Zz PU zzz P zg Egvz.
aP zAqAi QU.
Cw v (drastic cold) z iP APz.
Ez wj :
2. t zz gZ v PAiU
v CP tU Ptv. EU P
(backbone) Eg tUVzg, Ez Ez tU.
Eg tU PgPU (vertebrates) Jg.
Ez tU CPgPU (invertebrates) Jg.
ZlnP 2.4 : F tU PgPU v CPgPUV AUr.
, Pv, Q, , , P, , Jg, MAm, t,
v .
(Skin)
zz U gU PAi zAz g
gUzAv v j uAU jg z zAv
vqAivz.
, Hg (UA), , D EU Pq Zz
gU gU Cx CvmU P Egvz. Ez zAz g
v R gUzAv vqAivz.
QU z UjUAz DvVz. F UjU zAz g
v R UzAv vqAivz. Ezz UjU QU vP
PrUv.
z, MAm, Pzg AvzU Z Pz P(v)
Ai Agvz. Pz F PAi zAz R UzAv
vqz tU vAz gQvz.
zs zz Zv zz zP PgrAi zlz
v Az.
U FdgPU A. U er (paired) v
MAn (unpaired) Fd gPU E. sdz sUz (pectoral) v vqU
sUz (pelvic) FdgPU er FdgPU. F FdgPU U
vU Pz j Dz GAi Cx jU R
v PRV Fd Aiiqv.
FdgPU
QgU sU
z FdgP
vqAi sUz FdgP
s dz sUz FdgP
mAi sUz FdgP
Jz
AQ
NwPv
av 2.9 : tU zz zs sUU
(Head)
Jz v m
Jz v m s U z fuAU , d AU ,
gPjZAU, Avvw CAU Avz CAUUgv.
QU, NwPv, z, Hg v - EU zz
sUU Ptv. vAi JzAi sUP z
PwAz (neck) erngvz. U v PU Pv Eg.
26
Ez wj :
HgAi v v U gz gAU UnAiiV rAi PV.
Ez wj :
D U PU Az. Dzg, U m vz
v U zPz DgAz C Pt PU PzPAq.
QU AUU
qzqzP Ezg,
AUU glz gP
UV zuUAr.
av 2.11 : gPU v AUU
27
Pzg
MAm
av 2.12 : tU UgU
av 2.13 :
(Tail)
(bat) U AUU v
AUU q Z gU
Argvz
.
Ez mfAii (patagium)Jvg.
mfAii glz CAUVgv.
EU AUU gU Gzz
R (claw) U Az, EU
AiAz gz gAU szV
rzPArgv.
HgAi GzVz,
g z g A U rz P
AiPVz.
av 2.14 : Hg
28
Ez wj :
HgAi vUAz gQP v zz t zvz. Ez
Pse(camouage)Jg.
3. U zz sUU gZ v PAiU
A vgU
w
U
tU
zz sUU
gZ v PAiU wz. FU U
U wAit.
:
U
s
J
U
zz zs sUU
A
zg g, PAq,
J, U, v s.
PAq
g
1. g
(Root)
av 2.15 : z sUU
vg
vAvgU
av 2.16
Ez tU gvz v Ez
t PzAv gZAi Az,
EzP Pg (dirt) CAnPArgvz. Ez
MAz v g (tap root). , gV,
e EU vAvgU(brous
roots) Egv.
29
gU vPV zU Ai z sU. E
P VAiiV Av. Cz tAz g v tU
jPv. E j i PAiU.
F i PAiUz, gU E P PAiU
v.
C) Dzsg qz
(Supporting) :
DzsggU
Dz gU
gz gAU
Az
z gU gl PU
EAiv. E tU P
zUUv. EAx gUU Dzsg
gU (prop roots) Jg . E
zPgz Dz gP Dzsg
qv.
D) vgtAz vA gz
DQq zq gU gAU
Aiv. EU vUq (hanging)
gU gAzs (pore) Ugv. F
gU vgt
zg
vA(moisture)
jPv. EU g gU
(absorptive roots) Jg.
DQq
g
g gU
E) Ggl (Respiration) :
CAii eU
(marshy)
zU Aivz.
Ezg jAz z P
Ul sUU Aiv. F
sUU gAzsU Az,
EAv gU
Aizsg
g U (pneumatophores)
Jg. F gU z
GglP Ai iqv.
Aizsg gU
Ez wj :
CAii v gesg U AUz Azg Rd
sAi sUU PAqgv.
F) Dgz AU
(Storage of food) :
m gm
Udj
av 2.20
31
Ut
2. PAq
(Stem)
CU sUU Uw.
PAqz R PAiAzg, g jz g v tU
JUU Vz. F i PAiz PAq g PAiU
vz.
C) Dgz AUu
(Storage of food)
DUq
D) PAid Avvw
av 2.21
Ap
(Vegetative Reproduction)
3. J
(Leaf)
JU
Dg vAiijv
. E g t
Az, P g
(jzt) U MUArgv. F PgU zwAu
(photosynthesis) Ai qv. F i PAiz JU Evg
PAiU v.
C) AUu
(Storage)
Fg
D) Avvw
AiA
av 2.23
(Reproduction)
JP
(Bryophyllum)
Av z JU CAa UU
Egv. F UU z APP AzU PAiqz g l
UV Aiv.
av 2.24 : AiA
33
4. U
(Bud)
U U g A
(branch) v U
U . P z
Vt sUzg U
U PAid jwAi
A v v w A i s U
v.
5.
(Flower)
vU
av 2.25
PAP U
vU
v
U
UVzU gQ
v
.
zU DPP tU Az
QlU DP v . P g U
zU
A v v w A i U A q s U U V .
PU
Avvw
A
i t sUU
V.
vl
av 2.26 sUU
6. s
(Fruit)
Pz CAqAi(ovary) z
s U A v g z s V
A i v z . Ez g dU
Egv.
i (mango), zQ (grape),
(pear) Avz U
sU iAVz (eshy)
wzVgvz.
i t
zQt
av 2.27
CP U sU iAVgz MtzVgv.
34
r
D
C zP tU
U Dg, DA
i v g MzVvz
.
g g Dz
zP tU
DAii DU
U APAq
zP CrPArg zuUU AztPU Jg.
Av-Av ZVg, zsz Gg zz DPg
ZAi Az
s z g Cx UAi gzs
PrUvz
.
U Z m A i i z , z z g Z aP U z C U
FdgPUg. FdgPU j U ZU Ai
iqv.
U QgU P Ggqv.
QU JU U vAz mU A. EU
UAiP JU (CU) Jg.
wAVU v qU UVz, PU P
Ggqv.
PgPU Eg tU. CPgPU Egz
tU.
PgPU iV sUU Agv - v, Jz,
m v .
tU z ZAz DvVgvz. Ez zzV
CAUU gQvz.
35
U Zz g U Eg gU Cx CvmU
PAi zzP g jPzAv Cx
zAz g gP gzAv vqUlvz.
QU Zz g U UjU P Ez zAz g v
R gP UzAv vqAivz.
MAmAi UgU CUVz, E rz g
qAi CPV.
U sUUAzg- g, PAq, J, U, v s.
gU iV z zrAi sU. E P
szrv.
gU tAz g v tU gv.
g jz g v tU PAq JUU Vvz.
JU Dgz PSUV.
P Avvw.
i, zQ, Avz U s iAVz,
wzVgvz.
j Z U Av-AvU ZVgP.
zz
U V
(coral) v v (pearl) U
P
g
PUU CUz ez(web feet) zAv Pa(glouse) U
zsjP.
t v U sUU Ugz.
36
CsU
I.
D) Z
E) P
F)
2. QU z EUAz DvVz.
C) CvmU
D) UjU
E) Pz
F) gU
3. EU UAU gz z.
C)
D) Z
E) U
F) Q
D) FdgP
E) Qg
F) g
5. F tAi Pw sU Eg.
C) MAm
D)
E) D
F) A
6. Fg z Dg AUuAi sU
C) g
D) PAq
E) J
F)
37
7. R PAi
II.
C) Avvw
D) Dg AUu
E) Ggl
F) Dzsg qz
l U P zUAz vA :
1. wAVz Z z PV
g zz
z P zg
__________
Jg.
2. QU JU__________ jAz PgAig.
3. Az tU__________ .
4. DQq U __________ gU Agv.
5. U z __________ jwAi Avvw qAivz.
6. JUg __________ U zwAuAi qv.
III. A gj :
1.
UAiP JU
C) q
2.
QgU
D) Pgr
3.
ZmAiiz FdgPAiAv
E) wAV
4.
F)
5.
zzz v
G) Q
H)MAm
38
1.
C) rzP
2.
MAm
D) lU
3.
wAV
E) FdgP
4.
Hg
F) Ug
5.
G) mfAii
H) gP
AAz PAiU A gj :
C
D
1.
C) Avvw
2.
PAq
D) zwAu
3.
E) wzz iA
4.
F) jP
5.
G) UtP
H) Dzsg
IV.
PV UU Gvj :
1. UAiP U JAzg?
2. d Dz q AztPU w.
3. PgrAi Pt AztPU w.
4. CAzz av gj. Gglz CAU Uw.
39
5. g MAn FdgPU j.
6. PgPU zz i sUU j.
7. v m sUz FdgPAi PAi?
8. Zz gP gZU j.
9. NwPvz CAzz av gz, sUU Uw.
10. j i PAiU w.
11. CAzz av gz, sUU Uw.
12. z CAzz av gz, sUU Uw.
13. JAi R PAi?
V. UAU gz z Czg PU Ug Jz Uw :
1. z, AU, ,
2. j, P, V, A.
3. D, wAV, q, .
4. Pv, g, NwPv, wAV.
5. MAm, Pzg, z, .
6. mgm, U g, AV, Ut.
7. , J, zwAu, P.
8. Avvw, , UtP, zwAu.
Aid PAi
z vAiP sn r zs jwAi U DPg, t
v ZU Q.
zs U avU AU MAz Di vAiij.
40
WlP - 3
zsvU v AAiPU
U zsv Jg.
DQd, a, , Pt, v v CAii zsvUU
GzguUV. ig 90 zsvU VPV zgw. P
zsvU PvPV vAiijVz.
zg zQAi viP (clinical thermometer)
rg? Czg
g z
Aiiz? zg
. Ez z
g
z
g
zsv. dg zsj U az gU Wgz zsvUAz
vAiijn. P igAsU P gwg U
rgz. D U vAg C Aiiz?
Ez qd.
Ez wj :
qd vA z CzjAz, EwZU CUvzq qdU
zV AiiC U Uvz.
U, zsvU W, z, C gU Egv.
ZlnP 3.1 : PV zsvU W, z, CUV AUr.
v, CAii, a, , zg, DQd, md, ni,
iAU, VAii.
jm z AiAz P. K Uj?
PgAi z wAi qAivz. B P. KUvz? Ez PAz
t qAivz. Pz AzgzU P
Ptj. F B V P. t zUvzAi?
E. vA ir, Aiz Avg tz Kzg zuzAi
JAz U. z GAi P P JA zsv.
Ez wj :
av 3.1
gm Ai
zsv JA z z PU vAz e
gl Ai. zsv SAi z
rzg sAZ e Ai. Cg Pg
gAiPV g UV sf
zsz z zsv.
42
av 3.2
Ai
gAiP APvU
(Chemical Symbols) :
av 3.4 : fAi
Ez wj :
zsvU a VPg F avU wzg.
Pt
av 3.5
43
APv
CAir - Iodine
g - Boron
gAdP
- Phosphorous
sj - Fluorine
P
F
APv
qd
(Hydrogen)
md
(Nitrogen)
DQd
(Oxygen)
UAzsP
(Sulphur)
44
APv
CAii
(Aluminium)
Al
grAii
(Radium)
Ra
(Silicon)
Si
(Cobalt)
Co
(Bismuth)
Bi
Ez wj :
P - Co v Pj C P iPq - CO q
vA v Ez.
45
Ai - 4 : P zsvU APvU
CU n z j
Az
qAiVz. n gU APvU gAiU Ez
AiU CjVz.
Gzgu
: rAii zsv n g
nAii
DzjAz rAii APv Na.
(Natrium).
Ez jw n gU qz zsvU APvU V.
zsv
n g
APv
Pi
(Cuprum)
Cu
CeAli
(Argentum)
Ag
Cgi
(Aurum)
Au
zg
qfgi
(Hydrargyrum)
Hg
mAii
PAii
(Kalium)
Pt
sgi
(Ferrum)
Fe
Ai
(Plumbum)
Pb
Ez wj :
zsvUU g rg :
/ Avz jAz Agz U / GUz jAz Agz.
Gzgu :
Gzgu :
(Americium)
- sAii (Fr)
(Francium)
- Aii (Np)
(Neptunium)
(ZAz) - Aii
(Selinium)
46
(Se)
Ez wj :
J zsvU vV PPAzg Aq
erzg. F PP Aq DvP PP
(Mendellevs periodic table) Jg.
av 3.6
Aq
ZlnP 3.6 : Ai sg Dv PP r,
2. AAiPU
(Compounds) :
vAwAi
vAq EPz AiAz rz Gj.
K Uj? VAii Rg
QAU GjAiz.
GAmUz
Pq
Uz.
VAii v DQd zsvU
av 3.7
AAiUUAq Ai GAmv
VAii GjAiwgz.
F VAii DPq. Ai
Az VAii v DQdU B sV
vQz? wi? tz P U sv
zsUAz sV r zs.
Ez wj :
Png zsv Cx AAiP JAz wAi
Jgq zsU. Cz WlP zsvUV sfz MAz
zs. Czg WlP zsvUAz vAiijz
EAz zs. PjP DPq MAz AAiP JAz
vjzg sAZ gAi vd Ai. Eg zg
av 3.8
v DQd zsvUAz PjP DPq vAiijzg.
Ai
Avg Ez AAiP Czg WlP zsvUV sfzg.
Eg DQd zsv U a CzsAi q D g Elg.
Ez wj :
av 3.9
PAr
Ct
(Molecule) :
Ctv
(Molecular formula) :
zsvU g
i t APvU
Az azAv AAiPU
Ct
APvU P U az JAz wAit. P qDPq
Ct CO2 JAz ag. CO2 CP qDPq Ctv
Jg. Cz jw j Ctv H2O JAz ag. j
MAz Ct qd Jgq gitU v DQd MAz
gitz.
Ctg gitU ASU gAiP APvz P
az Ctv Jg.
AAiPU CtvUU GzguU F PV PPz
PqVz.
AAiP
WlP
zsvU
Ml gitU
Ctv
v CU itU
1. qdPgq qd
Cx
Pj
qPjP D
1 git
1 git
1 : 1
HCl
2. CAi
md
qd
1 git
3 git
1 : 3
NH3
3. g
qd
DQd
4. mAii
iAUm
mAii
iAU
DQd
2 git
1 git
2 : 1
1 git
1 git
4 git
1 : 1 : 4
5. P qDPq P
DQd
1 git
2 git
1 : 2
50
H 2O
KMnO4
CO2
Ez wj :
j Ctv H2O. H JAz qd zsv APv, 0 JAz DQd
APv. H Avg g 2 JA CAPAi Jgq qd gitU
JAz avz. DQd Avg Aiiz CAP Egz, DQd
gitU AS MAz JAz avz. DzjAz g Jgq qd
gitU v MAz DQd git Az.
ZlnP 3.11 :
r
J U gitUA PPtUAz iqn.
g
i t m, m v EPUA
g s
v
PtUAzVz.
Ug gitU Dzsj CU zsvU v
AAiPUAz VPjVz.
51
P zsvU CvV. CU vV .
PP g
A
iU
ir vjU Cg Cw Ez gAiP
U lgz.
CsU
I.
D)
F) zg
52
2. Ai gAiP APv
C) Ag
D) Au
E) Al
F) Ar
3. EU n jg zsv
C) Ru
D) Np
E) Fe
F) Ni
4. Ez AAiPP GzguAiiVz.
C) P
D) md
E) U
F) P q DPq
5. P q DPq Ctv
C) CO
D) CO2
E) CO3
F) C2O
II.
C) KMnO
D) KMn4O
E) K4MnO
F) KMnO4
l U P zUAz vA :
1. wAiAz __________ UAz iqnz.
2. VPg zsvU
a __________ U
GAiVwz g .
3. zs v U A P v z P a z P U
vAzg __________ .
53
4. rAii n g__________ .
5. n P D z g zs v U m d , q d v
__________ .
6. qd Ctv __________ .
7. zsv J PtU Ag PPt __________
Jg.
8. C) __________+ DQd
VAii DPq.
D) rAii + __________
III.
rAii Pgq.
A gj :
1.
PAii
C) C
2.
D) Ca
3.
E) Co
4.
F) Cl
5.
Pj
G) Cb
H) Cu
54
1.
CAi
C) NaCl
2.
rAii Pgq
D) CO2
3.
jP D
E) Au
4.
F) NH3
G) H2O
5. P q DPq
H) H2SO4
IV.
PV UU Gvj :
1. git JAzg? gitg g sv
PtU j.
2. zsvUAzg? Jgq Gzgu Pr.
3. gAiP APv JAzg? F zsvU APvU gj.
C) v
D) qd
G) Pt
H) P
E) lAU
F) zg
I) CAii
D) N
E) P
F) Mn
H) Br
I) Cl
J) Si
KClO3
C) AAiPUg zsvU j.
D) F AAiPz w Ctg w gitU ASAi
gj.
Aid PAi
zsvU g gn vAqU gz MAz gn nUAi
Q. Cz jw zsvU APvU EAz gn nUAi Q.
vgUwAig zyU Jgq vAqUV AUr. MAz
vAqz zyU P
V MAz nUAig zsv jg
gn vAqU vUzP . EAz vAqz zyU
PV EAz nUAig gn vAqU vUzPAq
zsvU jAiiV APvU er .
jgz U zsvU AU, CU gAiP g
v APvU PPg AizAU gj.
56
WlP - 4
U v CU
(METALS AND NON METALS)
Aivz/Ai
v
CAii
UAzsP
iqz gz vAq
57
zsvU
ZmAiiUz
vAq vAqUz
Ptz
vz vAw
z Pr
Ez vAq
F ZlnPU
Az, zsvUz v v Ptz U
Az v z
v vAwU
vAiijz JAz wAivz
. v z U
vAiijAv zsvU Pt vv Cx Plv(malleability)
JAz v vAwU vAiijAv zsvU PtU vAvv
Cx vv (ductility) Jg. z Pr U Ez vAq F
PtU Ag.
ZlnP 4.4 : CAii, v v v vAwU
AiizPV GAiVvg nir.
58
A v B vU q vz vAwAi j. zv
av 4.2 : zv Aq
F PV PP sw ir.
zsv
GjAivz
GjAi
CAii
Ptz vAw
Pz
v
F AiUUAz, zv GjzU P zsvUAzz U
z, zv GjAizU
zv Gv
P (good conductor) UA
P zsvUAzz U zv CP (bad conductor) UAz
wAivz.
Da :
vz vAi g MAiU vA
eUgPvAgP. KP?
59
vUzPAq t t tz ZgU
CAvgzgAv vAwU CAn.
vAwAi MAz vAi P.
KUvz? U. Aii t
z
PgUvz?
KP?
eAi
wgg t z PgUvz.
CAvg vAwAi g Gz tz
av 4.3
ZgU PgU DgAsUvz. Ez
K avz? v MAi
GPVz. CAii vAw, z PrUAv zsvU
vUzPAq F AiU gw. wi?
Ez wj :
* zz ig EvP Z zsvU JAz eU
PAqrzg.
Gzgu : rAii, PAii, DQd, qd Ev.
* gPz Ug Pt zsv gz. Cz AAiP gzz.
Da :
PPg v Evg vU rU Pm Cx
gz vAq GAiV vAiijgvg. KP?
Zg z . GAmz z vzg
Ug?
60
(non-metals)
v CUVg vU
EzgU
irz ZlnPU
jPAq P F PV
PP
vA Aiw :
P.A
ZlnPU
1.
GdPUzAz GfzU
2.
wUAz rzU
3.
PzU
4.
JvgAz zU
Pt
E/P
C A z wAi z U v C U
v wAiz.
U
CU
1. i vz WwAigv. 1. i vz W, z,
(z g z g z g v C wAigv.
UAiiC gvr)
2. iV Aiv.
3. iV UnAiiVgv.
(rAii v mAii
C gvr)
4. G v zv Gv
PU.
2. iV Ai.
(Usm v CAirC
gvr)
3. iV zVgv.
(d gvr)
4. G v zv
CPU.
(Usl gvr)
5. iV vv v
5. vv v vAvv
vAvv UtU Agv.
UtU Ag.
(rAii, mAii v
zg gvr)
6. jAUt Al iqv. 6. jAUt
(rAii, mAii v
GAliq.
zg gvr)
sU
(Metalloids)
sU PtU
(Properties of Metalloids)
iV sU WwAigv.
C Ai Cx Aiz Ut A. evU
zsgV.
CU PvAi v CU q Ez.
C vVz gAiiPgz Vz.
iV J sU
g g PgU
U PAzU
A.
iV sU CgPU Jg.
z Ai :
zsg - AiUAz vAqUz.
dqU
(Inert gases)
av 4.4 : dqU
63
dqU PtU
dqU t v z CU.
sV zPjz.
CU P AigU zVg.
Pr PgU v PAi AzU A.
C zU PgUv.
r
zsvU , C v sUAz VPjVz.
Un, , vv, vAvv, G v zv
PUVg zsvU Ug.
Gzgu : Pt, v v CAii.
U PtU Agz zsvU CUg.
Gzgu : UAzsP v Usm.
v C U U tU Ag zs v U
sUg.
Gzgu : dAii v g.
UtU
Ag PgtAz AAiU Azz zsvU
dqUg.
Gzgu : Aii, Aii v DU
U jv AUV. CU vV .
CsU
I.
D) zg
E) a
F)
2. z gz CP Gzgu
C) UAii
D) zg
E) P
F)
3. Ez MAz C.
C) a
D) v
E) qd
F) rAii
4. sP Gzgu
C) dAii
D) DQd
E) Aii
F) v
5. dqP Gzgu
C) P
D) rAii
E) Aii
F) v
65
II.
l U P zUAz vA :
1. U zv __________ UV.
2. U
U
V qA
i Ut __________ Jg .
3. vAwUV qAi Ut __________ Jg.
4. UnAiiz CP Gzgu __________ .
III.
F PVUU PgtU Pr :
1. Usm C vAwUV iq .
2. Dg wq CAii Ai vg.
3. WAmU UAz iqn.
IV.
Aiig?
1. Az , P jAU j CqU GV inz .
2. Az , U v j AP
z vPV inz .
3. Az C Dzg zv Gv PVz.
V.
VI.
PV UU Gvj :
1. JAzg? Jgq Gzgu Pr.
2. sUAzg? Jgq Gzgu Pr.
3. dqUAzg? Jgq Gzgu Pr.
66
4. sU PtU gj.
5. dqU PtU gj.
6. v CUVg vU gj.
VII.
PV PPz , C v dqU CU
v Ug Pzg P Uw :
Gzgu :
C
Ai i
l Aii F
Ai
H UA
zs
Aid PAi
v GAiV Cx CUAzVg U
j. Czgg v CU j.
Gzgu :
Pw, q _
AQPr _
Pt
gAdP
67
WlP
-5
tzg U rP
F U tU UAU jg U
U . CU
t
U JAz PgA
i Pgt? F t
U
g
WlPU n iq Aiw.
68
Jgq Cx Z U
swPV jzU t
zgAivzA
z
U wz. Aiiz tzg U gz swP
zsAz rz. F WlPz tzg U
r P g zsU PAij.
tz U r CUvv :
tzg WlPU rz
z Ai :
wv qv Egwj. v
l - zsz g
U V GgPAz Gl PmU
zg
Czgg tPAi ZgU
vQwj. vAz t v vgPjU
vAzU CU g g iq Pjwj. v C
iq z CQAig l, sv, t AmU vUz z
iqvg. F J GzguU tzg U
rz vfz ZlnPAiiVz Jz rv.
tzg U KP rv? PgtU F jw
n iqz.
GAiP v CAiP U r.
PPr Avz CAiP U vUz zr.
tzg U vPV .
tz U r zsU
PUAz DjP
(Hand picking) :
PAz Dj r. PUzg C r.
2.
(Threshing) :
MAz VqAz U
, gAz i
tU PUAz Qv rj.
Dzg M gv jAz gV, sv
, UAiAv
zsU
PUAz r zs Uvz
A
i?
gvg g Un Cx AqAi
rAivg. DU zs jAz qvz.
zsU r F zs rAiP.
Ez wj :
Ewa U gvg
rAiPU
zV g gAi gqvg.
zq, sgz U j
VzU
zs
vQqvz.
F
zsAz
Raz, a z
zs jAz rz.Dzg
av 5.3
g AzsU ZP gg
F grz j UU vn v PU z UAgV UAiUvg.
Cz z ZPUU CAnPArg t, Avz Cz U
zsUU j zs CzUvz.
70
vgP
(Winnowing) :
E t
zg
WlPU
UAi AiAz
n. MAz tzg Ugz v
sgz U U UAi AiAz
rz vgP Jg.
vgPAi gvjAz iV
q
zsVz. E gvg Jvgz MAz PmAi
Av, zs zsV PU Zvg.
UAi l zg Vzg sgz zsz
P z vz.
4.
dgr rAiP
av 5.4 : zsUAz l
rz
(Seiving) :
av 5.5 : ng Cz
U rz
v Zw Cx gn iqz
Ugg? CAUrAz vAz
l DP JAzzg gV Zw Cx
gn iq vgAi? z
l MAz dgrAi Pvg. Avg
dgrAi CUrzU ng t
Uvz Cz U dgrAi Uz
GAi v . z l dg r Ai P U
AUqvz.
71
Ugv Az qP v AiP
(Sedimentation and Decantation) :
z
v D z
z
PgU
z
Eg W
t
r
Ez sz zsVz.
ZlnP 5.5 : MAz r CQAi MAz l vUzP. lU
g Q. K Uj? lg g UUvz.
CQAig zs Cx n PtU j Ai vv. CQ
l vz GAivz. l V Czz g Zzg z
CQ zgAivz.
AiU :
g v t t
Ugv Az qP
v wUP
av 5.6
72
AiP
Ai g tv jg t r.
6.
(Filtration) :
F Az irz A
iUAz Pj AU
z wg U .
Czg E t CA Ez JwzAi? F g n
MAz dgrAz . Avg mAi P . FU g
t wAiiV C? F PU Png AiU ir.
DP
zs
v
l g
av 5.7 g z
MAz zs
v
vUz
P. Cz
MAz DPAi DPgP r. Ez MAz
DPAiU A. DPAi z g
zs V jj. DP A i P V jz
E Az P j l g
AU. F g FU U Ptvz?
zs vz P gAzsU. F
gAzsU jg Cw P PtU
zz g Pqv.
igPmA
i zs Ai dzsP U
sz. E g zg evU
Pj zsU MUArgv.
73
Ez wj :
Cz g g gUUU PgtUvz. AiiU Pjz g
PrAiP.
(Evaporation) :
MAz z P Ai g A P G v A i D z z
PAi Az. z lz j PAi Az 1000C JAz
U wz. F GvAi vz Avg g E Pzg
g DAiiV jvAiiUvz. F QAiAi s Cx
DPgt Jg. F zsAz zz Vg W
rz.
D
AiU :
ZlnPAi vAiijg
G zt MAz AUt l
vUzP. Ez zg z
AiAz P. Aiz Avg
AUt l g g P Ai
gAvz. Pz Azj.
g Pt DAiiV jvUvz.
g A tV DAi i z A v g
Pz . AUt l
K Gz?
74
G
zt
AUt
l
zg
av 5.8 : G ztAz
G rz.
s
zs GAiV
z z jAz G
rz. zz g
CUz, Dz UArU
AUUvz. P U
Ai RP g DAiiV
V Czg PgVg G
C A i GAi v z . G
Pj CqUU Uvz.
CAirAiP G
z
MAiz.
av 5.9 : z jg G
s zsAz rgz.
8.
sn EP
(Distillation) :
j gaAi g? lU vA ig j
ga Vgvz
? j gaAi v
g Pgt, Czg
Vg
tU. j Vg tU sn EP zsAz
rz.
g sn E s
v U z P Aq Z V zAq
PUvz. g Pz vz s
vtg
DAiiUvz. F gAi
E Az s A U
Uvz v s
vtAi g jUvz.
sn Ez g
zg
s
g
g v gV
av 5.10 : sn EP
j v Az v z . F
j Ai i z t
Eg. sn Ez g CvAv z gVgvz. j PgVz
tU z s vz Ggv.
sn
Ez g OU
vAiijPAi vg. P ljU
sn Ez g GAiVvg.
75
9.
Gvv
(Sublimation) :
s
UUU
rgg? PU
v mU
q
PlUAz fgU zgj F UUU Uvz.
Pnl s UUU P U Avg Ptz E. KP?
Ez wj :
s UUAi i g-UU.
AiU :
MAz AUt l P CAir
g U v U z P . Cz Z V
rir, G ev g
. AUt l
avz vjgAv MAz Uf
DPAi Ej. MAz DPAi
gQ. AUt lg
t zg Az P.
CAir DAiiV jwvV DPAi
76
g
Qz
CAir
g
Uf DP
G v
CAir
t
zg
rP
(Magnetic separation) :
ZlnP 5.10 :
AiU :
MAz AUt l
P t z Z g U Q.
EzP PgAi g.
PU z Az w z MAz
CAiAv F tz
rj. Ptz Zg
U CAiAvAz DP
qv. Pg iv AUt
l GzPvz.
Pg
Pg v Ptz
ZgU t
Ptz Zg
CAiAv
CAiAv GAiVPAq t
z U r F zs P
PAwAi rP Jg. tz
PAwAi zg F zs GAiVv.
11. r
DP zs
z Ai :
PAwAi CAiAvAz
DPq
ZlnP 5.11 :
MAz g q Az g A i z z U C t Ai z U
(immiscible liquids) J g . EAv z U r
DP zsAz gg vQz.
AiU :
MAz r DPAi
vUz
P.
g v JuA i
F DP U Q. Z V P Q P
U
P U r. j Azv
JuAi AzvVAv e. g
r DPAi vz vz.
P r Az v A i Ju j
Uz vPz zgAl
iqvz. MAz Pg r
DP A i P s U z j . DP A i
P s U z g A i wg V
AiiV g DPAz PU
Av ir. DPAi g
78
r
DP
Ju
g
Pg
g
av 5.13 : CtAi
zU vQz
AtV PV
Pj AU
z Avg . FU r
DPAi P Ju iv Ggvz. U g g AzvAi
CtAi zU r DPAi zsAz vQz.
zU MAzgqAz gAiAwzg CU tAi
zU (miscible liquids) Jg. g g zU PAi Az
g gAiiVgvz. g g PAi Az Ag Jgq
Cx JgqQAv a tAi zU t CAP C
(fractional distillation) zsAz vQz. F zsz U
A vgUwU wzPj.
F WlPz
t
zg
U
r P g
zsU
wzPArgj. U r QAi v fz
GAiP
Vz. Dg zsU
jAz rzjAz DgA n
z, Dgz
g Cz U
rz, U
CU RdUAz vQz, JuAi Pjz, g
Pjz U J Pq tUg U rz
Ptv. EzP AAzAv tR (chromatography) zAv E
P zsU. EU U A vgUwU wAij.
r
Jgq Cx a U swPV gwzg, Cz t
Jg.
tzg U sv zsAz rz.
PUAz DjP, rAiP, vgP, dgr rAiP, Ugv
Az qP v AiP, P, s,
sn EP, Gvv, PAwAi rP, r DP
zs - E tzg U r P g
zsU.
79
CsU
I.
D) U
E) P
F) v
3. gd, CQ l v Ai g
z. Egq
r
CU a P zs
C) PUAz DjP
D) vgP
E) P
F) dgr rAiP
D) Ugv Az rP
E) s
F) AiP
5. F PVU Ez Gvv Az .
C) Pg
D) AdUq
E) CAir
F) s
81
II.
l U P zUAz vA :
1. AdUqAi PgU Az __________ .
2. sv Czg jAz r zs __________ .
3. zz jAz G qAi zs ________ .
4. sU R PmU Cz WgAz __________ gP
zUvz.
5. UAi AiAz U r zs _________ .
III.
UAzsP v Ptz gd
C) Gvv
2.
g v g
D) PUAz DjP
3.
G v g
E) P
4.
t v tP
F) s
5.
s v G
G) dgr rAiP
H) PAwAi rP
J) vgP
IV.
PV UU Gvj :
1. tzg U KP rv? v
fz Aiizzg Jgq U Gzj.
2. t
zg
U
r P zsU
n ir.
3. rAiP JAzg? F zs J vg?
82
n ev Vg CQAi U qVz.
EzjAz CQAi U rj?
11.
g v JuA
i t
r A
iwwz.
C Aii zs z P?
Aid PAi
P Aiz z MAz U sn Pl C gvg
rAiP v vgPU
zsAz zs U rvg
JAz U.
MAz sgzAz vv qAi QAiU tU
U rzg zsU U, n vAiij.
gV v Ai t r P zsU a.
PlPz G vAiij U U iw AU.
83
WlP - 6
zvPU v gzsPU
(CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS)
GPgtU n ir.
AiU :
P (dry cell) U CvAv javz v sV U
zZQAi DPg. Pzg zZQAi U z
JAz wAi F g AiU ir. MAz P v
MAz t zv vUzP. avz vjgAv zv
Pz j. K Uj? zv wP.
KP?
vAwz erl
vz vAwAz erl
P v
P v
av 6.1
85
zv Gvz
PAzU
zv
z q i tz Gv v g A z
U wz. E Gvl zv
, , sPj Avz U
U vvz? EzPV vAwU
G A i V U v z . F v A wU
AiizjAz iqn?
av 6.2
zv Vwg vAwU
zv vz
vAwAi P
PP AQzU iv
GjAi v z A z Az i rz
AiUAz wgj. Ez AiU
Azg. Dzg vz vAwAi
zV zg vUzPAq
v P AQ. K
Uj? wPvzAi?
CAii vAw v P
gU G A i VP Aq Ez av 6.4 : zgAz AQl
v P
AiU gw. svA
U. z vAwAz PP
AQzU iv wPvzz Uvz. zgAz
Cx P gAz AQzU wP.
86
P U v P zv jAi
q v . CAv U zv P U
(conductors) Jg.
Gzgu : v, CAii, v
Pt.
Da :
zv PV
v ZV
vg. KP?
iV J U PUV. U v
CvAv ZV q PVz.
Da :
P U v P zv jAi
UAi zv
q. CAv U zv gzsPU
PVzg
(insulators) Jg.
KUwv?
Gzgu : gg, w, Ud, PUz, Mtg,
U v gP.
zv PU v gzsPU GAiUU
(Uses of conductors and insulators) :
zv PU fz vz vv.
PUz Ezg zZQAi GAiVPAq Aiiz P
iq zs. GvzAi Az PAi P zv V
PU vg. J PlqU jAU iq v J zv
GPgtU vAiig iq PU vg.
av 6.5 : zv GPgtU
87
CgPU
(Semiconductors) :
P U PvAi zv P v gzsPU q
Egvz. EAv U CgPU Jg. dAii v
PU iV PAig CgPUV. CgPU
m, grAi, ms v PAlgAv J zv
GPgtU GAiVvg. CgPU U gV A
vgUwAi wzPj.
r
vAwU P jAi zv zv Jg.
PU v P zv jAi qv.
J U PUV.
v , CAi i , P t v GP P U U P
GzguU.
zv gzsPU v P zv jAi q.
88
zZ QAi A
iUU
iqU P t P
U
iv P. UqAi Z PmU r.
zvAU Dlqr.
CsU
I.
D) zv
E) P
F) U
89
2. Ez zv PVz.
C) Ud
D) P
E) gg
F) v
3. Ez zv gzsPVz.
C) CAii
D) v
E) Pt
F) Mtg
4. CvAv Z PAig P
C)
D) CAii
E) v
F) Pt
II.
C) v
D) P
E)
F) gP
l U P zUAz vA :
1. Pz P Cx gg PAi__________
Jg.
2. dAii __________ U Gzgu.
3. UAi MAz __________ .
III.
F PVUU PgtU Pr :
1. zv APPV vAwUU P Pgvz.
2. JQAi P iqU gg ZU zsjgvg.
3. iV J zv GPgtU gzs Agv.
90
IV.
PV UU Gvj :
1. zv JAzg? zZQAi P DPgU j.
2. zv PU v gzsPUVg v w.
3. zv PUU Gzgu Pr.
4. zv gzsPUU Gzgu Pr.
5. Pz gv zZQAz GAiU Jz gd
CAi. Ez Mg? GvgP vP x r.
6. zv P v gzsPU U MAz Aid
PAi iqwz.F PU Png U P v
gzsPUV VPj CU Ai ir.
P, az g, P Q, Pt
z P, Uf vAq, gg
Aq,
Gzg, P P, MAz g t.
Aid PAi
zs z v G P g t U av U A U , C U g
P v gzsP sUU Uw.
PlPzg zv gU U iw AU.
91
WlP - 7
CvAi zsU
(MEASURING DEVICES)
Eg zz it zg. zg J U
zgAi A. zgAi sv Pt. Aiiz
Az z vUAiz gv, Cx Aiiz U
z jz gv D zg gVgvz.
1kg CQAi vUzPAq sAi Aiiz P
zg CQAi zg zU, C Egvz. D 1kg CQU
CQAi jzg, Cx CzjAz CQAi vUzg iv Czg
zgAi zuAiiUvz. AzsU zg (mass)
J zP zV vP JA z
wg v . Dzg z
g
v vP (weight) F Jgq zU Cx g gAiiVz. zg
1kg vPz CQAi sAi g g U Czg, Czg
vP J PqUAi RgV 1kg Ai CVg. CQAi zg
1kg Ai Ezg Czg vPz Z Cx PrAiiVgvz. KP
UUvz?
zgAi wwg UgvP vP Jg.
zs U sAi Ugv zUvz. DzjAz MAz
vP zUvz.
Ez wj :
sAi J U 9.8 m / s2
Ugv
zAU DPvz. Dzg ZAz Ezg 1/6 g
UgvzAU DPvz. sAi 100 kg
vU Q ZAz P 16.67 kg vP A
gv. D QAi zz zgAi sAi
v ZAz MAz DVgvz. Ugv
PrAiizg vP PrAiiUvz.
zgAi CAiz
av 7.1
(Measurement of mass) :
jU vgP j, t, zs AvzU z
gAi CAi
MAz gz zs z rgj. F zsP
93
av 7.2 : a Ff
qwz vAiAv.
CAvgAi zw
i kg.
Ai zgAi
e A
iUAiU
gAiPU
v t U
z
gAi
CAi sv vAiAv (physical balance) GAiVUvz.
wgUu
zAq
Dzsg
As
Cv n
Cv
vm
z Ai :
wgUu - Ez MAzq gV
Av Zz vAiiVz,
Ezg ZP Cx Aiiz
gUV Zvz Cx
vvz.
PAi zs :
Aii zgAi PAqrAiPVzAi, D
JqsUz vmAiqP. sUz vmU CvAi lU Pv
zAv, MAz Avz
Jgq
vmU
g
U
z
g Uvz
.
vsAiAvz Cv nAi g Ai vz. sv
vAiAv FU v wAiz Jv . FU sUz vmA
ig
lU zgAi Jq sUz vmAijz zgAiiVgvz.
i v AiAv Ez zsz PAi vz.
igPm Cx CAUrU i vAiAv GAiV
zs U. wz zsP E Uz zsP
Kzg
v
zAi? A
iUAi
s v v Ai Av v wU
gg
U
, Czg sUz vmU
CvA
i
l U Pv Cx vUAiv,
JqsUz vmAig zg
Ai PAqrAiv. Dzg i
v Ai Av z jAi Jq s U z
av 7.4 : i vAiAv
vmAi Uwg CvAi l z
El, sUz vmU vgPj, zs Cx
CAiPz Pv, vUAiv v wU vgv.
U
z
gAi CAiAv zs UAi Dzs P vAiAvU
EAz igPmAi szg i vAiAvU Z
PAi.
vPz Cv
(Measurement of weight) :
U vP AU v (spring balance) J zs
GAiV CAiUvz. gm P J e 1678 g AU
v PAqrzg.
95
AU v zs MAz aP z
n U A i Az . F n U A i Gz P
jAzAv MAz AU nUAiU
Ejz. nU
A i Uz
avz
vjgAv
MAz Pz. F PAi MAz Ai
Cv nz. MAz F Cv nAi
gUV ZAv erz. AV
P vAi MAz aP PPgvz.
jAU
Cv n
PP
PAi zs :
av 7.5 : AU v
Ai i v P P A q rAi
PVzAi, D PPU vU PUvz. sAi Ugv
PUzAv AU Uvz. AU Vz Avg Cv
nAi UwPP. vj CvAi
v Pl vPVgvz.
CAvgAi zwAi vPz i l
(N).
ZlnP 7.1 :
AU v U vP CAi
AzsU nir.
Ez wj :
gm P (Q. . 1635-1703) v P
eU CvAv zgzg. f, sv,
, eP GPgtU vAiij, U g
PvU gm P t qzg. Aq Ugz
dtzg (surveyor) V PP z Eg
g PlqU, PU v vU P
av 7.6 : gm P vAiijzg. Aisg iP (barometer), ws
PzP (reecting microscope), ZPP GPgt
U (optical devices) v g zsz UrAiigU Eg Djzg.
U PAi gZ A JAz PAqrzz Eg. fPP D
g Plg gm P.
96
zg, Uv v Azv
z DPvz JAz U
wz. MAz Az DPl
D Uv. z Czg UvAz
CAiUvz. z
g v UvU
gg AA.
Pt
z z gAi g g
U g g Uv Agz.
GzguU, 1kg Pt v 1kg wAi
Pt v 1kg
vUz
PAqg wA
i Uv
Ptz UvQ Av av 7.7 : 1kg
wAi Uv
ZVgvz.
UAi z Uv Ag g g U g g
zgAi Agz. GzguU, MAz jw Eg Jgq
lU vUzP. MAz lz g, vAz lz
g vA. Aii l Z sgVgvz?
MAz Uv Ag g g U zgAi
Pzg, D U Azv (density) Ai PAqrAiP.
MAz CtU Aii jw An Jz D
AzvAi PAqrAizg P wzPz. CtU
MvvV Anzg D Azv egvz. juV
sgUvz. CtU gV Anzg D Azv
Prgvz. juV UgUvz.
Azv =
zg
Uv
kg/m3
DVz.
v U
(Floating bodies) :
av 7.8
ZlnP
7.3
vvg E P U
vUzPAq g vAz Pn Q. v v U U
nAi vAiij.
F ZlnPUAz UzAzg,
C) AzvAi j AzvVAv e Ezg D j
Uvz.
D) AzvAi j AzvVAv Pr Ezg, D j
vvz.
(Buoyancy) :
ZlnP 7.4 :
P MAz S
lAi vUzP. lAi Z
Q. lAi g vAg MAz
Pn V. KUvz? l
z gvz? PAi lAi
rzAvAi Cz Pn vzr. P
r. l v fVz j
av 7.9 : vP v
Ai vvz. lAi P t
vUVg AAzs
t PU vA j V.
lAi vA PU vA j V.
F J AzsU svA KUvz U.
98
ZlnP 7.5 :
MAz AU v vUzP.
MAz t P zgz AiAz
AUvU vU Q. AU
J A i q v z . C v n A i
r Cv UgwP.
Ez UAi P vPVgvz.
av z v jg A v
gg MAz Uf erAi
vUzPAq Czg vA g vA.
AU vU vUQz P j
V. P vP UwP. F
av 7.11
gzql j vP jg vP j VzV P
P vPz P Vgz.
99
av 7.12
DQr vv : j sUB Cx tV Vz
Ez wj :
DQr (Q. . 287-212) VP zz gP
ltz Vzg. Fv Utvd, sve, JAfAig,
RU e v AzsPgV zgVzg. Eg
AigP JA PVU AAz Pv dAiVz.
av 7.13
j VzV vP, j v g
gzqqP F CAU U DQr CzsAi irzg. Eg
Pg j Vz Cs vjPAi vP P j
R Pgt. Ez DQr vv(Archimedes principle)
JAz gVz.
PtAz iql qU j KP vvzA U
DQr vv gu qvz. PU Png ZlnP iqzg
P F U Gvg PAqrj.
ZlnP 7.6 : MAz vz CAii
Ai vUzP.F Ai ZV
zr UAr gP v. Cz DPgz
EAz vz Ai vUzP. Czg
CAZU qa m DPgP v. F
av 7.14
Jgq U j Er.
K Uj?
zql Uvz. m DPgzg vvz. KP?
z Ai zrzU Czg CU PrAiiUvz. Czg
wwg z ju Pr Egvz. DzjAz Cz
j Uvz. m DPgzg z CUVgvz. Czg
wwg z ju e Egvz. DzjAz z
j vvz.
qlg
(Hydrometer) :
Cv n
Uf P
sg
j Azv
A
i PAqrAi GAiV
GPgt qlg. Ez DQr
vvz Dzsgz P iqvz. qlg
v Uvz g gzqzjAz j
sUB V, sUB vvz.
qlg MAz GzAi, ag
Uf P A i Az . j g V
CPUAv F PAi vsUz
sg EqVgvz. PAi Uz Cv
n Egvz.
q lg i V MAz
av 7.15 : qlg Uvzgvz.
PAizs :
qlg j CzU Cz Cwv Nr Avg Av
wU gvz. Cv n vg j l UwPP.
F CvAi j Azv.
j AzvAi 1000kg/m3 DVz. (i z)
q lgAz z
U
P Azv
A
i PAqrAiz.
Aiiz zz Azv v j AzvU Cv D zz
P Azv Jg.
zz Azv
P Azv =
j Azv
q lgAz Pz z z Az v A i z
PAqrAiUvz. Avg j AzvAi GAiVPAq,
D zz P AzvAi PAqrAiz.
102
Ez wj :
ez ZjvAi Pg Q.. 400 g CAi qlg z.
EwZU g g zU P AzvAi PAqrAi vPz
qlgU sz. CU PAzg.
Plg
Aijlg
Cqlg
v
D
ZlnP 7.7 :
zg ljU ig MAz
CAUrU sn r. ljAig Dz vAi U CAivg
JAz U.
r
g
z
z
i t z
g. Ez MAz
Az vA
z
P zU.
zgAi i vAiAvAz CAiv.
CAvgAi zwAi zgAi i kg.
zgAi wwg Ugv P vP Jg.
vP Az P itz zUvz.
vP AUv JA zsAz CAiUvz.
103
z
g
Uv
j vP Cx UPAi, D v
j AzvAi CAvz.
j AzvAi 1000 kg /m3 DVz. (i z)
MAz g AiV R
Jg.
j Vz MAz vjPAi vP Csvz.
j Vz MAz vU P PP
g gzqvz.
DQr vv - Aiiz zz sUB Cx tV
Vz Cs vjPAi vP , D gzrz
zz vPP Vgvz.
j Azv v g zU P AzvAi PAqrAi
zs qlg.
Aiiz zz Azv v j AzvU Cv D zz
P Azv Jg.
qlg DQr vvz P iqvz.
vgP j U Evg U
PU jAi U
Cv
i q i vAiAv GAiVwz g, Cz v
wU AzAi JAz U.
104
CsU
I.
D) zg
E) Azv
F) P Azv
2. sAi Ugvz
C) 9.8 m/s2
D) 98 m/s2
E) 9.8 m/s3
F) 98 m/s3
D) AU v
E) sv vAiAv
F) i vAiAv
4. sv vAiAvz CvnAi Z Ai
Avg D w
C) vl w
D) v w
E) w
F) CvAi w
5. F PVU j v Azg
C) gz vAq
D) en Pg gg
E) Lz g t
F) Ptz
105
l U P zUAz vA :
1. MAz zgAi wwg Ugv D
__________ .
2. AU v Djzg __________ .
3. j AzvAi __________ DVz.
4. MAz j UPzg, D AzvAi j
AzvVAv __________ DVgP.
5. R AiV j Pt
__________ Jg.
III.
F PVUU PgtU Pr :
1. MAz z AUAi AtV j VzU
Cz UgUvz.
2. vz vPz MAz vz UnVAv MAz Ptz Un Z
g gzqvz.
IV.
PV UU Gvj :
1. zg v vPU qt v?
2. C g g zU
U s n Pqwz , C Uf vP
J U gVgz Z Cx PrAiiUwz. KP?
106
Aid PAi
vPz PgU g, PgAi g v lAi
zgAi PrAi g vUzP. qlg AiAz
EU AzvAi PAqrj.
MAz mAi AUg, Unzg v MAz Uvz Jgq LQA
PU vUzP. EUAz MAz i vAiAv
vAiij.
107
q jAi Az P s n P l , Az v A i U
PAqrAivgAz wzP.
MAz CAUrU sn r CvAi lU Q.
MAz m APU s n r, m Az v A i
CAizg P, Czg jzvAi jQ zsz U
C PgAU Za.
MAz gl vUzPAq CzP Us Ai CAn. MAz t
Ai AiAz CUz gg AqAz gn Uz
Q. MAz g Q (clip) C avz vjgAv gg
AqU Q. gg Aq PvU g P (cup) C
vUQ. g g Uvz U F P Q. w U
Q vj CvU UwP. EzjAz K wAivz?
Us
1
2
3
4
5
g P
108
g Q
gg Aq
PlP Pg
e
Pq izs
6
DgAi vgUw
JgqAi g
2015
PlP oP AW (j.)
100 Cr v g, APj 3 Av,
AUg - 560 085.
JgqAi g
jr
P.A.
WlP
l AS
1.
Dg
1 - 18
2.
19 - 41
3.
42 - 59
4.
zU v CVPU
60 - 77
5.
d v U
78 - 90
6.
s - MAz fAv U
91 - 96
7.
AiU
97 - 111
8.
VP PU
112 - 118
9.
ZAz AU
119 - 129
10.
UtU
130 - 142
ii
WlP - 1
Dg
(FOOD)
av 1.1 : Gg
wgz
v w U UV
Gg zrvg. MAz
Gg z U gq zgzg
v zg
wAz UAv Mvvg.
KPAz U wzAi? Dzg K
wz U U Azg MAzgq
UAmU
Avg
U K v z ? , A P l Az
wj. KP?
1
(Nutrition) :
Dg zz PAiiUP. Dg PAi
Lz AvU MUArgvz.
1. Dg (ingestion) : Dg z.
2. ft QAi (digestion) : Dg PgU
Av v jP
q
Av
t PtUV MqAiz.
3. gPUvUP (absorption) : ftz Dg PtU gPAz
jPqz.
4. fzs v(protoplasm) AU gAiP (assimilation) : gPz
PgVz Dg PtU fPUU
z Ai :
g P A i i V f z s v AU fzsv - fPzg
gAiz.
AiAv z
5. d (egestion) : ftUz
Dg zx z gz zAz gPqz.
Dgz , QUV Dgz P, zz CAiU zg v
Az
s F J QAiU
MmV u (nutrition) Jg . z
DgUPgV CPz QAi fPUU zgAiz
uAz.
uAi zsU
(Types of Nutrition) :
1. Wj u
(Holozoic Nutrition) :
u A i MAz zs Vz . MAz P A i Dg P V Ql
rAiz Azzg Ugg? Ua Cx jU
P U wv? F J
Dg
Gzgu
U
fU Dg
ErAiiV AUv. CAzg v
v jgAz Dg
qz MAz vwU AVqv.
av 1.3
F jwAi uAi Wj
C Dg AUwgz.
u Jg.
q, C zAv fU F zsAz uAi
qAiv.
2. jw u
(Holophytic Nutrition) :
U
fU
z wgj.
UU u U zgAivz? CUU
Dg Aiig vAiijPqvg? U
v Dg v vAiijPv. U
JU Dg vAiigUvz. fU v
Dg v vAiijP jwAi
jw u Jg.
av 1.4 : g
3. Pw u
(Saprophytic Nutrition) :
q, Er, z, t EvU P
U
g
U
U vg
lg, CU Cx
P j Ai g z A v t U A i
qz. F gZU KAz Hg?
E (fungus) Jg. PAiwg
Ai (organic) UAz u qAi av 1.5 : mim
P fAi .
g .
PAi Az fU u qA
iz Pw u
Jg. P QjAiiU F zsAz u qAiv.
4
4. gA u
(Parasitic Nutrition) :
dAv
Pg
PP
av 1.6 : gAU
iV gAU
v DwxAi fUU AiAl
iqv. GzguU, rAii fAi jAii gUP
Pgtzg, JAl nP Az gPsAiAmUvz.
5
Ez wj :
w fAi v Cx MU fwg P MAzzg gAU
DAi Pngvz.
MAz dAv AzP ig 2,00,000 mUqvz.
i zq Pg DAi qg EjAiP JA QjAii
iU GPjAiiVz. Ez (cellulose)JA Pqm
C ftPqvz.
zs fU zs DPgU
Az Dg qA
ivA
z wj.
vgPj, t, zs, P AvzUAz Dg qzg,
z-PgU v Evg UAz Dg qAiv. AiAv
tU fAP wvg tU iA DgV v.
U U Dg qAiv? CU Dgz DPg? Dgz
DPg DzsgVlPAq fU v fU(autotrophs)
v gv fU(heterotrophs) JAz Jgq UAUV
VPjVz.
1. v fU
(Autotrophs) :
P Pq
D
DQd
av 1.7 : zw Au
U v Dg v
vAiijPv Jz jwAi
u J PAir FUU
wj. Ai P, g v
P q DP qU
GAiVPAq
U v Dg vAiijPv.
F QAiU zwAu (photosynthesis)
Jg. U JUg vjv
(chlorophyll) Ai Q g
QAi jPAq Dg vAiijvz.
6
P q DPq + g
Ai P
vjv
UP + DQd
Ez wj :
sAi Ai Q P 0.02% g iv U
zwAuU GAiVPv.
av 1.8 : (D)
av 1.9 : g QjAii
2. gv fU
(Heterotrophs) :
jU
(Herbivores) :
F av
U . avz
g
tU
Dg wg? F tU
U DgV v. EAv
tUU jU Jg.
Da :
J fU jU
DVzg KUwv?
av 1.10 : jU
Ez wj :
jU GzAi Pg A. EU a U
zq U (molars) ZV tUAiiVgv.
C) sjU
(incisors)
(Frugivores) :
VU Dg
U wzAi? C
K wvz? P
fU t U
wAz zPv. EAv
fU sjU
Jg.
av 1.11 : V
8
av 1.12 : gQm
Ez wj :
V(parrot) Jz iV GAiV z. ePV zzg
V J zq Uvz QU sgvz PAqg. VUAz
PgAi tUvz QU z gQmU(parakeets) .
D) zsjU
(Gramnivores) :
Ua
P U rAi
CQ Cx Evg zs
l Ejg z
rg? d EUP
Eqvg? Ua, j
zAv QU PU
DgV v. EAv
fU zsjU
Jg.
j
av 1.13
iAjU (Carnivores) :
, agvAiAv tU P U PtPAq
wAi GAliq U Pgz. EAv tU
d
w
zU PtPAqU dg KP sAivgUvg? F tU
DPPV dw zP KP gv? C K qPv?
A, , agvAiAv tU iA wv. E fAP,
Pt, , gUv P g DgV wv. U
DgPV g tU CAg fU iAjU
Jg.
iAjU CU Dg zwUUtV QmjU,
jU v gPgPU JAz VPjVz.
9
Ez wj :
iAjU R PtAzg, zqsz PgU (canines). F
fU tPg aPzVgvz.
C) QmjU
(Insectivores) :
Ai Aiiz Ql Cx fgAi rz
wz Azzg rg? eq v
Dg U rAivz?
QlU Dg V fU
QmjU Cx QlsPPU Jg.
av 1.14 : Ql
wwg Q
av 1.15 : qg
av 1.16 : f Vq
Ez wj :
P Qmj. Ez QlU rAi AiPUAv GzAi, CAl
CAmz UAi Az.
10
D) jU
(Carrion eaters) :
av 1.18 : gtz
ZlnP 1.7 : U wg P j QU v tU
gU n ir.
E) gPgPU
(Sanguivores) :
Ez wj :
sAi CvAv zq iAj fAiAzg wAV.
11
iii)
jU (Omnivores) :
av 1.21 :
av 1.22 : P
U Dg ?
PU K wv?
P fU v
t Egqg GvU
DgV v. EAv
fU jU
Jg.
CUtV VPj.
av 1.23
12
Uz v (Balance in Nature) :
U vg v v gv fU ASAi
MAz v PrPAq Az. Dg GvAv
g U CvAv a ASAi. jU ASAi U
ASAiAU zg vA Pr. F PgtAzVAi J
jUU PU Dg zgAivz. MAz Uz
UVAv jU AS e Ezg E wUU sAi
gAi Vz Vgwv. EzjAz jU
Dgz AiPUwv. Dzg U EAv jwU CP
irPn. Ez jwAi v j v iAj
fU qAi Ptz.
Ezz vgtz DQd v P q DPqU itz
q v g U Pqv. zwAuAi
P P q DPq C PAq DQd C vgtP
qv.
Da :
Uz iAjU AS Pr Egz. KP?
av 1.24 : Dg gq
r
Dgz , QUV Dgz P, zz CAiU zg v
AzsAi u.
Dg , ftQAi, gPU
v
UP, fzs vAU gA
iP
v d - E uAi Lz AvUV.
fU Wg ErAiiV AUz Wj u.
fU v Dg v vAiijPz u.
PAiwg Ai U
Az Dg qA
iz Pw u.
gAU v DwxAi fUAz Dg qAiz
gA u.
v Dg v vAiijP fU vU.
J g U vU. E zwAuAz v
Dg v vAiijPv.
UAz Dg qzP fU jU.
tU w fU sjU.
zsU w fU zsjU.
iA w fU iAjU.
QlU w fU QmjU.
v tU z w fU jU.
v DgPV v t Jgq CAg fU
jU.
U v tU
MAz
Az CAgz g
gA.
V Gg JAU vr. zP Er z
EAzszVz V Gg.
14
Dg j Ai i V CVz w. Ez j Az Dg Z V
ftUz.
Gv ft QAiU v Pj U dU AiPU
ZV g Prj.
Ai v v g zAv v AiU P U, P
gAv rP. EzjAz U zgqz.
Uz v Pq V PlAz w
zg PqAiV MAzAz Vq l .
CsU
I.
D) u
E) d
F) fzsvAU gAiP
2. zwAuAi g UU CPVgz
C) DQd
D) md
E) Ai P
F) t
D)
E) P
F) A
15
4. MAz
C) Pw
D) gA
E) v
F) j
5. g U Ug.
II.
C) gv f
D) Pw
E) v f
F) Wj
l U P zUAz vA :
1. v v gv fU gg AiPVg
U __________ Jg.
2. Dg ZlnPUU Pz__________ MzVvz.
3. iAj tU iA CPUAv
Zz __________ U.
4. zwA uU
U
__________ , ____________ v ________
GAiVPv.
5. Wg
ErAiiV z __________ jwAi u.
III. F
1. v U
__________
__________
2. j tU :
__________
__________
3. j tU
__________
__________
4. iAj tU:
__________
__________
16
IV.
1.
C) fUu
2.
D) g
3.
E) P
4.
Qmj
F)
5.
gP gP
G) PU
H)
V.
sj
::
zsj.
2. Pw
__________
:: Qmj
qg.
3. z
::
__________
j.
4. jw u : g U ::
__________
C.
VI. F
__________
PVUU PgtU Pr :
1. g U v fU Jg.
2. MAz iAj t.
3. dAv gAU UAU jz.
4. U AS j tU ASVAv ZVgvz.
VII.
UAU gz zz PU Ug Q :
1. , t, am, C.
2. P q DPq, g, DQd, vjv.
17
3. A, , , j.
4. Pg, Jg, r, dAv.
VIII.
PV UU Gvj :
1. zP Dg KP CPVz?
2. u JAzg?
3. u QAiAig AvU U gQv UAzUArz.
CU CxUAv j.
4. gAi ve q Rj vAz, w gvl. P
U Avg PAq q lt vgz rzU
q PzAv tUAi Uz. q
gz K? E Aii zsz uAi Uj?
5. Pw u v gA uUVg vU
GzguAiAU w.
6. g Dg vAiij CPg U?
F QAiAi j.
7. g QjAiiU Dg U vAiijv?
8. F fU CU Dg zwUUtV gv fU
zs UAUV AUr.
(UA), gtz , fUu, Pw,
gP nP, q, fAP, Hg
agv, qg, P.
Aid PAi
Dg zwUUtV fU VPgt vj MAz
P (ow-chart)Ai vAiij.
zs jU, iAjU v jU avU
AU Aid Pz CAn.
18
WlP - 2
(WATER)
CAvdz Cx jj.
j CsP PgtU n iqj.
j uAi zsU jj.
g P GAiUU Aj.
j AgPuAi Cx v RvAi Uwj.
j Rv
(Importance of water) :
s
Ai g s
v U
g MAz. Ez qd
iPq JAz PgAig. fu v G g vz
v z. jz sAi f Hz Czs.
9
zz 32 sU v gPz 10 sU jAz Prz. sAi ig
3
g, z v U j
4 sU jAz DvVz. Ug, g
DPgU
V. CUZg
z g vgt
zz. vA z
U
g
19
j PtU
(Properties of water) :
ZlnP 2.1
PA U l
PUz vUzPAq MAzg Avg
EAz j V, K
Qj? l PUzU tU zV.
g DAi C, vAi C
JAz Ez vjvz. g MAz vl
z. Cz DAi C, vAi C.
D v vU U A
vgUwU wAij.
20
l
g
PA l
g
av 2.1 : l jP
AdUq
PgU.
Pgt? R jAz
AdUqAi
AdUqU UuAiiU
ZgU
. DzjAz g MAz
CP (CP). Dzg
Az P R
g
AdUq
jm
A j Uqvz.
av 2.2
(distilled) g
zv
zzUU
Cv
g
avz vjgAv
F zzUU MAz
P (drycell) z Jgq
vUU MAz (bulb)
P er. K
Uj?
GjAiz?
GjAi. KP?
z Ai :
Cv g - sn
Ez g
av 2.3
z g MAz zv CP.
21
j PAz
Vz Uf P
viP
Cv g vUzPAq
gg
s Ai Jgq gAzs
gq
Ug gqAz a. avz
vjgAv MAz gAzsz P
s
MAz viP, EAz
DzsgAs
gAzsz P Vz Uf P
Ai j. s DzsgAsP
er, P. j v Kgv
Uz U. P jm A
z AzjzU
g av 2.4 : j PAz PAqrAiz
PAigAvz. vz l
Uw. Pz Azj. FU v ZUvzAi? E.
v gVz. Aii g vz g PAivz D v j
P Az (boiling point) Jg.
z lz j P Az 1000 C
Ez wj :
* 00C vz g Wsvz (freezes).
* 40C j Azv (density) 1kg/m3
Ez wj :
g 00C Az 40C gU PzU APavz. 40C Avg Pavz.
00C Az 40C gV j F Pt j CAUv PZ (anomalous
expansion) Jg. 40C j Uv Pr Ez AzvAi e Egvz.
Da :
g g j DPgU g g g gagvz. KP?
g v j P zv jAivz. KP?
v zU vgtz Gv 00C DzU, g V
PU MqAiv. KP?
Cv g PrAi AiU. KP?
22
zt
(Solution) :
j PgUvz
j PgU
CqU G
g
tz r
E r
vz m
z v zP
100ml g vUz
P. 10g rAii Pgq Czg
PgV
.
Uvz
Kzg
vzAi? E. Ezg Cx rAii Pgq
CtU j CtU q Eg S eUU Pgv.
23
g MAz wP zP
U itz vUzP. 5g G w z Q.
10 U Avg U. wi? Ez AiU 5g
Pg U vz m (vv) GAiV gw.
wi F PV PPz gj.
JuAi
PgUvz/
PgU
j
PgUvz/
PgU
G
Pg
vz m
24
guAi
PgUvz/
PgU
CP U g v PgVPvz. DzjAz g wP
zP (universal solvent) Jg. g v zz jAv
j VP DPgU g g Rd v tU v
PgVPArgvz. Uz U CvAv zV PAqg
g 0.005% g tU v PgVPArgvz. zz g
3.5% g tUArz.
Ez wj :
g sAi t zgU P zUU Uj itz
tU PgVPvz. EAv tAiP RdU PAvg UAz
z v Ugz j RguUAr. Ezg evU zzVg
eTU uAU jU jv. Uj itz z
PgVg F g PrAi AiU. EAv g tAiP g(saline
water) Jg. Udgv, gd v PlPz P zU tAiP
g MAz zq AiiVz.
Ez wj :
tAiP g Cwg (dysentery) v dPgt (dehydration) Az
wg QU qUz. UP, rAii Pgq EvU
t tAiP g. N.Dg.J(O.R.S - Oral Rehydration solution)
C eP.
Ez wj :
1 lg zz g ig 35g t Agvz.
Cv g zv CPAz
ZlnP 2.3 g wj. rAii
Pgq Cv j PgV, F
A i U g w . FU
w P z ? z . F v P
Pgt?
25
zv
P
rAii
Pgq
zt
av 2.5
ztUV AUr.
vz m zt, PgAi zt, rAii Pgq zt,
P mm Pgq zt.
26
Ez wj :
av 2.6 : P sgq
CAii JA z az e P sgq.
EAUAr wz q Pig Uz Eg
gAsz Pz gl P P iqwzg.
EAUAr gAi Elm CzsPgVz
g. A qAig ZUAz svgVz
sgq Cg ZU P gz Pnzg.
Avg g. A qAig AiPgV gAi
Elm jz Eg Az gAi Elm
zPgV g DgU irzg.
Ez wj :
j AgPu
(Conservation of water) :
dZP
(Water cycle) :
E Png av U.
av 2.8 : dZP
1.
DPgt
(Evaporation) :
s
Ai g Ai RAz
Pz DAiiV vgt gvz.
vgt jz DAi qV B
Cx z gz sAi
gvz. F sP QAiAi P
g P j q v z . Ez dZ P .
dZP MAz gAvg QAiAiiVz
DPgt, APgt v Cv JA
g AvU MUArz.
av 2.9
APgt
(Condensation) :
av 2.10
3.
Cv
(Precipitation) :
z v Ug
gg
Ev
1%
97 %
Uq
2%
av 2.11
j AaP
Da :
g - CvAv Pr itz
tU PgVg g.
z v UgU g PrAi
v P ZlnPU
U
zs ?
F avU U, jwAi H.
av 2.12
PU AiUz vz g ZAz z
P (drought) GAmU v z . j z fU z P g . P
ZlnPUU g CUv. j Pgv GAmzg U
Ai zs. PrAi jz, w Dgz jwAi
JzjPUvz. F gU (famine) jwAi Jzjgz
dg v eg (z-Pg)UAU g UU Uvg.
s Ai sg Ml j itz Aiiz
vAiUz C Egvz. Dzg U, tU v ig PU
AiUz j it PrAiiUwz. Ez j Cs
(scarcity of water) Jg. j CsP PgtU?
ZlnP 2.14 : j CsP Pgtz CAU nir.
j CsP R PgtU
1. dAS l
(Population explosion) :
2. Ai Ci AaP
j
R DPg
z Ai J PqU
A
i V .
P Pq Cw Z, P Pq zsgt v P Pq Cw Pr
vz. Cw Pr zU iV j Pgv
PAqgvz. EAv zU PrAi j gPAi MAz dAv
Ai (burning problem) DVz.
ZlnP 2.15 : sgvz Cw Z v Cw Pr
zU nir.
3. CAvd lz Pv
zz CAvd lz U iw AU.
4. di
(pollution of water) :
5. j Zgv P
s g g PV
z j Pgv GAmUz.
f dz j R CxirPz d g
ZgvV CUvQAv ZV wgz qz.
Ez Pq j CsP PgtVz. g zAv Az
zs. Dzg sg g vV GPVz.
ZlnP 2.18 : v fz CUvV g PAiiUwgAv
AzsU nir.
Cz j Cs vqAiz U ?
j Cs vqUl Pq g UjP. Ezg
s
Ai fU zPAiz Czs Uvz
. j Cs
vqUl Eg MAz iUAzg j AgPu. sg g
eUgPvAz v vAiAz , A UU g
Gz j AgPu (conservation of water).
ZlnP 2.19 : g AgQ Cjzz zsU
nir.
j AgPu zsU
1. j u
(Water management) :
PUjP vd U j DPgUU f z eP
AguU Mrz.
jg Pv CAU zs zsUAz r, g
Aj gP iqz.
Ez wj :
U v CU J GU dzsgU MUAq MAz
ssU dAi z. D sUz Ai g EU jAivz.
Uz s
U z g xV jz Uz v
t -vgUU ZP qiU g AUz.
Ez wj :
j CsP v jg MzV Gvg sgvz U zQt sgvz
UAU erz UAU-Pj Aid Jg. U
AiAvt, zUU gzVz v CAvd l az
F AidAi R GzUV.
33
Ez wj :
av 2.13
av 2.14
Ai g vAvg
UV Av iqz
vAvg gj.
z
qz
g
AiiV fUAv
iqz gj.
2. g PAi
(Rainwater harvesting) :
g gV AU
z
g PAi Jg. Ezg Jgq
zsU.
C) z z A i g
AUz.
Gz g u : Cx P l q U
tAz g AUz
(Roof water harvesting).
av. 2.15 : g PAi
34
D) z, jAi g AUz.
Gzgu : Mq Pn g AUz.
AUz j PUgz. DzjAz gV Cz
PrAi gz.
g jz UzAv vqAir sAi EAUAv
iqzjAz CAvd l ggt (recharging) Az Zz
v z J PzAi g zgAiAvUz.
Ez wj :
r
g MAz Cv VP Av.
sAi g J fU g CA.
g qd v DQdUAzz MAz AAiPVz.
j qd v DQdU it 2 : 1 DVz.
35
zg G v zv CP.
Jgq Cx Z U ev t zt Jg.
zz PgU z Jg.
z PgU z zP Jg.
CP U g v PgVPvz. DzjAz g wP
zP Jg.
zs
Cx It zzA
Ag g
i tU
CAiiU
g .
CAiiU Jgq zs - 1) zs CAii 2) It CAii.
CAiiP zt MAi zvP Dzg CAiiP zt
zv CP.
sAi g Ai RAz DPgtUAq
V, APgtAz qV B Cx z gz
sAi gz dZP.
dZP DPgt, APgt v Cv JA 3 AvU
MUArz.
sAi Dz AqU zgU q AUVg g
CAvd.
sAi sg j 97% g G gzg P 3% g
iv g.
vVg j w jz PAz j Cs
GAmUvz.
Uvd v P-PUjPU vd U jU j g
PvUv.
g PvV v Utl
Pz
PAq PU
C
Uz
di.
36
sg g eUgPv v vAiAz , Gz
j AgPu.
j P u v g P P g
AgQz.
Ai g gV AU z g PAi.
g PAi CAvd l azg evU z
J Pz g gz.
PU
AiUz g vVgzjAz, F g eUg
Pv
Az
.
vd U j DPgU Pr.
Pv g PrAir.
v U g PAi zs Cr.
g G, fU gQ.
CsU
I.
D) 100 C
E) 500 C
F) 1000 C
37
2. z g MAz
C) vl z
D) DAi z
E) vAi z
F) PjAi z
3. Jgq Cx Z U ev t
C) z
D) zP
E) zt
F) t
4. Ez MAz wP zP
C) g
D) Ju
E) ev
F)
5. zs zz CAiiU
C) zs CAiiU
D) CzsdU
E) zsdU
F) It CAiiU
D) G zt
E) zt
F) EAQ zt
D) dZP
E) APgt
F)
8. sAi sg j it
C) 3%
D) 97%
E) 5%
F) 79%
38
II.
l U P zUAz vA :
1. qd v DQdC Gj g vAiijz e
_____________ .
2. g _____________ JAz PgAig.
3. jg zsvU _____________ v _____________ .
4. PgAi ztz PgAi _____________ .
5. rAiA P gq zt
z rAii P gq __________.
6. a zs zz Cx It zz Ag
gitU __________ Jg.
7. sAi sg Pq __________ g g z v
UgUz.
8. Pg, Ev j DPgU
vAP
t gvU
A
iz
__________ Jg.
9. g gV AU z __________ Jg.
III.
F PVUU PgtU Pr :
1. AdUq j vvz.
2. ZUz v zU j PU MqAiv.
3. g MAz wP zPVz.
4. Pv g Pj PrAi P.
5. sAi sg g AgQP.
6. gj v vAvg gjAi PAi Crz
P.
39
IV.
PV UU Gvj :
1. j RvAi j.
2. j PtU nir.
3. zg zv CP JAz A
iUz P vj.
4. j P Az PAqrAi AiUz CAzz
av gz sUU Uw.
5. zt JAzg? Gzgu Pr.
6. z v zP z
q t v
w. JgqP
MAzAz
Gzgu Pr.
7. F PV wAiAzP Pz zPU j.
C) UAzsP
D) Ju
40
Aid PAi
PPg / PgAU z i ESAi
i PAzP sn r.
-
C zR U Az P z v U w z
Ai it wzPAq zRP.
Ai it ZVzAi, PrAiiVzAi Jz
U.
41
WlP - 3
(SOIL)
F ZlnPAz K Utj ?
z, U dz tUU t CvAv CVgvz.
U tUU t KP CP Jzg U Aia.
EzP R PgtAzg, U v Dg vAiijP
PU g v tU t MzVvz. U U
vAiigz Dg sAi g J tU DgVgvz.
VgzjAz t sAi J fUU AAzslAv
CvAv RzzVz.
Da :
t Ezg KUwv ?
Ez wj :
, v tU CU MUArgvz. QjAiiU
CU PAiPAi vz v v. t svvAi Czgg
v tU CAgvz.
zgz t v Czg v
(Top soil and its importance) :
s
U z gU
JU
, U
(logs), gAU
v tU
v
zU Wl A, Pt t zgz gAiv. DzjAz
43
t zgz v tU a itzgv.
f t F zg zgz t Jg.
zgz t P f izs. Czg zsAiz
fUz, C fU zzg U Wn ZlnPAi
q v . D P t U t U j v t
PVv.
zgz t UU PU MzVvz. UAi g
MzVvz. EAx zgz t zg, U zPg.
ZlnP 3.2 : F av U. F tg v tU
PPg AiAz n ir. t svvAi EU v
w.
av 3.1
44
U
A
i P sUU
zg
z
t CUz vUz
MqU
P Cx g GzUU gz rgz. U
zgz t vUz sUU Ai ZV Ai. UP
DUvz?
t P
(Soil erosion) :
zgz t v tUz Cz U
vz. UV zgz t Ai Ai CvAv Gv.
MAz zgz t vAi v tU
Pz
PAqg Cx Aiiz sUz
Ai zg
z
t zg,
f v Ut t PzPvz. U, Ev
PgtUAz t MAz Pq
Az vA
z PqU
Vq
vz
. t
v svvAi PzPz Cx u PzUz
t P Jg.
ZlnP 3.3 : zgz t AUP. EzgAi Czsz
F ZlnPAi K Uj?
PAq A g zgz t J svvAi Agvz.
Dzg PAq B g t svvAi J CAU PzPArgvz.
DzjAz PAq B nirz Ai ZV Ai. Dzg
PAq A n irz Ai vA ZV Aivz. zgz
svvAi CAU Pz Uz U uU PgP
Jz EzjAz wAivz.
45
(barren)
sAiiV
t PAi PgtU
U V U, g s V j Ai g , Cg t ,
w jz zU AiP - E t PU R PgtU.
1.
UV U
(Strong wind) :
UAi egV zU zg
z
t
Pz PtUAU PAiwg J
Avz U jP Aq z g P
PAqAivz. EU
Pz
PAq t
svvAi PrAiiUvz.
av 3.2 : UV
UAz t P
Uz U.
2.
gsV jAi g
3.
Cgt
(Deforestation) :
4.
w jz AiP
(Overgrazing) :
sAi Uz
sUU v U
g v . Ez s Ai
U z U gz
PAi GAliqvz.
F U g U t
PtU
VAiiV rqzg
P U v j
U t sV
av 3.4
P a P Aq U z A v v q
w jz AiP
Aiv. CP AzsU
z-PgU, P v PjUAv tU CwAiiV Aizg
P U F g PAi V, U v UU
zgz t vgzPvz. Ez t PAiAliqvz.
47
t AgPu
(Conservation of soil) :
t PAi vqUl PU
CgtPgt
(Afforestation) :
ZlnP 3.6 : gz wP g
Pg? CgtPgt Pvz Cg z PtPAi
U iw AU.
av 3.5
48
2.
vqMqU z
(Construction of bunds) :
UV jAi j
U
A
i
zg
z
t PAqAiz U wz.
zAi t vVzg, gz
Ai Avg GAmU j j CAz
gsVg. Vzg, j F jU
vqAiz MAiz. U v MqU
zg P j j vqz
av 3.6
t PAi vz.
U v vqMqU
3.
gU vqn
(Shelter belts) :
U zAqU gU zU,
D gUAz UAi vqAil t P
PrAiiUvz. gU vqAi PgtV
UAi t v ju ZV
g zsU.
av 3.7 : U zAqU
gU vqn
4.
v Ai
(Contour farming) :
lUqU zU rg?
EAv zU EejU CqV G
i q U v z . Ez j Az EejU Cq z
vAi jU (furrows) v zU
(ridges) GAmUv. EAv jU dU
n i q U v z . EejU Cq Vg
vAi jU v U Eej
P g gsV jAiz vqAiv.
Ez t PAi PrUvz.
49
av 3.8
v Ai
5.
Aifv P
(Planned grazing) :
g zw
z z - gV
Jgq z - Uq
av 3.9
7.
zw
MAz d Jgq Cx
JgqQAv Z UAi U MnU
A
i zsP z w Jg .
Ez t svvAi GP
Ai iqvz.
Gzgu : e v Cg
av 3.10
e v Cg
50
t zsU
(Types of Soil) :
t P r, , tU v tg fU
U CP WlPU Egv JAz wj. sAi J
zU tg F WlPU MAz itzz J PqU Eg
t MAz jwAizVgvz JAz Hgz. tg F zs
WlPU g g zU g g itzgv. Ezz g
g zUg t zs tU gAiPU MUArgv.
tg PtU Uv v t tU Dzsj t zs
UUV VPjVz. CU RzUAzg1. g t
2. g () t
3. Jg (er) t
4. lgm t
5. P t
1.
g t
(Sandy soil) :
Gz jwAi tU
U zg
F jwAi tg PtU CvAv
zq
Vgv
. PAi rzg F t
Ggl GgmVz Vgvz.
t PtU q P S
Ugv. g F PtU qAz
U j Uvz. Ezz,
F t
i t CvAv
51
av 3.11 : g t
g t Ugw tg PtU
Uv v it PAqPPUvz. EzPV CAUAi
MA t vUzPAq, g Q Cz MzAiiV. Avg Jgq
CAUU q D t Ggrv t GAqAiiV Aiw.
U iqU tg PtU Uv v it U.
CAUU q D t GAqAiiUvzAi Jz U. CAUU
q t GAqAiiU v Mqz rAiiV gU P
Gzgvz.
2.
g t
(Silty soil) :
g t vA s
vz t
JAz jUtUvz. Ez t
z g U A v A i v d A i U
j P z r z A v A i Eg v z .
Uz , - PgU g
P A U Vg z v P PVg
z Ptwg? Cz g t
j PzrgzjAz GAmVgvz.
Avgz Pzrz gAi t vz
PvPvz.
52
av 3.12 : g t
F t PAiP tU v PAiwg fd
U Egv. F t Pq g tAv GgmVgvz. Dzg
F t g tVAv Cw Z PUgv. F t g
U vP CPgvz. tAi UAi AZAi
ZVgvz. gAi t MtzVzg Cz lP P gAv
Pt vz
. F t a
vA
rlP
vz
v MzAiizU
zAiiUvz.
ZlnP 3.9 : gAi t UgwzP MzAiiz t
vUzPAq gU q wrj. DU Pg gU CAnPvz
v Cz CvAv tV v AiAv vgvz.
3.
Jg t
(Clay soil) :
g t, g t v Jg t - E sv jwAi
tU
. E U q t R vA
zg E g jP
v rlP it. F g jwAi tU g g
itz gv Gz jwAi tU GAmVgv.
4.
lgm t
(Laterite soil) :
i t ZVgvz. lgm t
Pq t
vgvz
. Ez zV,
MtzV v P U Mw z g
av 3.14 : lgm t
rAiiUvz. g v P
tU F t PtUU UnAiiV CAnPArgv. evU Ezg
j AiPAi Pq GvVz. UAi t PtU P
z gUV g vvz.
F t z jPAz Ez sUB GgmVgz,
GzAv sUB tV, sUB CAl GAqAiizg Cz sV
MqAiAvAi vgvz.
5.
P t
(Alluvial soil) :
v U
U
AzU,
C v U sUUAz Ugz
P PtU (g), v
PUz tU vAU
PAqAiv. Avg E Ai
zU gqqv. U GAmz
t P t Jg.
54
av 3.15 : P t
r
t fUU CUvz MAz sP AVz.
Ai t PtU v j t gZAiiVz.
zgz t CP tUAz Prz svVz.
U, g Ev Pg t U Az t v s v v A i
PzPz Cx Uz t P Jg.
z U, gsV jAi j , Cgt, zUAz
wjz P AvzU t PU PgtUV.
zgz t v Czg svvAi PqzP t
AgPu Jg.
CgtPgt, vqMq it, gU vqn, EejU Cqz
vAi Ai, U AiiAi zs v zs
AvzU t PAi vqUl PUV.
t Rz zsUAzg - g t, gt, Jgt,
lgm t v P t.
P t , P tU, g rlP
x v UAi Z Gv Vz, Ez Gv s
vv
A
i
Agvz.
55
Z ZV U , t G.
CsU
I.
D) t P
E) yPgt
F) CgtPgt
2. it F t CvAv PrAiiVgvz.
C) g t
D) P t
E) g t
F) Jg t
3. VqU l z
C) CgtPgt
D) Cgt
E) g
F) v Ai
4. EejU CqV iq Ai
C) Ai
D) g Ai
E) v Ai
F) Mt Ai
56
II.
l U P zUAz vA :
1. tg __________ g rlPvz.
2. zg
z
t __________ v __________ MU
Arz.
3. Gvg
sgvz
AiU
__________ t ZV PAqgvz
.
4. tg PtU __________ v __________ Dzsj
t VPjVz.
III.
PV UU Gvj :
1. t U GAmUvz?
2. zgz t PVz. U?
3. t P JAzg?
4. t PU Pgtz CAU j.
5. t AgPu JAzg?
6. t AgPuAi zsU j.
7. tg zs CAU ?
8. t KP AgQP?
9. t zsU j.
10. CgtPgt CgtAz U Vz?
57
Aid PAi- 1
z t jP PAzP sn r.
-
C vAvd
g
AU Za t
iV Eg tU
wz nirP.
wAiAz t t iV Eg it
wz zRP.
wAiAz t Cw a itzzg tU DU U
U wzP.
Aid PAi- 2
Ml Jvg - L
t g t, g t v Jg t-U g zsz
t PtU gwgv. EU it g g zU
g gAiiVgvz. EU it wAi F PPtz
AiU ir.
- c
ert zg - 17%
gt zg - b
gt zg - 66%
gt zg - a
gt zg - 17%
ert zg
5.
a cm DVg.
b cm DVg.
c cm DVg.
F g zgU Ml Jvg
L cm DVg.
a X 100
L
g t PtU Pq it
b X 100
L
er t PtU Pq it
c X 100
L
59
WlP - 4
z U v CVPU
(COMBUSTIBLE SUBSTANCES
AND FIRE EXTINGUISHERS)
zuU
V. a
P-PAiU zZ QAz DUw.
Dzg, FU g U AQAi CAz.
60
z (Combustion) :
U
w GjAi UAig DQd C GAiVPv
Jz FUU wgj. U GjAiz z
Jg. zzU G, P U U qUqAiiUvz.
ZlnP 4.1 : zP Gzgu Pr.
zU
CU
z
Aiiz
(Combustible substances) :
vv zwg g U rgwj.
P nir. zP Mq Aiiz
Jg. E sV PAzg w GjAi
zUvz.
Ez wj :
rAii MAz . Ez vsjv UU vgmqAi w
GjAivz. DzjAz rAii AiiU JuAi
Rjqvg.
Ez wj :
20000C Az 30000C GvAi zz Azg
C (Pg).
av 4.1
f Dg CvP Jz U wz.
v UV gaPg Dg zxU
vAiijz rgj. D Aiz
GjAiwg MAi zg v K vg?
MAz zggAv DP KP JZjvg?
AQ PwAi MAz CA. A
v g U w U A QAi G A i U U U
wzPArgj. AQAi AiAvtz Ezg
Cz U CvAv GAiP. Dzg CPv AQAi
AiAw zg sgzg Cz U
av 4.2
CvAv CAiPjAiiV jtvz. Ql
AQ
MAz t QrAi Er Ai l Pvz, J
iv Pgz. P Az
s U
AQAi DPP
V GAmV
vAzgAiiUzAl.
Gzgu
: V El GjAiwg tz wAz M
V gzU AQ wPz.
ZlnP 4.2 : AQAi GAiUU v GAiP AQAi
AQAi AiAvt
(Controlling re) :
Da :
AQAi e AiiU
RVgvz. KP?
gg UAz i AQ Dj
z Ai :
g wz. g R jPAq
zwg vtU iqvz. EzjAz d v - w
GjAi Pz P
GjAi v Czg d v
v.
(ignition temperature)QAv PrAiiV AQ
63
CV P
(Fire extinguisher) :
av 4.5 : CV P
CVPz
(History of re extinguisher) :
q Dq CVPz gZ v PAi
z
UAzsP
rAii
Pm zt
av 4.7
q-Dq CVP
65
Ez wj :
rAii Pm i g QAU q (CrU q).
DzsP CVPU
(Modern re extinguishers) :
AB
zsz CVP
P q DPq CVP
BC
zsz CVP
q PP CVP
ABC
CVP
zsz CVP
: D zsz CVP
Ez wj :
: m, PUz, g, P v ggUAv
i z UAz GAmz AQ.
B Uz AQ
: m. Ju, U, D
v AmUAz GAmz AQ.
C Uz AQ
: snU, zvvAwU v zv
GPgtUAz GAmz AQ.
D Uz AQ
CVP z
MAz Pj
A. CV DPPU AQAi
g z t v DU zz
Ai vqAi n P
iqvz.
Da :
MAz w GjAiwz.
F AQAi CVP
zsAz Dj zs?
Ez wj :
av 4.9
Ewa U e Cx EqzzAv BC
zsz Cw t CVPU s. Pj nrAi
EqzzAv t zsU Uv.
CVP zs GAiV zs
(Operating a re extinguisher) :
Ez wj :
CVP zz zgt AS 101.
av 4.11
gAdP
(Phosphorous) :
av 4.12 : AQ PrAi
vAi gAdP
tz w A i U Z j?
AQPrAz? AQPrAi Uz vAi
PAz tz rAi CAngz
Ugz. Pr VjzU F r w
GjAivz. F rAig gAiP Aiiz
U wzAi? Cz gAdPz MAz AAiP.
gAdP J fU Eg zsvVz.
i v gAdP PAii sm gzz.
sAi CvAv gzgz gAdP gV zgAivz. Eg
sm Cx PAii sm gAdPz R DPgUV.
gAdP 1669g U Aq PAqrzg.
Ez wj :
av 4.13
U Aq
U Aq d zz M g e. Eg
vzg MAz gAiP v Z Aiwwzg.
F gAiP aV jwvz JAz Cg
Azg. v Cw a GvAi P Czg
DAi vAiqwzU s vz Piz
Ai Ptv. Ez gAdP.
68
gAdPz PtU
(Properties of phosphorous) :
gAdP
(White Phosphorous):
t -
gAdP PvAi g v tz
PAwAi vz. Ez gAdPz g
(phosphorescence) Jg.
PA gAdP
(Red phosphorous):
av 4.15 :
gAdPz g
PA gAdP nQPgt
Uz
(amorphous) rAi
gzgvz. Ez gAdPzAv w z.
Z PjAi C.
av 4.16
PA gAdP
69
gAdPz GAiUU
1.
(Uses of phosphorous) :
2. sm AAiPU Et U P OU vAiijPAi
Uvz.
3. gAdP A Pz U A(incidiary bomb)U
vAiijPAi Uwv.
4. PA gAdP AQlt vAiijP Gzz Uvz.
UAzsP
(Sulphur) :
AsiZguAi AzsU
mQ Zv. mQ ZzAzg
iV U R C?
mQAi v P v
z v z . F m QU g
gAiP AiizAz Hg?
Cz UAzsP.
av 4.17 : mQU
Ez wj :
mQ ZzjAz jg iUvz v DgUP AiiUvz.
PwAi UAzsP Pz v
mAiiAU zgPvz. v,
, v v zgz RdU UAzsPz
DPgU
V. eTU vU
UAzsP
a itz Uvz. z Dz
UAzsP gV zgPvz. Ez s
J zs Az g v U A i U v z .
1887g s JA e
av 4.18 : e TAi Az g sAi Dz zVg UAzsP
Ai v RgVg UAzsP gvUAi zs PAqrz,
F zsP s zs JAz jVz.
P wAi g Pq UAzsP z
U(spring) U.
F UU g a itz UAzsPAz
Prz CP ZU Utrvz.
sgvz qq, Mj, , iZ z
Avz U UAzsPz UU.
av 4.19 : Mjz
v UAzsPz U
UAzsPz PtU
(Properties of sulphur) :
UAzsPz gU
(Allotropes of sulphur) :
av 4.23 : P UAzsP
P UAzsP zz gg z
AiAwgvz. EzP wP Utz Aii
DPgP Pzg Vz. P UAzsP
PAzt Agvz.
Ez wj :
* P U JU tP wgU UAzsPz PgvAi MAz Pgt.
* jgz UAzsPz PgvAiAmzg Zz vjPAiAmUvz.
* Fg, , m, iAU UAzsPz CAz.
72
UAzsPz GAiUU
(Uses of sulphur) :
av 4.24 : Zz
av 4.25 : QlP
Ez wj :
a Pz d v UAz QlU zgj UAzsP wzg.
r
UAiAU GjAiz z Jg.
AQ Dj zs CVP.
DQd gPAi vqz, zwg vA iq vvz
CVP P iqvz.
q - Dq CVP rAii Pm v z
UAzsP Agvz. E P q DPq v g
Gvw ir AQAi Dj Ai iqvz.
1723 g DA Uq s CVP zs Djzg.
zs z UAz GAmz AQAi Dj zs jwAi
CVPU.
73
CsU
I.
D) z
E) EAqP
F) Pgt
2. EU zz U Gzgu
C) PUz
D) rAii
E) g
F) g
3. EU AQ GjAi Ai iq
C) DQd
D) P qDPq
E) g
F) md
4. Ez Cw Z PAig CVP
C) A zsz CVP
D) BC zsz CVP
F) BC v ABC zsz
CVP
5. D PAz i AQ Dj GAiVwgz
C) g
D) U
E) g
F) P
6. gAdP v UAzsPU
C) U
D) CU
E) CU
F) zz zsvU
7. Ez dt Jg.
C) gAP UAzsP
D) PA gAdP
E) gAdP
F) P UAzsP
75
II.
C) Ju
D) g
E) m
F) r
l U P zUAz vA :
1. CVP PAqrzg __________ .
2. sA
P PAig __________ CVP
Djzg .
3. P qDPq zwg U ___________ gPAi
vz.
4. CV CvU gz gq Pj A___________ .
5. gAdP PAqrzg ___________ .
6. PwAi gAdPz R DPg __________ .
7. gAdP g tz PAwAi g
zi __________ Jg.
8. zAz UAzsP gvUAi zs __________ .
9. wP Ut Ag UAzsPz g __________ .
10. ggU Uqv q UAzsP g QAiU
__________ Jg.
III.
F PVUU PgtU Pr :
1. gAdP AiiU j AUqUvz.
2. P UAzsP Aii DPgP Pzg Vz.
3. AQPrU vAiijPAi gAdP GAiV.
76
IV.
PV UU Gvj :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. q - Dq CVPz gZ v PAi zs w.
10. gAU U AQ wz. C CVP zsAz AQ
Djt Jwz. F Ai Mg? GvgP
x Pr.
11.
12. gv JAzg?
13.
gAdPz gU j.
18.
Aid PAi
CVP ouU sn r CVgP AiU U a
iw AU.
CVgP AiU MAz nAi vAiij.
77
WlP - 5
d v U
CAvg Cj. v U.
A
D
E
av 5.1
Zz zg v lz U d v UzAv
jitU PZgP CvPVz.
d v U
d =
d =
Pz zg
vUz PAq P
m
s
D
t
gj d =
Pz Ml zg
vUzPAq Ml P
DzjAz,
U =
V =
m/s
l
vUzPAq P
m
s
d
t
d v UU i iV lg/PAq JAzg
DVgz.
U , PAiAz v
J g
s
V zwz JAzg
Cv. Cx U PAiAzg zuAi zg.
81
5m
Gzgu :
5m
5m
5m
5m
Ai v ZAz JA Eg Pg B Az gl A Ai 5
PAqU vg.
CE P v . Uzg,
Ai C P A vzg, ZAz
Ai Pz zg
BC + CA
= 10m
ZAz Pz zg
BC + CE + EA = 15m
ZAz gj d = D =
t
Ai U = d =
t
ZAz U = d =
t
82
(BC+CA)
vUzPAq P
(BC+CE+EA)
vUzPAq P
(BA)
vUzPAq P
(BA)
vUzPAq P
10 2 m/s
=
5
15 3 m/s
=
5
5 1m/s
=
5
= 5
= 1m/s
5
F Gz g u A i , d z P Z g Dg A s Az Az CAv z
Azg
U
PAi Zz xz
Gz
jUt vzA
i gv Zz
PAz Ravrvz. UAi Uz PZg x Aiizzg
DVg B Az A Eg Q P zg jUtvz JAz
Ravrvz.
d v UU PZg (Calculation of speed and velocity) :
s v z U r U MAz j i tz C v A i
iU MAz DVgAv rPP. Uz gAiiVzg MAz
DUAv jwP.
izj PU :
1. MAz Pg 30 z
30km P
zg Czg d
km/h
U PAqrj.
jg :
zv : D = 30 km
t = 30 min = 30 = 1 UAm(h)
60
2
S= D
t
S = 30 km
1 h
2
S = 30 km # 2
1h
S = 60 km / h
d = 60km/h
83
2.
zv :
t =1 = 24h
S= D
t
S = 6 km
24 h
S = 1km
4h
S = 0.25 km / h
d = 0.25km/h
3.
D = 10.8 km =10800m
t = 1 UAm = 60 x 60 = 3600s
S= D
t
3
S=
10800 m
3600 s
1
S = 3 m /s
d = 3m/s
84
4.
D = 100 m = 100 = 1 km
1000
10
t = 12 s =
S= D
t
12 = 1 h
3600
300
1 km
S = 10
1 h
300
S = 300 km
10 / h
S = 30 km / h
d = 30km/h
5.
85
D
s
jg :
zv
s = 8 m/s,
D = 200 m,
t= ?
t= D
S
t = 200m
8m/s
t = 25
25
P =
zv vz j 44 cm Ez. Ezg AB
14cm Ez. MAz EgAi A Az gl C Ai
iUV B Ai 10 PAqU vvz. Ezg d
v U m/s U PQ.
6.
A 14cm
jg :
zv
D = 22 cm = 22 m
100
t = 10
D = 14 cm = 14 m
100
t = 10
S=?
V=?
S= D
t
V= d
t
22 m
100
S=
10 s
14 m
100
V=
10 s
S = 0.022 m/s
V = 0.014 m/s
86
U z Vggzg, gl Az
vz P Eg CAvg Nqlg Aiitz DgAsz
v vz Avgz iw (reading) Ai UwPzg P
wj. gl v vz Ai UwP. Avg gj d
PAqrj.
km
km
km
6
1 h
=
60 10
Ml Zz zg
vUzPAq Ml P
4 km 40 km
=
1 h
1h
10
= 40 km/h
87
r
Gzz
SI
i lg
Pz
SI
i PAq (s).
(m).
(D).
D
t
KPi Pz l U ___ U =
d
t
d v UU i
(d).
m/s.
CsU
I.
D) U
E) Zz zg
F) l
88
D) U
E) Zz zg
F) l
3. KPi Pz Zz zg __________
C) d
D) U
E) Zz zg
F) l
4. KPi Pz l __________
II.
C) d
D) U
E) Zz zg
F) l
l U P zUAz vA :
1. d v Uz
2. lz
3. Pz
SI
SI
SI
i __________ .
i __________ .
i __________ .
4. d PAqrAi v __________ .
5. U PAqrAi v __________ .
III.
PV UU Gvj :
1. d JAzg?
2. U JAzg?
3. d v UU qt v w.
89
4. l v Zz zgU S.
5. MAz 2 UAmU 60 km Zvz Ezg d? Ez
dz
Zzg Cz EAz UAmAi J zg P
z?
6. f 20 cm CAvgz Jgq PPU EqVz.
MAz PP Az jz t 10 PAqU EAz PP
Az Pgvz
. F tz U
m/s PAqrj.
IV.
P
A
Zz zg l
30 km
20 km
30 min
_____km/h
_____km/h
_____km
50 km
2h
30 km/h
_____km/h
2,40,000 m _____m
1 day
_____km/h
7.5 km/h
350 km
350 km
_____min
_____km/h
70 km/h
_____m
_____km
5h
20 km/h
10 km/h
(D)
(d)
vUzPAq
Ai (t)
90
(S)
(V)
WlP - 6
s - MAz fAv U
iw AU, n ir.
g zgzAi Eg vz v R JAz F
ZlnPAz zqsqvz.
UAi s
Ai v zs
i tzg zjAz s
Ai
g zgzz v g zgzzg iv
fU zs.
ZlnP 6.5 : gz av AU. w U AiAz J
s AiAz wg zg E. wg wg E.
DzjAz s v zsz vv itzz. DzjAz
P g C, tU zzg gP, ftg EvU
zgz Ez, vUtP PAi vvz sv
CPPgVz. F gz Evg PAiUV.
j Avgz
fU CUv Dg. fU zP, A
i v
v Av Azg Dg CvUv. Aiiz
Dgz WlP P, qd, DQd, md Ev
gAiPU DV. E sAi gVg PgtAz
fU zP Pz Dg E zgAiwz U MAz EAzP
Dg DVg F f Ai J fU vB z
gAiPUAz DV. F gAiPU sAi gV
EgzjAz fU EU
PAq zQ. F gAiPU
E itz gz j PAiU Eg As.
Ez wj :
sAi F vP 109 gAiP zsvU Vz.
Ai qzqPzU bw v v? ZAi U
ZAi z zsjv v? Ez t l vAzgUAz
gQP irP . sAi g J
fUU F gz E zq vAzgU Asz
93
ZlnP 6.6 :
wg AzVz Ne zg FU PqU
gUwz. KP? F AAzsz iwAi PPg AiAz PQ,
AzsAz ga.
Ez wj :
Ne (O3 ) DQd g gitUAzz Ct. Ez Cwg QgtU
sU gzAv vqAivz.
MAz z s Ai U tU
Ptv.vA g, g, Zg U
Csv. dU aUgqz AiiV Ai, tU
Av irP F jwAi Ut P. PAZ
Vz CP, Ng vz, WvPgz js s
EAv IvzuU vgvz. UAi ssuAz U gwU As, t U v qU f gUArz.
F PgtAz , t APU PA f zs UArz.
F Cv gz Ez UQ.
94
U, g, Dg, vv Gv
v gPu
U
P AAid
sAi C UVz. F AAidAz sAi
f AiiVz, PV Aiwz.
s AiizU gqVv. DAvg qz v VP
zuU sAi J fP CAU A,
sAi fAv UV.
F vPz eP AzsU
g z
E PAiP s
Aig
fP EAz Rav
rgzjAz, g z
s
Ai
gv r E PAiz fU.
Da :
gw DUz Pt PvU
Ai A v PAi U . C P
UUAi! Cg Aiizzg
Uz fU Eg zs?
Ez wj :
w K 22 y JAz DZjUvz.
r
AiAz s wg zgz E. wg wgz E.
DzjAz sAi Gv vvVz.
95
zs lz vv Gv sAi g
z
g
z
j
z. z
g
z g fU
v UtPU
P j
vz
.
sAi Ugv vgt sAi v Az.
vgt vU GU WuAz l
Pvz.
Ne g DQd gitUAz DVz, Ez AiAz
g CAiPj gwv QgtU vqAivz.
U, g, Dg, zs lz Gv, gPu , F JU
P AAiU sAi f U v GU PgtVz.
CsU
I.
l U P zUAz vA :
1. sAi__________ vgt sAi v Az.
2. vgt__________ U WuAz l Pvz.
3. Ai gwv QgtU __________ zg vqAivz.
4. P Dsjv PAiU __________ Ai Pvz.
II.
PV UU Gvj :
1. vgt fUU U GAiPVz?
2. sAi zs lz vg Pgt?
3. sAi g zgzg Pgt?
4. fU gPuAi Ne zgz v?
5. sAi fUg Pgtz CAU n ir.
96
WlP - 7
AiU
(ATMOSPHERE)
Da :
vgU v ev DQd vAg Aqg vAig. KP?
AiUz zgU
1. i
U
2. gU
CAiiU
3. zsU
zsU
4. CAiiU
5. U.
g
e
N z
gU
U
U F zs zgU gV wAit.
1.
(Troposphere):
2.
gU
(Stratosphere) :
Ai Uz zg gU Jg. Az
Ezg Jvg ig 35 Q. (22) Uz. gUz Uz
CAiPj gwv QgtU gz gPPZzAv w Ne
zgz.
3.
zsU
(Mesosphere) :
CAiiU
(Ionosphere) :
(Exosphere) :
s
Ai AiAqz CvAv g zg
U Jg .
Ez Ugz CUz qd v AiiAz Prz. F
zz P PvP GUU vw. F zg CAvjPzAU
Uvz.
(Magnetosphere) :
s
ig 100 Q. UAz g g Q.U
g
U
g MAz z
z. Ez AiAz qUqA
iiU zz
PtU ws P sU gPPZVz. F z
PAvU Jg.
99
Ez wj :
QgtU ws Jgq AiU D PAqrzg. EU
D n (Van Allen Belt) U Jg. E CAiPj QgtUAz
sAi gQv.
AiUzg CU
78%
2. DQd
21%
P qDPq
DQd
3. dqU,
g v
zs PtU -
0.96%
4. P
qDPq
0.04%
dqU, g
v zs PtU
av 7.2 : AiUz
CU it
1.
md :
md
78 % gz AiUz
R WlPVz. Ez i
vz Pr QAiiVz AQwP Pjz CVz.
Ez vgtzg DQd QAiivAi zUvz.
UU md GAiPVz.
md OzVP GAiUU
DQd :
acid)U
2. GP
(steel)
3. q Pt
vAiij ZV Uvz.
(pig iron)
z vAiijPAi Uvz.
z
PAiiV
4. z
DQd C gPm v Qt
(missile) U
Uvz.
5. U P v j (cutting) v U (welding)P
PU DQ-Cl eA
iV Cl evU DQdC
Uvz.
Ez wj :
DQd sAi zgP CvAv QAiiz zsvVz. AiAqz
ig Lz MAz sU DQdAzVz. UAz DQdC z
rz e Pi . Avg Ez es JA
eAz AiUAiz vAiijnv.
3.
P q DPq :
(re extinguisher)
102
U Uvz.
z Ai :
s- Wz
P qDPq
Ez wj :
AU Uz zs zU Pl(ice cap)U Ptv. Ez
P qDPqAzz s(dry ice).
Ez wj :
* fU GglAz P qDPq GvwAiiUvz.
* EAzsUz g, Pz, Ju, CU zAz w ig
2 Ai lUU CP P qDPq GvwAiiUvz.
Ez wj :
P qDPq gv PAz wz CVz. P Ez g U
(f ixed air)JAzg. Ezg UtU CzsAi irz Ai Ez P
q DPq JAz vj, Ez Dq PP JAzg.
Ez wj :
W vA AiU Uv a CUU P qDPq
iqg.
4.
DU :
s Ai Ai U z A Ai P U U U t A z
dqU. CU DU MAz.
DU OzVP GAiUU
(Industrial uses of argon) :
1.
2.
3.
z Ai :
v - zv
DU v (incandescent)
RV jw
U Uvz.
P q U.
zPgU vAiijPAi
Uvz.
Gv Utlz GP vAiij Uvz.
103
4.
5.
6.
egv qU Uvz.
zs tz P qAi Ez AiiAU
iqUvz.
CgPU
V
q P v dAii g
U
GvzAi Uvz.
Ez wj :
DQd v md UAz rzg P Aii g
v g 1894 g DU C PAqrzg.
VP QAiU i zs
qP
15 %
47 %
15 %
g qDPq
1
2
3
4
10 %
13
zs PtU
nP DPq
av 7.3 : UAi PjU.
104
ng CAmPnP P iqU Ne zg
vUwgz v azg. F vUP(depletion)Ai RV
Pg-sg-P (C.F.C) AuAzV GAmUvz.
v A Vj Gz Az Ai Av P U (Air Conditioner-A.C),
gf
glg v vUgU
CP
i tz C.F.C Ai
Uvz
.
Ez Pj, sj v P MAz AAiP. Ez Ne
zg vUvz v g ju Z PgtUvz.
ZlnP
7.3
Ne zgz vUPAi
vUzPzz PU n ir.
g ju
vqUl
Ez wj :
sgwAi d (meteorologist) q.Dg.P ZjAig sv
KjPAi U CzsAi ir, Zg AQgtU qzg. g
CU it vVAv P JZjPAi rzg.
ZlnP 7.5 : Ai i
(air pollution) Pr iq
Cj PU nir.
(Acid rain):
s zU
Ai Cx AtV
U CAiz. w(statue)
v gP(monument) UU F D
CAiPjAiiUz. VP
106
av 7.5
g Q, KUvzAz jQ.
Da :
Ai Ai zAqAiz PUjPU AvjAv
sgvz A Pm Dz Pgt?
Ez wj :
P (lichen) U ASAi MAz zz iz it vZ
PjAiiVz. P AiiV Aiwzg D zz Ai i
PrAiiVgvz.
r
s
Ai DjPArg Ai zg
P AiU Jg .
U, gU, zsU, CAiiU v UE AiUz Lz zgUV.
U i gU Ai zg
U Jg.
gUz Ne zg PAqgvz.
zsU AiAqz CvAv vA zVz.
CAiiU grAi gtP Pjvz.
107
Ai i Pr iq AiiAi Q Uz gQ ,
UQAi .
CsU
I.
D)
E) gU
F) U
108
2. Ez grAi CU sU ws Ai iqvz.
C) U
D) gU
E) CAiiU
F) U
3. P qDPq C EU GAiVvg.
C) zv
D) lP
E) v
F) CVP AiAv
4. gv U U gPU U Pgt.
C) eUwP vi
D) g ju
E) D
F) C.F.C
5. s vgtzg md it
C) 21 %
D) 78 %
E) 0.04 %
F) 0.96 %
II.
C) CgPU
D) AU q
E) OU
F) P GvU
l U P zUAz vA :
1. sAi v DjPArg UAi zgP __________
Jg.
2. AiUz __________ zgz Ne zgz.
3. Uz Uz UrU __________ Jg.
4. sAi v Zv U Pgt__________
5. Ai Az g z z P t U Az g P u
q zg __________ .
109
6. Dg vAiij g U Ai
WlP __________ .
7. UAig Jgq R WlP __________ .
III.
md
C) GP vAiijP
2.
DQd
D) v
3.
P qDPq
E) lPU vAiijP
4.
DU
F) qPjP D
vAiijP
G) s vAiijP
VI.
F PVUU PgtU Pr :
1. z AiAw mdC vg.
2. DQdC zP Jg.
3. gUz PsUz em iU gqv.
4. P qDPq it vgtz ZUgz.
V.
PV UU Gvj :
1. AiU JAzg?
2. AiUz zs zgU j.
3. U JAzg? Czg RvAi?
110
D) PAvU
F CU OzVP GAiUU w.
C) md
D) DQd
E) P qDPq
F) DU
14.
V P Q A i U i zs Az GAmU
juU?
15.
EU j.
C) g ju
D) D
Aid PAi
D Az UUz gPU avU AU.
111
WlP - 8
VP PU
(NATURAL CALAMITIES)
1. AZ v UqU
gU j C? m D PaU CAn
Pzg evU P Zll Pq gz v QrU
Ptz. UU Pgt?
112
z azU, ZtU
v Pz W
uAz ZtU
D
sjvv. PUzz ZgU vAzU PUzz ZgU DU
jvV ZtUA
i vU PUzz
ewAi Dz v CAnPArv.
WuAi PgtAz U Dsjv (charged) Uv JAz
F ZlnPAz wAivz. DzzjAz 8.2 g ZlnPAi P
PaAi Pg zU gU jz Cszz.
ZlnPAi Jgq sUz PUzz ZgU ZtUU CAl.
KPAzg ZtUAi P nzU, DU P jz. EzjAz
P z DU Z JAz wAivz.
ZlnP 8.4 : MAz P
UvAz CzsAiU w. qz PV zs D s
It DU jvz. qU ZzAv s
jv DU gAv q Cjv. l, Uq,
-g w EAiv Uv. F DU gg gAi
twgv. U GzggAzAv qU v
DsjvUv. DU ewAi DU sUgAiv MUr
Q Qr sg GzUvz. Ez AZ(lightning). F zAi
d qUU, qU zs v q U sAi
zs qAivz. P qz U zs DU v
PsU It DU Agz. DU Cz s zs
DU jvz. WuU q qU DU
q Dzg P WuU qAz sAi q qAiv.
U zAi d qAiU v U Pz M PZ
Cx UP(expansion) UUV gt U vz. Ez
UqU(thunder).
P F zAi d qAz P C f v
D GAliqz. Ez r (thunderbolt).
114
Jvgz PlqU U U
zq z g PlqQAv Jvgz
s
AivP gAv l AZ, rAz
PlqU gQUvz. EAv gPu
z gU AZ P (lightning
conductor) Cx AZ AzsP (lightning
arrester) U.
Ai U Az g
UzAv, gU PU r qAi
AzsU zAv EgzjAz r
CAiUAz vPz.
av 8.2
Ez wj :
AZ, UqUU M AsvAiizg Q U z UQAv
agzjAz AZ z PAq UqU Avg Pvz.
2.
(Flood) :
Az A f v
D irPAq U
Pgwj. U izsU
rv z z d v U
vP
Aq gU Zwg avU
Ugwj. E z U.
JAzg?
av 8.3
P g PgtUAz vU
z
U
jAz Djl
CvU
GAliqv. vU Kg j
it .
115
F UU Pgt?
P Jgq R PgtU.
1. VP PgtU
2. i v PgtU
1.
VP PgtU
(Natural causes) :
CwAiiz , PgUP, z wg U - E U
VP PgtU. CwAiiz Ai -PgU j l
KjzjAz vU g CwAiiV jAivz. Ez
GAliqvz.
s v (global warming) KjPAz G a zs zU
PgV D sUz j l ZUvz.
ZlnP 8.5 :
wz n ir.
Ez wj :
Ai RAz s PAivz. Pz Czg UAi
iqvz. Aiiz U UgV gvz. F eUU Pr
Mvqz zU.
2.
i v PgtU
Cgt (deforestation) : gU PV t g
rqvz. Dzg g PgtUAz gU AS PrAiizAv
s v GAmV z g U PgtUvz.
z juU :
1. f v DAi iqvz.
2. DgUPg vgt iqvz.
3. Ug U jrUz GAl iqvz.
r
AZ v UqUU qU zAi dAz
GAmUv.
WuAz U DsjvUv.
zq PlqUU v UU AaAzU zjuU
AZ AzsPUAz vz.
vU GAmU j itz KjPAi .
z Jgq R PgtUAzg - VP PgtU v
i v PgtU.
CP , PgUP, ZAq igvU z P VP
PgtU.
Cgt , Pr ASAi CuPl v dAiU z
i v PgtU.
117
AZ UqUUg Ai U bw r qzqr,
gz PU r v n. v PAlgAv zv
PguU r.
CsU
I.
l U P zUAz vA :
1. qAz qP Cx qAz PU zAi
dAi __________ .
2. It DU __________ PqU DPvUv.
3. PlqU AZ v rAz __________ gQvz.
4. vU Kg j it __________ .
5. Cgt __________ GAmU PgtUvz.
II.
PV UU Gvj :
1. EU Cx w.
C) AZ
D) UqU
E) r
F)
2. GAliq VP v i v
PgtU j.
118
WlP - 9
ZAz AU
M Uu sdj
sd irPAq
v z EAi
AZg gl.
E PAZ UV
Z z jAz U u
P g z . Dv
m Mqv. z
Z A z U u C
av 9.1
P A q P . U u
Pz
Uwz v mU VzPAq U irz ZAz
U,
rzjU x Cz g JAz v. DzjAz
Uu ZvyAi ZAz qgzA ww Ez. UAz
Px Ez. dP ZAz D CAz CsPgP?
EAv ZAz UU eU CuAi wAit.
UAi PAiz ZAz sAi KPiv sP GU.
sU CvAv wgz DPPAiz Ez sAi v gj
3,84,402 km CAvgz jswz.
Uz v js PAi GU.
ZAzU P, v Ai Q 93 %
jPAq P 7% wsvz.
Ez wj :
ZAz z g 7.35x 1022 kg. Ez sAi 1.23 % P . ZAz
sdPz 3,476 km, Ez sAi 25% P .
120
ZAz ZU
su
(Rotation) :
Ez wj :
CP : Uj v Ai vvz. D Ai gz Jz gSAi
UjAi CP.
jsu
(Revolution):
Mg -A . D vz PAzz A Ai PqU R ir
. A Ai v zz vv UgAi MAz AzAz
gl Cz AzU g. Dzg UgAi MAz v gg
zz MAz v tUAv Dv v. C Aiz
zz MAz v w. Dv AiiUzg
U. U Dv AAiz A AiiUzg PArv?
U v Da :
A
ZAz
ZAz
EAz gw 8.00 UAm
s
gw 8.00 UAm
av : 9.2
ZAz A vj AiU :
avz
vjgAv PUAz
ZAq z JzjU rz
. ZAq Uv zz
wgV. U Pt ZAr
P sU
U l q v wg Vj.
Z A z J A U
UxUv.
av 9.3
Ci
zAi z
ZAz
ZAz
PAi z
Qt ZAz
Ci
Qt ZAz
av 9.4
(new moon)
1 C
Ci
2 C
ZAz
3 C
Czs ZAz
4 C
ZAz
5 C
6 C
Qt ZAz
7 C
Czs ZAz
8 C
Qt ZAz
(waxing crescent)
(half moon)
(waxing gibbous)
(full moon)
(waning gibbous)
(half moon)
(waning crescent)
Ez wj :
ZAz CuU : Ag 14, 1959 g ZAz vz i
gv P Aiv Luna 2 z i v PAiiVz. CPg
7, 1959 gAz Aiv Luna 3 ZAz zgz Ai bAiiavU
grv. 24-12-1968 sAP g, ei , v Aii
DAqg Eg ZAz PPAi C 8 g v ZAz EAz
PAq z iAiiwUVzg. d 20, 1969 g C 11 JA
CjP PAi vg DAU ZAz zu irz
z QAiiVzg.
Ez wj :
sgvz gAi P Ke, sgwAi P Azs A (Indian
Space Research Organization-ISRO) EAz ZAz CzsAiPV
ZAzAii-1 PAiPP 22-10-2008 gAz Z zgv. Ez igv
PAiiVz, ZAz v Jgq U CU Pnv. ZAz
gAiP v RdU PU vAiijz U ZAz zg v wgz
U g DAiiU P vAiijz ZAzAii-1 g eP GzUVz.
F igv P 14-11-2008 gAz VZ Piz 15.04 P ZAz
v. sgv ZAz nz 4 z JA UP EzjAz v.
ZAz t V Eg j CtU Cu ZAzAii-1 g
g zsU Rzz.
126
r
ZAz sAi KPiv VP GU.
ZAz v Ai Q 93% sU j,
7% g wsv.
su v jsuU ZAz Jgq ZU.
v CPz ZAz wgUPAi su.
sAi v ZAz ZAi jsu.
ZAz su v jsuAi CU 27.3 P .
ZAz P sUz UZjPAi it gwAz
gwU zUwgvz. Ez ZAz AU Jg.
Ai P ZAz sU sU gz Aizg, DU
ZAz sU Pt. Ez Ci.
Ai P ZAz sU sU Pt Aizg, DU
ZAz sU At Ptv. Ez t.
MAz CiAz EAz CiU Cx MAz t
Az
EAz tU Eg PAvg ZAzi.
ZAz P sUz UZjPAi Kgv U
AAi PP.
ZAz P sUz UZjPAi EAiv U
AAi PP.
127
Ci v t - E Uz As i
QAiU. EU U CP sAi q.
CsU
I.
D) jsu
E) PP
F) PP
D) jsu
E) PP
F) PP
3. ZAz
P sUz UZjPAi Kg A Ai
C) su
D) jsu
E) PP
F) PP
D) jsu
E) PP
F) PP
128
5. ZAz suAi C
II.
C) 29.3 U
D) 27.3 U
E) 25 U
F) 30 U
l U P zUAz vA :
1. ZAz v Ai Q Pq__________
sU wsv.
2. CiAi Avgz g __________ .
3. Jgq P
i Uv A U
q P __________ U
.
4. ZAz PU Pt Pgt ZAz g ________.
5. sAi VP GU __________ .
III.
PV UU Gvj :
1. GU JAzg?
2. ZAz Jgq ZU?
3. ZAz su JAzg?
4. ZAz jsu JAzg ?
4. ZAzi JAzg?
6. P P JAzg?
7. PP JAzg?
129
WlP - 10
UtU
(ECLIPSES)
s
Ai v vv
z
. ZAz s
Ai v vv
. F jwAi
jsuU Ai v sAi q ZAz gAv U,
Ai v ZAzg q s gAv zsvU v.
CAvAi Jgq jwAi UtU sAz U zs. MAz
Ai Ut EAz ZAz Ut.
UtU U zV wAi z g(shadow)U
sz U wAit. KPAzg UtU g-Q(shadow-light)
DlU DV.
ZlnP 10.2 : gwAi tz wAi Q g U.
Czg mZ P j, Czg
A (image) AiAzg
qj. , ZAq v mZU
CAvg A, avz vjgAv,
ZAr A qj. tbAi
v CzsbAiU Uw.
132
av 10.2
L
A
L
B
av 10.3
A
A
ZAz Ut
Ai
ZAz
CzsbAi
t
bAi
CzsbAi
av 10.4 : ZAz Ut
AiUt
Ai v sAi q ZAz Az Ai PP
gAiiU Ai U
t
. ZAz
bAi s
Ai z,
bAi ssUz EzU iv AiUt UZjvz.
(av 10.3 gg PV Jgq avU U, C.) Ai
AtV giqlg Cz t Ai Ut (total solar
eclipse). Ai sU iv gi ql
g Cz sUB Ai U
t
Ai QgtU
gw
ZAz
ZAz PP
t Ai Ut Asz
av 10.5 : Ai Ut
136
t Ai Ut :
ZAz
tbAiAi Aii s
z
P wg z, D z
z
Ai At gAiiU . Cz t Ai U
t
. ZAz
WvPgz ZU sU M wgV M zgUv.
CiAi U ZAz
wg
AzU ZAz
tbAi s
Ai
vz. DU t Ai UtUvz.
2.
sUB Ai Ut :
3.
PAPt Ai Ut :
ZAz
tbAi s
Ai gz
zgz
ZAz
zU,
CAv UtU Ai zssU iv gAiiV, CAZ iv
AiiPgz UZjvz. Ez PAPt Ai Ut.
4.
APg Ai Ut :
t
ZAz
sUB
PAPt
Ez wj :
MAz z Ai Ut v ZAz UtUgq j ZAzg 7
UtUUz. ZAzg 5, PrAiAzg 2 Ai UtUUz.
7 UtU Asg z 4 Ai UtU, 3 ZAz UtU
qAiz. MAz s sUz PAq t Ai Ut v Cz
sUz UZjz 360-370 U Avg.
138
Pz CAn.
Da :
P CiU iv AiUt Asvz. KP?
ZjP :
UtU Q, CU Q VAi vAiijz UdU
Cx PqPU . Aiiz P Ud Cx X-ray U z
CAiPj.
AiAzg MAz EAZ z gAzs ir PrAiAzg CAn.
Ut AsU U Zz PrAz UqAi Ai A
r. UqAi A Uv AiUt Q.
PPg Ai qz zgzP (telescope) Az Ut AsV
Ai A gz Cx UqAi r, C Ai Ut
UZjz. zgzPz P gV Ai qr.
eP Dzsgz P qs DZgu
U
Pg U
t
z U
DZjvg.
Ut AsU Dg zP, gU qzqzP
U D PU g U iqzP K v. Utz
Az, Ut qAiU Cx Ut qz Avg Aszz
Aiiz DvU Utz PgtAz Asz.
U t A s zU Ai g Q v P u Az Ai
gzgU UZjv. ZAz ZAi d PggPV P
Pz. U CzsAiP AiUz U Utz U
139
Ez wj :
* UtU As U DAisnAii MAz GRz. Czg Pg,
mete&b
Ez wj :
ZAz iv Ai v sAi zs g. gz MUUz
zs (mercury) v P (venus) UU jsU Ai v
sAi zs gv. Dzg C Ai At g iqg.
Dzg MAz ZQAiAv Ai Jzg zUv. F ziU
AP(transition) U. zsAzzg zs AP (mercury transition),
PAzzg P AP (venus transition).
Da :
ZAz Ai wggAz s. CAi UtU
As
? As
zg U v Aii U
t
U As
z?
r
Ut g-Q Dl.
Jgq DPPAiU q EAz DPPAi g
g
SAi Az,
MAz PAi tV Cx sUB vvPV giq
zi Ut.
140
zgzPz P Ai gV qr.
CsU
I.
l U P zUAz vA :
1.
Ai v ZAzg
q g
g
SAi s
AzU __________
UtUvz.
PV UU Gvj :
1.
UtAzg?
2. ZAz Ut JAzg?
3. sUB ZAz Ut JAzg?
4. Ai Ut JAzg?
5. tbAi v CzsbAiUAzg?
6. UtU As Eg AzsU?
7. J zsz Ai UtU? C Aii? j.
8. ZAz Ut v Ai UtU q vU nir.
Aid PAi
U wgg RU PAz (vgAi)P PPg ev sn r.
UtU U a iw qz Pz zR.
142
PlP Pg
e
Cs P
Pq izs
DgAi vgUw
zAi v JgqAi g
2015
PlP oP AW (j.)
Cs P gZ w
CzsPg:
1) . gWAz n, ZAig(v), J.J.n. z Pd,
r, avzU.
2) q.J. sg, Ag(v), Dg.. PPg zAi (L.J.J.E),
AUg.
zg:
1) . ZgAit , ., Pj qs, Ug, ZgAilt v.
.
2) w J.Dg. s, ., v UA Pj qs(Pg), aAvt,
aPg.
3) . gzsP U, ., gz qs, uAUg, zQt Pq.
4) AiP Dg.Aq, ., Pj qs, gfUAUg, UzU.
5) .. AU, avP PPg, PlP qs, zsgq.
CzPg :
1) . ZgAit , ., .., Ug, ZgAilt v. .
2) w J.Dg. s, ., v UA Pj qs(Pg), aAvt,
aPg.
3) . gzsP U, ., gz qs, uAUg, zQt Pq.
4) AiP Dg.Aq, ., Pj qs, gfUAUg, UzU.
R AAidPg:
R Ugg:
PAiP AAidPg :
r
PlP gd sgvz Pt Pvz AZtAig gdU
MAzVz. 2012-13 J..Js 2005 v P..Js 2007 Dzsjv
oU vvUzsjv oPU 5 v 8 vgUwUV vAiijz.
2013-14 g 1, 2, 6 v 9 Ai vgUwU oPU vAiij
ejUVz. F o P U
R Pt
U AiizAzg - PAiz
Pz, PP o P U
U vVgz E Az j
q
P U
Cz UVgP. CzsPg vgUwAi PU PPU CvPz
U MzVPqP. EzjAzV P DvAi GAmV Cg
Qv tUUU jQv jwAi C irPlAvUvz.
PlP gPg l zV gdz Pz 5 U 8
vgUwU Cs PU ejU vAz.
2013-14 6 Ai
AW DsjAiiVz.
. f. J. qArvAi
R AAidPg
oP jgu U oP gZ
PlP oP AW, AUg.
iv
UAz Pig
P zPg
PlP oP AW
AUg.
CzsPg r...
g..Z - 2005 g Dzsjv 6 vgUwAi e oPP gPV F Cs
P gaVz. P vgUwAi qz e, wP v PU
Cs v CsU P irPAq eP sAi
grP gUz F Cs Pz R GzVz.
zAi v Jgq
A
i g w
WlPz
zs Aiz CsU
qVz. F CsU
P v vB / UA / PPg AiAz
jr
zAi g
P.A.
WlP
l AS
1.
2.
fU CAU AAid
11 - 18
3.
zsvU v AAiPU
19 - 27
4.
U v CU
28 - 33
5.
tzg U rP
34 - 38
6.
zvPU v gzsPU
39 - 43
7.
CvAi zsU
44 - 49
1 - 10
JgqAi g
P.A.
1.
2.
WlP
l AS
50 - 55
3.
Dg
g
t
4.
zU v CVPU
68 - 74
5.
d v U
75 - 79
6.
80 - 83
7.
s - MAz fAv U
AiU
8.
VP PU
91 - 93
9.
ZAz AU
94 - 97
10.
56 - 63
64 - 67
84 - 90
98 - 102
UtU
vi
zAi g
WlP - 1
D
I.
C) et
D) t
E) am
F) wUu
2. Uq Pl Q
C) PV
D)
E) P
F) VdU
C) Pzg
D) MAm
E) D
F) AiiP
4. d Dz R CeP CA
C) P
D) Gv
E) uA
F) DQd
5. j Dz uAz it
C) . 1 QAv Pr
D) . 3.5 QAv Pr
E) . 1 QAv Z
F) . 3.5 QAv Z
II. l U P zUAz vA :
1. tU Jgq sv DU _______________ v
_______________ .
2. AV _______________ Jg.
3. tU UAi _______________ C GglP PAq
_______________ C gPv.
4. j PgV
g G Avz gAiPU
_______________
Jg.
5. D = sUP z + _______________ .
III. F PVUU PgtU Pr :
1. gsAi sv Ai.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. Dz zz g U Cw Pr.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
3. PgrU zz v Agv.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2
4. zz P Pj Ai j zPgz.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. jg DAi gP vAzg
______________________________________________________
3. Jg jU lg
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
5. DQq gs zz n irzg
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
7. j zP zz jU lg
______________________________________________________
3
V. PU Png tU avU U, CU g v DU
Png eUz gj :
P.A.
tU av
tU g
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
DU
VI. PV UU Gvj :
1. j U Jzj U nir.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. zz
j U Jzj U
ni r.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
3. j D v z j DU qt R
vU w.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
5
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
7. Cg t U Pt A v Jv g z g U g s Ai
PAqg. KP ?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
8. d D z z P Ai i zz g 5 P g P U v
5 CPgPU j.
PgP U
CPgPU
1. ______________________ ______________________
2. ______________________ ______________________
3. ______________________ ______________________
4. ______________________ ______________________
5. ______________________ ______________________
VII. Aiig ?
1. v tU zP CP Pv. CUU w
Dg v Ggq UAi MzVv.
______________________________________________________
2. vA Pr . PUAv U Aiv.
NwPv, v Nq Q Avz tU v.
______________________________________________________
3. g
z j DPg. Cw a
i tz uAU
PgVgv. tU Z tUg
ztzAv v fv.
______________________________________________________
4. aP j DPg. tU Z jg
zUAq v fv.
______________________________________________________
5. zsgt
i tz gvz. , PU
, zg U
v aP gU Aiv. fAP v PqU
wAi tU.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
7
VIII. Dl Dr :
KP q
vgUwAi zyU Jgq vAqUV UA ir. MAz vAq KP
JA PP. vAz vAq GvjP. Avg Gvjz vAq KP
JA Pvz.
Gz g u : g s D Cw g z gAi
Agvz. KP?
vAqU
v P
U
v gaP P. Gvg zgAizAv,
Pz U P vAqUU IuAPU (negative marks)
zgAiv.
Z UU Gvjz vAq d vAq JAz WP.
PPg F Dlz uAiPgVgvg.
IX. F PV av U, vP v j vPAi AsuAi
N. CxirPAq AsuAi tU :
Ci, UAi
D VAit Ez.
C , C
gz lgAi
ZAi Ai
EgAv !
A.
z
Ci, irg
F vtU PgAiv.
Pg PgVz. Ci,
D VAit AiAv
Ai Egt.
zs
U
KP Ci ?
KP zs ?
KPAzg ____
i) _____________________________________
_____________________________________
ii) _____________________________________
_____________________________________
X. F avzg tU v DU PzPAr. C v
DU PAqP Ai ir. CU g avz PU
Png DU PU gj :
1. Cgt D :
______________________________________________________
2. U D :
______________________________________________________
3. gs D :
______________________________________________________
4. d D :
______________________________________________________
vvvv
10
WlP - 2
fU CAU AAid
I.
C) Fd
D) wgzs Pr iq
E) U
F) AzP P
C)
D)
E) wAV
F) q
C) q
D)
E)
F) wAV
4. Ez vAv gU Ag Vz
C) w
D) mt
E)
F) AU
5. QlU DP sU
C) zU
D) vU
E) P
F) Pg
11
II. P U P n g t / Q U av U U , C U g v
AztPU CU Az Eg S eUz gj :
P.A.
t / QU av
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
12
AztPU
III. z e r z U A Azs U , Jg q e r z U
tU :
1. wAV
: P
::
: _______________
:: DUq
: _______________
4. Q
: gPU
::
: _______________
5. PgP
:: CPgP : _______________
V. fU Azt P U F P U P q Vz . C U MAz Az
GAiU gj :
P.A.
fU AztP
GAiU
1.
q AiiPgz z
2.
wAVz g
3.
QU UjU
4.
PgrAi zzz v
5.
z vAi FdgP
6.
MAmAi UgU
7.
Ai mfAii
8.
HgAi
9.
DQq g gU
10.
Aii z JU
14
VI. PV UU Gvj :
1. AztPU JAzg?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. Ug MAn FdgPU j.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
15
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
7. PgPU z AidU w ?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
16
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
4. NwPv. gs
. gU
zg
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
17
IX. P V P P z z zs s U U E . C U U w, v
Ug Jj v CU PAiU PPz PU Png eUz
gj :
Gzgu :
PA
z zs sUU PAiU
1. :
vvvv
18
WlP - 3
zsvU v AAiPU
I.
F PVU j :
1. J PtU Ag PPt.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
4. zs gitUAz iqng .
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
zsv
AAiP
19
zsv
1.
2.
3.
VAii
4.
rAii
5.
APv
IV. l U P zUAz vA :
1. zQAi viPz g zgz zsv ___________ .
2. U A zs P v P t z g d U PzU GAmU
AAiP _______________ .
3. rAi i v P jU A Ai U Az GAmU
AAiP _______________ .
4. O2 JAz DQd _______________ C wvz.
5. AAiPzg gitU Cv _______________ Az
wAiz.
20
V. F PPz l U P GvgUAz sw ir :
P.A.
Ml gitU
v CU
itU
AAiP
WlP zsvU
1.
qd
DQd
______
______
______
2.
P
qDPq
______
______
1 git
2 git
1 : 2
______
3.
rAii
Pgq
______
______
______
______
______
NaCl
qd
UAzsP
DQd
______
______
______
______
______
CAi
______
______
1 git
3 git
1 : 3
______
nP D
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
HNO3
4.
5.
6.
jP D
21
Ctv
H 2O
VI. Ug Jg zU z, F PV PU jr :
1. J U CtUA P PtUAz iqn.
_____________________________________________________
2. CAii MAz AAiPVz.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
4. P APv CO.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
VII. PV UU Gvj :
1. PgAi MAz AAiP JAz U wAij?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
22
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
3. v fz Lz AAiPU j.
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
4. F PV
U
Aii QAiAi AAiP GAmUPAi avz
JAz Czg Az () Ugv Pzg P w.
D) Pz j jzU
E) U PgAi jzU
F) PgAi j PgVzU
5. g z Cz qd
U z
PAiiz DQdAz
iqnzg Cz EAzsV zs. KP?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
23
AAiP
AAiP
1.
CqU G
2.
CqU q
3.
4.
jP D
5.
PAii Pm
zsv
24
APv
zP
+
AAiUz Cv
AAiP
Ctv
25
Wzsv
+
1 : 1 Cvz
AAiU AzU
GAmU AAiP
Ctv
26
X. z er zU qt AAzs U, JgqAi er zU
tU :
1. qd
: H
:: UAzsP
: ___________
2. DU
: Ar
:: CAii
: ___________
3. VAii
: Mg
:: iAU
: ___________
4. v
: Pi :: Pt
: ___________
zsv
1.
n g
Au
2.
3.
4.
APv
qfgi
mAii
5.
nAii
27
WlP - 4
U v CU
I.
l U P zUAz vA :
1. DU MAz _______________ C.
2. C _______________ .
3. iV sU _______________ wAigv.
4. zg _______________ gzg Vz.
5. U GjAi Ai i q C g z g
C _______________ .
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
3. AiiC dq Jg.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
28
4. dAiiC s Jg.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
5. vU vAiij VAiiC .
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
6. CAii vmAi PU
zU jAUt GAmUvz.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
III. PV UU Gvj :
1. PPg AiAz, PAU Pz Ptz vAq vvV
wUAz rj. Czg DPgz DU zuAi U.
Ez Ptz Aii Pt avz?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
29
2. U GPv Ut v fz U PjAiiVz.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
30
7. 6 g n irg U zgAi zU
PU Png PlP gdz PAi Uw.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
31
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
PtU
PtU
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
P.A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
32
2. PP g
AiAz, v fz
P Dgz qU
v gUgU aU AU. CU gg
U g nir.
P.A.
Dgz qU /
gUgU aU
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3. 15 A.. Gz v i zg CAii, v, Pt
v z MAzAz nAi vUzP. avz vjgAv
CU er.
CAii
P
Pt
WlP - 5
tzg U rP
I. z Cx JgqAi er zU qt AAzs U, l
U P zUAz vA :
1. Qv P : t :: qd Pgq : ______________
2. zsz v : _______________ :: l : dgr rAiP.
3. CAir v g : Gvv :: Pt v g ________
4. UAz rP : _______________ :: CAiAvAz
rP : PAwAi rP.
II. F P U P n g t U g U r
zsU j :
1. UU v g t
: ___________________
2. gV l v gVAi t
: ___________________
3. G zt v guAi t
: ___________________
4. Pgz r v t t
: ___________________
34
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
4. g v JuAi t r DP zsAz
vQz.
(
)
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
5. z lz j PAi Az 1020C.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
35
IV. F P U P G P g t U P n z . r P A i Ai i zs z
EU vg JAz GPgtz PU Png z gj :
V. F PP P GvgUAz tU.
P.A.
rPAi zsU
1.
PUAz DjP
2.
vgP
3.
dgr rAiP
j P g U z Eg
rz.
4.
5.
s
W g V DAi i V
jwz.
6.
7.
8.
Gz
t z g z q Uv z , P r
i tzg
U
rz.
r DP zs
t z g PAwAi
rz.
36
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
3. ge s r, vUj , t v Ptz Zj
tz.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
5. Ad gV v PU gz.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
37
2. vv zgAi P 15 tU AU. D tU
WlPU v CU r zs n ir. PU
Png PP .
P.A.
WlPU
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
vvvv
38
r zs
WlP - 6
zvPU v gzsPU
I.
C n A i P n g U D n A i P n g C U P t
UAU A gj :
1. P C) zv gzsP
2. vz vAw D) Cw P
3. P Pa E) Cg P
4. dAii F) zv P
G) zZQAi DPg
II. E U U AU g z z Cz g P U U g J A i z g
P Uw :
1. P, dglg, lj, AU.
2. zv EnU, Pg, g PPg, PAlg.
3. v, Pt, Ud, ni.
4. gg, CAii, U, Mtg.
5. z vAw, U U, UqAi Z Pmg gAzsU,
U .
39
______________________________________________________
2. UAi MAz zv P.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
4. P MAz zv gzsP.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
6. zv GPg
t
U
U gz UAi P.
_____________________________________________________
40
1.
zv gP Ai
UqAig Z PmU P
PUlPz Jvgzg.
2.
3.
4.
5.
41
V. F PVUU PgtU Pr :
1. PUzg zZQAz K GAiU.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
42
` 5 t
Pu
wi
wPvz
C gg
P Q
m
Mtgz tvAq
Uf Ai Zg
ZZ
P ZZ
2. zZQAi V m(high tension) zv PAU
g vAwU zv Uzg U PPg,
ZAi v P..n..J. EvUAz iw AU.
vvvv
43
WlP - 7
CvAi zsU
I.
zz sv PtU U Eg F PV t / Ct R
PU U. wAiAz R PU AAzAv Czg PU g
PU qVz. vVg PU v ir, CU Az
() Ugv Q. jAiiVg PU v ir, CU Az
() Ugv Q :
1. g zz it zg.
C) zg J U zg A.
E) MAz U z jz Cx Az z
vUAiz gv, D zg gVgvz.
D) vP AU v GAiV CAiz.
E) ZAz
g MAz
vP , Cz s
Ai zV
vPz Egvz.
3. Azv =
zg
Uv
C) g D R AiVvz.
D) j vUV P irP D g
gzqvz.
E) Az gzql j vP D Ml vPz
Egvz.
5. j AzvAi CAi qlg Uvz.
E) q lg MAz GzA
i z P
Az iqnz.
II. C n A i P n g zs U s U U D n A i P n g
zsUAU A gj :
1) wgUu zAq
C) qlg
2) PP
D) i vAiAv
3) Uf P
E) sv vAiAv
4) z vAg sUz vm
F) CvAi er
G) AU v
45
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
46
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
V. Aid PAi :
1. Pjz PrAi g, At P, Av G zt
v Av Pg ztU g g PgU vUzP. F
J zU AzvAi qlg GAiV PAqrj.
Aii z Z Azv Az, Aii z Pr Azv Az
JAz w.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
47
` 2 t
vvz
Uvz
gz vAq
P Pg
Uf Zg
gg Aq
C gg
Ar Zg(xP)
P U
AdUq (L) Zg
Ptz Zg
3. ig MAz Uvg F PPAq U vUzP.
i) MAz P
Pg
v vA. QPm
ZAq, gz vAq v Ptz
w AzszAi gzql j Uv U.
gzql j Uv Dzsj F U KjPAi Pz
gj.
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
4. DQr v v w P av U A U .
Gzgu :
j (dAvU)
5. Ai g P Ai g P, JAz P U v DQr Nrz U
Pg ? PPg, ZAi v EAlgm
(www.wikipedia.org) EvU AiAz Ezg U iw
AU.
vvvv
49
JgqAi g
WlP - 1
Dg
I.
Dg Az u q A i v . Dg
zz GAiVqP. uAi AvU PV gj :
1. gPUvUP
1. _________________
2. Dg
2. _________________
3. f zsvAU gAiP
3. _________________
4. d
4. _________________
5. ftQAi
5. _________________
II. fU u A i zs v Dg q A i P M U Arg
F PP rg GzguAiAv tU :
uAi zs
1. Wj u
Dg qAi P
Dg ErAiiV
AV ftPP
fU
C, Ua, j
2. jw u
3.
PAi Az
u qAiz
PP, Pg ,
dAv
4.
50
Dg
Gzgu
jU
D,
, agv
v tU
GvU
sjU
z, gtz
gPgPU
zsU
, rAii
QlU
IV. Vzg KUz ?
1. U itQAv jU a ASAizg,
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
51
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
V. fU Dg zwUgV CU RV g UAUV
VPjgz UzlPAq, Png UU Gvj :
C
B
Dg gq
1. A CPgAz Uwg gq sU DPg fU
Aii UAU gv?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
52
______________________________________________________
4. B CPg
Az Ugv irg gq zs sUz
Aii UAU
jz fU PAqgv?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
6. A sU DPg Aiizzg 5 fU j.
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
7. B sU DPg Aiizzg 5 fU j.
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
53
8. C sU DPg Aiizzg 5 fU j.
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
______________________________________________________
2. g U v DgPV g fU CA.
(
)
______________________________________________________
3. PP PvAiiVz.
______________________________________________________
5. Ai MAz jAiiVz.
______________________________________________________
4. U gU vjv Ez.
______________________________________________________
54
6. gP gPU g tU gP gv.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. j, iAj v j fU v v avU
AU, MAz Di (album) vAiij.
vvvv
55
WlP - 2
g
I.
C) Pg
D) Vj
E) gu
F) rAii Pgq
C) 1 : 2
D) 2 : 1
E) 1 : 8
F) 8 : 1
C) G zt
D) Pg
E) P q DPq
F) md AmPq
4. sAi sg j j it
C) 97%
D) 79%
E) 3%
F) 5%
5. zz PgU
C) zP
D) z
E) zt
F) t
56
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. Uz At zg zgP.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
4. vd U j DPgU Pgz.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
5. UU g g z jU Pj Pvg.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
57
III. PV UU Gvj :
1. U MAz Pg g rz. Cz DAi C,
v
Ai C JAz A
iUz P U yj?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
3. zz g v jVg vU gj.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
58
C) zz g D) At P
G) G zt
E) F) UAf
H) vz m zt
I) qg
5. F PV PguU PAq, z g zv CP
JAz vj A
iU ir. F A
iU iq zs
gj.
g
vAz
Pg
zzUU
zv
vAw
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
59
6. vz m zt vAiij zs AQV j.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
7. CAii v gitUVg v w.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
AAiP
1.
mAii Pgq
2.
vz m
3.
CAii Pgq
4.
rAii Pgq
5.
jP D
zs CAii
60
It CAii
C) CAii Pgq
D) rAii Pgq
E) Pg
F) P q q
zsd
Czsd
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
12. Ai g jzUzA
v vqA
izjAz DU A
id ?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
61
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
15. v fz g U vAiAz j.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
62
2C
1
3 A
1 D
4
5G
JqAz P :
1. j DPgU g Ai RAz Pz DAiiV UAi
g QAi.(5)
2. qUAz Cx QAi.(4)
3. j Ezg it CvAv Pr.(3)
4. j DPgUAz Pg - U vAP t DUU gvUz
CU AUu x az.(5)
5. z v UgU g.(4)
6. z PgU z.(3)
Az PP :
1. J fUU CUvz MAz wP zP.(2)
2. zs Cx It zz Pt.(3)
3. gAi UAi V, vtUV qU j UV
zU QAi.(5)
4. sAi DP V AqU zgU q AUz g.(4)
5. v ggU g.(4)
6. Jgq Cx Z U ev t.(3)
vvvv
63
WlP - 3
t
I.
l U P zUAz vA :
1. t UU _______________ v ______________ C
MzVvz.
2. zg
z
t v s
vv
A
i Pz
P z ____________
Jg.
3. t PAi vqz, t svvAi Pqz
___________ Jg.
4. wAi Ai ______________ t GvVz.
5. VqU l z _____________ Jg.
II. EU AQV j :
1. yPgt :
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. :
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
64
3. zgz t :
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
4. t P :
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
5. v Ai :
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. U zAqU gU P.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
65
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
5. g t UU CAz GAiP.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
1. UV U
C) sAi Djg
gPAi
D) UAi vqU Uv.
2. gsV jAi g
3. Cgt
E) zgz t U v
U vgz
PAq W
V
xPgt Azvz.
4. wjz AiP
F) Ugz t v
PtU zg
jUv.
G) zgz t
PaUvz.
vvvv
67
WlP - 4
zU v CVPU
I.
F P V U w z U v i z
UV AUr :
Mtg, P, gg, Ju, MzAiiz JU,
wm, CqU C, m, PUz.
w z
i z
g,
U.
2. PUz, m,
gg,
m.
3. gU, EAzs,
DQd, dv.
4. r, rAii, C, gAdP.
68
CV - gP AiU
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
69
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
70
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
7. z v DP P Az GAmz A QAi A g
GAiV.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
d CVP
2. AB zs
_____________________
3. BC zs
_____________________
4. ABC zs
_____________________
5. D zs
_____________________
71
1. q - Dq CV Pz gAiPU j.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. q - Dq CV P G A i V A z s z
GvwAiiU gAiPU Aii?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
3. AQ A P qCPq v?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
72
VII. g A dP v U A zs P U g U w F P
(flow chart)Ai tU :
1. gAdP
2. UAzsP
gAdPz GAiUU
___________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ ___________________________
73
vvvv
74
WlP - 5
d v U
I. F PVU qt vU n ir :
Z zg
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
qlg
Nqlg
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
25 m /s
Cx
Cx
360 km /h
III. l U P zUAz vA :
1) Gzz S.I. i _________ .
2) Pz S.I. i _________ .
3) d v Uz S.I. i _________ .
75
IV. 44 cm v 22 cm jg Jgq vU
avz vjgAv . QlAz A
Az gl BCDAFGH iUV Z C
A Ai 66 PAqU vvz. D Qlz
d v U m/s U PAqrj :
76
F
A
V. MAz g A v g Z 8 U A m U 300 km Z z g , Cz g
d km/h U PAqrj :
77
VII. F PVU j :
1. Zz zg :
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. l :
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
3. d :
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
4. U :
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
VIII. F PV PP P GvgUAz tU :
P.A.
1.
20 km
10 km
30 min
2.
200 km
200 km
____ h
____ km/h
20 km/h
3.
____ m
____ km
4h
20 km/h
10 km/h
78
Gzgu : lg
PA
Ai
EA
gh
UA
vvvv
79
WlP - 6
s - MAz fAv U
I.
PU Png z K PU PU rg S U P
CPgUAz vA. Avg ZPzU g CPgU JAlAi
Pz PU rg S U CxtV vA :
1. gz fUg U.
2. sAi Gv Vz.
7. g PlAP Ug.
80
II. l U P zUAz vA :
1. fwg U ________________ .
2. U
v gwU
s
Ai _______________ Az GAmUv
.
3. Ne ______________ DQd gitUAz DVz.
III. PU Png PU j Ezg j JAz, vVzg v JAz
Dgtz gj. vg PAi jr gj :
1. Aiiz zvU iqz m vAz PAz
m SAiiU vP ZAz Nr zs. (
)
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. CPjAiig U, CPjAiiC AU lg
CPjAii DQd Eg vP zPv.
(
)
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
81
2. GU s z Pzs.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
4. Cw g QgtU sU gz P.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
5. sAi fU.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
V. PV UU Gvj :
1. Iv zuU sAi KP Asv?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. U wgAv C UU fU. KP ?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
82
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
VI. s v g P A A z z U F P V P P z
qVz. CU Uw, v UgQ :
Gzgu : Ugv
G
zs
vvvv
83
WlP - 7
AiU
I.
C) DQd
D) md
E) P qDPq
F) DU
C) g qDPq
D) P qDPq
E) l DPq
F) x
3. Ai Azv CvPV Eg z
C) gU
D) DAiiU
E) zsU
F) U
4. NeV jvUAq C
C) md
D) qd
E) Aii
F) DQd
5. i CzsAi iq C
C) H2
D) N2
E) O2
F) Cl2
84
C) g
D) P qDPq
E) g v P qDPq
F) g qDPq
7. z UU GAiV C t
C) C2H2 + O2
D) CH4 + O2
E) CO + O2
F) CO2 + O2
______________________________________________________
2. v i gU AiUz zg.
______________________________________________________
3. Uz Uz Ur.
______________________________________________________
4. Ne zg Ag AiUz zg.
______________________________________________________
85
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
86
4. DUC dq C Jg.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
6. z l z z Ai g PrAigz Jvg.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
IV. PV UU Gvj :
1. g ju a P CU j.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. g ju aAv vv Eg P
zsU j.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
87
3. g ju AiAw U Pr.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
4. U g z z Eg Q A i P P A A z
PAz g
wz. CU zg Ug
z
Az zgg
rzg. EzP Pgt?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
88
V. rg U AiAz F PV zAzs tU :
2
D
1
JqAz P
1. sz vAiijPAi Ez Uvz.(7)
2. DU jAU gvU Ez GAmUvz.(4)
3. Ezg it 78% gz AiUz R WlPVz.(4)
Az PP
1. UAig CU Ez CvAv QAiiVz.(4)
2. vU Ez Uvz.(3)
VI. PU Png PU j Ezg j JAz, vVzg v JAz
Dgtz gj. vg PAi jr gj :
1. Ewa U vgtz GvAi KjPAiiUwz. (
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
89
2. PUjPU d w zUgP.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
3. G zv g dw zAz zg P.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
D) sAi v ZzAv zs zU tU
Aii juU GAmUv ?
vvvv
90
WlP - 8
VP PU
I.
F PVU qt vU n ir :
AZ
UqU
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
___________________________
UqU
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
z VP PgtU
z i v PgtU
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
II. PV UU Gvj :
1. AZAzsP JAzg?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
91
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
92
III. P n g U D z s g z F P V z A z s
tU :
JqAz P :
1. vU GAmU j itz KjP.(3)
2. qU zAi dAz GAmU Q Qr.(2)
Az PP :
1. qU zAi dAz GAmU gt .(3)
2. qU zAi d P C f v D
GAl iqz.(3)
vvvv
93
WlP - 9
ZAz AU
I.
F PVU qt vU n ir :
ZAz su
________________________
________________________
ZAz jsu
________________________
________________________
Ci
________________________
________________________
t
________________________
________________________
ZAz C
________________________
________________________
ZAz Qt C
________________________
________________________
Pv
________________________
________________________
U
________________________
________________________
U
________________________
________________________
GU
________________________
________________________
94
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
3. ZAz Pl z i DiAU. (
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
4. ZAz P G PAi.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
95
zs
Ai
Ai
ZA
Ai
96
V.
Z A z A U U A A z z U F P V P P z
qVz. CU Uw, v UgQ :
Gzgu : Ci
zs
ZA
ZA
EA
qs
ZA
zs
gh
ZA
ZA
vvvv
97
WlP - 10
UtU
I.
F PVU qt vU n ir :
ZAz Ut
___________________________
___________________________
Ai Ut
___________________________
___________________________
tbAi
___________________________
___________________________
RAqbAi
___________________________
___________________________
t ZAz Ut
___________________________
___________________________
sUB ZAz Ut
___________________________
___________________________
t Ai Ut
___________________________
___________________________
sUB Ai Ut
___________________________
___________________________
PAPt Ai Ut
___________________________
___________________________
APg Ai Ut
___________________________
___________________________
98
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. Ai Ut P tU iv Asz. (
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
4. Ai Ut zgzPz P UP. (
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
99
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. jUtAz Ai Ut Qgz.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
1. Ai U
t PuAi vUzPPz ZjPU U iw
AU, zR.
100
101
D) Ai Ut :
D) Ai Utz zsU.
vvvv
102