1

Low and Medium Pressure Boilers

Purposes of Steam Generation

Fuel heating
Comfort heating and cooling
Cargo heating
Tank cleaning
Steam driven equipment
Propulsion on steam ships

Fire Tube Boiler

Steam Outlet

hhhhh
hhhhh
hhhhh

Furnace
Tube

Sludge

Feedwater
Blowdown

Designed with
hot gases
in the tubes and
water/steam
outside the tubes
on the shell side

Water Tube Boiler

Saturated Steam
Continuous Blowdown

Steam Drum
Feedwater

Waterwall
(Risers)
Downcomer
Tubes

Hot Gases
Bottom Blowdown

Designed with
water/steam in the
tubes and hot
gases outside
the tubes in
the combustion
chamber

Simple Motor Vessel System

Main Steam While at Sea

Exhaust
Gas
Economizer

Boiler Water

Pre-Boiler
Main Steam While in Port

Boiler
Boiler Water
Heat
Exchanger

After-Boiler

Feedwater

Auxiliary
Boiler
Feed
Recirculating Pump
Feedwater

Condensate Return

Seawater
Inlet

Circulating
Pump

Hotwell
Distilled Water
Makeup

Boiler Water
Evaporator
Distilled Distilled Water
Water
Tank

Boiler Water
Makeup
Pump

The Purpose of an Effective Boiler Water Treatment Program

Minimize corrosion process
Prevent formation of scale and deposits on
heat transfer surfaces
Maintain high level of steam purity
Maintain maximum equipment efficiency
Maintain lowest overall operating cost

Minimizing Boiler Water Related Problems

Starts with high quality

distilled makeup water
Less than 20 mmhos conductivity

Functions of Boiler Water Treatment

Scale

Deposits

1.
2.
3.

Waterside Related
Problems

Corrosion

To inhibit the corrosion process throughout the system

To render any scale forming constituents harmless in
the boiler water
To prevent carry-over of solids from the boiler to the
power and heating plant system
4

Scale Formation
Common Water Impurities From Scale
Calcium
Magnesium
Silica

Principal water-related problems Scaling

Scaling is the formation of a crystalline, interlocked

layer of mineral substances on heat transfer surfaces

Severe scaling normally occurs only within the boiler
Typical scale formed are predominantly a

carbonate/sulfate complex of Calcium and magnesium

Calcium carbonate CaCO3
Magnesium sulfate MgSO4

Principal water-related problems Scaling

If unchecked, scaling will lower boiler efficiency

It will retard heat transfer
Eventually scale buildup will cause the tubes to overheat and rupture
Scale can also accelerate corrosion

Phosphate/Alkali treatment
5CaCl2 + 3Na2HPO4 + 4NaOH =
MgCl2 + 2NaOH =

Ca5 (OH)(PO4 )3 +10NaCl + H2O

Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl

Calcium Formed Scales

Inadequate treatment

Internal treatment/Sludge

Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Sulfate
Calcium Silicate

Calcium Phosphate- hydroxyapatite

is normal fluid

Calcium Scale
Scanning Electron Micrographs

10

Solubility of CaSO4

11

Magnesium Formed Scales

Inadequate treatment

Internal treatment/Sludge

Magnesium hydroxide from

insufficient phosphate
and high alkalinity

Magnesium silicate - normal

Silica Formed Scales

Silicon Dioxide
a) Quartz

Carried into boiler system as sand or precipitates

from boiler water

b) Amorphous

Non-crystallized but aging can crystallize and

form quartz

Combines with many elements to form

tenacious silicate deposits
13

Scale Impedes Heat Transfer

Temperature Profile Across HP Boiler Tube

Fireside
>1482

Fireside

>1482

Water side
Metal Surface

353 CTemperature

S
c
a
l
e

Metal Surface
383 CTemperature
with Scale

no Scale

333 C
303 C
293 CBulk Water
Temperature

Clean tube

Fouled tube
25

Deposits In the Boiler Systems

Iron Deposits in Boiler Systems
Oxides
a) Magnetite
b) Hematite

- passive, ideal protection

- rusts

Copper Deposits In Boiler Systems

Metal
Improper acid cleaning
Ammonia/dissolved oxygen corrosion of copper and copper
alloys
Erosion in condensate or pre-boiler

Oxide
Corrosion product from alloys in system
16

Sources of Deposits
Feedwater

Steam
Drum

Boiler

Feedwater hardness
Condenser leakage
Cooling water treatment
Raw water leakage

Internally
formed
deposits

Corrosion products from

condensate and feedwater
systems (iron/copper)
Process Contaminants

Mud
Drum

(organics and inorganics)

Internal Boiler
Inadequate Water
Water Conditioning Treatment
Calcium phosphate
Magnesium silicate
Magnesium
hydroxide

Calcium carbonate
Calcium sulfate
Calcium silicate
Iron oxide

Effects of Deposits on Heat Transfer Loss

DEPOSIT THICKNESS CM

.24
.20
.16
.12
.08
.04
0

% LOSS OF HEAT THROUGH DEPOSIT FORMATION

20

Deposits Impede Heat Transfer

Scale and Iron Oxide Mixtures

Porous deposits trap water resulting

in under deposit corrosion
21

Heavily Scaled-Tube
Prone to Under-Deposit Corrosion

22

Deposits Impede Heat Transfer

Scale and Iron Oxide Mixture

Scale and Oil Mixture

Porous deposits trap water resulting

in under deposit corrosion

Blistering
Smooth Uncracked Blister

Failure Has Not

Occurred Yet

26

Blistering

Principal water-related problems - Corrosion

4 main categories of corrosion which will damage a

boiler/feed system if left unchecked are :
Mineral acid corrosion - mostly in boiler
Carbonic acid corrosion - mostly in the condensate
Oxygen corrosion - most severe in boiler
Differential concentration (under deposit corrosion) - most

severe in the boiler

30

Principal water-related problems - Mineral acid corrosion

Seawater ingress, condenser in leakage and/or distiller

carryover creates mineral acids in the boiler
Mineral Acid corrosion
Fe + 2HCl = FeCl2 + H2

Maintain P alkalinity between 100 - 150 ppm and T alkalinity less than
2 P alkalinity or pH 10.8 - 11.0

31

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN P-ALKALINITY AND T-ALKALINITY

Phenolphthalein Alkalinity

P-Alkalinity - includes the titration of all hydroxyl ions and one-half of the
carbonate ions

Total alkalinity

T-Alkalinity - is a continuation of titration after the P-Alkalinity has been

determined
The titration determines bicarbonate formed by conversion carbonate to
bicarbonate in the P-Alkalinity titration and/or any bicarbonate originally
present in the water.

THUS,
P

= OH

CO3

--

= OH

CO3

--

2P

= 2OH +

CO3

1/
2

--

2P - T = OH

34

500

50

Phenolphthalein
Endpoint
P

5000
mg/l

Methyl
Orange
Endpoint

Neutrality
H = OH

Acidity, Alkalinity and pH Ranges

Acidity
mg/l CaCO2

CO2 escapes quickly into

environment

50

500

5000
mg/l

OH Alkalinity
mg/l CaCO2

Free CO2 Gas

Hydroxyl Alkalinity

Bicarbonate Alkalinity

Free Mineral
Acidity (FMA)

Carbonate Alkalinity

pH
37

10

11

12

13

14

Effect Of pH On The Rate Of Corrosion

High

General Wastage

Isolated Pitting
Recommended Alkalinity

Pitting Attack

Effect of High
Oxygen Content

Rate of
Corrosive
Action

Corrosive Action
Under Normal Boiler
Conditions

Increased
Foaming

Theoretical
Corrosion
Rate
Low

pH Scale

7
Neutral

36

10
11
12
Neutral at
Boiler Conditions

13

14
Caustic
Alkalinity

Corrosion Rate

3.5

acid

2.5

alkaline

1.5
0.5
0

Average
Metal Loss mm
per year

dilute alkaline film

acidic film

4.5

stable film

5.6

6
38

8
pH

10

12

14

Principal water-related problems - Carbonic acid corrosion

Carbonic acid is formed when CO2 dissolve in the

condensate

CO2 is generated by the thermal breakdown of

bicarbonates in seawater ingress

Carbonic Acid corrosion

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3
Cu++ + H2CO3 = CuHCO3 + H+

35

Low pH Condensate Corrosion

Condensate System Corrosion

Carbonic Acid Attack

39

Low pH Corrosion

Carbonic Acid Corrosion

41

Principal water-related problems - Oxygen corrosion

Direct corrosive attack on boiler steel by oxygen occurs by

cathodic depolarization of electrochemical cells at the

metal/water interface
Most low pressure systems subjected to atmospheric oxygen

ingress
Keep cascade tank temperature as high as possible
Reduce the remaining dissolved oxygen with an oxygen

scavenger

42

Effects of Oxygen Corrosion

Most severe in boiler
b) Metal ions Precipitate as Oxides
c) By-corrosion products Transported
To Boiler
d) Reduce Heat Transfer
e) Lower than rated capacity
f) Equipment Failures
g) Repair, and Replacement
a)

43

Common Methods to Remove Oxygen

Maintain hotwell temp as high as possible

without losing feed pump suction
Deaerators remove most oxygen by thermalmechanical means
Efficient deaerators reduce oxygen to < 0.007
ppm
Use chemical oxygen scavenger to remove
remaining oxygen

45

Solubility Of Oxygen In Water

At Atmospheric Pressure
12

8
Oxygen Content
ml per liter
4

0
-1

21
43
66
88
Temperature in Degrees Centigrade
47

110

Effects Of Oxygen Concentrations

Increasing temperature increases corrosion rate

7.5

49 C

32 C

5.0
Corrosion rate,
mm per year penetration

9 C

Mild effect
at low temp.

2.5

4
6
Oxygen, ppm
48

10

Oxygen Corrosion

Occurs in any
part of steam
generating
system
Readily
recognized by
sharp-edged pits

50

Localized Iron Corrosion Or Pitting

O2

H
High O2
OH

O2

OH

- Cathode -

Porous Tubercle of
Corrosion Products

Fe (OH)3
Fe3O4
H+
H+
Fe(OH)2
Crater
Fe++
H2
H2
+ Anode +

Solid Phase

53

High O2

H
OH

Protective
Coating

- Cathode -

Solid

Water Oxygen Liquid Phase

Liquid

Gas

Air Oxygen Gas Phase

Under Deposit Corrosion

Oxygen starved area
covered
by deposit is anodic

Local Corrosion
Potential differences
between areas on the
same metal
q Results from variation
in oxygen content
q

High oxygen area

is cathodic
55

Profile View of Under Deposit Corrosion

24

Principal water-related problems - Sludge

Sludge are combination of suspended material in the water,
and it includes:
Loose corrosion products
Insoluble mineral precipitates.
Significant proportion of suspended material are
generated outside the boiler
Oil contamination
Baked-on sludge on heat transfer surface acts as a heat
insulator
Excessive sludge loading from outside boiler may distorts
the relationship of suspended to soluble constituents of the
boiler water
This will render in-built program controls less effective
Liquid Coagulant - Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose to bring
sludges to low point to be blown-down.

57

Low and Medium Pressure Boilers

Boiler Treatment Chemicals

Standard Boiler Water Treatment Program
GC Alkalinity Treatment & Magnesium Hardness Treatment
Adjunct B Calcium Hardness Treatment
SLCC-A Condensate pH Treatment
Amerzine Oxygen Scavenge Treatment
Liquid Coagulant Sludge & Oil Treatment

Multi-function Treatment Program

AGK-100 + Amerzine or AGK-100 + Drewplex OX
Drewplex AT + Drewplex OX or Drewplex AT + Amerzine

Successful Boiler treatment program

Boiler make-up water should be distilled or good
quality water
Boiler samples for testing must be representative
Simple and accurate test methods
Control boiler water and condensate treatment
within limit
Regular blow down schedule in accordance with the
boiler makers recommendations

Sampling
Test results are meaningful and useful only when the samples tested are representative of
the water in the system at the time of testing.

Boiler Water Sampling

Condensate and Feed water Sampling

Sampling procedure

Samples should be cooled to 250C through a sample cooler before testing

Allow sample stream to run for 5-10 minutes to flush line before collection

If analysis is delayed, sample should be kept tightly capped in a clean sample bottle.

Sampling Procedure for boiler water

Sampling line is usually from steam drum. Sample cooler should be used
Sampling Procedure for condensate and feed water
Sampling lines are located at

After condenser
Cascade outlet or from the suction or discharge of the feed water pump

Adjunct B : Calcium Hardness Treatment

Di-sodium Phosphate
To provide a phosphate reserve
To precipitate calcium as calcium phosphate, a
soft non-adherent sludge that can easily be
blow-down;.
The carbonates, sulfates and other ions combine
with sodium and remain in solution

GC: Alkalinity & Magnesium Hardness Treatment

Sodium Hydroxide alkalinity
To raise the boiler water alkalinity, in order to maintain the hydroxyl ion
concentration in the optimum range for the formation of good protective
magnetite on the steel surfaces
Fe + 2NaOH
Na2FeO2 + H2
Na2FeO2 + 4H2O
6NaOH + Fe3O4 + H2

And to help in the formation of non-adherent sludge instead of scale

when hardness enters the boiler, It reacts with the bicarbonates and
chlorides of magnesium and calcium; to precipitate harmless nonadherent sludge and sodium chloride which remains in solution
MgCl2 + 2NaOH Heat
Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl

Adjunct-B + GC / AGK-100 / Drewplex AT

Hydroxide Alkalinity
Calcium Phosphate

Magnesium Silicate

Soft non-adherent sludges

easily removed by bottom blowdown

Hydroxyapatite Serpentine

SLCC-A : Condensate pH Treatment

Morpholine including in SLCC-A, AGK-100 and Drewplex AT
To prevent after boiler sections low pH corrosion. The
neutralizing amine neutralizes carbonic acid and raise the
condensate pH.
OC4H4N + H2 CO3

OC4H9N.H2CO3

To protect heating coil in fuel storage tank

AMERZINE: Catalyzed Hydrazine, oxygen scavenger

To scavenge the residual dissolved oxygen
N2H4 + O2

N2 + H2O

It also reacts with Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3 ) to form black

magnetite, Ferrous Oxide (Fe3 O4 ) which retards
corrosion
It also converts the Cupric Oxide (CUO) on condenser
tubes to the protective Cuprous Oxide CU2O film
Disadvantage - identified as a Carcinogen

DREWPLEX OX : Catalyzed oxygen scavenger

Accelerates rate of oxygen removal
Enhances total system oxygen corrosion protection
It also reacts with Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3 ) to form
black magnetite, Ferrous Oxide (Fe3 O4 ) which
retards corrosion
Passivates feedwater & condensate metal surface
Save to use
Contributes no dissolved solids

Polymer in DREWPLEX AT
Disperse
u

Polymers will be adsorbed onto flocculent particles

Inhibits scale formation by dispersing it

Making it easily blown down
The polymers will prevent iron oxides that returned to the boiler
from depositing

u
u

Crystal growth modification

u

Polymers are adsorbed onto growing crystals

Resulting in soft, and less adherent scale

Thus preventing dense build-up of crystalline scale on the
heating surfaces

LIQUID COAGULANT
LIQUID COAGULANT Reacts with the positive charges
and forms a protection over the oil droplet to keep it from
sticking to the metal surface
Oil Droplet Has Approximately
80% Negative Charge And 20%
Positive Charge

Drewplex AT Boiler Water Treatment

AT

AGK-100 Boiler Water Treatment

AGK-100

CASCADE Tank
Recommend to convert cascade tank into deaerator
which extract the dissolved gases by raising the
temperature to a level where they come out of solution
Keeping cascade tank temperature around 80-90 C to
reduce level of dissolved gases
Keeping cascade tank in closed condition to prevent
gases contacted with water and dissolved into water

Boiler Blow-down
Proper boiler blow-down procedures are essential to ensure the
effectiveness of any boiler water treatment program. It is of
primary importance.
Continuous (scum) blow-down from below the water level in the
drum or steam separator to reduce the TDS in the boiler water to
a desired level.
Bottom blowdown from the low points in the boiler primarily
removes settled solids
It is prudent to practice frequent bottom blow-down of short
durations (10 - 12 seconds) to remove sludge at the low point of
the boiler.

Motor Vessel

Decision Tree
Feedwater Quality

Good (<50 mmhos)

Compromised

Hydrazine

Hydrazine

Yes

No

Yes

No

2 Product

4 Product

2 Product

4 Product

2 Product

4 Product

2 Product

4 Product

Simplicity

Economy

Simplicity

Economy

Simplicity

Economy

Simplicity

Economy

AGK 100

Standard

Drewplex AT

Standard

Drewplex AT

Standard

Drewplex AT

Standard

and

and

and

and

and

and

and

and

AMERZINE

AMERZINE

Drewplex OX

Drewplex OX

AMERZINE

AMERZINE

Drewplex OX

Drewplex OX

Boiler Water Treatment Programs

Simple Motor Vessel System

Exhaust
Gas
Economizer

DREWPLEX AT Boiler Water Treatment

and DREWPLEX OX Corrosion Inhibitor
Sampling and Dosing

For testing
program click
here

Auxiliary
Boiler

Hotwell

Distilled Water
Tank

DREWPLEX AT Boiler Water Treatment and DREWPLEX OX Corrosion Inhibitor

Dosing

BWT Dosing System

60 Liter
Polyethylene
Tank

For testing
program click
here

Motor Vessel (0-450 psig or 0-32 bar)

DREWPLEX AT boiler water treatment
and
DREWPLEX OX corrosion inhibitor
Testing Program
Control Tests
Hydrate Alkalinity
Neutralized Conductivity
DEHA

Frequency
Daily
Daily
Daily

Reference Tests
Phosphate
Hardness
Condensate pH

Frequency
Daily
Weekly
Weekly

Control Limit
30-65 ppm
700 mmhos max
0.4-0.8 ppm

Sample Point
Boiler water
Boiler water
Feedwater

Sample Point
Boiler water
Feedwater
Condensate

Simple Motor Vessel System

Exhaust
Gas
Economizer

DREWPLEX AT Boiler Water Treatment

and AMERZINE Corrosion Inhibitor
Sampling and Dosing

For testing
program click
here

Auxiliary
Boiler

Hotwell

Distilled Water
Tank

DREWPLEX AT Boiler Water Treatment and AMERZINE Corrosion Inhibitor

Dosing

BWT Dosing System

60 Liter
Polyethylene
Tank
For testing
program click
here

Motor Vessel (0-450 psig or 0-32 bar)

DREWPLEX AT Boiler Water Treatment
and
AMERZINE Corrosion Inhibitor
Testing Program
Control Tests
Hydrate Alkalinity
Neutralized Conductivity
Hydrazine

Frequency
Daily
Daily
Daily

Reference Tests
Phosphate
Hardness
Condensate pH

Frequency
Daily
Weekly
Weekly

Control Limit
30-65 ppm
700 mmhos max
0.03-0.1 ppm

Sample Point
Boiler water
Boiler water
Boiler water

Sample Point
Boiler water
Feedwater
Condensate

Simple Motor Vessel System

Exhaust
Gas
Economizer

Auxiliary
Boiler

Hotwell

Distilled Water
Tank

AGK 100 Boiler and Feedwater

Treatment
Sampling and Dosing

AGK - 100 Boiler and Feedwater Treatment

Dosing

BWT Dosing System

60 Liter
Polyethylene
Tank
For testing
program click
here

Motor Vessel (0-450 psig or 0-32 bar)

AGK-100 Boiler and Feedwater Treatment
Testing Program

Control Tests
Hydrate Alkalinity
Neutralized Conductivity
Hydrazine

Frequency
Daily
Daily
Daily

Reference Tests
Phosphate
Hardness
Condensate pH

Frequency
Daily
Weekly
Weekly

Control Limit
30-65 ppm
700 mmhos max
0.03-0.1 ppm

Sample Point
Boiler water
Boiler water
Boiler water

Sample Point
Boiler water
Makeup water
Condensate

Supplement as necessary with AMERZINE Corrosion Inhibitor.

Simple Motor Vessel System

Exhaust
Gas
Economizer

Standard Treatment with

AMERZINE Corrosion Inhibitor
Sampling and Dosing

For testing
program click
here

Auxiliary
Boiler

Hotwell

Distilled Water
Tank

Standard Boiler Water Treatment with AMERZINE Corrosion Inhibitor

Dosing

BWT Dosing System

60 Liter
Polyethylene
Tank

Bypass
Pot
Feeder

For testing
program click
here

Motor Vessel (0-450 psig or 0-32 bar)

Standard Boiler Water Treatment
with
AMERZINE Corrosion Inhibitor
Testing Program

Control Tests
P Alkalinity
T Alkalinity
Neutralized Conductivity
Chloride
Hydrazine
Phosphate
pH

Frequency
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily

Control Limit
100-150 ppm
<2P Alkalinity
700 mmhos max
300 ppm max
0.03-0.1 ppm
20-40 ppm
1-2 drops acid

Sample Point
Boiler water
Boiler water
Boiler water
Boiler water
Boiler water
Boiler water
Condensate

Simple Motor Vessel System

Exhaust
Gas
Economizer

Standard Treatment with

DREWPLEX OX Corrosion Inhibitor
Sampling and Dosing

For testing
program click
here

Auxiliary
Boiler

Hotwell

Distilled Water
Tank

Standard Boiler Water Treatment with DREWPLEX OX Corrosion Inhibitor

Dosing

BWT Dosing System

60 Liter
Polyethylene
Tank

Bypass
Pot
Feeder

For testing
program click
here

Motor Vessel (0-450 psig or 0-32 bar)

Standard Boiler Water Treatment
with
DREWPLEX OX Corrosion Inhibitor
Testing Program
Control Tests
P Alkalinity
T Alkalinity
Neutralized Conductivity
Chloride
Phosphate
DEHA
pH

Frequency
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily

Control Limit
100-150 ppm
<2P Alkalinity
700 mmhos max
300 ppm max
20-40 ppm
0.4-0.8 ppm
1-2 drops acid

Sample Point
Boiler water
Boiler water
Boiler water
Boiler water
Boiler water
Feedwater
Condensate

DREWPLEX AT & OX Control Chart

DREWPLEX AT & OX Control Chart

New Boiler Treatment

Conditions:

Mill scale and rust on water side of new boiler should be removed to prevent pitting.

New boiler water contains very high dissolved oxidation solids and suspend material.
It will deposit on heating surface to retard heat transfer.

High frequency blowdown required to remove dissolved and suspend material. Water
and chemical consumption are high by continuous blowdown.

Tube plate may have residual of emulsion oil or anti-rust coating.

Recommendation:

Before sea trial, boiling out new boiler by chemical (3% LAC solution).

After boiling out, fill water and chemical treatment to prevent oxidation.

After sea trial, boiler water will be contaminated by solid and material from piping
system. Recommend to drain all water and flush boiler and cascade tank by jet water.
Fill water and chemical immediately to prevent oxidation. .

LAC Boiling Out

New Boiler waterside
before chemical clean

New Boiler waterside

after chemical clean

Boiling out Na3PO4

Before

After

Diesel Engine System Cooling

Three Main Diesel Engine Systems Require Cooling
Engine Jacket
Piston Areas
Fuel Valves
Cooling Water System divided by 2 major systems
1.

HT Cooling System

2.

LT Cooling System

Minimizing Cooling Water Related Problems

Starts with high quality

distilled makeup water
Less than 20 mmhos conductivity

Common Problems

Mineral Scale
Deposits
Corrosion

Mineral Scale
Hardness introduced into the system from seawater in-leakage or
shore water makeup

Types
Calcium carbonate
Calcium sulfate

Consequences of Inadequate Treatment

Hard scale insulates metal surfaces and
impedes heat transfer
Equipment damage
Potential for under deposit corrosion
Localized overheating and metal failure

Found In
High heat
transfer sections

Minimization
Use good quality distilled makeup water
Treat with polymeric antiscalants that
hold scale particles in suspension until
they can be removed by bleed off

Effect of Scale on Temperature of CYLINDER WALLS

Water
Side

Combustion
Side

Temperature
Gradient
Across
25 mm liner

270o C

Water
Side

570o C

Combustion
Side

Temperature
Gradient
Across
25 mm liner

Temp
Gradient
Across
1MM
Scale

70o C
Clean Cylinder Wall

1mm Mineral Scale

on Water Side

Deposits
An accumulation of suspended solids that can come from many
different sources
Types

Found In

True scale
Corrosion products
Oil contamination
Bacteria contamination
Mixtures of above

Oil in fuel valve area

Bio in cooler areas
Scale/corrosion in high
heat transfer areas

Consequences of Deposits
Insulate metal surfaces and impede heat
transfer
Bacteria can form a biofilm
Equipment damage
Potential for under deposit corrosion
Localized overheating and metal failure

Minimization
Use good quality distilled water makeup
Treat with with polymeric antiscalants
that hold particles in suspension
until they can be removed by bleed off

Bacteria Contamination
Biological growths enter cooling
water at head tanks or other
system openings
Growth destroy nitrite used for
protective mono-molecular film
Growth

Growths insulate heat transfer

surfaces
Found in LT Cooling Water
System.

Controlling Bacteria Contamination

Loss of nitrite or increase of nitrate may be indication of
contamination
Treat with microbiocide if detected
Do not use shore water
Do not use water that has been in contact with marine
sanitation device vent

Corrosion
Loss of metal through electrochemical reversion to its original
state
Types
Galvanic
Cavitation/erosion
Under deposit
Low pH

Consequences of Inadequate Treatment

Loss of metal
Equipment damage
Repair, replacement and labor costs
Unscheduled outages

Found In
Gal-low temp areas
Cav/ero-high flow
Dep/pH-anywhere

Minimization
Use good quality distilled water makeup
Treat with good scale and corrosion
inhibitor
Minimize dissimilar metals
Ground electrical equipment
Reduce or change water flow
Use more resistant metals
Redesign cooling water circuits

Galvanic Corrosion

The action between different metals form a galvanic couple

Galvanic Series Of Metals

Cathode is the protected end
Metals near the bottom of the
series act as anodes and suffer
corrosion when coupled with
metals near the top of the
series.
Galvanic couples of metals
close together in the series
usually corrode more slowly
than couples composed of
metals from the extreme ends
of the series

Anode is the corroded end

Gold and Platinum

Silver
Chromium-Nickel-Iron (passive)
Copper
Lead
Tin
Bronzes
Brasses
Nickel
Stainless Steel
Chromium-Iron (active)
Cadmium
Iron
Chromium
Zinc
Aluminum
Magnesium

Cavitation/Erosion Corrosion
Appears as shallow pitting or gouging
Occurs in areas with high flow rates and rapid
pressure changes causing gas bubbles to be created
and then to collapse
The collapsing gas bubbles attack the metal

Mechanical action

Changes in water direction

Induced vibrations

Cavitation

Cooling
Water

Static
Condition

Magnitude of
Cylinder Deflection
Liner (exaggerated
Sleeve for example)

During each
power stroke
cylinder sleeve
deflects in
the plane of
the piston rod
/crank rotation

Cooling
Water

Bubble
formation
and sleeve
deflection
returning
to normal

Bubbles
collapse
and energy
is released
causing
metal damage

Normal
Bubble

Direction
of energy
release
when the
bubble
collapses

Cavitation
Cavitation on
cylinder liner

Impingement
Impingement
cathode

cathode

anode

Protective coating is lost due to turbulence

and wants to reform.

Minimizing Corrosion
Galvanic

Minimize dissimilar metals in cooling water circuit

Ground electrical generation equipment

Cavitation

Reduce or change water flow rate in localized areas

Use more resistant metals
Redesign of cooling water circuits
Apply protective chemical treatment barrier

LIQUIDEWT cooling water treatment

Nitrite-based for medium and slow speed engines
Provides passivation corrosion protection with a thin,
impervious film of nitrite that minimizes the potential
between the anode and cathode areas thereby minimizing
corrosion and metal loss
Contains alkalinity to protect against low pH corrosion
Contains a polymer to keep scale in suspension
Contains multi-metal protection for non-ferrous metals

LIQUIDEWT
Sodium nitrite + multifunctional inhibitors
Liquid form

- pH buffered

Compatible with anti-freeze materials

Control limits is 10,000-15,000 ppm
May be used for medium to large capacity systems
Initial dosage is 8 ltr/ton of water
Safe as heating source for evaporator
Contains scale inhibitor
Protects ferrous & non-ferrous metals
Simple (CWT) Titrets tests to check reserve

Controlling LIQUIDEWT cooling water treatment

Nitrite

Weekly testing
Easy to use ampoules
Easy to use Control and Dosage Chart
to modify treatment accordingly
CWT Titret1 Test Kit

Control between 1.2-1.8 units

Product code 0367-01-2

1Registered

trademark of CHEMetrics, Inc.

DREWGARD CWT
DREWGARD CWT diesel engine cooling water treatment
Non-nitrite formula does not promote bacteria
Provides excellent aluminum protection for high speed engines
Provides passivation corrosion protection with a thin,
impervious film of organic material
Polymer keeps scale in suspension
Contains multi-metal protection for non-ferrous metals
Contains alkalinity to protect against low pH corrosion

Controlling DREWGARD CWT treatment

Weekly testing
Easy to use ampoules
Easy to use Control and Dosage Chart
to modify treatment accordingly
Silica Ampoule Test Kit

Product code 0376-01-3

Silica Dilution Kit

Product code 1AA2805

Silica

Control at 350-450 ppm SiO2

Testing for Chloride

Less than 100 ppm in system water

Less than 50 ppm in MAN B&W 4-stroke engines

Chloride LMP Test Kit

PCN 0373-01-9

Sample Pretreatment

PCN 0374-02-5
Removes interference from non-ferrous corrosion
inhibitor

Detecting Cooling Water Problems

If there is a sudden loss of treatment look for:

System leakage
Increased makeup requirement
Presence of bacteria

If there is foaming look for:

Oil contamination
High nitrite reserve

If the chloride reading is high look for:

Salt water in-leakage

Poor quality makeup water

Dosing Cooling Water Treatments

By-pass
pot feeder

Shot dose via by-pass pot

feeder into main circulation
Shot dose into head or
expansion tank
Pump into main circulation

Cooling System Commissioning

Rust and deposit in piping system should be removed to stop
oxidation and under deposit corrosion

Check
Clean by FERROCLEAN
5% solution for 24 hours.
Drain and flushing.
Dose LIQUIDEWT
immediately.

High Purity Water

Necessary for steam generation
Makeup to diesel engine and cooling systems
Special tank cleaning rinsing
Domestic applications

Evaporators

Seawater contains almost

35,000 ppm dissolved solids

Well maintained and properly

operated evaporators
reduce dissolved solids
to approximately
2 ppm

Heating Medium For Evaporation Process

Low-pressure steam
Hot water

Diesel engine jacket water

Evaporation Process
Heat is transferred to seawater under vacuum
Resulting vapor is condensed into distillate
Dissolved solids are left behind

Accumulated and concentrated for overboard discharge

Brine density needs to be limited

As dissolved solids increase, the tendency to form scale on

heating surfaces also increases
Increase in solids would lead to increase in carryover and
distillate purity would be affected

Evaporator Problems

Scale is introduced
from seawater

Deposits

Corrosion

True scale from inadequate treatment

Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Sulfate
Magnesium Hydroxide

Sludges formed from polymer treatment

Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Sulfate
Magnesium Hydroxide

Not usually found

Scale Decreases Evaporator Output

100

%
Design
Output

80
50

Treated
Untreated
Acid Cleaning
Time

Foaming and Carryover

High concentration of dissolved solids in brine

Increases surface tension

Vapor bubbles and gases are not released
Bubbles burst and droplets containing concentrated salts go
into vapor spaces and are carried over into distillate

Organic substances may cause foaming

Minimize by proper management of the water level and
brine control

Low Pressure Thin-Film Distiller

In

Condenser
Sea Water
Out
Out
Jacket Water

AMEROYAL
treatment

Demister

In

Evaporator
Electric
Panel

Orifice

Salinometer

Brine Ejector
Over
Board

Fresh
Water Pump
Air Ejector
To
Bilge
To Fresh
Water Tank

Ejector Pump

From Sea

Evaporator Scale

Synthetic Polymers Inhibit Scale

Scale forming salts tend to stay in solution

Salts that precipitate are irregular in crystal shape
because of their molecular attachment to the polymer
Precipitates can not pack together to form scale

AMEROYAL evaporator treatment

Scale prevention

Scale forming salts tend to stay in solution

Salts that precipitate are irregular in crystal shape
because of their molecular attachment to the
polymer

Recommended for temperatures up to 100C

Dosage is 30 mls per ton of distillate produced
Contains an antifoam

Reduces surface tension of the brine

Reduces water entrainment in the vapor

Removing Scale
AMEROYAL evaporator treatment will remove existing
scale
If scale is thick and dense, on-line removal may take
considerable time

SAF-ACID descaling compound

Use for off-line cleaning if time does not permit on-line

cleaning
Once heat transfer surfaces are clean, treat with AMEROYAL
evaporator treatment to prevent future scale buildup

Feeding Evaporator Treatments

Treatment solution must be fed
continuously
DREW FWG
dosing system

Treatment must be fed before the

first heat exchanger
Use DREW FWG dosing system

Tank and flowmeter

0-200 cc/min flowmeter with control
valve
60 liter HPE tank

System: seawater cooling

Problem:

Loss of heat exchanger efficiency

Cause:

Biological fouling

Solution:

Seawater cooling treatment

Simplified Sea Water Cooling System

Primary cooling and

various heat exchangers

Evaporators
Fire fighting system
Ballast uses

Tank cleaning

Primary Sea Water Cooling System Problem

Deposits or
encrustations of
marine micro and
macro-biological
growths
Left unchecked sea
growths can completely
plug inlet area of sea
chests, strainers,
condensers, heat
exchanger water boxes

Plate Cooler Bio-Fouling

Detecting Seawater Fouling

Seawater growths act as

heat transfer barriers
Check heat transfer flow
Is output normal?
Are heat exchanger
temperatures normal?

Controlling Sea Water Growths

DREWSPERSE SWD seawater dispersant

Effective on a broad range of inorganic and organic
materials that have a tendency to settle out in the
seawater system

AMERSPERSE 280 seawater cooling system

treatment
A broad spectrum biocide designed for
effectiveness against practically all types of sea life

Seawater treatment dosing system

SWT Dosing Unit

Educator Dosing Unit

AMERSPERSE 280
Biocide action
kills marine growth
Dosage
1.5 ltr/100 ton/hr over 100 mins.
Frequency
2 x week - coastal,
1 x week in open ocean
Pre-cleaning - required
pH - 11.5
Odor - Hydrogen sulfide, pungent

DREWSPERS SWD
Dispersing action
Removes slime layers; not possible for marine growth to adhere
and mature
Dosage
0.6 ltr/100 ton/hr over 60 minutes
Frequency:
2 x week - coastal
1 x week - open ocean
Precleaning - required
Odor - slightly ammoniac, pleasant

Dosage Schedule
DREWSPERSE SWD seawater dispersant
Dose Every Third Day
Starting And Finishing
At Point B

Dose Once
Mid Voyage
To Maintain Flow

Dose Every
Third Day
Starting And
Finishing
At Point C

Harbor Anchorage & Shelf Zone

Deep Sea Zone

Feeding systems

Tankset gravity feed systems

Eductor feed system

Metering pump

Fuel quality & problems

Crude Oil Models

Group

Hydrocarbon Structure

General Formula

H H H H H H
H C C C C C C H

Cn + H2n + 2

H H H H H H

(>4 carbon)

H
H

H
C

H
C

C
H

C
H

C
H

CH
CH
CH

H
C

H
H

CnH2n

H
CH
CH
CH

CnH2n - 6

Energy of Combustion

Hydrocarbons Burn with Oxygen:

Chemical Reaction

C + O2
CO2
2C + O2 2CO
2H2 + O2 2HO2
S + O2
SO2

Carbon - Hydrogen Ratio:

Energy Produced
7.8 Kcal/gm (14,000 btu/lb)
2.2 Kcal/gm (4,000 btu/lb)
17.1 Kcal/gm (30,000 btu/lb)
2.2 Kcal/gm (4,000 btu/lb)

Fuel Standard: ISO 8217 - 2010

Fuel Standard: ISO 8217 - 2010

Summary - Important Fuel Properties

t Viscosity

t Density

t Flash Point

t Pour Point

t Carbon Residue
t Asphaltene Content

Viscosity
The viscosity of fuel oil is a measure of its
resistance to flow.
u
u

Lower viscosity fuels are better

quality than higher viscosity fuels.

Density
Mass

(Kg at 15oC)

Density =
Volume

(Cubic Meters)

u
u

Quantity Calculation (using Density)

2000 tons of 380 cSt ordered @ $500/t
Density on delivery receipt..985 kg/m3
Actual Density(lab analysis).975 kg/m3
Difference in Quantity...............20 tons
(0.985 - 0.975) x 2000 x $500 = overcharge

Shipowner overcharged.......US$ 10,000

Water Content
Fresh water contamination is not a serious problem,
provided it can be effectively removed from the fuel.
u

Flash Point
The lowest temperature at which flammable vapors,
formed above the fuel, will ignite.
u
u
u

Fuels received with a flash point below the minimum is

in violation of
(SOLAS). Corrective
action should be taken immediately.

Pour Point
The lowest temperature at which fuel oil will continue to flow.
Below this temperature, wax in the fuel will begin to separate
out, reducing the oils ability to flow.
u

u
u

Fuel Storage Temperatures (Guideline)

Headspace

Fuel Oil
Fuel Analysis
u
u

Storage temperature
range between
15oC and 53oC

Flash Pt. = 63oC

Pour Pt. = 10oC

u
u

Storage
}
10 C below Flash Point Guideline
5OC above Pour point
O

Carbon Residue

The fuels
indicates the potential to form
coke or carbonaceous deposits during combustion.
u

Visbreaking

Micro Carbon Residue

Asphaltenes

Asphaltene Micelles

Very High
C/H Nucleus

Same C/H Ratio as

Continuous Phase (Maltenes)
u
u
u
u

Successively Lower
C/H Ratio

Complex hydrocarbon molecules with high carbon-to-hydrogen ratio

Precipitate from the fuel (incompatibility) causing fuel sludge
Contribute to increased engine particulate emissions & deposits
Molecular size from 1 micron to more than 100 microns

Composition of Combustion Particulates

Particulate
Composition

22.2%

0.9%

17.8%

Soot & Organic

Compounds
Water (w/Sulphate)
Sulphate

59.0%

Heavy Metals

Due to
carbon residue
& asphaltenes

mg/kWh
257.24
77.61
96.79
3.95

Total Particulate mass 100% = 0.436

g/kWh
u

Particulate composition for MAN B&W

7L40/45 engine aboard a ferry ship
burning 180 cSt fuel oil.

Sediment
Inorganic matter such as grit, clay and sand contained
in the fuel, expressed as
u
u
u
u

Purifier Overload

High sediment, asphaltenes and incompatibility can lead to

purifier overload and filter plugging

Ash Content
Fuel Ash content is the measure of the inorganic,
non-combustible elements (metals) present in the fuel.
u

catalyst fines
u

Ash Melting Points

Ash Component
Vanadium trioxide
Vanadium tetroxide
Vanadium pentoxide
Sodium metavanadate
Sodium pyrovanadate
Sodium orthovanadate
Nickel orthovanadate
Ferric metavanadate
Ferric vanadate
Calcium sulfate
Ferric sulfate
Magnesium sulfate
Nickel sulfate
Sodium sulfate
Aluminum oxide
Calcium oxide
Ferric oxide
Magnesium oxide
Nickel oxide

Formula
Melting Pt. oC
V2O3
1970
V2O4
1970
V2O5
Near exhaust 675
valve surface 630
Na2O V2O5
temperature 640
2Na2O V2O5
3Na2O V2O5
850
3NiO V2O5
900
Fe2O3 V2O5
860
Fe2O3 2V2O5
855
CaSO
1450
Fe2(SO4)3
Decomposes at480 to Fe2O3
MgSO4
Decomposes at1125 to MgO
NiSO4
Decomposes at 840 to NiO
NaSO4
880
Al2O3
2050
CaO
2572
Fe2O3
1565
MgO
2800
NiO
1990

Ash Deposits

Corrosive ash deposits will cause turbocharger rotor imbalance

and vibration, leading to bearing wear and possible failure

Vanadium
ash has potentially damaging effects within
the engine, especially in combination with sodium.
u

melting-point temperature

nimonic steel)

Vanadium-Sodium Ratio
Vanadium alone in fuel does not usually cause problems.
Sodium levels in fuels leaving refineries are 50 ppm or less.
1% sea water contamination adds 100 ppm sodium.
Vanadium/Sodium together form ashes during combustion.
Highly corrosive, dissolve protective oxide layer.
Corrosion is accelerated by sulphur in the fuel.
Occurs at low melting points (near 525oC) and sticky.

Exhaust valve deposits result in grooving of seating area.

Loss of power
High exhaust temperatures
Fouling of the turbochargers and exhaust gas boiler

Vanadium-Sodium Ratio
900

Ash Melting Temperature OC

800

Vanadium Pentoxide
V2O5

Sodium Ortho Vanadate

3Na2O.V2O5

Sodium Vanyl Vanadate

Na2O.V2O4.5V2O5
Sodium Meta Vanadate
Na2O.V2O5

700

Penta Sodium Vanadate

5Na2O.V2O4.11V2O5

Eutectic
Points

600

Critical Ratio
Vanadium/Sodium

500

V2O5 %

Vanadium-Sodium
% ratios relate to
molecular weights
Na2O %

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

Exhaust Valve Corrosion

Grooved valve seating area caused by ash and sulphur corrosion

Results in high exhaust temperatures, deposits and loss of power

Sulphur
Sulphur occurs naturally in crude oils, and is the principal
non-hydrocarbon component of heavy fuel oil.
u

sulphur dioxide
sulphur trioxide
u

sulphuric acid
Base Number

Sulphur Trioxide-Dew Point Relationship

Corrosion occurs in the

exhaust system (stack)
when the temperature
falls below the dew point

Dew Point OC

Dew Point as a function of SO3

SO3 ppm

During combustion sulphur is oxidized to sulphur dioxide (S + O2

SO2).

Sulphur dioxide, in the presence of oxygen (excess air) and catalyzed by vanadium
pentoxide (V2O5) is further oxidized to sulphur trioxide (SO2 + 1/2O2
SO3).

Sulphur Trioxide, in the presence of water, condenses to form sulphuric acid

(SO3 + H2O
H2SO4).

SECA Area

Catalyst Fines Content

Referred to as
, these are small particles of
aluminum-silicon used in Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC)
process.
u

Ignition Quality of Marine Fuel

u

Marine Fuels are a mixture of heavy residual oil and cracked

distillates, which can lead to poor ignition quality when blended
Shell Research and British Petroleum have developed a simple-touse indicator of ignition quality, the Calculated Carbon Aromaticity
Index (CCAI) for HFO and the Cetane Index Indicated (CII) for
MDO/MGO
CCAI and CII are unit-less numbers allowing ranking the ignition
qualities.
CCAI - the lower the number, the better the ignition characteristics.

CII - the higher the number, the better the ignition characteristics.

Ignition characteristics improve with increasing viscosity and

decreasing density.

CCAI-CII

Fuel (in)Stability & (in)Compatibility

Instability: A single fuel with a low initial total sediment, degrades

over time to a significantly higher sediment level.

Incompatibility: Two fuels, each with low total sediment, when mixed

result in a blended fuel with significantly higher sediment.

General Rules to Avoid Problems
Segregate new and old bunkers if possible.
Do not mix paraffinic (MDO) and visbroken (HFO) fuels.
Try to match density and viscosity of fuels.
Test fuel and compare results to previous analysis before mixing.

HFO quality

500cSt@50C HFO quality

DREW Fuel and Lube Test Cabinet

 Mechanical Treatment
Chemical Treatment

Diesel Engine Fuel System

<20 microns

Main
Engine

50
microns

Diesel Engine Fuel System:

Purification:
Settling Tank, Purifiers, Service Tank, Auto Back
Wash Filters.
Viscosity Adjustment:
70C in Settling Tank, 95C in Purifier Heater, 120 150C after Main Heaters to reach 12 cst injection
viscosity.

Mechanical fuel treatment - Drew Homogenizer

Waste Oil

out

in

Share asphaltene to <5 microns which improve compatibility, reduce

waste oil quantity and improve combustion.

Fuel Mill MC Performance

Benefits of Homogenizer
uSludge Reduction (Installed in HFO Purifying System)
Complied with IOPP for sludge reduction
Increase usable fuel 0.5 0.75%, cost saving
Keeping purifiers in peak performance with lesser deposit.
Reduce maintenance of purifiers.
Reduce waste oil quantity.
Reduce Incinerator operation hour 50%.

u Improving combustion (Installed in HFO Service system)

Shearing asphaltene to <5 microns for more completed combustion.
Improving fuel homogeneous when oil changing (mixing)
Preventing asphalten agglomeration in circulation loop.
Reduce manual clean of auto backwashing filter.
Recommend to use 5 10microm fine filter to improve Al + Si separation.
Improving accuracy of Viscosity Controller by homogeneous fuel.
Extending fuel valve lifetime by less asphaltene deposit.
Improving combustion and NOx emission by water emulsion.

FUEL MILLTM MC Applications

Sludge
Reduction

Main
Engine

Application

Improve
Combustion

Benefit

Waste Oil
Burning

Fuel Treatment Chemical

Type of fuel treatment
Additives for Tank Storage and Handling System
Sludge Dispersant and Fuel Stabilizer
Microbiocide for Bacteria Control
Fuel Additives for Combustion and Deposits
Combustion Catalyst (improver)
Ash Deposit and Slag Modifier
Soot Treatment
Low Sulfur Fuel Treatment

AMERSTAT 25
Cost-effective solution to protect your fuel from
microbial growth
Seeks oil and water
interface to target
microbial growth
Maintains fuel stability to
prevent fuel degradation
and microbial waste
sludge formation

AMERSTAT 25
Protects from all types of microbial
growth for all marine fuel oil grades
Unparalleled dosage
treatment rates
Initial:
1 to 12500
Maintenance: 1 to 25000
Kills sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB)
to prevent H2S production
Minimizes metal corrosion
as a result of microbial growth
Maintains cleaner fuel storage tanks
and fuel filters

Sludge Dispersant & Fuel Stabilizer

Problem :

Fuel instability and/or incompatibility of blended fuels.

Precipitation of asphaltenes and sediment in tanks.

Sludge build-up in handling system results in purifier

overload, filter clogging and fouled fuel heaters.

Solution :

AMERGY-222, Mixture of dispersants, surfactants and polymers.

Disperse asphaltenes and maintains them in solution

Prevents stratification in storage tanks

Create a more homogeneous fuel; improves handling and

combustion

AMERGY-222

Before

After

Dose to Fuel Storage before bunkering

Dosage: 1/6,000 - - 1/15,000

Emissions Profile

Air
O2 = 21%
N2 = 79%

Fuel
S = 2.7 %
HC = 97.3 %

Lube
S = 0.05%
Ca = 2.5%
HC = 97%

Exhaust
~76% N2
~12.5% O2 !!!
~6.5% CO2
~5% H2O
900~1300 mg/kg NOx
400~500 ppm SOx
500~1500 ppm CO
~200 ppm HC
~120 mg/Nm2 PM

41.7% Heat Energy

49.3% Work

Combustion Catalyst
Problem:

Complex hydrocarbon structures, high carbon residue and asphaltene levels.

Reduced vaporization of fuel creates ignition delay and incomplete combustion.

Loss of energy, smoke, soot and coke deposits

Solution:

Blend of solvents, dispersing agents and noble metal catalysts.

Catalysts oxidize, drawing oxygen into the fuel-rich combustion zone
to mix with hydrocarbons.Manganese, cerium, iron, zirconium, barium
and calcium are common combustion catalysts.
Drew Product: AMERGIZE, AMERGY-1000

Deposit and Slag Modifier

Problem:

Greater concentration of ash components in todays fuels.

Vanadium and sodium will form corrosive ash deposits, which will adhere
to hot metal surfaces .
Vanadium Pentoxide deposits will convert SO2 to SO3, increasing the
potential for cold temperature corrosion.

Solution:

Blend of solvents, dispersing agents and noble metal deposit modifier

catalysts.
Create different ash compounds from combustion with higher melting points
than metal surface temperatures..
AMERGIZE is most cost-effective deposit modifier.

Generator Engines Fuel Combustion

Main engine about 100 RPM:
100 combustion /m = 0.6 second/combustion = 1.66 Combustions/S.
Generator Engine about 720 or 900RPM:
360 combustion/m = 0.16 S/combustion = 6 combustion/S.
450 combustion/m = 0.13 S/combustion = 7.5 combustion/S.
M/E and G/E are using same fuel.
Carbon Residue about 14-16%, longer time required to mix with air to have
complete combustion.
Asphaltene about 6-10%, easy to clustering and compatibility problem.
Longer time required for combustion .
Generator engine has higher RPM than ME, T/C will have more deposit and
shorter component life time by incomplete combustion.
G/Es fuel consumption is much lower than M/E. Recommend to use fuel
additive to improve combustion.

AMERGIZE Shop Test Record

No Fuel Treatment
25% output: 262.5 ps, Fuel cons: 198 g/ps/hr
50% output 525,0 ps, Fuel cons: 166 g/ps/hr
75% output 787.5 ps, Fuel cons: 162 g/ps/hr
85% output: 892.5 ps, Fuel cons: 162 g/ps/hr
100% output 1050 ps, Fuel cons: 163 g/ps/hr

AMERGIZE, dosage: 1/2000

25% output : 262.5 ps, Fuel: 172g/ps/hr
50% output : 525.0 ps, Fuel: 157 g/ps/hr
75% output: 787.5 ps, Fuel: 158 g/ps/hr
85% output 892.5 ps, Fuel: 160 g/ps/hr
100% output 1050 ps, Fuel: 163 g/ps/hr

(13% saving)
(5.42% saving)
(2.5% saving)
(1.2% saving)
(0% saving)

AMERGIZE Sea Trail Data

AMERGIZE Performance in Generator Engine

NO FUEL TREATMENT

AMERGIZE

Exhaust Gas Deposits Treatment

Restore Efficiency

Relationship of Exhaust
Gas Boiler to Main Engine Load

Maintains heat recovery

transfer surfaces clean
Eliminates stack fires
Minimizes acid corrosion

Exhaust Gas Boiler

Output %

Removes existing deposits

LT-SOOT Release
Economizer exhaust-side powder treatment
low activation temperature (200C) catalyst
bring oxygen into soot and convert to dry and loose
powder type deposit.
maintains heat recovery transfer surfaces clean
effective at low engine loads
minimizes likelihood of stack fires
improves soot blower performance
Followed by soot blowing, this is the most costeffective method to treat exhaust gas economizer

LT Soot Release Dosing Unit

Air driven dosing unit for
soot treatment to reduce
soot deposit in Economizer
and exhaust gas boiler
Manual operation

DREWCLEAN EST Economizer soot treatment

A special liquid treatment that catalyzes soot to dry and non-adherent to
heat transfer surface, maintains entire heat transfer area clean
Improves soot blower performance and reduce low temperature
corrosion.
Effective at low temperature down to 200C
The product is normally dosed 1 liter per day when
engine is operating
The EGT dosing system can be adjusted to provide
the exact dosing desired. It is recommended to inject
DREWCLEAN EST every 8 hours, with an injection of
12 to 15 minutes.
For optimum result, soot blow should be operated
between 30-90 minutes after chemical injection

Low Sulphur Fuel Problems

u Low

Sulphur fuel (<1.5%) only available as a distillate

u Ships

operating in SECA will have to store and burn

additional amounts of distillate fuel

u Long

term storage of distillate fuel can result in bacteria

growth, oxidation and instability

u Burning

low sulphur distillate fuel on a regular basis can

result in fuel pump and injector wear

Sulphide layer not forme

Metal-to-metal contact resulting in wear

Fuel incompatibility
When two different fuels are mixed there is a risk of incompatibility,
which may cause clogging of fuel filters and separators and sticking
of fuel injection pumps asphaltene deposits on plunger and barrel)

Fuel sulphur content versus lubricant BN

1. Where the sulphur content in the fuel is above 1.5 %, the use of approved
70BN cylinder oil is recommended.
2. Where the sulphur content in the fuel is below 1.5 %, approved 40BN cylinder
oil is recommended.
3. Using LFO or LSHFO with 70BN cylinder lubricant should be avoided,
because the excessive calcium ash in BN is likely to deposit on the piston
crown land. These deposits may become very hard and contact between the
deposits and the cylinder liner wall can cause bore polishing and lead to
wear
4. The sulphur in the fuel oil has a lubricating effect .
5. The use of DO and GO with a sulphur content close to zero and, might cause
fuel pump and fuel valve wear and, consequently, the risk of sticking.
6. Generator engine lube oil system may not changed while fuel changed,
above problems may have higher risk than Main engine

Changeover between HFO & MGO Fuels

Changeover between High and Low-Viscosity Fuels

According to the instruction manual, the temperature should not be changed by

more than max. 2C/min.

For example, diesel oil is to be changed to HFO:

1. The system contains 40C diesel oil
2. The diesel oil is heated to 80C before adding the HFO. This takes (80 40)/2 =
20 min.
3. HFO is added at a temperature of max. 25C higher than the diesel oil, i.e. at
105C
4. However, the temperature rise should still be max. 2C/min. Therefore, it takes
an additional (105 80)/2 = 12.5 min.
5. From now on, there should be only HFO in the system
6. The temperature is now raised from 105 to 150C = 22.5 min.

We therefore conclude that it takes 20 + 12.5 min. = 32.5 min. from the start of the
changeover until HFO is in the system. Moreover, it takes another 22.5 min., i.e. 55
min. from the start of the changeover, before the system is running on HFO at 150C.

Low Viscosity Risk

Fuel Viscosity at Engine Inlet
The sulphur in the fuel oil has a lubricating effect.
The use of DO and GO with a sulphur content close to zero and, at the same time, a
low viscosity might cause fuel pump and fuel valve wear and, consequently, the risk of
sticking.
This risk limits the viscosity at the engine inlet to minimum 2 cSt. In special cases, with
a very low viscosity gas oil and high ambient temperatures, this might call for cooling of
the diesel oil before the proper viscosity can be obtained at the engine inlet.

Low Sulphur Fuel Products

Existing Products
u

AMERSTAT 25 dosed at 1:25,000 for bacteria

control

New Product
u

AMERGY XLS to stabilize the fuel, lubricate fuel

pumps and injectors and maintain clean
injectors.
AMERGY XLS

AMERGY XLS
Customized treatment for low sulfur fuels
Lubricity agent to restore lost lubricity
prevents injection equipment seizures
prolongs life of injection equipment during prolonged
use of low sulfur fuel oils
Stabilizing agent for improved storage stability
improves long term storage of low sulfur fuel oils set
aside for use in restricted areas (i.e., ECA, California)
protects premium priced fuel from destabilizing
Detergent for cleaner injectors
reduces likelihood for carbonized deposits
Dosage rate of 1:5000

THREE-IN-ONE TREATMENT!

AMERGY ULS-D

AMERGY ULS-D
Newest fuel additive
from Drew Marine
Eliminates traditional
diesel injector nozzle
deposits at the tip
Prevents the formation
of newer internal diesel
injector deposits (IDID)

control
valve
plunger
needle
guide
needle
seat

AMERGY ULS-D

Prevents internal
injector fouling,
lacquering and
varnishing
The only proven
additive to handle IDID
and keep fuel injection
components clean

Internal Diesel Injector Deposit (IDID) Analysis

AMERGY ULS-D

Internal Diesel Injector Deposit (IDID) Analysis

1.

Sonicated injector before test

with base fuel

2.

Injector after test with base fuel

3.

Injector after test with base fuel

with AMERGY ULS-D treatment

CHEMICAL SAFETY INFORMATION

PRODUCT NAME
ACC-9
ACC-ME
AMERGY-222
AMEROID DC
AMEROID OWS
AMEROYAL
AMERZINE
CARBON REMOVER
DREW ELECTRIC 2000
DREW FC
DREWCLEAN EOSD
DREWCLEAN EST
DREWCLEAN 2000
DREWFRESH 2000
DREWPLEX AT
EDGE
ENVIROMATE 2000
FOT
LIQUIDEWT
GC
OGR
OSD/LT
SAF ACID
SNC 2000

Flash
Point C.
68.8
None
74.4
None
65
None
None
>76.6
>87.7
62.2
>93.3
None
>61.1
None
None
None
None
73.8
None
None
70.5
85
None
>71.1

Personal Hazard
Personal Hazard
Label
Effect
Harmful
Irritating
Irritating
Defatting
Harmful
Irritating
Corrosive
Corrosive
Harmful
Irritating
Irritating
None
Toxic
Toxic
Toxic & Corrosive
Irritating
Defatting
Harmful
Irritating
Harmful
Irritating
None
None
Irritating
Defatting
Irritating
Defatting
Corrosive
Corrosive
None
None
None
None
Harmful
Irritating
Toxic
Toxic if swallowed
Corrosive
Corrosive
Irritating
Defatting
None
None
Irritating
Irritating
Irritating
Defatting

Storage Recommendation
Keep away from heat and oxidizers
Keep away from acids and oxidizers
Keep away from heat and oxidizers
Keep away from alkalis
Keep away from heat and oxidizers
Keep from freezing
Keep away from oxidizers
Keep away from oxidizers
Keep away from heat and oxidizers
Keep away from acids and oxidizers
Keep away from oxidizers
Keep away from oxidizers
Keep away from heat and oxidizers
Keep away from acids and oxidizers
Keep away from acids
Keep from freezing
Keep away from oxidizers
Keep away from heat and oxidizers
Keep away from acids, reducing compounds,freezing
Keep away from acids
Keep away from heat and oxidizers
Keep away from heat and oxidizers
None
Keep away from heat and oxidizers

Safe Operation and Storage

Keep chemical away from heat, provide well ventilation. keeping
container closed when storage.
Separated burnable and non-burnable chemical for storage
Read MSDS before practice.
Wear personal protective gears when use chemical.
Flushing with water when contacted.
Acid & alkali separate
secure to prevent bad weather spillage
Mark the date of chemical pail arrival onboard; Use first in first out basis

MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets

Section 1: Product name and manufacturer
Section 2: Product ingredients, especially hazardous components.
Section 3: Potential health effects/\.
Section 4: First aid. What to do in case of contact, inhalation or
swallowing.
Section 5: Firefighting instructions.
Section 6: Accident response. What to do in case of spill.
Section 7: Safe handling and storage.
Section 8: Personal protection.
Section 9: Physical and chemical properties.

MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets

Section 10: Stability and reactivity.
Section 11: Toxicological information
Section 12: Ecological information
Section 13: Disposal consideration
Section 14: Transportation information
Section 15: Regulatory information
Section 16: Miscellaneous information
For any environmental, healthy or safety emergency with an
Ashland/Drew Marine chemical product, call 24 hours hot lines:
1-800-ASHLAND (USA), Global : +1-606-329-5701

Chemical Selection
Cleaning Products should not to effect oil filtering equipment

For safety reasons cleaning agent used on board should

Quick Emulsion Break Test

Biodegradability

Drew Marine, Chemical Product

Boiler Water Treatment

Adjunct-B/GC/Drewplex AT/Drewplex OX are approved by Norwegian

Institute of Health

Bilge Cleaner

---- Ameroid OWS

Approved by US coast guard and following oily water separator and bilge
alarm manufacturers. Biospherice Incorporatioed
Blohm & Vloss AG
Butterworth System
Hamworthy Engineering
Hodge Separators LTd.
Italgestra SPA
National Fluid Separators
Nelson Division
Quantek Inc
SEREP
Separation and Recovery
Sigma Treatment
World Water System
Approved for use onboard U.S. Coast Guard & Navy vessels.

Drew Marine, Chemical product

Evaporator Treatment --- Ameroyal
Approved by following.
US department of Agriculture
Department of Trade, UK
Norwegian State Institute.
Japan Medical & Food Association, authorized by Ministry of Welf.
General Cleaner, EDGE
US Department of Agriculture.
Approved by U.K. Department of energy,
EDGE: No notification required for any quantity discharge.
General Cleaner: Enviromate 2000
Approved by US Department of Agriculture.

Drew Marine, Chemical Product

Maintenance Product

SAF-ACID is approved by Norwegian Maritime Directory

Drewclean 2000 quick breaking degreaser

* Passed the emulsion separation test.

* Approved by Alyeska pipeline Service Company / EPA as cleaning
agent used to clean tank vessel that discharge ballast water and
bilge water to the ballast water treatment facility in Alaska.
* Approved by oily water separating and bilge alarm manufacturers:
Inventive Systems, Inc.
National Fluid Separators
SEREP
Separation and Recovery
World Water System

Agenda
Training overview:

Introduction to cleaning
Chemistry of cleaning
Product overview (product type)
Cargo/Deck cleaning products
Engine room products
Sanitation products
Mechanical cleaning
Pollution prevention
Potable Water
EH&S Issues
Resources
Discussion/questions

Introduction to Cleaning

Introduction to Cleaning
Definition:
Cleaning is the removal of unwanted soils or deposits
from an underlying surface

Reasons for Cleaning

Efficiency/quality
Extend lifespan of equipment
Safety
Regulations

Risks of Cleaning
Old systems
Safety
Disposal
Improper cleaning
Damage to systems

Chemistry of Cleaning

The pH Scale
Measurement of concentration of H+ ions in relation to the
concentration of OH- ions
Acid: Excess of H+ ions over OH- ions
Alkaline (bases): Excess of OH- ions over H+ ions
Runs from 0 to 14
0 to 6.9= acidic
7.1 to 14= alkaline
7.0 = neutral (same amount of H+ and OH- ions)
All water solutions can be measured for pH

Types of Soil
Inorganic: Never lived. Generally, contains no carbon
Mineral scale and lime deposits
Rust, corrosion, oxidation products
Organic: Lived once. Contains carbon
Petroleum based and animal fats
Carbohydrates and proteins
Mold and yeast
Bacteria and animal waste
Combination containing inorganic and organic

Cleaning Agents
Solvents

Water
Organic/Petroleum based

Surfactants: Soaps/Detergents

Nonionic surfactants
Anionic surfactants
Cationic surfactants
Amphoteric surfactants

Chelating Agents

Metal scavengers

Acids

Hydrochloric acid
Phosphoric acid
Sulfamic acid

Alkaline

Caustic Potash
Caustic Soda

good for removing oily soils

excellent cleaning properties
work great with softeners, disinfectants
used where mildness is required

Surfactants

Types of Surfactants
Detergents: Break bond between soil and surface
Penetrating/wetting agents: allow water to surround waterrepellant soils
Foaming agents: Bubbles lift dirt from surface
Solubilizing agents: Dissolve the soil
Dispersing agents: Spread the soil particles throughout the
solution to prevent them from re-depositing on surfaces

Chelating Agents

The claw

Chemistry Behind Rust Removal

1. Fe O + 3H O <> Fe(OH) (rust)
2

Corrosion product can be represented by above chemical formula.

2. From acid cleaning: 3H+ + Fe(OH) <> 3H 0 + Fe+3

As pH rises and consumes acid, reverse happens (re-deposition)
3

3. However, if chloride ion is present (HCl or NaCl with Sulfamic acid), the
chloride ion forms a soluble complex ion with iron +3 ion.

Fe3 + Cl> FeCl+2 + 3H2O

4. We get:
Note, FeCl is then soluble, stays in solution, and does not redeposit.
2

Fe(OH)3 + 3H+ + Cl- > FeCl+2 + 3H20

5. Cl ion is important in removing rust.

Chemistry Characteristics
Solvent cleaning
Hydrocarbon-based and water-based
These products dissolve the dirt and the deposit particles (e.g. baked on oils
and heavy sludge)
They do not react with the deposit particles

Acid cleaning
Hardness scale and corrosion products require acid cleaning
The acid reacts with deposits that need to be removed

Alkaline cleaning
Used when cleaning vegetable oils, animal oils, general soils. The hydroxyl
groups react with the fatty acid groups of the oils. Carbonized oil, oil of which
the properties have been changed due to extreme heating (like internal
combustion).
Saponification- converts the oil or fat into natural soap and glycerin.

Cleaner Choice- Factors to Consider

Considerations when choosing a cleaner:
Application
Safety & Hazards
Environmental concerns
Efficacy- must be able to do the job
Cost-effective- must do the job; cost a factor
Competitive advantage
Availability

Drew Marine Maintenance Products

Definition- Maintenance Space

Drew Marine defines the Maintenance Space as products and
equipment used in the routine operations for:
Engine room maintenance
Cargo space cleaning
Deck maintenance
Accommodation (hotel) space maintenance (limited position
in vacuum toilet cleaners/anti-foulants)

Maintenance Products
Maintenance Chemicals
Coatings Products
Sealing Products
Pollution Prevention Equipment

Product Overview by Product Type

Hydrocarbon based products
ACC-9 (Air Cooler Cleaner)
TC #4 (Tank Cleaner)
O&GR (Oil and Grease Remover)
OSD/LT (Oil Spill Dispersant)

Water based products

ENVIROMATE 2000 (General Purpose Cleaner)

EDGE (Heavy Duty Cleaner)
LAC (Liquid Alkaline Cleaner)

Product Overview by Product Type

Acids

AMEROID RSR (Rust Stain Remover)

SAF-ACID (Descaling Compound)
AMEROID DC (Disc Cleaner)
DESCALE-IT (Liquid Acid Descaler)

Micro-emulsion

ACC/ME (Air Cooler Cleaner)

DREWFRESH 2000 (Heavy Duty Cleaner)

Product overview by product type

Others
FERROCLEAN (Combination Cleaning Treatment)
MUD CONDITIONER (Ballast Water Treatment)
DREW AF (Air Freshener)
DREW BARRIER COAT (Cargo Hold Coating)

Application- Tank Cleaning

Tanks of parcel tankers carrying Noxious Liquid
Substances.
Types of cargoes carried are Noxious Liquid Substances as
defined by MARPOL Annex II and IBC Code:
Examples:
Pure liquid chemicals
Drying/semi-drying oils

Tank Cleaning- Important References

Manual

Guide

Equipment

MSDSs

Vessels Certificates

PDSs & Product Codes

Coatings

Stainless Steel

Chemical Calculations

Butterworth Systems

COW & IGS

Wall Wash Test Kits

Discharging Toxic Liquids

Commodity Products

Tank Cleaning
Navigating the Tank Cleaning Manual

Types of Common Cargoes

Cleaning Chemicals
Choice of Cleaning Chemicals
Tank Cleaning Procedures & Methods
Safety

Maintenance- Tank Cleaners

Formulated tank cleaning products

TC#4 (Double bottoms, fuel oil tanks, deep tanks)

TC SEA (Double bottoms, fuel oil tanks, deep tanks)

IMO Approved Tank Cleaners:

LAC
ENVIROCARE 370
AMEROID RSR
EDGE
DREW NBD
DREW BC
DREW ABD

ENVIROMATE 2000
ENVIROCARE 480

Maintenance- Tank Cleaners

TC#4
Solvent emulsifying detergent for cleaning and gas- freeing deep
tanks and/or bilges
Use diluted to neat
Machine, re-circulate, rock and roll, spray
Flash point 65 C

TC SEA
Strong emulsifying tank cleaner
Flash point 69 C

Maintenance- Tank Cleaners

ENVIROCARE 370
Strong solvent-based tank cleaner
Used to remove coal tar, benzene, bitumen
IMO approved under MEPC.1/Circ. 590 for use as tank
cleaning additive (chemical/product carriers)

Maintenance- Tank Cleaners

EDGE
Heavy duty alkaline multipurpose cleaner
Hydrocarbon free cleaning
Safe for epoxy and zinc silicate coatings (diluted)
Use neat or diluted
Animal oils, vegetable oils, and white mineral oils
IMO approved (MEPC.1/Circ. 590)

Maintenance- Tank Cleaners

LAC

Liquid alkaline cleaner

For tank cleaning: vegetable oils, light F.O., and L.O.
For general purpose cleaning (Deck and ER)
IMO approved (MEPC.1/Circ. 590)

AMEROID RSR

Phosphoric acid-based cleaner with surfactants

Used for removal of white residues that remain after carrying
PFAD, Oleins
IMO approved (MEPC.1/Circ. 590)

Application: Cargo Hold Cleaning

Dry Bulk Carriers
IMO Approved tank cleaners can also be used to clean cargo
holds of Dry Cargo Bulk Carriers:
AMEROID RSR
EDGE
LAC
DREW BARRIER COAT

Recent Issues with Dirty Cargoes

Green Delayed Petcoke
Known as: Green Coke, Raw Coke, Sponge Coke
Petcokes are by-products of oil refinery coking process
Produces low-cost fuels that can have high sulfur content
Powdery substance

Maintenance- Corrosion Inhibitors

Corrosion Inhibitors
MAGNAKOTE (rust preventative)
MAGNAKOTE PLUS (rust preventative)
NEVAMELT (wire rope conditioner)
DREWTAN RC (rust converter)

Maintenance- Corrosion Inhibitors

MAGNAKOTE
Non drying rust preventative coating for ballast tanks, cofferdams,
double bottom, chain lockers
48 hours to cure (surface cures, subsurface remains non-drying)
Best applied by spraying, but can be brushed, rolled, or floated
2-3 years
Polar molecules bond to steel- form fish scale barrier

Maintenance- Corrosion Inhibitors

MAGNAKOTE PLUS
Different formula has added raw material, dries firmer,
more corrosion inhibitors, additional active ingredients
5 years
Cannot be used as a float coat

Unprotected Ballast Tank

Maintenance- Corrosion Inhibitors

NEVAMELT

Protects and conditions wire rope

A waterproof, non-melting coating, and lubricant, which is
insoluble in water
Features & Benefits:
Deep penetrating capabilities
Cost Effective
No oily sheen on water
Wont drip off

Maintenance Corrosion Inhibitor

DREWTAN RC
Pre-coating preparation used on rusted steel or on
sandblasted steel (passivates steel)
Compatible with most paint types
Paint or coating must be applied within 48 hours

Maintenance Applicator
Kirkpatrick applicator for NEVAMELT wire
rope grease

Dosage Calculations
1 kg of Nevamelt can cover 11 13 meters of wire rope
Features & Benefits
Equal distribution
Quick
Cost effective
Safe

Maintenance- Rust or Mineral Scale Removal

Descalants
SAF-ACID (powder acid descaler)
AMEROID RSR (rust stain remover)
AMEROID DC (disc cleaner)
DESCALE-IT (liquid acid descaler)

Maintenance Descalants
u
u

& LUBE OIL

Maintenance Descalants

SAF-ACID
Sulfamic acid with an inhibitor
Removes mineral scale from evaporators, heat exchangers,
heat transfer surfaces, and boilers
Gold to green color
10% concentration

Maintenance Descalants
DESCALE-IT
Liquid scale remover
HCL with inhibitor
20% solution
Descaling boilers, evaporators, condensers, heater and coolers
Removes mineral scale and rust
Fumes

Maintenance Descalants
AMEROID RSR
Liquid combination of a rust dissolving acid emulsifier and
passivator: Removes rust and rust stains
Phosphoric Acid
Prevents flash rusting
pH (5% solution) = 1.7; no flash point

Maintenance Descalants
AMEROID DC

For cleaning lube and fuel oil separator discs

Approved by Westfalia and Alfa-Laval
1 part AMEROID DC to 4 to 8 parts water
Phosphoric acid- based product with surfactants and
solvents. Only for stainless parts

Maintenance Engine Room Applications

Solvent-based products
ACC-9 (air cooler cleaner)
OSD/LT (oil spill dispersant)
O&GR (oil and grease remover)
CARBON REMOVER (solvent cleaner)
DREW ELECTRIC FAST DRY (motor & parts cleaner)
AMEROID OWS (quick separating degreaser)
HDE-777

ACC-9: air cooler cleaner

u

In-service clean :
1 part ACC-9 + 2 Parts water
Always add ACC-9 into water. If add water to ACC-9, ACC-9 will
coagulation.
Always rinse with hot water.
ACC-9 dilute with water is for terminate flash point, when ACC-9
mixed with water, ACC-9 start to oxidation, recommend to use within
5 minutes

Circulation clean
Pure ACC-9 is recommended.
(after clean, the ACC-9 can be collected for next clean For
economical consideration, use 30% ACC-9 solution to circulation
clean and keep temperature 60C Always rinse with hot water

ACC-9 is a strong emulsion cleaner, the solution after clean should

be drain to slop and discharge to shore side for handling.

Maintenance- Solvents
OSD/LT (oil spill dispersant)
Low toxic oil spill dispersant
Defra approved Type 1
1 liter will disperse 25 sq. meters of oil

OSD/LT
2
3

1
5
4

Maintenance- Solvents
O&GR (oil and grease remover)
Cleaning agents and emulsifying solvents
Dissolves grease, oil and grimy soils forming an
emulsion
Rinse with water. Leaves no residue
Use neat or dilute with (4) four parts petroleum solvent

Maintenance- Solvents
CARBON REMOVER
Highly active, fast penetrating solvents, detergents and
corrosion inhibitors
Removes carbon deposits, varnish, etc. from pistons,
rings, valves, etc.
Flash point 77

Maintenance- Solvents
DREW ELECTRIC FAST DRY (motor and
parts cleaner)
Highly efficient non-chlorinated solvent cleaner with
benefits of III tri-chloro-ethane without regulatory
restrictions
Very fast drying time
Flash point: 25 C: Use with adequate ventilation
All equipment should be off-line and discharged.

Maintenance- Solvents
AMEROID OWS (quick separating degreaser)
General cleaning of engine rooms and cleaning and gas freeing of
bilges
Quick breaking
For general cleaning, use neat to 5% solution
For bilge cleaning, use 0.1% solution if using mechanical spray units
Flashpoint 65 C

AMEROID OWS
Emulsifier

AMEROID
OWS
Quick emulsion break

HDE-777 Heavy Duty Emulsifier

Maintenance- Environmental
Environmental Products
DREW ELECTRIC 2000 (motor and parts cleaner)
DREWCLEAN 2000/3000 (quick breaking degreaser)
SNC 2000 (carbon remover)

Maintenance- Environmental
DREW ELECTRIC 2000 (motor and parts cleaner)
Effective non-chlorinated solvent
100% Petroleum based solvent
Economical
All equipment must be off-line and discharged when cleaning
Flash point 93 C

Maintenance- Environmental
SNC 2000 (carbon remover)
Pine-scented, hydrocarbon solvent cleaner
Removes baked-on and carbonized deposits on valves,
burner tips, engine parts, etc.
Does not contain cresylic acid or chlorinated solvents
Flash point 77 C

Maintenance- Environmental
DREWCLEAN 3000 (quick breaking degreaser)
Safe for painted and unpainted metal surfaces
Tested and passed separation test per MEPC 289

Maintenance- Technical
Technical Products
DREWFRESH 2000 (heavy-duty cleaner)
ACC/ME (air cooler cleaner)
FERROCLEAN (cleaning agent)

Maintenance- Technical
DREWFRESH 2000 (heavy duty cleaner)
Patented heavy-duty, non-flammable, high performing microemulsion cleaner
Designed to remove baked on oils, carbonized deposits, and
heavy greases
Used neat or diluted with either fresh or salt water
No flashpoint

Maintenance- Technical
ACC-ME (air cooler cleaner)
Patented micro-emulsion cleaner
Use 50% solution on line
No flash point
Air cooler and engine efficiency
Dirty air cooler can result in 3-4% decrease in engine
efficiency

Maintenance- Technical
FERROCLEAN (cleaning agent)
Patented product
Highly effective water-based cleaner for dissolving and dispersing
iron oxide deposits from diesel cooling water systems
Provides passivating film
Safe for most metals, including aluminum, brass, copper, mild steel
and stainless steel
Not recommended for galvanized metals

FERROCLEAN on Galvanized Piping

Use DREW BARRIER COAT prior to cleaning with
FERROCLEAN
1% to 10% FERROCLEAN cleaning solution:
Add 5000 ppm DREW BARRIER COAT
<1% FERROCLEAN, add 2500 ppm DREW BARRIER COAT
Note: Add DREW BARRIER COAT before FERROCLEAN.
Recirculate for 30 minutes. Then add FERROCLEAN
cleaning dosage.

Maintenance- Water-based
Water-based products
ENVIROMATE 2000 general purpose cleaner
EDGE heavy duty cleaner
LAC liquid alkaline cleaner

Maintenance Water-based
ENVIROMATE 2000 (general purpose
cleaner)
Water-based cleaner
General purpose cleaner
Non-flammable No flash point
Ultrasonic cleaning

Preferred Maintenance Products

Preferred Maintenance Products by Application
Application

Preferred

Alternative 1

Air cooler

ACC-ME (air cooler cleaner)

ACC-9 (air cooler cleaner)

Bilge

DREWCLEAN 2000 (quick breaking degreaser)

AMEROID OWS (quick separating

degreaser)

Descaling

SAF-ACID (descaling compound)

DESCALE-IT (liquid acid cleaner)

Diesel Engine cooling system

FERROCLEAN (cleaning agent)

Diesel Engine parts

SNC 2000 (carbon remover)

CARBON REMOVER (solvent cleaner)

Fuel Oil Heaters/Filters

SNC 2000 (carbon remover)

DREW FC (filter cleaner)

General purpose cleaning

ENVIROMATE 2000

Purifier/Separator cleaning

AMEROID DC (disc cleaner)

--

Rust removing of surfaces

AMEROID RSR (rust stain remover)

--

Electric Motor Parts

DREW ELECTRIC 2000 (motor and parts cleaner)

DREW ELECTRIC Fast Dry (motor and

parts cleaner)

Sanitation Products
Bacteria based ENVIROCARE VTC 4000
ENVIROCARE WTE

Acid based DREWCLEAN 2010

DREWCLEAN BC 2010M

Vacuum Toilet Systems

Lower Water Consumption/Use
Piping that is independent of gravity (vacuum pump)
Horizontal lines without slope
Smaller diameter piping
Struvite buildup a problem

Sanitation- Bacteria based

ENVIROCARE VTC 4000 (vacuum toilet care)

Blend of surfactants and specially selected bacteria

Designed to clean toilets, to prevent formation of organic
blockages in waste systems, and to degrade organic
waste
Increases efficiency of black water systems when used
regularly
Use of harsh chemicals (acids, caustics, bleaches)
should be avoided

Sanitation- Bacteria-based
ENVIROCARE WTE (waste treatment enhancer)

Aerobic waste treatment enhancer

Promotes rapid breakdown and digestion of black and
grey water waste found in MSD, holding tanks
When used regularly- reduces buildup of sludge/deposits
(efficient operation waste treatment system)
Can be used for holding tank and line cleaning

Existing Products Sanitation

ENVIROCARE WTE and ENVIROCARE VTC 3000/4000 are
complementary
Should be used in conjunction with each other to ensure
black water systems operate efficiently

Sanitation- Bacteria-based
ENVIROCARE GTL (drain and pipe cleaner)

Blend of specially selected bacteria and surfactants

Degrades fats, oils, food-related greases (organic buildup) in traps and drain lines
Regular use eliminates foul odors caused by organic
build-up
Pleasant odor
Excellent for use in shower drains (gray water lines) and
pulper systems

Sanitation- Acid-based
DREWCLEAN 2010

Citric acid-based liquid cleaner

Dosed directly to black water lines
Treats and prevents mineral scale with regular use

Mechanical Cleaning
High Pressure Washers
Removal of superficial deposits, dirt
Easy to use
Not as thorough a cleaning as chemicals
Companion/assistant to chemical cleaning

Mechanical Cleaning
Ultrasonic cleaning
Cleaning of delicate motor parts
Used where chemical cleaning is undesired
Very thorough cleaning

Pollution Prevention
Oil Spill Kits
OPA90 compliant
California compliant
USCG compliant
>400 feet
12 barrel
<400 feet
7 barrel

Pollution Prevention

1.5 Barrel Compliant

7 Barrel Compliant

Potable Water: LAC and Potable Water Test Kit- C

Onboard inspection and monitoring of drinking water

becoming routine as result of ILO Conventions
Potable Water Test Kit C to monitor drinking water
LAC to clean and freshen potable water tanks
Sodium Hypochlorite to super chlorinate

Potable Water Test Kit-C

P/C # 1AB1973

Environmental Health & Safety

Our requirements for GREEN products

Biodegradable components
Low toxicity
Minimal impact on crew
Water based
Less disposal issues
Improved safety & handling

Environmental Health & Safety

Responsible Care Oriented Products

Cleaners with biodegradable components

DREWFRESH 2000
ENVIROMATE 2000
ACC/ME
EDGE
LAC
DREW NBD
DREW BC
FERROCLEAN

Heavy duty cleaner

General purpose cleaner
Air cooler cleaner
Heavy duty cleaner
Liquid alkaline cleaner
Neutral based degreaser
Buffering cleaner
Neutral cleaner and passivator- diesel cooling water

Low toxicity solvent cleaners

OSD/LT
Oil spill dispersant
DREW ELECTRIC 2000 Motor and parts cleaner
Products with approval
DREWFRESH 2000
EDGE
OSD/LT
ENVIROCARE 370
SAF-ACID

Alyeska pipeline service company/EPA

Alyeska pipeline service company/EPA
Defra
IMO, meeting MARPOL 73/78 annex II
Harmonized Offshore Chemical Notification Format (HOCNF)

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