4. Table below shows the relation between the sensory organ, senses and
stimuli.
Sensory organ
Senses
Deria
Rangsangan
Eye
Sight
Light
Organ deria
Stimuli
Mata
Penglihatan
Cahaya
Ear
Telinga
Hearing
Pendengaran
Sound
Nose
Smell
Chemicals
Tongue
Taste
Chemicals
Skin
Touch
Hidung
Lidah
Kulit
Bau
Rasa
Sentuh
Bunyi
Kimia
Kimia
Stimulus ---- > sensory organs ----- > nerves ----- > brain ----- >
nerves ----- > response
Rangsangan ------ > organ deria ------ > saraf ------ otak ------ saraf ------ > tindakbalas
6. Nerves connect the brain to all part of the body. They send signals from
the sensory organs to the brain. The brain interprets or sorts out the
messages and the brain decides how the body should respond.
7. The brain sends out nerves impulses which carry information about the
response to related effectors. Effectors are part of the body that carries
out response, for example muscles and glands.
8. The brain controls all the actions and responses of the body.
Sense of Touch
Deria Sentuh
Kulit adalah organ deria bagi sentuhan. Kulit sensitif kepada rangsangan
sentuhan, panas, sejuk, sakit dan tekanan.
2. The skin has two main layer. The outer epidermis and the inner dermis.
Below the skin is a layer of fatty tissue.
Kulit terbahagi kepada dua lapisan utama. Bahagian luar ialah epidermis
dan bahagian dalam ialah dermis. Di bawah kulit ialah lapisan tisu
lemak.
Epidermis adalah lapisan yang nipis atau kulit mati, ia adalah kalis air
dan melindungi permukaan badan dan dermis adalah lapisan tebal yang
mengandungi sel hidup.
4. The skin has many nerve endings called receptors.
Reseptor sakit
Touch receptor
Reseptor sentuh
Cold receptor
Reseptor sejuk
Heat receptor
Reseptor panas
Pressure receptor
Reseptor tekanan
ketebalan kulit.
Sense of Taste
Deria Rasa
2. Generally, the tongue can detect four basic tasted, sweet, salty, sour
and bitter.
Asasnya, lidah boleh mengesan empat rasa asas, manis, masin, masam
dan pahit.
4. The receptors are found in different areas of the tongue and they
respond to different taste as shown below.
5. Taste receptors can only detect chemicals in food which have dissolved
in saliva.
Reseptor rasa hanya boleh mengesan bahan kimia dalam makanan yang
larut di dalam air liur.
6. When we chew food, chemicals from the food dissolved in the saliva and
stimulate the taste receptors in the teste buds. The taste receptors send
out impulses along nerves to the brain to interprets the message and
identifies the taste of food.
Apabila makanan dikunyah, bahan kimia dari makanan larut dalam air
liur dan merangsang reseptor rasa di dalam tunas rasa. Reseptor rasa
akan menghantar impuls melalui saraf ke otak untuk ditafsirkan dan
mengenalpasti rasa makanan tersebut.
Sense of Smell
Deria Bau
2. It has two holes called nostril. These holes open into an empty space
called nasal cavity.
3. The smell receptors are sensitive to chemicals in the air. They are
located in the upper nasal cavity and covered with mucus.
Sense Of Hearing
Deria Pendengaran
1. The ear are sensory organ of hearing.
Telinga luar
Telinga tengah
Telinga dalam
4. Table below shows the structure and function of each part of the human
ear.
Bahagian
Pinna
Cuping telinga
Structure
Struktur
Bentuk seperti
corong.
Function
Fungsi
Mengumpul dan
mengarahkan
gelombang bunyi ke
lubang telinga.
Ear canal
Lubang telinga
Eardrum
Gegendang telinga
Ossicles
Osikel
Menghantar gelombang
bunyi ke gegendang
telinga.
Bergetar pada
frekuensi yang sama
dengan gelombang
bunyi.
Menguatkan getaran.
Jendela bujur
A thin, small
Transfer the vibrations
membrane at the end from the ossicles to the
of the ossicles.
cochlea.
Memindahkan getaran
dari osikel ke koklea.
Sense Of Sight
Deria Penglihatan
1. The eye is a sensory organs for sight that detect light.
Sklera
b) Choroid
Koroid
c) Retina
Retina
3. The parts of the eye that help to focus the light onto the retina are ;
Kornea
Gelemair
c) The lens
Kanta mata
Gelemaka
4. The eye is able to focus the light from an object on the retina by
changing the thickness of the lens.
Mata dapat memfokuskan cahaya dari objek tepat pada retina dengan
menukar ketebalan kanta mata.
Kornea -----> gelemair -----> anak mata -----> kanta mata ----->
gelemaka -----> retina -----> saraf optik
Bahagian mata
A- Sclera
Sklera
B- Choroid
Koroid
C- Yellow spot
Bintik kuning
D- Blind spot
Bintik buta
E- Optic nerve
Saraf optik
F- Pupil
Anak mata
G- Cilliary body
Otot silia
H- Retina
Retina
I- Iris
Iris
J- Cornea
Kornea
K- Aqueous humour
Gelemair
L- Lens
Kanta mata
M- Vitreous humour
Gelamaka
Pantulan Cahaya
Pembiasan
1. Refraction is the bending of light as is passes from one transparent
medium to another.
3. When light travels from a less dense medium ( air ) to a denser medium
(glass ) , its slows down. It is refracted towards the normal and vice
versa.
Rabun dekat
b) Short-sightedness
Rabun jauh
c) Astigmatism
Astigmatisma
Rabun jauh
Long-sightedness
Rabun dekat
Sebab
Sebab
Pembetulan
Concave lens
Kanta cekung
Pembetulan
Convex lens
Kanta cembung
Limitation Of Sight
Had Penglihatan
1. We are unable to see objects that are too small, near or far away.
Kita tidak dapat melihat objek yang terlalu halus, jauh atau terlalu jauh.
Bintik buta
The blind spot does not have any receptors sensitive to light and
connect any image that falls on it.
b) Optical illusion
Ilusi optik
Ilusi optik ialah apa yang kita lihat adalah berbeza dari situasi
yang sebenar.
Contoh ;
Monocular vision
Penglihatan monokular
Stereoscopic vision
Penglihatan stereoskopik
Sifat-sifat bunyi
a) A form energy.
a) Sound waves will be reflected when they hit a hard and smooth
surface.
c) Sound waves will be absorbed when they hit a soft and rough
surface.
3. Defects of hearing
Kecacatan telinga
Gegendang telinga
Ossicles
Osikel
Cochlea
Koklea
Auditory nerve
Saraf pendengaran
4. Limits of hearing
b) Our ears can only hear sounds within the frequency range of 20 Hz
to 20000 Hz.
c) Some old people lost their hearing because their eardrum have lost
theia elasticity.
5. Stereophonic hearing
Pendengaran stereofonik
a) Stereophonic hearing means hearing with both ears.
2. Our ears can only hear sounds within the frequency range of 20 Hz to
20000 Hz.
3. Some old people lost their hearing because their eardrum have lost their
elasticity.
Stereophonic hearing.
Pendengaran stereofonik.
1. Stereophonic hearing means hearing with both ears.
Tropisms
Tropisma
Stimulus
Response
Ransangan
Gerak balas
Light
Phototropisms
Gravity
Geotropisms
Cahaya
Graviti
Fototropisma
Geotropisma
Fungsi gerakbalas
To obtain sunlight.
Water
Hydrotropisms
Touch
Tigmotropism
Air
Sentuhan
Hidrotropisma
Nutrition
Nutrisi
Classes of Food
Kelas Makanan
1. Nutrition is the process of the obtaining food in order to grow and keep
healthy.
Karbohidrat
Protein
Protein
Fats
Lemak
Vitamins
Vitamin
Minerals
Mineral
Fibre
Gentian
Water
Air
Carbohydrate
Karbohidrat
c) The presence of starch will turn the colour of iodine solution from brown
to dark blue.
Kelas-Kelas Makanan
Proteins
Protein
3. Animal proteins include meat, milk, fish and eggs. Beans, nuts and
seeds are plants proteins.
Protein haiwan termasuk daging, susu, ikan dan telur. Kekacang, bijirin
dan kacang soya adalah protein tumbuh-tumbuhan.
Classes Of Food
Kelas Makanan
Vitamins
Vitamin
3. Only vitamin B and C are water soluble. The rest are fat-soluble.
Hanya vitamin B dan C sahaja larut air. Yang selebihnya adalah larut
lemak.
4. The following table shows the sources, functions and deficiency disease
of some vitamins.
Vitamin
Sources
Carrots,
tomatoes,
pumpkin, green
vegetable, egg,
fish.
Good night
vision and
healthy skin.
Green
vegetable, milk,
eggs, cereals,
yeast.
Healthy
nervous system
to release
energy from
carbohydrate.
Vitamin
Sumber
Lobak merah,
tomato, labu,
telur, ikan.
B
Sayur-sayuran
hijau, susu,
telur, bijirin, yis.
Fresh fruits,
green
vegetable.
Buah-buahan
segar, sayursayuran hijau.
Function
Fungsi
Pandangan
malam yang
baik dan kulit
yang sihat.
Sistem saraf
yang sihat
untuk
melepaskan
tenaga
daripada
karbohidrat.
For healthy
skin, teeth and
gums. Untuk
kesihatan kulit,
gigi dan gusi.
To fight
Deficiency diseases
Kesan kekurangan
Night blindness
Rabun malam
Beri-beri
Beri-beri
Anaemia
Anemia
Scurvy
Skurvi
desease.
Untuk melawan
penyakit.
D
Kuning telur,
hati, terbentuk
pada kulit di
bawah sinar
matahari.
E
Vegetable oil,
whole grain,
nuts.
Minyak sayursayuran,
gandum,
kacang.
Liver, green
vegetable,
tomatoes, egg
yolk.
Hati, sayursayuran
hijau, tomato,
kuning telur.
tulang yang
sihat dan kuat.
Rickets
Rakhitis
Osteomalacia
Osteomalasia
For fertility.
Untuk
kesuburan.
Prevent cell
damage.
Sterility
Kemandulan
Mencegah
kerosakan sel.
For blood
clotting
Pembekuan
darah
Slow blood
clotting
Melambatkan
pembekuan
darah
Mineral
Garam Mineral
1. Minerals are inorganic element that are usually in the body and needed
in small quantities.
2. The following table shows the sources, functions and deficiency disease.
Garam mineral
Calcium
Kalsium
Sources
Sumber
Function
Fungsi
Untuk pembentukan
tulan dan gigi.
Blood clotting.
Pengumpalan darah.
Phosphorus
Fosforus
Iodine
Iodin
Produces hormone in
the thyroid gland.
laut.
Iron
Zat besi
Sodium
Natrium
Potassium
Kalium
Menghasilkan hormon di
dalam kelenjar tiroid.
Comman salt
Maintains a healthy
nervous system.
Garam biasa
Membentuk
hemoglobin dalam sel
darah merah.
Mengimbangi bendalir
badan.
Mengekalkan sistem
saraf.
Fats
Lemak
1. Similar to carbohydrates, fats are compounds of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen.
2. Plant fats are usually liquid at room temperature, called oils. Examples
are vegetable oil and nuts.
Lemak tumbuhan wujud dalam keadaan cecair pada suhu bilik dipanggil
minyak. Contohnya minyak sayuran dan kekacang.
3. Animal fats are usually solids at room temperature. Examples are eggs,
fatty meats and dairy products.
Lemak haiwan wujud dalam keadaan pepejal pada suhu bilik. Contohnya
telur, lemak daging dan produk tenusu.
5. A few drop oil is placed on the piece of filter paper. The result is a
translucent spot is detected.
Fibre
Pelawas
1. Fibre consists mainly of cellulose, the indigestible (cell walls of the
plants that cannot be digested).
1. A balanced diet is a diet that contains the right amount of all the seven
classes of food to meet the daily requirements of the body.
Gizi seimbang ialah gizi yang mengandungi amaun yang betul untuk
semua tujuh kelas makanan yang diperlukan seharian.
Umur
b) Body size
Saiz badan
c) Sex
Jantina
e) State of health
Keadaan kesihatan
f) Climate
Cuaca
Nilai kalori ditakrifkan sebagai jumlah tenaga yang dilepaskan dari jisim
tertentu makanan
Nilai kalori disukat dalam unit kalori (cal) atau joule (J).
1 cal = 4.2 J
1 kal = 4.2 J
3. The energy in a food comes from the carbohydrate, protein and fats.
Table below shows the calorific value of these food.
Carbohydrate
17
Protein
18
Fats
39
Pengkelasan makanan
Karbohidrat
Protein
Lemak
3. At the same time, food mixed with saliva from salivary glands.
Pada masa sama, makanan akan bercampur dengan air liur dari kelenjar
air liur.
4. The saliva is alkaline and contain an enzyme called amylase, that break
down starch into maltose.
Process Of Digestion
Proses Pencernaan
1. In the oesophagus
Di dalam esofagus
2. In the stomach
Di dalam perut
a) Food is mixed with gastric juice produced by the gastric glands in the
stomach walls.
Tempat
pencernaa
n
Mouth
Mulut
Glands
Secretion
Kelenja Merembeska
r
n
Salivary
glands
Kelenjar
air liur
Saliva
Air liur
Enzyme
Enzim
Amylase
Amilase
Protease
Protease
Hydrochlori
c acids
Stomach
Perut
Gastric
glands
Kelenjar
gastrik
Gastric juice
Jus gastrik
Asid
hidroklorik
Digestive
action
Tindak balas
pencernaan
Starch to
maltose.
Kanji kepada
maltosa.
Proteins to
polypeptides
or peptones.
Protein kepada
polipepton
atau pepton.
Kill
microorganism
.
Membunuh
mikroorganism
a.
Provide acidic
medium.
Menyediakan
medium
berasid.
Stop action of
salivary
amylase.
Menghentikan
tindak balas
dengan
amilase.
Duodenum
Duodenum
Liver
Hati
Pancrea
s
pankrea
s
Bile
Emulsifies fat.
Hempedu
Memecahkan
lemak.
Jus pankreas
Amilase
Protease
Protese
Lipase
lipase
Starch to
maltose.
Kanji ke
maltosa.
Proteins to
polypeptides.
Protein ke
polipeptida.
Fat to fatty
acids and
glycerol.
Lemak ke asid
lemak dan
gliserol.
Carbohydra
Maltose to
se
Karbohidras
e
Lower part
of small
intestine
Intestin
al
glands
Intestinal
juice Jus usus Protease
Bahagian Kelenjar
bawah usus
usus
kecil
Protease
Lipase
Lipase
glucose.
Maltosa ke
glukosa.
Polypeptides
to amino
acids.
Polipeptida ke
asid amino.
Fat to fatty
acids and
glyserol.
Lemak ke asid
lemak dan
gliserol.
a) The internal wall surface has many finger-like projections called villi
(villus). The villi increase the surface in contact with digested food.
Food can be absorbed at a faster rate.
b) The walls of the villi are very thin and are richly supplied with blood
vessels to carry away the digested food.
End product
Kelas makanan
Produk akhir
Carbohydrate
Protein
Amino acid
Karbohidrat
Protein
Asid amino
Fats
Lemak
5. Digested food is carried in the blood from the small intestine to the liver.
From the liver, the digested food is transported to the heart and then to
all parts of the body.
Makanan tercerna yang dibawa oleh darah dari usus kecil ke hati. Dari
hati, makanan tercerna diangkut ke jantung dan kemudian keseluruh
bahagian badan.
4. The colon absorbs water, vitamins and minerals from the residue,
leaving behind solid waste material called faeces.
5. The reabsorption of water ensure that the body does not lose too much
water.
Defaecation
Penyahtinjaan
1. Faeces is stored in the rectum temporarily before removal.
2. The process of removing faeces from the body through the anus is
called defaecation.
3. If undigested food passes through the colon slowly, too much water will
be absorbed. The faeces will be hard ans dry, and this results is
constipation.
Jika bahan tidak tercerna melalui kolon dengan perlahan, banyak air
perlu diserap. Tinja akan menjadi keras dan kering, dan ini dipanggil
sembelit.
Biodiversity
Biodiversiti
Habitat
Habitat
Rainforest
Hutan hujan
Pond
Kolam
Desert
Padang pasir
Polar region
Kawasan kutub
Biodiversity
Biodiversiti
Soil
Sea
Tanah
Laut
5. One reason why there are so many kinds of organisms is that earth has
a great range of climates and habitats.
Satu alasan mengapa terlalu banyak jenis organisma ialah kerana bumi
ini mempunyai julat dan habitat yang baik.
Classification of Animals
Pengelasan Haiwan
Classification of
animals
Pengelasan haiwan
Habitat
Breathing
organs
Habitat
Land
Darat
Chiken
Ayam
Eagle
Helang
Tiger
Harimau
Organ
pernafasan
Water
Air
Crab
Ketam
Prawn
Udang
Jelly
fish
Frog
Katak
Crocodile
Buaya
Turtle
Oborobor
Gills
Insang
Tadpole
Berudu
Eel
Belut
Penyu
Lungs
Peparu
Horse
Kuda
Penguin
Penguin
Moist
skin
Kulit
lembab
Frog
Katak
Toad
Kodok
Chart form
Bentuk carta
Group of animals
Kumpulan haiwan
With
wings
Without
wings
Berkepak
Segmented
body
Badan
bersegmen
Feathers
Berbulu
pelepah
Tidak
berkepak
Unsegmented
body
Badan tidak
bersegmen
No feathers
Tidak berbulu
pelepah
With legs
Berkaki
Hard shell
Bercengkerang
Using statements
Menggunakan penyataan
a) With wings, without wings.
Without legs
Tidak berkaki
No hard shell
Tidak
bercengkerang
Invertebrata
4. Some invertebrates have a hard external skeleton such as the crab and
the beetle.
5. Some invertebrates have bodies using their body fluids for support like
earthworms and leeches.
Berkaki
b) Without legs
Tidak berkaki
Vertebrates
Vertebrata
3. Vertebrates can be divided into five main groups, which are fish,
amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
Vertebrate (fish)
Vertebrata (ikan)
Common Characteristics
Ciri-Ciri Umum
1. Live in water.
Hidup di air.
5. Cold-blooded.
Berdarah sejuk.
Amphibians
Amfibia
2. Cold-blooded.
Berdarah sejuk.
3. The young breathe through gills. The adults breathe with lungs on the
land and through moist skin in water.
6. The young live in water. The adults live on land and in water.
Anak amfibia hidup di dalam air. Amfibia dewasa hidup di darat dan di
air.
Reptiles
Reptilia
1. Have tough leathery skin covered with hard and dry scales to prevent
too much lose of water from the body.
Mempunyai kulit yang diselaputi sisik yang keras dan kering untuk
mengelakkan kehilangan air daripada badan.
2. Cold-blooded.
Berdarah sejuk.
4. Lay eggs on land. The eggs have leathery shells to prevent them from
drying out.
5. Carry out internal fertilization. The eggs are fertilized in the females
body.
Birds
Burung
1. Bodies covered with feathers.
4. Lay eggs in nest. The eggs have hard shell for protection.
Mammals
Mamalia
2. Warm blooded.
5. Carry out internal fertilization. The young develops inside the females
body.
1. Conserving and preserving living things is one way to ensure that our
natural resources will forever.
Pemuliharaan bermaksud penggunaan dan pengendalian sumbersumber semulajadi untuk mengelakkan pembaziran, kehilangan atau
kerosakan.
1. Plants can be classified into two main groups, flowering plants and nonflowering plants.
b) Flowers will develop into fruits and seed. The seeds will germinate
and grow into new plants.
Bunga akan membentuk buah dan biji. Biji akan bercambah dan
tumbuh sebagai biji benih.
3. Plants that do not produce flowers are called non flowering plants.
Plants
Nonflowering
Ferns
Tidak
Coniferberbunga
Algae
PakuKonifer
Flowering
pakis Plants
Tumbuhan Berbunga
Alga
Tumbuhtumbuhan
Flowering
Berbunga
Moss
Monocotyledone Dicotyledone
Lumut
Monokoteledon Dikoteledon
1. The type of plant produce flowers. Seeds and fruits. The flowers
normally becomes fruits.
Jenis tumbuhan ini menghasilkan bunga, biji dan buah. Bunga biasanya
berkembang menjadi buah.
Dicotyledon
Dikotiledon
Flowering Plants
Tumbuhan Berbunga
Non-Flowering Plant
Alga
Chalamydomonas
Klamidomonas
Spirogyra
Spirogira
Seaweed
Rumpai laut
b) Mosses
Lumut
Heart mosses
Lumut hati
c) Ferns
Paku-pakis
Ferns
Paku-pakis
Normal mosses
Lumut biasa
d) Fungi
Kulat
Fungi
Kulat tetupai
Mushroom
Cendawan
Maintaining Biodiversity
Keseimbangan Biodiversiti
1. Malaysia is one of the 12 mega biodiversity countries in the world.
2. The hot and wet climate has made out our rainforests, lowlands, and
wetlands home to millions of the plants and animals.
Cuaca yang panas dan lembab membuatkan hutan hujan kita, tanah
rendah dan tanah lembab menjadi perlindungan kepada berjuta
tumbuhan dan haiwan.
b) Plants and animals are also habitats for other living organisms.
Spesies
2. They have the same shape and structure and can breed together.
Mereka mempunyai rupa bentuk dan struktur yang sama serta saling
membiak.
Habitat
Habitat
1. A habitat is a natural living place for plants and animals.
Plants
Habitat
Habitat
Animal
Haiwan
Habitat
Coconut
Kelapa
Beach
Pantai
Snake
Ular
Bush
Belukar
Lotus
Pond
Termite
Wood
Sea
Tumbuhan
Habitat
Teratai
Kolam
Anai-anai
Rambutan
Orchard
Kebun
Shark
Jerung
Laut
Cactus
Desert
Crocodile
Buaya
River
Sungai
Wood fungus
Tree
Millipede
Soil
Rambutan
Kaktus
Kulat tetupai
Gurun
Pokok
Ulat gonggok
Kayu
Tanah
Populasi
2. For examples :
Sebagai contoh :
a) A population of monkeys on the tree.
Community
Komuniti
2. For examples :
Sebagai contoh :
Komuniti
4. For examples :
Sebagai contoh :
c) A pond community consists of fish, plant, tadpole and insect
population and these organisms interact with each other.
Ecosystem
Ekosistem
2. Ecosystem consist of :
3. For examples :
Sebagai contoh :
a) A pond ecosystem.
Ekosistem kolam.
Interaction In An Environment
Bersandaran antara benda hidup dan benda bukan hidup ialah penting
untuk mengekalkan :
a) Balance in the environment.
Mangsa-pemangsa
b) Symbiosis
Simbiosis
c) Competition
Persaingan
Prey-predator
Mangsa-pemangsa
1. A predator is an organisms that hunts and eats another organisms.
Mangsa ialah organisma yang diburu dan dimakan oleh organisma lain.
8. For examples, owls used to control the rat population in an oil palm
estate.
Singa kerbau
b) Kingfisher fish
c) Eagle rabbit
Symbiosis
Simbiosis
a) Commensalism
Komensalisma
b) Parasitism
Parasitisma
c) Mutualism
Mutualisma
Commensalism
Komensalisma
2. For example, the staghorn fern grows on a tree. This helps it to obtain
sunlight easily. The tree that it grows on is not adversely affected.
Sebagai contoh, paku-pakis tanduk rusa tumbuh pada pokok lain untuk
mendapat cahaya matahari dengan mudah. Pokok yang ditumpang tidak
mengalami sebarang kerugian.
Pokok duit-duit
Orkid merpati
Paku-pakis langsuyar
4. Examples of animals that live on other animals to obtain food (that fall
out of the hosts mouth), as well as for shelters and transport are.
Parasitism
Parasitisma
1. Parasitism is another type of interaction between two organisms, only
one organisms benefits whereas the other organisms is negatively or
adversely affected.
2. A parasite is the organism that live on or inside the other organisms, the
host is the organisms on which the parasite lives.
Parasit ialah organisma yang hidup pada atau dalam organisma lain,
perumah ialah organisma yang dijadikan sebagai tempat tinggal parasit.
Contoh-contoh lain:
Parasitisma
a) Parasitism is another type of interaction between two organisms, only
one organism benefits whereas the other organism is negatively or
adversely affected.
Parasit ialah organisma yang hidup pada atau dalam organisma lain,
perumah ialah organisma yang dijadikan sebagai tempat tinggal
parasit.
2. Mutualism
Mutualisma
Mutualism is an interaction between two different organisms that live
together in which both organisms benefited, they obtain nutrient and
shelter from each other.
3. Competition
Persaingan
c) Animals compete to obtain water, foods, living spaces and mates for
reproduction.
Biological Control
Kawalan Biologi
b) Does not kill other organisms because natural enemies are used to
control the population of pest.
5. For examples :
Sebagai contoh :
a) Owls and snake eat rats.
Food Web
Rangkaian Makanan
1. Producers are all green plants that can make their own food through
photosynthesis.
4. The sun is the main source of energy for all living organisms in a food
chain.
Food Web
Rangkaian Makanan
Consumers
Pengguna
2. Animals cannot make their own food. They depend on plants and other
animals for food. Therefore, all animals are consumers.
Food chain
Rantai makanan
1. A food chain is an energy link showing how energy in food is passed
from plants to animals.
4. Examples :
Contoh :
Food Webs
Rangkaian Makanan
Pyramid of Numbers
Piramid Nombor
3. Producers number is the most and forms the base of the pyramid.
5. The tertiary consumers are at the apex of the pyramid and are the least
in number.
Aliran tenaga dalam piramid nombor pada asasnya sama dengan aliran
tenaga dalam rantai makanan.
2. The flows of energy in a food web and the pyramid of number starts
with the producer and moves to the consumers.
4. Some energy is lost as heat when organisms carries out its life process
such as respiration, reproduction, excretion and growth.
Snake
Ular
Frog
Katak
Caterpillar
Beluncas
Leaf
Daun
a) The number of snake will decrease because of a shortage of food.
Photosynthesis
Fotosintesis
chloropyll
Carbon dioxide + water ------------------- > glucose + oxygen
sunlight
klorofil
Karbon dioksida + air ------------------- > glukosa + oksigen
cahaya matahari
Matahari
b) Chlorophyll
Klorofil
c) Water
Air
d) Carbon dioxide
Karbon dioksida
Photosynthesis
Fotosintesis
3. The leaf pieces are put in boiling water for five minutes.
6. The leaf pieces are placed on a white tile. A few drops of iodine solution
are dripped onto the leaf pieces.
Cebisan daun tadi diletakkan di atas jubin putih. Beberapa titis iodin
dititiskan ke atas cebisan daun tadi.
7. The leaf becomes dark blue when tested with iodine solution.
Daun bertukar menjadi warna biru gelap bila diuji dengan larutan iodin.
Photosynthesis
Fotosintesis
1. Two potted plants are placed in the dark for two days.
Dua pasu tumbuhan hijau diletakkan di tempat gelap selama dua hari.
3. A leaf is plucked from each plants and tested for the presence of starch.
Sehelai daun dipetik dari setiap pokok dan ujian kehadiran kanji
dijalankan.
Starch test
Radas
Ujian kanji
Observation
A
B
Explanation
Pemerhatian
Penerangan
Dark blue
Starch present
Biru gelap
Kehadiran kanji
No change
No starch
Tidak berubah
Tiada kanji
Analysis
Analisis
b) The green plants in B did not carry out photosynthesis because there
was no carbon dioxide in the bell jar.
d) The sodium hydroxide solution absorbed carbon dioxide from the air.
Photosynthesis
Fotosintesis
Pemerhatian
Starch test
Ujian kanji
Part of leaf
Bahagian daun
Observation
Explanation
Pemerhatian
Penerangan
Dark blue
Starch present
No change
No starch
Biru gelap
Ada kanji
Tiada perubahan
Tiada kanji
Dark blue
Starch present
Biru gelap
Ada kanji
b) The green and non-green parts of the leaf are drawn and labeled.
Bahagian hijau dan bukan hijau pada daun dilukis dan dilabelkan.
Observation
Pemerhatian
Starch test
Ujian kanji
Part of leaf
Bahagian daun
Observation
White
Explanation
Pemerhatian
Penerangan
No change
No starch
Putih
Tiada perubahan
Tiada kanji
Green
Dark blue
Starch presence
Hijau
Biru gelap
Ada kanji
Kepentingan Fotosintesis
Kitaran karbon
1. The carbon cycle maintains the content of carbon dioxide in the air.
2. The processes that release carbon dioxide into the air are ;
b) Combustion
Pembakaran
c) Decomposition
Pereputan
Kitaran oksigen
b) Combustion
Pembakaran
c) Decomposition
Pereputan
d) Rusting
Pengaratan
6. Conserving and preserving living things is one way to ensure that our
natural resources will forever.
Pemuliharaan bermaksud penggunaan dan pengendalian sumbersumber semulajadi untuk mengelakkan pembaziran, kehilangan atau
kerosakan.
Pemuliharaan bermaksud menggunakan dan mengendalikan sumbersumber semulajadi untuk mengelakkan pembaziran, kehilangan atau
kerosakan.
3. Every organisms has its special and important role in the ecosystem.
When one organisms extinct, the functioning of the ecosystem is
affected.
4. Human use a lot of natural resources to meet their needs. When we use
these resources, we have to ensure that there will be a continuous
supply of the resources.
6. There are many ways we can conserve and preserve natural resources.
Some of the ways are ;
Creating and enforcing laws to protect wild life and the environment.
Replanting forest trees that have been cut down for timber.
1. Every organisms has its special and important role in the ecosystem.
When one organisms becomes extinct, the functioning of the ecosystem
is negatively affected.
2. Human use a lot of natural resources to meet their needs. When we use
these resources, we have to ensure that there will be a continuous
supply of the resources.
4. There are many ways we can conserve and preserve natural resources.
Some of these are given below.
Penanaman semula harus dijalankan untuk menggantikan pokokpokok yang ditebang akibat pembalakan.
Penebangan hutan
b) Mining
Perlombongan
c) Fishing
Perikanan
d) Agriculture
Pertanian
e) Industrial activities
Aktiviti perindustrian
f) Motorized vehicle
c) Habitat destruction.
Pemusnahan habitat.
d) Species extinction.
Kepupusan spesies.
8. There are many ways we can conserve and preserve natural resources.
Some of these are ;
Replanting forest trees that have been cut down for timber.
Penanaman semula harus dijalankan untuk menggantikan pokokpokok yang ditebang akibat pembalakan.
Air adalah cecair tidak berwarna, tidak berbau dan tidak mempunyai
rasa.
2. Water exists in three states, which are solid (ice), liquid (water) and gas
(steam).
Air wujud dalam tiga keadaan jirim, iaitu pepejal (ais), cecair (air) dan
gas (stim).
3. Water can change from one state to another.
Air boleh berubah daripada satu keadaan kepada satu keadaan yang
lain.
Takat
Explanation
Penerangan
Freezing
point
Takat beku
Example
Contoh
Suhu bahan kekal sama, iaitu tidak naik atau turun ketika berlakunya
proses perubahan keadaan jirim.
Water Test
Ujian Air
Ujian air
Observation
Pemerhatian
Perhubungan Antara Takat Beku dan Takat Didih dengan Air dan
Teori Kinetik
4. This causes the particles cannot move freely. A liquid changes into a
solid at freezing point.
5. When heat energy is supplied to a liquid, the liquid particles obtain a lot
of kinetic energy and they vibrate faster.
7. Liquid particles are freed and changed into gas at boiling point.
Zarah-zarah cecair terbebas dan berubah menjadi gas pada takat didih.
8. Experiment ;
Eksperimen ;
a) Aim,
Tujuan,
To study the melting point and boiling point.
b) Observation
Pemerhatian
Ice melts at 0 C.
The temperature does not increase when ice melts to form water.
Suhu tidak naik sehingga semua ais telah melebur menjadi air.
Pada peringkat P, ais melebur menjadi air pada takat lebur. Pada
ketika ini suhu dalam keadaan tetap.
3. Impurities increase the boiling point of water but decrease the freezing
or melting of water.
Bendasing menaikkan takat didih air tetapi menurunkan takat beku atau
takat lebur.
5. Observation,
Pemerhatian,
The boiling point of the sea water is more than 100 C.
Takat didih bagi bagi air laut adalah lebih dari 100 C.
Composition of Water
Komposisi Air
Air ialah sebatian kimia yang terdiri daripada dua atom hidrogen dan
satu atom oksigen.
3. Water can be separated into hydrogen and oxygen through the process
of electrolysis.
Komposisi Air
Air terbentuk daripada dua unsur, hidrogen (H) dan oksigen (O).
Satu molekul air mengandungi dua atom hidrogen dan satu atom
oksigen. Formula kimia bagi air ditulis sebagai HO.
Penyejatan adalah suatu proses di mana cecair bertukar kepada wap air
pada sebarang suhu di bawah takat didih cecair tersebut.
Kelembapan
b) Surrounding temperature
Suhu persekitaran
c) Surface area
Luas permukaan
d) Air movement
Pergerakkan angin
5. Boiling only take place at boiling point and throughout the water.
Pendidihan hanya berlaku pada takat didih dan berlaku di dalam seluruh
air.
Faktor
Humidity of air is
lower.
Kelembapan
udara yang
rendah.
Rate of
evaporation
Kadar penyejatan
air
Increase
Meningkat
Inference
Inferens
Suhu
persekitaran
yang tinggi.
Surface area of
water is larger.
Luas permukaan
air yang besar.
Air movement
(wind) increases.
Pergerakan
udara (angin)
bertambah.
Increase
Meningkat
Increase
Meningkat
Increase
Meningkat
Molekul-molekul air
memperoleh lebih tenaga
kinetik untuk mengatasi daya
tarikan di antara molekulmolekul untuk terbebas ke
udara.
B- Wind causes water molecules to move to another place and this creates
an empty space above the surface of water.
Lebih banyak molekul air bersedia untuk menyejat dari permukaan air
untuk memenuhi ruang kosong tersebut.
Evaporation of Water
Penyejatan Air
Proses penukaran
Differences
Perbezaan
Happen at any
temperature below
boiling point of liquid.
Berlaku pada
sebarang suhu di
bawah takat didih
cecair.
A slow process.
Temperature
Suhu
Rate
A fast process.
Site
Kadar
Berlaku pada
permukaan cecair
sahaja.
No visible effect.
Melibatkan
Observation
Pemerhatian
liquid.
Berlaku pada
keseluruhan cecair.
Gelembung udara
terbentuk di dalam air.
Humidity of air.
Air pressure.
Surrounding of
temperature.
Presence of dissolved
impurities.
Kelembapan udara.
Suhu persekitaran.
Tekanan udara.
Factors
Faktor
Kehadiran bendasing.
Rate of heating.
Air movement.
Volume of liquid.
Kadar pemanasan.
Isipadu cecair.
2. Drying clothes ;
Pengeringan pakaian ;
a) Clothes dry faster in the hot sun, windy weather and dry air.
Hasil pertanian dan makanan laut menjadi rosak dengan cepat akibat
tindakan mikroorganisma di dalam air.
4. Processing of food.
Pemprosesan makanan.
Milk powder is produced by evaporating liquid milk droplets in a hot
furnace. These droplets provide a large surface area to produce fine
milk powder when evaporated.
Sea salt is produced by evaporating sea water under the sun. when
sea water evaporates, fine salt crystals are obtained.
Zat terlarut ialah bahan yang boleh larut dalam sesuatu cecair.
Contohnya, garam adalah zat terlarut kerana ia boleh larut di dalam
cecair (seperti air).
Larutan ialah campuran yang terhasil apabila suatu zat melarut di dalam
suatu pelarut. Contohnya, larutan gula dihasilkan apabila hablur-hablur
gula (zat terlarut) melarut di dalam air (pelarut).