Solutions

Solubility

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Vocabulary
Saturated Solution
Unsaturated Solution
Henrys Law
Solubility Rules
Full (Chemical)
Equation
Ionic Equation
Net Ionic Equation

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Solubility
Solubility is
the maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a
specific amount of solvent
expressed as grams of solute in 100 grams of solvent
(usually water):
g of solute
100 g water

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Unsaturated Solutions
Unsaturated solutions
contain less than the
maximum amount of
solute
can dissolve more solute
Dissolved
solute

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Saturated Solutions
Saturated solutions contain
the maximum amount of
solute that can dissolve
some undissolved solute
at the bottom of the
container
Dissolved
solute
Undissolved
solute

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Learning Check
At 40 C, the solubility of KBr is 80 g/100 g of H2O.
Identify the following solutions as either (S) saturated
or (U) unsaturated. Explain.
A. 60 g KBr added to 100 g of water at 40 C.
B. 200 g KBr added to 200 g of water at 40 C.
C. 25 g KBr added to 50 g of water at 40 C.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Solution
A. U 60 g of KBr/100 g of water is less than the
solubility of 80 g of KBr/100 g of water.
B. S 200 g KBr added to 200 g of water at 40 C.
This is the same as 100 g of KBr in 100 g of
water, which is more than the solubility of 80 g
of KBr/100 g of water at 40 C.
C. U 25 g KBr added to 50 g of water at 40 C. This is
the same as 50 g of KBr in 100 g of water, which
is less than the solubility of 80 g of KBr/100 g of
water at 40 C.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Effect of Temperature on
Solubility
Solubility
depends on
temperature
of most solids increases
as temperature
increases
of gases decreases as
temperature increases

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Solubility and Pressure

Henrys law states:
the solubility of a gas
in a liquid is directly
related to the
pressure of that gas
above the liquid
at higher pressures,
more gas molecules
dissolve in the liquid

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Learning Check
A. Why could a bottle of carbonated drink possibly
burst (explode) when it is left out in the hot sun?
B. Why do fish die in water that is too warm?

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Solution
A. Why could a bottle of carbonated drink possibly
burst (explode) when it is left out in the hot sun?
The pressure in a bottle increases as the gas
leaves solution as it becomes less soluble at high
temperatures. As pressure increases, the bottle
could burst.
B. Why do fish die in water that is too warm?
Because O2 gas is less soluble in warm water, fish
cannot obtain enough O2 to survive.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Soluble and Insoluble Salts

Ionic compounds that
dissolve in water are
soluble salts
do not dissolve in
water are insoluble
salts

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Solubility Rules
Soluble salts typically contain at least one ion from
Groups 1A(1), NO3, or C2H3O2 (acetate).
Most other combinations are insoluble.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Examples of Using the Solubility

Rules

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Learning Check
Use the solubility rules to determine if each salt is
(S) soluble or (I) insoluble. Explain.
A. Na2SO4
B. MgCO3
C. PbCl2
D. MgCl2

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Solution
A. Na2SO4

(S) soluble; contains Na+

B. MgCO3

(I) insoluble; contains carbonates

C. PbCl2

(I) insoluble; insoluble chloride

D. MgCl2

(S) soluble; only chlorides of Pb2+, Ag+,

and Hg22+ are insoluble

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Formation of a Solid
When solutions of salts are mixed, a solid forms if ions of
an insoluble salt are present

Example:
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
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Equations for Forming Solids

A full equation shows the formulas of the compounds.
Pb(NO3)(aq) + 2NaCl(aq)
PbCl2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
An ionic equation shows the ions of the compounds.
Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
PbCl2(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)
A net ionic equation shows only the ions that form a
solid.
Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
PbCl2(s)
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Guide to Writing New Ionic

Equations for an Insoluble Salt

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

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Finding the Insoluble Salt

STEP 1 Write the ions of the reactants.
Ba2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + CO32(aq)
STEP 2 Write the new combinations of the ions and
determine if an insoluble salt forms.
BaCO3(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)
STEP 3 Write the ionic equation, including the
insoluble salt as a solid in the products.
Ba2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + CO32 (aq)
BaCO3(s) + 2NO3(aq) + 2Na+(aq)

STEP 4 Write the net ionic equation deleting spectator

ions. Ba2+(aq) + CO32(aq)
BaCO3(s)
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Learning Check
Write the formula of an insoluble salt, if any, and the net
ionic equation for each of the following mixtures:
A. BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)
?
B. AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq)

C. KNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)

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Solution
A. BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)

BaSO4(s)
Ba2+(aq) + SO42(aq)
B. AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq)
AgCl(s)
Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq)
C. KNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)

BaSO4(s)
?
AgCl(s)
?

None; all combinations of ions are soluble salts.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

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