Linux Fundamentals by Rajib Chowdhury

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PAGE | 8
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PAGE | 9
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Kvvwbi bvg
Intel
1 4.4%
Mellanox
Red Hat
6.1 %
Broadcom
Linaro
6.0%
Oracle
Samsung
4.3%
Google
SUSE
3.2%
Texas Instruments
Renesas Electronics
3.0%
Huawei Technologies
IBM
2.9%
NVidia
AMD
2.4%
ARM
Z_ m~t kernelnewbies.org/DevelopmentStatistics (March 9, 201 6)
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2.3%
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1 .3%
1 .3%
1 .2%
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PAGE | 10
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Dennis Ritchie
1974 mvj ee dvwe whwb wQjb BDwbfvwmwU Ae Kvwjdvwbqvi GKRb

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( Berkeley Software Distribution ) ev msc BSD |
Ken Thompson
1977 G BDwbfvwmwU Ae Kvwjdvwbqvi MvRyqU wej Rq, h wQj dvwei Qv

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mvb gvBvwmgm bvg wbRi Kvvwb cwZv Ki|
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bvg wbRì ^vwaKvi hy Ki weGmwW AcviwUs wmg evRvi wbq Avm| GB Kvvwbi cwZvZvMY
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PAGE | 12
GQvovI 80i `kKi iZ gvBvmdU, Avcj Ges Abvb Aviv AbK mdU&I qvi Kvvwb eySZ cvi
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GB gvgjvq BDwb wmg jveiUwim Rq jvf Ki Ges weGmwW cR Ges weGmwW Kcvikbi weGmwW
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POSIX - Portable Operating System Interface

GB mgmvi mgvavb Kivi Rb 1988 Z IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
KwDUvi mvmvBwU cvUej AcviwUs wmg BUvidBm (POSIX) bvgi GKwU mvaviY vvW Zwi Kij
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wiPvW gvw_D jgvb (Richard Matthew Stallman) / wRGbBD (GNU)

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eenviKvixiv wZM nQ|
PAGE | 13
GB mgmv _K mdU&I qvi eenviKvixì gyw Ìqvi RbB jgvb i Kib gy mdU&I qvi Av`vjb|
jgvb gb KiZb mdU&I qvi Ggb fve Zix nIqv DwPZ hvZ mUvZ eenviKvixi c~Y ^vaxbZv _vK|
eenviKvix hvZ GUv wbq covbv, cwieZb, cwieab I weZiY KiZ cvi| hme mdU&I qvi GB aibi
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cwZv Kib Ges wd mdU&I qvi Rb wRGbBD Rbvij cvewjK jvBm (GPL) iPbv Kib| GB jvBm
Gi AvIZvq _vKv mdU&I qvi mg~n GKRb eenviKvixK mjv Pvjvbv, mvm KvW wbq covbv, weZiY I
cwieZb Kivi ^vaxbZv `q| GB mdU&I qvi mg~n wbw` Kviv ^vwaKvi (KwcivBU) _vKe bv| Gjv ne
Kwcjd&UW mdUIqvi| Kwcjd&U nQ KwcivBUi wecixZ hv AvBbMZ fve mdU&I qvii ^vaxbZv wbwZ
Kie|
ay ZvB bq BDwbi weK GKwU AcviwUs wmgi Zwii Rb GgAvBwUi jve 1983 mvj i Kib
wRGbD ( GNU GNU's NOT UNIX) cR| GNU BDwbi gZ `LZ m~Y Avjv`v GKwU AcviwUs
wmg wK GZ _vKe bv BDwbi Kvb KvW Ges GUv ne m~Y wd mdU&I qvii wfwZ Zix| bZyb GB
AcviwUs wmgi Rb ìKvi Aviv ewk mdU&I qvi hvi Rb mevi AvM PvB GKUv KvBjvi| wKQyw`bi
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hvi bvg wQj GNU HURD |
1983 mvji mî 27 ZvwiL BDwb eenviKvixì dvivg jgvb h cvwU KiwQjb Zvi c_g
Ask GLvb Zyj aijvg
Free Unix!
Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete Unix-compatible software system
called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and give it away free to everyone who can use it.
Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly needed.
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wmg evRvi wbq Avm|
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PAGE | 14
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ch wjbvm ebwW Uifvm Zvi Af~Zc~e Kvbj wjbv wbq Avwef~Z nq|
wjbvm ebwW Uifvm (Linus Benedict Torvalds) / wjbv (Linux)

1969 Gi wWmî wdbjv Gi ivRavbx njwmbwK Z RbMnb Kib wjbvm| Zvi evev wbjm Uifvm I gv
Gvbv Uifvm bvej weRqx imvqbwe` wjbvm cvDwjs Gi bvgvbymvi Qji bvg ivLb| ZLb ZvivI wK
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KvR AskMnb Kivbvi AbK Pv Kib wK Zvi me PvB wedj hvq|
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(Sinclair QL) bvgi GKwU KwDUvi wKbb| GUvB wQj evwMZ
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AbK DbZ wQj|
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njwmbwK Z fwZ nb ZLbB wZwb wQjb h_ fvjv gvbi cvMvgvi|
^vfvweK fveB wZwb KwDUvi mvB gRi bb| 1990 Z wZwb wm cvMvwgs jvsqR Gi Kvm Ask bb
Ges ciewZZ GB jvsqR w`qB wjLb Zvi hyMvKvix Kvbj|
Sinclair QL
PAGE | 15
1991 Gi iZ wjbvm AvBweGg Gi cvmvbvj KwDUvi wKbb hUvZ wQj 3 gMvnvUR BUj 386 cmmi
Ges 4 gMvevBU ggvwi| GUvi cmmi wjbvmK evcKfve AvKlb Ki| KviY GUv AvMi BUj
cmmijvi _K AbK DbZ wQj| Gi nvWI qvi wbq wjbvm AbK Lywk njI Gi MSDOS AcviwUs
wmg wjbvmK cyivcywi nZvk KiwQj| GB kwkvjx 386 cmmiK cyivcywi eenvi Kivi gZv
GgGmWmi wQj bv| wjbvm ZvB GB KwDUvii Rb BDwb
cZ PvBjb hUv wZwb BDwbfvwmwUZ eenvi Kib| wK hLb
`Ljb DBwbi `vg 5000 Wjvi ZLb Avi DBwb eenvi Kiv
nj bv| wZwb ZLb wgwbi w`K SyKjb| wgwb nQ BDwbi
GKUv QvULvU Kvb hUv b`vijv Gi AvgviWvgi wR
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wmg evSvbvi Rb Zvi wbRi Zwi gvBv Kvbj
AvwKUKPvii wgwb eenvi KiZb| wZwb Operating System
Design and Implementation bvg GKwU eB wjLwQjb hvZ
wgwbi 12000 jvBbi msw fvmbi KvW wcU Kiv wQj Ges
eBUv wKbj GB mswcZ mvm KvW dwc wW cvIqv hZ| GB
eBUvB wjbvm GKw`b wKb djjb Avi wgwb wbq bvovPvov i
Kijb| KqKw`bi gaB wZwb eySZ cvijb GUv GKUv Am~Y
Avi ywUc~Y AcviwUs wmg| ZvQvov
GUvi m~b mvm KvW cvIqv hZ bv
Avi hjv cvIqv hZ mjv wbRi
gZ Ki cwieZbi jvBm wQj bv|
Gi dj wjbvm Aveviv nZvk nq cojb Ges fqi GKUv wmv wbq djjb|
wZwb wbRB BDwb Avi wgwbi Av`j bZyb GKUv AcviwUs wmg Zwi Kivi
wmv wbjb| Gi Rb wecyj cwigvY kg I mgq w`Z ne GUv eySZ ci wjbvm
BDwbfvwmwU _K eK wbq djjb| ZLb wdbjv Pvi eQii gaB MvRyqkvb
kl KiZ ne Ggb Kvb wbqg wQj bv| wjbvm cyiv`g Zvi bZyb AcviwUs
Andrew S. Tanenbaum wmgi KvR jM cojb| 1991 Gi 25 AMv wjbvm wgwb Gi wbDR Myc
wbPi jLvUv cv Kib -
Message-ID: 1 991 Aug25.205708.9541 @klaava.helsinki.fi

From: torvalds@klaava.helsinki.fi (Linus Benedict Torvalds)
To: Newsgroups: comp.os.minix
Subject: What would you like to see most in minix?
Summary: small poll for my new operating system
Hello everybody out there using minix-
I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386 (486) AT clones.
This has been brewing since april, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike
in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-sytem due to practical
reasons)among other things.
I've currently ported bash (1 .08) an gcc (1 .40), and things seem to work. This implies that i'll get something
practical within a few months, and I'd like to know what features most people want.
Any suggestions are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them :-)
Linus Torvalds torvalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi
PS. Yes its free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT protable (uses 386 task switching
etc), and it probably never will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as thats all I have. :-(
PAGE | 16
GB cv coB evSv hvq wjbvm wbRI Kbv Kibwb wZwb AcviwUs wmgi fwelr Zwi KiZ hvQb|
mîi gaB wZwb Zvi AcviwUs wmgi 0.01 fvmb ei Ki djb| Aeii ga wZwb GUvi 0.02
fvmb ei Kib hvZ wQj evk kj wfwK UU Abwj BDRvi BUvidm| GUvZ Aviv wQj jgvbi
wRGbBDi wRwmwm KvBjvi| Gi ci wjbvm Avevi cv `b -
Do you pine for the nice days of minix-1 .1 , when men were men and wrote their own device drivers? Are you
without a nice project and just dying to cut your teeth on a OS you can try to modify for your needs? Are you
finding it frustrating when everything works on minix? No more all-nighters to get a nifty program working? Then
this post might be just for you :-)
As I mentioned a month(?) ago, I'm working on a free version of a minix-lookalike for AT-386 computers. It has
finally reached the stage where it's even usable (though may not be depending on what you want), and I am
willing to put out the sources for wider distribution. It is just version 0.02 (+1 (very small) patch already), but I've
successfully run bash/gcc/gnu-make/gnu-sed/compress etc under it.
Gi ci GKi ci GK Wfjcvi I nvKviiv Gm wjbvmi mv_ hy nZ _vK| KqK mvni gaB ei nq
fvmb 0.03| GKB eQii wWmîB ei nq fvmb 0.10| wjbvm Zvi GB bZyb AcviwUs wmgi bvg w`jb
wd (FREKS) | wd nj FREE, FREAK Avi UNIX Gi mwwjZ ic|
wjbvmi ey Gvwi jvgwK whwb wQjb njwmbwK DBwbfvwmwUi GdwUwc mvfvii GWwgwbUi wZwb wjbvm K
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dvvii bvg w`q w`jb wjbv| Linus Avi Unix GB `yUv wgwjq LINUX bvgUv Gvwii gv_vq Avm| GB
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wej MUm mì cvnvo Mo djQ| ewMZ KwDUvii evRvi cyivUvB gvBvmdUi `Lj|
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wej MUm (Bill Gates) / gvBvmdU (Microsoft)

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Altair 8800
PAGE | 17
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KwDUvii Rb mdUIqvi KvW Zwi Ki, hjv cPyi cwigvb wew nq| wK ZLbv MUmi wbRi Kvb
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Bill Gates
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PAGE | 18
Rem GB wRwbm `Lvi mv_ mv_B eySZ cvij GUvI

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Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs
KwDUvii mv_ Kvb mK bv _vKjI Gvcj bvgUv

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PAGE | 19
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PAGE | 20
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GNU
=
LINUX
Name
Born
Born In
Parents
Spouse
Education
Occupation
Creator
: Linus Benedict Torvalds

: December 28, 1 969
: Helsinki
: Anna and Nills Torvalds
: Tove Torvalds
: University of Helsinki
: Software Engineer
: Linux Kernel, Git
Quotes
"Software is like sex: it's better when it's free."
"Talk is cheap, Show me the code".
PAGE | 21
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LINUX
Intel
AMD
Sun SPARC, Motorola 68000, Power Pc, ARM,
Alpha AXP, Hitachi Super H, IBM S/390, MIPS, HP
PA-RISC, Intel IA-64, AXIS CRIS, Reasons H8/300,
NEC V850, Tensilica Xtensa, Analog Devices
Blackfin, Architectures
WINDOWS
Intel
AMD
NO SUPPORT
OS X
Intel
Motorola
NO SUPPORT
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PAGE | 23
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PAGE | 24
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arstechnica.com/information-technology/201 3/02/linus-torvalds-i-will-notchange-linux-to-deep-throat-microsoft/
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PAGE | 25
PAGE | 26
PAGE | 27
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PAGE | 29
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PAGE | 30
Gnome Desktop
KDE Desktop
PAGE | 31
Pantheon Desktop
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PAGE | 32
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LXDE Desktop
PAGE | 33
MATE Desktop
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PAGE | 34
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AvcWU nZ _vK|
wKQz wKQz wWvi GB fvmbjvi Avevi Avjv`v Avjv`v KvW bg _vK| hgb wjbv wgU 1 7.3 fvmbi
KvW bg nj Rosa | Avevi Wweqvb 8 fvmbi KvW bg nj Jessie |
Ze AvcbvK h 6 gvm ev GK eQi ci ci AvcMW KiZB ne Zv wK bv| Avcwb PvBj hKvb fvmbB
AvRxeb eenvi KiZ cvieb| wK AvcMWW fvmbjvZ wewfb bZyb wdPvi, wmwKDwiwU wd, evM wd
BZvw` _vK| ZvQvov wWvjvZ wbqwgZfveB mdU&I qvi I wmwKDwiwU AvcWU mn wewfb AvcWU Avm|
ZvB me`v AvcWUW _vKvB eywgvbi cwiPq| ZvQvov gRvi evcvi nQ AvcWU Ìqvi Rb ev wWv fvmb
AvcMW Kivi Rb AvcbvK bZyb Ki mUvc w`Z ne bv| AvcWU gvbRvi wMq AvcWU G wKK Kieb
Avi Avcbvi wmgmn hZ mdU&I qvi AvQ me AvcWU nq hve| G Kvib wjbv eenviKvixiv me`v
AvcWUW _vK| Ze Gi Rb bU KvbW _vKZ ne|
Gevi wjbv wWvjv mK Rb bIqv hvK| wjbv wWvmg~ni kvLv ckvLv GZ ewk h mjv me
GLvb AvjvPbv Kiv me bv| hgb Wweqvb, vK&I qvi wjbv Avi iWnvU _K kZ kZ wWwweDkvb Zwi
nqQ| mme wWwweDkvb _K Avevi bZyb wWwweDkvb Zwi nqQ| GQvovI Gjvi gZ Aviv AbK
^Z wWwweDkvb AvQ hjv _K bZyb kvLv ei nqQ| hgb Wweqvb GKwU ^Z AcviwUs wmg|
GUvi wfwZ wbwgZ kZ kZ wWvi ga GKUv nQ DeyUy| Avevi DeyUy _KI kvLv ckvLv ei nqQ|
hgb vwgqvg IGm (GUv Mji Zwi), GwjgUvwi IGm, wjbv wgU BZvw`| GQvovI DE i wfwZ
Avevi DeyUyi AbK kvLv AvQ hgb KyeyUy, jyeyUy, RyeyUy BZvw`| Avevi AvP wjbv AviKwU ^Z wWv|
A_vr Ab Kvb wWvi wfwZ evbvbv bq| GUv _K Zwi nqQ gvbRviv wjbv, GUviwR IGm, GwcwmwU
IGm, AvPevO BZvw`|
mnR fve ejZ Mj aib X GKUv Mvox evbvj| Y Avevi mUvi mv_ wewfb cvUm Rvov w`q mUvK GKUv
Givcb evwbq djj| Z Gm mB Givcbi Wvbv KU dj Zvi mv_ Kvgvb Ryo w`q GKUv UvsK
evwbq djj| Zvici W Gm Z Gi UvsKK Ggb fve gvwWdvB Kij h mUv GKUv mvegwib cwiYZ
nj| evcviUv AbKUv GiKg| Ze mevi Bwb wK GKB| mUv nj wjbv| GLvb W, X, Y, Z nZ cvi
Kvb Kvvwb A_ev Kvb Wfjcviì KwgDwbwU wKsev aygv GKRb ^Z Wfjcvi|
PAGE | 35
Avwg GLvb wjbvi Rbwcq wKQy wWv wbq AvjvPbv Kie| Ze Avcwb wjbvi hveZxq wWv mwKZ
Z_ distrowatch.com mvBU Mj `LZ cveb|
Wweqvb (Debian)
1993 mvj _K GLbv ch mvdji mv_ wUK AvQ Wweqvb| GUv GKUv KwgDwbwU wbfi wWv| A_vr
wbw` Kvb GUvK Kvvwb Zwi Ki bv| WweqvbK Mother Distro I ejv nq KviY GUv _K cZ ev
civfve KqKk wjbv wWvi Rb nqQ| wjbvi hZ wWv AvQ Zvi ga WweqvbB nQ mePvBZ
wU gy Ges AZ wbLyZfve cixwZ GKwU wWv| GKvib Stability i w`K w`q GUvi Kvb ZyjbvB nq
bv| GUvi AvcWU ìxZ Avm KviY GZ mePvBZ Stable mdU&I qvi cvKR eenvi Kiv nq| GUv mvfvi
eenvii Rb GKevi Av`k| Ze Gi WUc fvmbI AvQ| hw` Avcbvi Ggb GKwU wcwm PvB hUv GKevi
mUvc w`j AvMvgx GKk eQi Pvjvbv hve Zvnj Wweqvb eenvi Kib| GUv bUIqvK I wmg
GWwgwbUiì wcq wWv| GUvZ GNOME WUc eenvi Kiv nq| GUvi cvKR gvbRvi nQ
Dpkg | wjt www.debian.org
wjbv wgU (Linux Mint)

wjbv wgU nQ AZ Rbwcq GKwU KwgDwbwU wbfi wWv| GUv Wweqvb Ges DeyUyi Dci wfw Ki evbvbv
nqQ| GUv Cinnamon, MATE, XFCE Ges KDE PviUv WUc GbfvqibgU cvIqv hvq| GUvi Avevi
GKUv Wweqvb GwWkvbI AvQ| mUvZ LMDE WUc eenvi Kiv nq| hnZy Wweqvb Ges DeyUyi wfwZ
Zwi ZvB Stability, wmwKDwiwU BZvw` welq wPv KiviI ìKvi bB| GUvZ Wweqvbi Dpkg cvKR
gvbRvi eenvi Kiv nq| GUv BUj KijB me cqvRbxq wgwWqv KvWK AUv BUj nq hvq| Avjv`v Ki
BUji cqvRb nq bv| GUvi mnR mij BDRvi BUvidmi Rb GUv bZyb wjbv eenviKvixì mePvBZ
cQì wWv| wjt www.linuxmint.com
PAGE | 36
dWviv (Fedora)
dWviv nQ GKUv KwgDwbwU wbfi wWv hLvb iWnvU mivmwi i Ki| iWnvUi WfjcviivB nQ
dWvivi Wfjcvi| dWvivZ RPM cvKR gvbRvi eeZ nq| wWd fve GNOME WUc
GbfvqibgU Ìqv _vKjI KDE, LXDE, XFCE I Cinnamon Gme DE ZI cvIqv hvq| IqvKkb
(WUc), mvfvi I KvDW wZbwUi RbB dWviv Zwi Kiv nq| dWviv nQ iWnvUi jveiUwi| iWnvU
bZyb Kvb cvKR hvM Kivi AvM dWvivZ U Kiv nq| Gici dWvivi eenviKvixì _K fvj
wdWeK cvIqv Mj mUv iWnvUi cieZx fvmb hy Kiv nq| wjt getfedora.org
PAGE | 37
mU IGm (Cent OS)

mU IGm nQ GKwU KwgDwbwU wbfi wWv hUvK iWnvU GUvicvBR wjbvi (Red Hat Enterprise
Linux - RHEL) Kvb ejv hvq| g~jZ iW nvUi Wfjcviiv webvg~j iWnvU GUvicvBR wjbvi mgK
GKwU IGm Zwii j iWnvUi mvm KvW eenvi KiB mU IGm Zwi Ki| cieZxZ iWnvUI GB
mU IGm K mvcvU Kiv i Ki| GUvZ RPM cvKR gvbRvi eenvi Kiv nq| GUvi wWd WUc
nQ GNOME ev KDE Plasma | eenviKvix hUv Pvq mUvB eenvi KiZ cvie| wjt www.centos.org
Icb mym (Open SUSE)

Icb mym nQ Rvgvwbi SUSE LINUX Kvvwbi Zwi Rbwcq GKwU wjbv wWv| GUvZ RPM cvKR
gvbRvi eeZ nq| GUvZ WUc GbfvqibgU nQ KDE Plasma | g~jZ cvIqvi BDRvi, wmg
GWwgwbUi, Wfjcvi I eemvwqK cwZvbK UvMU Ki GUv evbvbv njI GUvi IqvKkb (WUc)
Gi RbI fvmb AvQ| GUv Ggbfve evbvbv hvZ bZyb eenviKvix _K i Ki UKbvjwR GcvU mevi
cQ` nq| wjt www.opensuse.org
PAGE | 38
gvwRqv (Mageia)
gvbwWfv cR _K D~Z nq GB gvwRqv wWv ek RbwcqZv jvf Ki| GUvZ RPM cvKR gvbRvi
eenvi Kiv nq| KDE Plasma, GNOME Ges LXDE wZbwU fvmbi WUcB GUv cvIqv hvq| g~jZ
gvbwWfv (Mandriva) cR e nq hvIqvi ci GB KwgDwbwUi WfjcviivB eZgvb GB gvwRqv wWvK
GwMq wbq hvQ| wjt www.mageia.org
PAGE | 39
wcwm wjbv (PC Linux OS)

eenviKvixì mnR mij wjbv Dcnvi Ìqvi Rb wfb agx GKwU wjbv wWwweDkvb nQ PC Linux
OS | wfb agx nIqvi KviY GwU evwbqQb wej ibvm bvgi GKRb Wfjcvi| ibvm gvbwWfv wjbv
cRi Rb RPM cvKR Wfjc KiZb| Zvi RPM cvKRjv Texstar bvg cwiwPZ wQj| GKwU
mvvZKvi ibvm ejb cvKR Wfjcviì Anseva, JZ I ivRbwZK gbvfve _K ei nq Avmvi
Rb wZwb wcwm wjbv mw Kib hLvb wZwb wbRi BQvgZ cvKRjvK ic w`Z cvieb| Zvi GB wcwm
wjbv KDE Ges MATE WUc GbfvqibgU cvIqv hvq| wcwm wjbv GKwU ivwjs wijxR ZvB GUv me`v
AvcWUW| me wjbv wWvi gZ GUvI LyeB wbivc`| GUvZ RPM cvKR gvbRvi eenvi Kiv nqQ|
GUv g~jZ WUci Rb evbvbv nqQ| ibvmi mv_ GLb AbK Wfjcvi hy nq GUvi KwgDwbwU
fvmbI wijxR KiQ| wjt www.pclinuxos.com
DeyUy (Ubuntu)
Wweqvbi Dci wfw Ki KvbvwbKvj Kvvwbi Zwi GKwU wWv nj DeyUy| Avcwb hw` wjbvi bvg b
_vKb Zvnj nqZv DeyUyi bvgI b _vKeb| GwU wjbvi AZ Rbwcq GKwU wWv| GUv IqvKkb
QvovI bUIqvK mvfvi, UvejU KwDUvi, vU wUwf Ges vUdvbi RbI cvIqv hvq| GUvZ
KvbvwbKvji wbRì evbvbv Unity WUc GbfvqibgU Ges Wweqvbi Dpkg cvKR gvbRvi eenvi
Kiv nq| wjt www.ubuntu.com
PAGE | 40
Unity Desktop
WUc GbfvqibgU Ges eenvii aibi Dci wfw Ki DeyUyi Avevi wewfb iKgi fvwiqU wWv
AvQ| hgbt
Ubuntu Gnome - Gnome Desktop
ubuntugnome.org
PAGE | 41
Ubuntu MATE - MATE Desktop
ubuntu-mate.org
Kubuntu - KDE Desktop
kubuntu.org
PAGE | 42
Lubuntu - LXDE Desktop
lubuntu.net
Xubuntu - XFCE Desktop
xubuntu.org
PAGE | 43
Edubuntu - For Educational Purpose
edubuntu.org
Mythbuntu - For Home Theater and Myth TV
mythbuntu.org
PAGE | 44
Ubuntu Studio - For Digital Multimedia and Video Production
ubuntustudio.org
Ubuntu Kylin - Special Ubuntu Edition for China
ubuntu.com/desktop/ubuntu-kylin
PAGE | 45
Rvwib IGm (Zorin OS)

DBvR _K wjbv Avmv bZyb eenviKvixì K_v gv_vq iLB Rvwib IGm Zwi Kiv nqQ| GUvZ
GNOME Ges LXDE WUc GbfvqibgU eenvi Ki AbKUv DBvRi gZB MvwdKvj BUvidm Zwi
Kiv nqQ| GUvZ DBvRi mv_ mv`kc~Y mdUIqvi eenvi Kiv nqQ| DBvR eenviKvixiv hvZ
wjbv Gm AcwiwPZ hvqMvq GmQ Ggb gb bv Ki mw`K j iLB GB wWv evbvbv nqQ| hnZy
DeyUyi wfwZ evbvbv ZvB DeyUyi gZ GZI Dpkg cvKR gvbRvi Ges GKB mdUIqvi mUvi eeZ
nqQ| GUvZ Wine Ges PlayOnLinux we Bb Ìqv AvQ hvZ DBvRi mdUIqvi Pvjvbv I Mgm
Ljv hvq| wjt zorinos.com
GwjgUvwi IGm (Elementary OS)

DeyUyi Dci wfw Ki evbvbv me PvBZ myì `LZ KqKwU wWvi ga AbZg nQ Elementary OS |
GZ GwjgUvwi IGm Gi Wfjcviiv Pantheon bvgi bZyb aibi WUc GbfvqibgU eenvi
KiQb| OS X Gi mv_ mv`k iL Gi wWRvBb Kiv nqQ| DeyUyi wfwZ evbvbv ej GZ DeyUyi
cvKR gvbRvi I mdUIqvi mUvi eeZ nqQ| wjt elementary.io
PAGE | 46
PAGE | 47
Gevi wKQy kvj wjbv wWv wbq AvjvPbv Kiv hvK| GB wWvjv aygv wbw` wKQy eenviKvixì
cqvRbi K_v gv_vq iLB evbvbv nqQ|
Kvwj wjbv (Kali Linux)

Kvwj wjbv nQ Wweqvb nZ D~Z GKwU wWwweDkvb hwU g~jZ wWwRUvj dibwmK Ges cwbUkvb Uws
Gi Rb evbvbv nqQ| Adbwmf wmwKDwiwU wjwgUW (Offensive Security Ltd) bvgK Kvvwb GwU Zwi
KiQ| GUvZ wZbki I ewk cwbUkvb Uws mdUIqvi wcBUjW Aevq _vK| Kvwj wjbvi c~e
evKUvK (Backtrack) bvgi GKwU wWv wQj hUv evwbqwQjb Mati Aharoni I Devon Kearns | ci
Zvì mv_ Wweqvb GcvU Rahpael Hertzog hvM w`j Zviv wZbRb wgj evKUvK cR e Ki
bZybfve Kvwj wjbv Zwi Kib Ges Adbwmf wmwKDwiwU bvgi Kvvwb MVb Kib| mnR fvlvq Kvwj
wjbv mK ejZ Mj GwU nvwKs Gi Rb weklfve Zwi Kiv GKwU wWv Ges GB Mni AwaKvsk
nvKvi eZgvb GB Kvwj wjbvB eenvi KiQ| wjt www.kali.org
wewewKD wjbv (BBQ Linux)

GB wWvwU GqW Wfjcviì Rb weklfve Zwi Kiv nqQ| GZ GqW WfjcgUi Rb hv
wKQy ìKvi Zvi meB Ìqv AvQ| Avcwb hw` dyj UvBg GqW Wfjvcvi nb Zvnj Avcbvi BBQ Linux
B eenvi Kiv DwPZ| wjt bbqlinux.org
wm G B wjbv (CAE Linux)

GwU weklfve Bwwbqviì cqvRbi K_v gv_vq iLB evbvbv nqQ| GUvZ CAD, CAM, CAE / FEA /
CFD, electronic design Ges 3D printing Gi gZ KvR Kiv Rb cqvRbxq hveZxq Uyjm I GwcKkvb
wcBUjW _vK| GZ AvQ Freecad, LibreCAD, PyCAM, Cura Ges CAE softwares hgb Salom,
Code Aster, Code Saturne, OpenFOAM, Elmer BZvw` hjv w`q mnRB CAD RvwgwZ, wWRvBb
AcwUgvBRkvb Kivi Rb gvwwdwR wmgyjkvb, wRKvW Ges w_wW wcwUs Gi cvUvUvBc mn GgbwK
gvBvKUvjvi wbfi mvwKU wWRvBb BZvw` Aviv AbK KvR Kiv me| Gme wKQzB CAE Linux Gi mv_
m~Y webvg~j cvIqv hvq| wjt caelinux.com
PAGE | 48
wKgv (Qimo)
wKgv nQ QvUì evPvì Rb evbvbv GKwU wekl wjbv wWv| GUvi WUc BUvidm Ggbfve
wWRvBb Kiv nqQ hvZ QvUiv evPvivI mnRB eenvi KiZ cvi| GUvZ AbK wkvg~jK mdUIqvi Avi
Mgm wcBUjW _vK| wjt qimo4kids.com
xg IGm (Steam OS)

GwU Wweqvb wfwK GKwU wWv GwU Zwi KiQ Valve Corporation. GwU g~jZ xg gwkb wfwWI Mg
Kbmvj AcviwUs wmg wnmeB Zwi nqQ| A_vr GwU cyivcywi nvWKvi Mgviì AcviwUs wmg|
xg IGm wjbvi Mwgs Gi BwZnvm KB cv w`qQ| wjt store.steampowered.com/steamos
xg gwkb Ljvi Rb wZb nvRvii I ewk Mgm AvQ| Ze Avgvì Rb `ytLi welq Avgiv mjvi
vK Kiv cvBiUW Kwc 50/60 UvKvq wKbZ cviev bv| mjv LjZ nj Wjvi LiP Ki wKbZ ne|
wK wK Mgm AvQ xg vi wMq `LZ cvibt
store.steampowered.com
Wvg fvjbviej wjbv (Damn Vulnerable Linux)

bvg bB wbB eySZ cviQb GUv wK| Avmj GUvi PvBZ fvjbviej Avi Kvb AcviwUs wmgB bB|
GUvZ hZaibi fvjbviej, `yej KbwdMvikbi GcvqvW nq hvIqv GcBUej mdU&I qvi AvQ mjv
eenvi Kiv nqQ| A_vr hKvb nvKvi hvZ mnRB GUv nvK KiZ cvi mfveB GB wWv evbvbv
nqQ| wK Kb? Di nj, wjbv wmg GWwgb ì Uwbs Ìqvi Rb| wKfve wmgK wU gy Kiv
hvq, Avv nIqv _K evuPvbv hvq ev Avv nj wKfve wmg Dvi Kiv hvq mme Uwbs Ìqvi RbB
GB wWv Zwi Kiv nqQ| Ze eZgvb GwU Avi Wfjc Kiv nQ bv|
PAGE | 49
iWnvU GUvicvBR wjbv (RED HAT ENTERPRISE LINUX RHEL)

GUv iWnvU Kcvikbi Zwi GKwU Rbwcq evwYwRK wWv| wewfb aibi cmmi AvwKUKPvii Rb GB
wWvi mvfvi fvmb cvIqv hvq| GUv mvfvii Rb mePvBZ wbfihvM Ges vej GKwU wWv| iWnvU
Zvì wd wWv dWviv wbq MelYv Ki, mUvZ bZyb mdU&I qvi cvKR Zwi Ki Ges cieZxZ mUv
vej nj Zv iWnvU GUvicvBR wjbv hy Ki| dWvivi Rb iWnvU Kvb n mvcvU bv w`jI
iWnvU GUvicvBR wjbvi Rb me aibi mvcvU w`q _vK| ZvB GUv cvwZvwbK eenviKvixì wekl
Ki mvfvi Kvvwbjvi c_g cQ`|
www.redhat.com
AvP wjbv (Arch Linux)

GUv nQ Awf wjbv eenviKvixì wWv| GUv Wweqvb, DeyUy ev Ab Kvb wWvi wfwZ evbvbv nq
wb| GUv m~Y ^vaxb GKwU wWv| GUvi iqQ wbR^ KwgDwbwU Ges mdU&I qvi wicvwRUwi| GUv GKUv
ivwjs wijxR wWv ZvB memgq AvcWUW _vK| GUvi Pacman cvKR gvbRvi Abvb wWvi cvKR
gvbRvijvi PvBZ AbK dv| Ze GUv PvjvZ Mj i _KB AvcbvK hvMZvi cgvY w`Z ne|
KviY GUv BUj Kivi ci Avcwb ay GKUv Uvwgbvj cveb Avi wKQy _vKe bv| mB Uvwgbvj Kgv w`qB
AvcbvK wbRi AcviwUs wmgi Rb hv hv Pvb mme gvbyqvjx BUj Ki wbZ ne| WUc
GbfvqibgU _K i Ki cwZwU mdU&I qvi KvbU wbR WvDbjvW Ki BUj Ki wbZ ne| wbRi
cQ`gZ mdUIqvi w`q wbRi AcviwUs wmg mvwRq wbZ cvieb| Ze Gi Rb wjbv eenvii evcK
AwfZv _vKZ ne| GUv wjbv GcvUì cQì wWv| wjt www.archlinux.org
Ze AvP wjbv Gi wfwZ evbvbv KqKwU wWv AvQ hjvZ WUc GbfvqibgU we Bb _vK A_ev
BUji mgq cQ` Ki bIqvi myhvM _vK| Ggb KqKwU wWv nQ Manjaro Linux, Anterg Os,
Apricity Os, Archbang BZvw`|
PAGE | 50
Arch Linux
Manjaro Linux
manjaro.github.io
PAGE | 51
AntergOS
antergos.com
Apricity OS
antergos.com
PAGE | 52
Kb wjbv eenvi Kieb?
bZyb GKUv AcviwUs wmg eenvi Kiv m~b bZyb GKUv cwiek wMq Lvc LvIqvbvi gZ| hgb Avcwb
hw` BDivc AvgwiKv wKsev AvwdKv hZ Pvb m mLvbKvi cwiek hvZ gvwbq wbZ cvib m Rb
cqvRbxq cywZ wbq hvIqvUvB eywgvbi KvR ne| wjbv AvmvUvI wVK Zgb| cywZ wbq Avmj AbK
myweav cveb| Ze Zvi AvM RvbZ ne Kb wjbv Avmeb?
Kvb wjbv BDRvii KvQ _K wjbvi mybvg b ev wjbv welqK GKUv eM cv co DrmvwnZ nq U
Ki wjbv mUvc w`q `qv Kvb eywgvbi KvR bq| wjbv eenvi Ki Avcbvi wK wK jvf ne, wjbv
Avcbvi me cqvRb gUvZ cvie wKbv, Avcwb ^vQ` eenvi KiZ cvieb wKbv Gme fvjfve Rb eyS
Zvici AvcbvK wjbv AvmZ ne| Zv bv Ki U nvU Ki wjbv Avmj `Lv hve KqKw`b ci Avcbvi
fvj jvMe bv| a~i!! wjbv f~qv!!! GB ej Avcwb wjbv _K we`vq wbeb| GZ wjbvi Kvb wZ bB|
eis AvcwbB wjbv eenvii gRv _K ewZ neb| Zvnj Pjyb c_g Rb wbB wjbv Kb eenvi Kieb?
wbivcvi kl K_v, Kvb GwUfvBivm jvM bv

GwUfvBivm Qvov DBvR KbvI Kiv hvq bv| Avi GwUfvBivmI h AvcbvK kZ fvM wbivcv w`Z cvie
ZviI Kvb MvivwU bB| Zvi Dci AbK GwUfvBivm ivgi AbKUv RvqMv `Lj Ki wcwmi MwZ gi Ki
ivL| Aciw`K fvBivm, gvjIqvi, UvRvb, iUKxU, eUbU, vBIqvi BZvwì AwZ wjbvi RMZ
Gwjqbi gZ| A_vr Gjvi `Lv cvIqvi mvebv bB ejjB Pj| wjbv KvbjB P~ov wbivcv eev
wbwZ Kiv nqQ| Zvi Dci cZKwU wjbv wWvB eyjU cd wbivcv wbwZ Kivi evcvi mevP
AMvwaKvi w`q _vK Ges eenviKvixi cvBfwm K wbivc` ivLvi evcvi mevP iZ `q| Gme Kvib
fvBivm wbgvZvivI wjbvi evcvi gvUB AvMnx nq bv|
GwUfvBivm Kvvwbjvi eemvi cyiv cvUdgUvB Zwi Ki `q DBvR| DBvRi `yej wmwKDwiwUi
Dci wfw Ki KZjv GwUfvBivm Kvvwb eemv Ki hvQ GKevi wPv Ki `Lyb| Gi dj Kviv
wZM nQ? DBvR eenviKvixivB|
wjbv eenviKvixì fvBivm-GwUfvBivm Gme wbq wPvI KiZ nq bv| Gme dvjZy welq wbq wPv bv Ki
Zviv wbRì KvR gbvhvM w`Z cvi| wjbv wmg ZvB GwUfvBivmi gZ Kvb evR cvMvg ivb Ki
wmgi wimvm b KiZ cvi bv|
Avi wjbvi Rb hw` GKwU gvjIqviI Zwi nq Zvnj mv_ mv_ nvRvi nvRvi Wfjcvi wgj cii w`bB
mUvi Rb KqK k wmwKDwiwU cvP Zwi Ki dje| wjbvi RMZ ZvB mevB wbivc`| wjbv
eenviKvixiv Kvb wbw` Kvvwbi Dci wbfi Ki em _vK bv|
Zvnj wK wjbv fvBivm gvjIqvii Kvb AwZB bB? AvQ| wjbvi Rb cixv wbixvi Dk GLbv
ch gv 4 8wU gvjIqvi evbvbv nqQ| wK Gjv PvjvZI iU cviwgkb jvMe| A_vr eenvKvix
cvmIqvW w`jB Gjv GwwKDU ne| Aciw`K DBvRi AvQ wgwjqb wgwjqb fvBivm Ges hjv w`b
w`b evoQ|
mevP nvWIqvi KvwUwewjwU

Windows 7/8/1 0
Avmvi ciI `xNmgq ai AbKB Windows XP ZB ci AvQ Zvi g~j KviY nj

nvWI qvi KvwUwewjwU| Windows 7/8/1 0 fvjgZ eenvi KiZ DbZ KbwdMvikbi nvWI qvi jvM|
cyivbv gWji gv`vievW I cmmi nj AbK mgq PvjvbvI hvq bv| Aviv jvM b~bZg 1 wRwe ivg|
Aciw`K wjbvi jU wWv PvjvZ jvM gv 700 gMvnvUR cmmi, 512 gMvevBU ivg, 5 wRwe
nvWwW m, wfwRG xb iRyjkb Ges wWwfwW WvBf A_ev BDGmwe cvU|
PAGE | 54
wjbv PvjvZ nvB KbwdMvikvbi nvWI qvii KwDUvi wKbZ nq bv| cyivbv jv KbwdMvikbi
nvWI qviI GUv fvjfve Pj| Avcbvi KvQ hw` AbK cyivbv Kvb WUc ev jvcUc _K _vK Zvnj
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cmmi njB Pj|
AmvaviY MvwdKvj BDRvi BUvidm

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Avcwb gvDm eenvi KiZ RvbjB wjbv eenvi KiZ cvieb| Zvi Rb AvcbvK UKx ev nvKvi nZ ne
bv| Avi wjbvi WUc GbfvqibgU mUv nvK Cinnamon ev Gnome, KDE ev LXDE DBvRi
_K AbK fvj| Avi KvbUv eenvi Kieb mUv cQ` Ki bIqvi ^vaxbZv Zv AvQB|
WvBfvi Ìqv _vK

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WvBfviI Avjv`v Ki BUj KiZ nq| wK AbK mgq `Lv hvq nvWI qvii WvBfvi mdUIqviwU nvwiq
Mj mwU LyR cvIqv wbq AbK mgmvq coZ nq| wjbv Gme mgmv bB| wjbv KvbjB cqvRbxq
me WvBfvi Ìqv AvQ| ZvB Kvb evwnK nvWI qvi jvMvj mUvi Rb Avjv`v Ki WvBfvi BUj KiZ nq
bv| AUvgwUK mUvi WvBfvi cq hvq| hgb Avcwb wcUvii Rb DBvR Avjv`v WvBfvi BUj Kib
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KiZ ne bv, jvBf wmwW eenvi KiI `Leb Avcbvi wUwf KvW, BDBGmwe gvBK, Mg KUvjvi, wcUvi
BZvw` me KvR KiQ| cZKwU bZyb wijxRi mv_ GB WvBfvi mvcvUi nvi Aviv evoQ|
mdU&Iqvi wicvwRUwi
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me mdU&I qvi GK RvqMvZB _vK hvi bvg mdU&I qvi wicvwRUwi ev mdU&I qvi mUvi| GLvb cZKwU
mdU&I qvi U Ki Zvici Ìqv nq| GUv AbKUv Mj c vii gZ| GB wicvwRUwiZ nvRvi nvRvi
wd mdU&I qvi AvQ| Avevi wKQy wKQy cBW mdUIqvi I _vK| Avcbvi ìKvwi mdU&I qviwU bvgvbvi Rb
Mj mvP KiZ ne bv| Avi BUj cwqvI Lye mvRv| mdU&I qvi mUvi wMq hB mdU&I qviwU bvgvZ
Pvb mwUZ wKK Ki BUj evUb wKK Kieb Avi mv_ mv_ mwU WvDbjvW nq BUj nq hve| wVK
hfve Avcwb GqW Mj c vi _K mdU&I qvi BUj Ki _vKb mfve|
mnR AvcWwUs cmm

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Zvì Rb ewj, DBvR c_g AvcbvK bvwUwdKkvb wè AvcWU BUj Kieb wKbv, hw` Bqm `b
Zvnj kvUWvDbi mgq P~ov ah cixv w`Z ne| preparing to configure Windows, do not
shutdown your system GUv `LZ `LZ Kv nq hLb Avcwb Nywgq coeb ZLb DBvR wieyU Kie
Avi Avcwb Nyg _K DV `Leb wcwm wivU nqQ Avi ZLbv AvcWU cmm PjQ| GQvovI DBvR
cZKwU mdUIqvi Avjv`v Avjv`v AvcWU w`Z nq| Abw`K wjbv AvcbvK wbqwgZ AvcWU
bvwUwdKkvb Ìqv ne| GB AvcWU ay wmg Avi wmwKDwiwU bq eis hme mdU&I qvi Avcwb BUj
KiQb mme mdU&I qviI Afy _vKe| wjbv kvUWvDb Ges wivUi mgq AvcWU BUj nq bv ZvB
Avcwb AvcWU wKK Ki wbRi KvR KiZ cvieb| wjbv AvcWU Kiv ay GKwU wKKi evcvi| GK wKK
mg mdU&I qvi mn cyiv wmg AvcWUW| GQvovI bZyb fvmb AvcMW KiZ njI cybivq mUvc w`Z
nq bv| mUvI ay GKwU wKKi evcvi|
PAGE | 55
KwgDwbwU mvcvU
wjbvi mePvBZ fvj evcviwU nQ wjbv KwgDwbwU| wjbvi `ywbqvq Avcwb KLbv GKjv eva Kieb bv|
wjbvi eenviKvixì Rb AvQ AmsL eM I dvivg hLvb GKRb mgmvq cij `k Rb GwMq Avm
mvnvh Kivi Rb| Avcwb hLb c_g wjbv Avmeb ZLb Avcbvi wewfb mgmv `Lv w`Z cvi| Avcwb ZLb
KwgDwbwUZ mvnvh PvBeb| KwgDwbwUi g^viiv AvcbvK mvnvh Kie| Zvì Avcwb abev` Rvbveb|
ciewZZ Avcwb hLb wjbv Af nq hveb ZLb `Leb Abvb bZyb eenviKvixiv Kvb mgmvi Rb
mvnvh PvBQ hUvi mgvavb Avcwb Rvbb| Avcwb Zvì w`K mvnvhi nvZ evwoq èb| Zvì mgmvi
mgvavb èb| GfveB GK Acii mvnvh mnhvMxZvi wfwZB wjbv GwMq hvQ| wK gRvi evcvi nj
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_KB AvQ| KviY Avcbvi AvM wVK GKB iKg mgmvq Ab KD cowQj mUvi mgvavb KwgDwbwU g^viiv
Ki w`qQ|
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AvQ| ay ZvB bq mB AcviwUs wmgK Avevi wbRi cqvRb gZv gvwWdvB Ki bIqv hvq| GgbwK
wekl Kvb nvWI qvii mv_ Lvc LvIqvbvi Rb wjbv KvbjKI cwieZb Ki djv hvq| wbRi AcviwUs
wmg wbR Zwi Ki bIqvi gZ ^vaxbZv GKgv wjbvB `q|
cvBfwm
wjbv Wfjcviiv Gi eenviKvixì cvBfwmK AZ iZ mnKvi `L| DBvRi gZ eenviKvixì
ewMZ Z_ Pywi Ki bv| DBvR 8 Ges DBvR 10 G Ggb wmg AvQ hvZ Avcwb wK wK mdU&I qvi
BUj KiQb, KZb ai mjv eenvi KiQb, Kvb Kvb IqemvBU wfwRU KiQb BZvw` Z_
^qswqfve gvBvmdUi KvQ Pj hvq| Ze Avcwb cvBfwm mwUsm wMq Gjv e KiZ cvib wK
gvBvmdUi Gme bvsiv gvbwmKZv Zv Avi e KiZ cvieb bv| Windows 1 0 AvcbvK Zvì wewfb
cvWv I mvwfm hy Kivi Pv Kie| Zvì BKv wmg, KiUvbv, Iqvb WvBf, Awdm myU BZvw` hb
Avcwb eenvi Kib m evcvi Rvi Pv Pvjve|
wjbv Gme wKQyB ne bv KviY Avcbvi cvBfwmi iZ mePvBZ ewk| DeUy wWvZ AvgvRbi GKwU
App Ìqv AvQ mUvK vBIqvi wnme AbK mgvjvPbv Ki _vK| mUv mnRB wigyf Ki djv hvq|
GUv QvovI wjbvi AmsL wWv AvQ hLvb Gaibi Kvb vBIqvi bB| wjbvi Kvb wWvB
AvcbvK wbw` Kvb mdUIqvi eenvii Rb Rvi Kie bv| wjbv Avcwb m~Y ^vaxb|
m~Y webvg~j cvIqv hvq

GB Z_wU GZb Avcbvi KvQ cyivbv nq MQ| wjbv m~Y wd| GUvi KvbjI wd| GUvi mdU&I qvi
jvI wd| Avi wjbv w`q evbvbv wWv jvI wd| wd wd wd| Gjv mswk IqemvBU _K WvDbjvW
Ki wbZ nq| AvM KvbvwbKvj Kvvwb AWvi w`jB wdZ gvbyli Ni Ni DeyUyi wmwW/wWwfwW cvwVq
w`Z| GLb wmwW/wWwfwWi Pj DV hvQ ZvB GLb Avi cvVvQ bv| wPv Ki `Lyb, ay wd bq eis wbRì
A_ eq Ki gvbyli KvQ wjbv K cQ w`qQ KvbvwbKvj Kcvikvb|
`ytLi welq nj GUv wjbvi GK bî myweav nIqv Î GUvK mevi kl wjLZ nQ KviY Avgiv Gi gg
eySe bv| Avgiv 50/60 UvKv w`q DBvRi cvBiUW wWwfwW wKbB Af| Wjvi LiP Ki jvBm wKb
DBvR eenvi Kivi welqUvi mv_ Avgiv Zgb cwiwPZ bB| Avgvì KvQ eis wjbvi `vgB ewk| KviY
wjbv WvDbjvW Ki wbZ nq| GLbKvi jU wjbv wWvjvi mvBR 1 wRwei Dci| Avi Avgvì
`k GLbv 1 wRwe BUvibUi g~j DBvRi cvBiUW wWwfwWi PvBZI ewk|
PAGE | 56
Gevi wjbvi wKQy UKwbKvj myweav Rb bIqv hvK

cPwjZ Abvb AcviwUs wmg jvi PvBZ wjbv AbK nvjKv nIqvq MwZi w`K w`q wjbvK nvivbvi
gZv GLbv Kviv nq wb| DBvR Zv aZei gaB ci bv| Avi gvK eenviKvixì `ytLi mv_ RvbvwQ
h, IGmG I MwZi w`K w`q wjbvi KvQ nvi gbQ| wjbvi eyU Avc Ges kvU WvDb UvBg me PvBZ
Kg| Avi GwU AbK Kg wimvm eenvi Ki ej GwU me`v MwZkxj _vK|
EXT4 dvBj wmg eeZ nq| GUv DBvRi NTFS Gi PvBZ AbK ewk kwkvjx Ges dv|
EXT4 dvBj wmg dvBjjvK wekl Kvq`vq mwZ Kiv nq hvi dj nvW wW wWdvMgU KiZ nq bv|
nvW WvBf memgq MwZkxj _vK| Gi dj KwDUvi KLbv Slow nq bv| EXT4 Gi WvUv Uvdvi xW I
dvBj mvP xW NTFS Gi PvBZ AbK ewk|
wjbv
EXT4
DBvRi NTFS K mnRB wiW ivBU KiZ cvijI NTFS wjbvi EXT4 K WvBf wnmeB
wPwZ KiZ cvi bv| wjbv mevi mv_ Lvc LvIqvbvi DchvMx Ki Zwi njI Ab AcviwUs wmgjv
GZUv D`vi GLbv nZ cvi wb|
wjbv me aibi cmmi AvwKUKPviB Pj| wevwiZ ZvwjKv AvMB w`qwQ| Avcbvi hw` Intel Avi AMD
evZxZ Ab Kvb AvwKUKPvii cmmi _vK hgb ARM cmmii Kvb KwDUvi _vK Zvnj ZvZ
DBvR BUji Pv Ki `LZ cvib...Avcbvi Rb f Kvgbv _vKj !!!
wjbv hKvb wKQyB GwwKDUej Kiv hvq| ZvB GUv cvMvgviì wcq AcviwUs wmg| ZvQvov wjbv
KwgDwbwUi Rb KD hw` Kvb mdUIqvi Zwi KiZ Pvq Zvnj ZvK mvnvh Kivi Rb KwgDwbwUi Abvb
cvMvgviivI GwMq Avm|
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AvcbvK wjbv BUj KiZI ne bv| BUj bv KiB eenvi KiZ cvieb| AvswkK fve bq, m~Y fve
eenvi KiZ cvieb| Avcbvi me nvWI qviB jvBf gvW KvR Kie| Kvb GUv nvWI qvi jvMvbv _vKj
mUvI KvR Kie WvBfvi BUj QvovB| A_vr BUj Kivi AvM wjbv U Ki bIqvi myhvM `q|
wjbvi GB jvBf gvW AbK KvhKix| hw` Kvb Kvib Avcbvi DBvR vk Ki eyU bv Ki m
Avcbvi wcwmZ XyKZ nj wjbvi GB jvBf gvW AZ KvR Avm| Avcwb jvBf gvW wcwm Pvwjq WvUv
Uvdvi Ki djZ cvieb|
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ZvB wWwjU Kiv hve bv| wWwjU Kivi Rb mUvi cmm e Ki wbZ nq| wK wjbv Ggb wKQy nq bv|
Avcwb Pjgvb AevqI hKvb mdUIqvi ev dvBj wWwjU Ki w`Z cvieb| hgb Avcwb Kvb wfwWI
`LQb Ggb AevqI mB wfwWI dvBjwU wWwjU Ki w`Z cvieb| KviY hLb wjbv Kvb dvBj Icb Kiv
nq mUv cyivUvB ivg G Pj Avm, nvWwW _K Avi wiW Kiv nq bv| ZvB wfwWI dvBjwU wWwjU Ki w`jI
wWwWIwU PjZ _vKe Ges wfwWI cqvi e Ki w`j mwU Avi _vKe bv|
KwDUvi GKvwaK wjbv wWv BUj Ki mjvi ga nvg wWiwi Ges wcdvi mwUsm kqvi Kiv
hvq| aib Avcwb DeyUy, dWviv Avi wjbv wgU wcj eyU KiQb| Zvnj mjvi ga nvg wWiwi kqvi
KiZ cvieb| mdUIqvii wcdvi kqvi KiZ cvieb| hgb Avcwb GKB iKg dvqvid mwUs wZbwU
wWvZB eenvi Kieb mUvi Rb wZbwU AcviwUs wmg eyU Ki Avjv`v Avjv`v mwUsm KiZ ne bv|
wjbv wWvjvi ga GB kqvwis Gi evcviUv Amvavib GKUv evcvi| hLvb DBvR Avi wjbv Wyqj
eyU Kij DBvR wjbvi cvwUkvbB `LZ cvq bv mLvb wjbv Uy wjbvi GB kqvwis Gi Kvb ZyjbvB
nq bv|
PAGE | 57
DBvR fvmbi mdU&I qvi wjbv Pj| DBvR hwÌ wjbvi mv_ mnhvMxZv Ki bv ZeyI wjbv
DBvR eenviKvixì me iKg myweav Ìqvi Rb AvcvY Pv Ki _vK| GUv Zvi GKUv eo cgvY|
wjbv WINE bvgK GKwU Avh mdUIqvi AvQ hUv w`q DBvRi mdU&I qvi wjbv Pvjvbv hvq|
DBvRi Mgm, Awdm, dUvkc, AvBwWGg mn cvq me aibi DBvRi mdU&I qviB wjbv Pj|
wjbv cqvRbxq me mdU&I qvi mUvci mv_B BUj nq hvq| A_vr mUvci ciB eenvi Kivi Rb
m~Y Zwi _vK| Avi mdUIqvijv me GK RvqMvq KvUvMwi Abyhvqx mwZ _vK|
wjbv cwZevi kvUWvDbi mgq mg Uivwi dvBj AUvgwUK wWwjU nq hvq| ZvB AvR evR dvBj
wmg fwZ nZ nZ wmg KLbv v nq bv| DBvR Gme gvbyqwj wWwjU KiZ nq|
GZwKQy Rvbvi ciI AvcbvK h wjbv eenvi KiZB ne Zv bq| wKQy KviY AvQ hjvi Rb Avcbvi
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cvBiUW mdU&I qvi eenvi Kiv GKwU Aea I AbwZK KvR| ZvQvov cvBiUW DBvR LyeB fvjbviej
nq ZvB Gi eenviKvixiv memgq fvBivmi SyuwKZ _vK|
GWvwei mdU&I qvi eenviKvix cdkbvjì wjbv eenvii Kvb gvb nq bv| KviY wjbv KwgDwbwU
AbK Abyiva Kiv Î GWvex Kcvikb wjbvi Rb fvmb ei KiZ ivRx nQ bv| hwÌ wjbv GLb
AbK cvcivBUwi mdUIqvi AvQ| wK ZvI GWvexi GKqgxi Kvib Zvì cvWvjv hgb dUvkc,
BjvUi, WxgIqfvi, dvk, BbwWRvBb BZvw` aygv gvK Ges DBvR mivmwi Pj| hwÌ WINE
eenvi Ki wjbv Pvjvbv hvq, wK hviv Gjv cdkbvwj eenvi Kib A_vr KwDUvi cvq me mgqB
Gjv eenvi Kib Zvì Ah_v wjbv eenvi Ki weK cvq mdUIqvi Pvjvbvi Kvb gvb nq bv|
AbK dUvkci weK wR Ges Bjvii weK Bc eenvii K_v ej _vK| GjvK dUvkc
BjvUii mv_ Zyjbv Kiv wVK bq| KviY Gjv m~Y wd mdU&I qvi| GKUv wd mdUIqvi 600/700
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eenvi Ki Kvb jvf ne bv|
Avcwb nvWKvi Mgvi nj Avcbvi wjbv bv AvmvB DwPZ| KviY evsjv`k evm Kivi KjvY Avcwb 50
Wjvii Mgi cvBiUW fvmb 50 UvKvq wKb Avcbvi DBvR wcwmZ LjZ cviQb| wK wjbvi Mgm
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AvcbvK Zgb AvKlb Kie bv| Ze DBvRi ewkifvM MgB WINE Gi gvag wjbv Pvjvbv hvq|
wK hw` cvBiUW MgmB LjZ nq Zvnj DBvRB Ljyb|
Avcbvi KvQ hw` wekl Kvb gWji wWfvBm hgb wcUvi, vbvi ev Ab Kvb wWfvBm _vK hUvi WvBfvi
wjbv GLbv Zwi nqwb Zvnj mUv wjbv Pje bv| hwÌ GB mvebv AwZ bMb| ZviciI wjbv wK wK
nvWI qvii WvBfvi mvcvU Ki Zv GB wj wMq `L wbZ cvib| wjt www.linux-drivers.org
Avcwb hw` wekl Kvb mdUIqvi eenvi Kib Ges mUv GKgv DBvRB Pj, KvbfveB wjbv Pvjvbv
hvq bv ev wjbv mUvi h weK AvQ mUv w`q Avcbvi KvR ne bv m wjbv Gm Ah_v mgmvq
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cvib| wjt appdb.winehq.org
PAGE | 58
Kvb wWv eenvi Kieb?
c~eeZx Aavq ch fvjgZ covi ci hw` Avcwb wmv wbq _vKb Avcwb wjbv eenvi Kieb Zvnj
AvcbvK wjbvi `ywbqvq ^vMZg| wK ay wjbv Kvbj Zv Avi eenvi KiZ cvieb bv| Avcbvi hKvb
GKUv wjbv wWv eQ wbZ ne| GZb wbB Rvbb wjbv AvQ kZ kZ wWv| GUv eenviKvixì
Rb GKUv KwVb mgmv eU| GZ GZ wWvi ga KvbUv eenvi Kie?
wbPi wZbwU gwjK cki Di AvcbvK wbw` Kvb wWv eQ bIqvi evcvi mvnvh Kie -1. GwU wK mnR eenvihvM?
2. GUvi WUc GbfvqibgU `LZ Kgb?
3. GUvi wK fvj KwgDwbwU mvcvU AvQ?
Zvnj Gevi Avcbvì myweav_ KqKwU Ackb Ìqv hvK --
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dWviv
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fvmbi nq Ges Gi AvcWUI ìxZ Avm|
GwjgUvwi IGm
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PAGE | 60
mU IGm
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PAGE | 61
GLbv wmv wbZ cviQb bv? KvbUv Qo KvbUv eenvi Kieb?

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jwMb xb, eyU xb, wmg mvD, AvBKb, jvMv, wmbvgb WUc GUbkvb BZvw`| GQvovI AvQ
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Avcbvi hw` wjbv eenvii wekl Kvb Dk _vK hgb nvwKs kLv ev wmg GWwgwbUi nIqv Zvnj
nvwKs Gi Rb Kvwj wjbv Ges wmg GWwgbi Rb iW nvU K eQ wbb| Gfve Kvb wekl Dk
wjbv eenvi Kij kvjvBRW wWv eenvi Kib|
PAGE | 62
wKfve mUvc wèb?
Gevi Avcbvi wcwmZ wjbv mUvc Ìqvi cvjv| G Aavq Avcwb RvbZ cvieb wKfve Avcbvi wcwmZ
wjbv mUvc wèb| Ze Zvi AvM RvbZ ne Kvb cwZZ Avcwb wjbvK eenvi KiZ Pvb| wjbvK
wewfbfve eenvi Kiv hvq| hgbt
K) GKgv AcviwUs wmg wnme wjbv eenvi Kiv|

L) DBvRi cvkvcvwk wjbv eenvi Kiv|
M) wjbvi fZi DBvR eenvi Kiv|
N) DBvRi fZi wjbv eenvi Kiv|
K) c_g AckbwU wjbvi cwic~Y gRv bIqvi Rb mePvBZ fvj| Ze GwU Avcwb ZLbB KiZ cvieb
hLb DBvRK GKevi ev` Ìqvi gZ Aevq cQvZ cvieb| m Aevq cQvZ bZzb wjbv
eenviKvixì AbK mgq jvMe|
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ne| wK G mgmv nQ wjbvi c~Y gRv GZ cveb bv| KviY G ay h WvBf wjbv mUvc
wèb mB WvBf Qvov cyiv nvW wW NTFS digvU ivLZ ne| Gi dj EXT4 Gi myweav jv cveb bv|
DBvR _K eyU Kij wjbvi WvBf `LZ cveb bv| Ze wjbv _K DBvRi me WvBfB eenvi
KiZ cvieb| ZviciI GUvB bZyb wjbv eenviKvixì mePvBZ cQì Ackb|
M) ZZxq AckbwUi Avcbvi cavb AcviwUs wmg ne wjbv| wjbvi fZi DBvR mUvc
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fvj Ackb|
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hZ cvieb|
Ze GB eBwU DBvR _K bZzb wjbv AvmZ BQzK eenviKvixì K_v weePbv KiB jLv nqQ| Zviv
DBvR m~Y gyQ w`q cavb AcviwUs wmg wnme wjbv BUj Kie Ges Zvici fvPyqvj e
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eenviKvix| BUvibU G welq cPzi wUDUvwiqvj AvQ, Avkv Kiv hvq Zviv mLvb _K wbRì cqvRbxq
Z_ LyuR ei Ki wbRivB fvPyqvj e DBvR mUvc Ìqvi gZ gZv ivL|
PAGE | 64
wjbv mUvc Ìqvi c~e wKQy cqvRbxq welq Rb bIqv ìKvi

WvBf cvwUkvb
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nQ Sda1 , Sda2, Sda3 BZvw`| Avi wZxq nvWwW _vKj mUv nQ Sdb | mUvi cvwUkvb jv ne
Sdb1 , Sdb2 BZvw`| GKUv K_v gb ivLeb h WvBf Avcbvi MBR Master Boot Record _vKe
wjbv mB WvBf 4 Uvi ewk EXT4 cvwUkvb Kiv hvq bv| hw` mUv KiZ Pvb Zvnj c_g cyiv
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iU dvvi /
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bv| Zvi Rb iU cviwgkvb jvMe|
mvqvc (Swap Partition)

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Gi ewk ivg _vK Zvnj mvqvc cvwUkvbi Kvb cqvRb bB|
iso dvBj WvDbjvW

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wjbv mUvc Ìqvi Rb nvWwW RvqMv KiZ ne| wjbvi Rb b~bZg 25 wRwe RvqMv Avjv`v Ki wbZ
ne| Avjv`v Ki bIqv gvb bZyb Kvb NTFS cvwUkvb bq eis Unallocated Space Ki wbZ ne| GUvB
mePvBZ wbivc` Dcvq| Zvnj `wL mUv wKfve Kieb
PAGE | 65
Unallocated Space Zwi Kiv
c_g My Computer G gvDmi ivBU evUb wKK Ki

wbP Disk Management G wKK Kiyb|
Manage G
wKK Kiyb| Gici evg cvk Storage Gi
PAGE | 66
mLvb Avcbvi mejv WvBf `Lve| Gevi h WvBf DBvR AvQ mB WvBfi Kvb GKwU cvwUkvb _K
m ei Ki wbZ ne| A_vr mB cvwUkvbwUK msKzwPZ Ki djZ ne| Zvi Rb ewk RvqMv AvQ Ggb
GKwU cvwUkvb wmj Ki mUvi Dci gvDmi ivBU wKK Ki Shrink Volume G wKK Kiyb|
Gi ci GKwU WvqjM e Avme mLvb KZUzKz RvqMv wbZ Pvb mUv wjL w`Z ne| 25 wRwei Rb
(25*1 024=25600) wjL Shrink evUb Pvc w`b| PvBj Aviv ewk RvqMvI wbZ cvib|
25600
PAGE | 67
Kvb cvwUkvb Shrink Kivi c~e mwUK AvM Defragment Ki wbZ ne| bv nj WvUv jm nevi mvebv
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www.pendrivelinux.com/universal-usb-installer-easy-as-1 -2-3
GB wj wMq
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mdU&&I qviwU Icb Kib| Zvici h wWvi Rb eyUej USB Zwi KiZ Pvb mwU wmj Ki w`b|
Universal USB Installer
PAGE | 68
Gi ci Avcbvi cQì wWvi iso dvBjwU Ges Avcbvi cbWvBfwU wmj Ki w`q create evUb Pvc
w`b| ZvnjB Avcbvi cb WvBfwU eyUej nq hve Ges mUvi gvag mUvc w`Z cvieb|
cbWvBfi mvBR b~bZg 4 GB nZ ne| cb WvBf Zwi nq hvIqvi ci Avgiv eyU Kivi Rb GKevi
Zwi| Avgiv GLvb wjbv wgU mUvc Kiv `Le| Ze Avcwb PvBj hKvb cQì wWv mUvc KiZ
cvib| mUvc cwqv me wWvi Rb cvq GKB|
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Ki ei nq AvmZ ne|
PAGE | 69
mewKQz wVK-VvK _vKj Avgiv wbPi QwewUi gZ GKwU xb `LZ cve
Gici wcwm Pvjy nj Avgiv wbPi gZ GKwU xb `Le Ges mLvb Install
Kij BUjkvb DBv Icb ne|
Linux Mint
AvBKb Wvej wKK
PAGE | 70
c~eeZx xbi fvlv wmj Ki w`q continue w`j BUjkvb PK e Avme hLvb PK Kiv ne
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GB avc Avcwb wKfve wjbv wgU BUj KiZ Pvb mwU RvbZ PvBe| c_g AckbwU wmj Kij Avcbvi
m~Y nvW wW digvU nq hve ZvB mveavb| GB avc AekB mePvBZ wbPi Ackb Something Else
wmj Kiyb|
PAGE | 71
GB avc j Kiyb Avcbvi mejv WvBf Show KiQ Ges WvBfi bvg `LvQ sda1 , sda2, sda3
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Avcbvi 25 wRwe nZ iyU dvvii "/" hZ wRwe RvqMv wbZ Pvb mwU GLvb wjL w`b| Type or the new
partition: Primary And Location for the new partition: Begining of this space iL Use as: Ext4
journaling file system wmj Kiyb| gvDU cqU / w`q OK w`b|
gb ivLeb Avcbvi mvqvc WvBfi RbI RvqMv ivLZ ne| ZvB Avcbvi ivgi mvBRi wb RvqMv
mvqvc WvBfi Rb iL evwK RvqMv Root dvvii Rb wbq wbb|
PAGE | 72
Gici cybivq WvBf wmji DBv diZ Avme Ges mLvb GKB cwqvq mvqvc mi Rb evwK wd
m jv wbZ ne|
mvqvc m wbaviY Ki w`q mvqvc Gwiqv wmj Ki w`b Avi Ab mwUsm jv GKB ivLyb| Gici
cybivq WvBf wmj Kivi DBvwU Avmj mLvb Root "/" cvwUkvb wmjW Aevq iL Install Now
evUb wKK Kiyb|
Gevi Gaibi GKwU DBv Avme mLvb Avcbvi vb wbaviY Ki w`b|
PAGE | 73
Gevi cii DBvwUZ Kx evW j-AvDU wmj Ki w`b|
Gici Avcbvi bvg, BDRvi bg Ges cvmIqvW w`b| QvU cvmIqvW w`b, Kvib GB cvmIqvW AvcbvK me
mgq eenvi KiZ ne| hKvb GWwgwbwUf KvRB GB cvmIqvW jvMe|
PAGE | 74
Gici wjbv wgU BUj ne --
BUjkvb cwqv kl nj wbPi gZ GKwU DBv Avme
Gevi GLvb wivU evUb wKK Kiyb| wcwm wivU nIqvi mgq AekB Avcbvi cbWvBfwU Lyj djeb Ges
evqvm mwUsm c~ei gZ Ki wèb| Zv bv nj cybivq cbWvBf _K eyU Kiv i ne|
PAGE | 75
Gici Avcwb wbPi gZ IqjKvg xb `LZ cveb|
Awfb`b!!! Avcwb mdjfve wjbv wgU BUj KiZ ciQb| Gevi Avcbvi wgUK wbRi gZ Ki mvwRq
bIqvi cvjv| Zvi Rb c_gB h wRwbmwU ìKvi ne mwU nQ BUvibU KvbKkvb|
Avcbvi hw` eWev Kvej mshvM _vK Zvnj Zv Kvb K_vB bB| hw` Avcwb Kvb IqvBgv Kvvwb
hgb wKDwe ev evsjvjvqb Gi gWg eenvi Ki _vKb Zvnj gWgwU nvjm nZ ne| ZvnjB wjbv
KvR Kie| IqvBgv Kvvwbjvi bZzb gWji gWgjv nvjm, A_vr WvBfvi wbfi bq| ZvB
Gjv hKvb AcviwUs wmgB KvR Kie| wK cyivbv gWji DBvR wbfi gWg nj mjv KvR
Kie bv| Avi Avcwb hw` Kvb gvevBj Kvvwbi gWg eenvi Ki _vKb Zvnj mjvI wjbv KvR
Kie bv| Kvib g~jZ evsjv`ki Rb evbvbv Gme wbgvbi PvBwbR gWg wjbvi Rb WvBfvi _vKe
ZgbUv Avkv Kiv hvq bv| Avi wjbvI Gjvi Rb mvcvU _vKebv mUvB ^vfvweK| hw` Avcbvi eWev
ev nvjm gWg bv _vK Zvnj wKfve BUvibU eenvi Kieb? GKwU mnR Dcvq AvQ| Zvi Rb GKwU
vU dvb _vKZ ne| mwU GqW, AvBdvb ev bvwKqv jywgqv hvB nvK bv Kb Avgiv GLvb `Le wKfve
mwU w`q wjbv BUvibU eenvi Kiv hvq|
c_g Avgiv `Le wKfve GqW w`q wjbv BUvibU KvbKkvb bIqv hvq-Avcbvi GqW gvevBji WvUv KvbKkvb Ab
Kb wbb| Gici Avcbvi dvbwU WvUv Kveji
mvnvh Avcbvi wcwmZ Kvb Kiyb| Zvi ci
dvbi bUIqvK mwUsm wMq USB Tethering
Ab Ki w`b| `Leb cvq mv_ mv_ wjbv bU
KvbKkvb cq hve| DBvR GB cwZZ bU
KvbKkvb cZ GKUz mgq jvM| Ges gvS gvS
wWmKvb nq hvq| wK wjbv Gme wKQzB ne
bv| c~Y MwZZ bU BDR KiZ cvieb| GKB
cwZZ Portable Wi-Fi Hotspot eenvi KiI
bU eenvi KiZ cvieb| Zvi Rb wcwmZ WiFi GvWvvi _vKZ ne| Ze jvcUc GwU weBb _vK|
PAGE | 76
bvwKqv dvbi c_g WvUv Kvej w`q dvbwU wcwmi mv_ mshy Ki wbb| Gi ci dvb wcwm myU
wmj Ki w`b| Gi ci wjbv wgUi bUIqvK gvbRvi hvb| GwU Uvevii Wvbw`K _vKe| mLvb
bUIqvK KvbKkvb Ackb wKK Kiyb| Zvici ADD evUb wKK Kij AvcbvK bUIqvK KvbKkvb UvBc
wmj Ki w`Z eje| mLvb _K Mobile Broadband Uve wKK Kiyb| mLvb Avcbvi gvevBj wmj
Ki BDRvi bg, cvm&I qvW, GwcGb BZvw` Z_jv w`q ei nq Avmyb| Gici Avcwb GB gvevBj eWev
cvdvBjwU wmj Ki w`q mwU w`q bU PvjvZ cvieb|
Gevi AvBdvb w`q bU KvbKkvb wKfve Kiv hvq mUv `Lv hvK| wjbv wgU AvBdvb mivmwi wWU
Ki| ZvB GUv w`q GqWi gZ mivmwi BDGmwe Kvej w`q Kvb Ki BUvibU U`vwis Ab Ki bU
Pvjvbv hve wK Zvi Rb AvM KqKwU cvKR BUj Ki mjv KbwdMvi Ki wbZ ne| GB
cmmjv bZzbì Rb GKUz RwUj nq hve ZvB GLvb `LvwQ bv| Ze AvBdvb w`q Wi-Fi Hotspot
Gi gvag mnRB wjbv bU Pvjvbv hve| Gi Rb AvBdvbi WvUv Ab Ki nUU Ab Ki w`Z ne|
Zvnj wjbv wcwmZ/jvcUc AvBdvbi bUIqvK wWU Kie Ges mUv w`q BUvibU eenvi Kiv hve|
Gici Avcbvi wjbv wgUK Aviv cvid Ki Zvjvi Rb ek wKQz gwjK KvR Ki wbZ ne| GLb
mjv Kiv hvK| c_g h KvRwU KiZ ne mwU nj wmg AvcWU| Gi Rb wbP Uvevii Wvbw`K
Update Manager G wKK Kiyb| mLvb wK wK AvcWU AvQ mjv me Show Kie| mjv wmj Ki
Install now evUb wKK Kiyb| ZvnjB Avcbvi cyiv wmg Ges me mdU&&I qvijv AvcWU nq hve|
Gi cii KvRwU nQ wmg mwUsm wbq bvovPvov Kiv| wbRi cQ`gZ

Hardware Ges Administration mwUsm Ki wbb|
Appearence, Preference,
Gi ci cQ`gZ Theme, Icon, Bootsplash Screen, Docky, Conky BZvw` BUj Ki wbRi
wgUK KvgvBRW Ki djyb| Gjv Kv_vq cveb Zv AvMB ejwQ| Ze Gjv BUji AvM Uvwgbvji
eenvi Rb wbZ ne| Gi Rb Uvwgbvj AavqwU fvjgZ co Uvwgbvj Kgvjv cvKwUm Ki wbb|
PAGE | 77
Avcbvi hw` wekl Kvb nvWI qvi _vK Zvnj

WvBfvi BUj Ki wbb|
Administration>Device Drivers
mwUsm wMq
Gici wgU gby _K mdU&&I qvi gvbRvi wMq ubuntu-restricted-extras wjL mvP w`b Ges
cvKRwU BUj Ki djyb| wjbv wgU DeyUzi cvKR eenvi Ki _vK ZvB DeyUzi me cvKRB wgU
eenvi Kiv hvq| Gici mdU&&I qvi gvbRvi evDR Ki Avcbvi cQì mdU&I qvijv GK GK BUj
Ki djZ _vKzb| GLvb mdU&&I qvijv KvUvMwi Abyhvqx mvRvbv _vK| GLvb cZKwU mdU&&I qviB wd|
PAGE | 78
wjbvi mdU&Iqvi
wjbv AvQ nvRvi nvRvi mdU&&I qvi| mjv mejv mK GLvb jLv me bq Ges Zvi cqvRbI bB|
Avgiv GLvb ay `bw`b KvR eenvi Kwi Ggb wKQz mdU&&I qvi mK Rvbe|
c_gB h mdU&&I qviwUi K_v ejZ nq mwU nQ LIBRE OFFICE | GwU MS OFFICE Gi wd Ges DbZ
weK| Avgviì MS OFFICE UvKv w`q Kbvi Afvm bB| ZvB Avgiv Avmj gRvUv DcfvM KiZ cvie
bv| Avgvì gb nZ cvi GUv Avi Ggb wK? wK hw` MS OFFICE Gi Rb 200 Wjvi eq KiZ nZv
ZvnjB Avmj gRvUv cZvg| 200 Wjvi eq bv Ki eis m~Y wdZ Aviv fvj GKwU Awdm m~U eenvi
Kivi gRv cZvg| wjevi Awdm wjbv wWvjvi mv_ wc BUjW Aevq cvIqv hvq| ZvB GwU Avi Avjv`v
Ki BUj KiZ nq bv|
Zvnj GB
LIBRE OFFICE G
wK wK AvQ `L bIqv hvK --
MS Word Gi weK wnme AvQ Libre Office Writer
PAGE | 80
MS Excel Gi weK wnme AvQ Libre Office Calc
MS Power Point Gi weK wnme AvQ Libre Office Impress
PAGE | 81
MS Access Gi
Libre Office Math |
Ges
weK wnme AvQ
wjbv evsjv jLvi Rb

BUj KivB _vK|
ibus
Libre Office Base |
GQvovI AvQ
Libre Office Draw
Ges
bvgi jvsqR BbcyU Ìqvi mdU&I qviwU BUj KiZ ne| GwU wgU
GLvb BbcyU g_W wMq evsjv BDwbRq GW Ki wbb| BDwbRq evsjv jLvi myweav nj GUv w`q Iqe ev
hKvb WKzgU me RvqMvZB evsjv jLv hvq| ZvB GKUv digvU wkLjB me RvqMvZB jLv hvq| Ze
BDwbRq GLbv weRqi gZ dvw dU bv _vKjI ek wKQz vvW dU AvQ|
A eenviKvixivI ibus w`q mnRB evsjv wjLZ cvieb| Zvi Rb Ai Iqe mvBU wMq wKfve BUj
KiZ ne Zv `L wbb| wjt linux.omicronlab.com
Gevi weRqi K_vq Avmv hvK| KviY Avgvì `ki cPzi eenviKvix weRq eenvi Ki| GLbv cdkbvjx
evsjv jLvi Rb weRq Qvov MwZ bB| wK mePvBZ iZc~Y Z_wU nj DBvR Ges gvK eenviKvixì
Rb weRqi jvBm wd nQ 5000 UvKv| Avcwb hw` jvBm bv wKbB Avcbvi DBvR ev gvK cvBiUW
weRq eenvi Ki _vKb Zvnj Rb ivLyb Avcwb gvdv Revii Avb` KwDUvim Gi KwcivBU f Ki
Aea fve weRq eenvi KiQb|
wK evwMZ wjbv eenviKvix Ges GqWi Rb weRq m~Y wd| wekvm nQ bv? wbRB `L wbbt
www.bijoyekushe.net/index.php?action=software
wjbv wKfve weRq BUj Kieb mUvi cwZ weRq WvDbjvW Kij mLvb cveb| Ze mLvb mvgvb
fyj AvQ| dvBj gyf Kivi Kgv dvBji bvg fyj AvQ| mUv Lqvj ivLeb| Avi Kgv jvBbi gvag
BUji cwqv GB eBqi Uvwgbvj AavqwU cojB wkL hveb|
PAGE | 82
BgR GwWU Kivi Rb wjbv AvQ Rbwcq mdU&&I qvi
Gimp
fi Mvwdi Rb AvQ Inkscape
PAGE | 83
cR j-AvDU Kivi Rb AvQ Scribus
PDF WKzgU `Lvi Rb AvQ Evince, Okular, Foxit Reader BZvw`|
Ze Gjv nqZv Avcbvi

ìKvi ne bv Kvib wjbv wWvjvZ wWd h WKzgU wfDqviwU _vK mwU w`qB PDF `Lv hvq|
PAGE | 84
Video Player AvQ mjvi ga KqKwU nj Totem Movie

Player, VLC Player, M Player, SM Player, MPV Player, Xine Multimedia Player,
Gnome Player BZvw`|
wfwWI `Lvi Rb wjbv hme
Music Player AvQ mjvi ga KqKwU nj Amarok,

Clementine, Tomahawk, Lollypop, Banshee, Rhythmbox, Audacious BZvw`|
Mvb kvbvi Rb wjbv hme
PAGE | 85
Gaibi Music Player jvZ Avcbvi wgDwRK dvvii me Mvb c_g GKevi Add Ki wbZ ne|
Zvici _K Mvb kvbvi Rb Avi dvvi XzKZ ne bv| GB mdU&&I qvi open KijB ne| `Leb GLvb
Genre, Artist, Album, Title BZvw` Abyhvqx me Mvb KvUvMivBRW nq MQ| GLvb _K mnRB Avcbvi
cQì MvbwU LyR ei Ki djZ cvieb|
Ze GKUv welq gv_vq ivLeb hnZz GB mdU&&I qvijv Avcbvi WvBfi wgDwRK dvvi _K wiW Ki
ZvB mB WvBfwU gvDUW _vKZ ne| Zv bv nj mdU&&I qvi Kvb Mvb play ne bv| WvBf gvDwUs Gi
evcvi wmg GWwgwbkvb Aavq RvbZ cvieb| Ze msc ejv hvq, h WvBf Avcbvi wgDwRK
dvviwU AvQ mB WvBfwU AvM Wvej wKK Ki open Ki wbeb| ZvnjB wgDwRK play ne|
Ze winamp
player Gi gZ GKwU isolated player I AvQ| mwU nj Audacious
PAGE | 86
wfwWI GwWU Kivi Rb AvQ Icbmvm wfwWI GwWUi
Openshot
BUvibU evDRvi wnme dvqvid Zv wWdfve Ìqv _vKB| GQvovI BUj KiZ cvib
Ges Opera ev Midori .
wjbv UiU WvDbjvWi Rb AvQ Deluge,
Chromium
qBitTorrent, Torrent, Vuze, Transmission BZvw`|
PAGE | 87
WvBf cvwUkvwbs Gi Rb AvQ Gparted | GwU eenvi Kiv LyeB mnR| Ges GwU Ggbfve KvR Ki hvZ
cvwUkvwbs ev WvBf m wi GjvKwUs Gi mgq Avcbvi GK wKjvevBU WvUvI j bv nq| GwU LyeB kwkvjx
GKwU mdU&&I qvi|
CCleaner Gi gZ GKwU wKwbs mdU&I qvi AvQ mUv nj BleachBit. hwÌ GwU CCleaner Gi PvBZ
AbK ewk kwkvjx| GUvK BDRvi Ges Root `ywU gvWB Pvjvbv hvq|
PAGE | 88
Skype
Rbwcq wfwWI Kwjs mdUIqvi Skype K gvBvmdU wKb djvq mUv GLb Avi wjbvi Rb Wfjc
Kiv nq bv| ZvB DBvR Ges gvKi Rb vBci h_vg 7.22 I 7.6 fvmb PjjI wjbv vBc fvmb
GLbv 4 .3 G AvUK AvQ|
Kb wjbvi Rb vBc Avi Wfjc Kiv nQ bv mUvi Di vBci dvivg cvIqv MQ, It's
funny
and equally sad 'cause Linux has never been a threat to Microsoft on the desktop. Perhaps
employing a single programmer for the Linux version seemed too expensive for them.
wjbvi Rb fvmb Zwi KiZ GK UvKvI LiP KiZ ivRx bq gvBvmdU|
Avcbvi gb nZ cvi Zvnj wjbvi Wfjcviiv Kb Skype K Wfjc KiQ bv? Zvi Kvib nj
This program is protected by copyright law and international treaties. Unauthorized reproduction or
distribution of this program, or any position of it, may result in the severe civil and criminal penalties
and will be prosecuted to the maximum extent possible under the law.
gvBvmdU Skype K wbRì mw evwbq djQ| KvRB wjbv eenviKvixì gvBvmdUi KvQ
_K wKQy Avkv KivB e_v| MUmi ga hw` jgvb ev wjbvmi gvbwmKZvi we`ygvI _vKZ Zvnj nqZ
cw_ex AbiKg nZ|
Viber, Slack, Tox, Mumble, Pidgin, Jitsi, Signal, Trillian,

Discord, Linphone, Empathy, Ring, Ekiga BZvw`|
vBc QvovI wjbv AvQ
PAGE | 89
Gevi wKQz Ggb wKQz mdU&I qvi Pvjvbv hvK hjv DBvR ev gvK G Pj|
Avmj wKQz wKQz mdU&I qvi wbgvZv cwZvbi nxbgbZvi KvibB Zvì
mdU&I qvii Kvb wjbv fvmb bB| Avevi mme mdU&I qvii Dci Avgiv
AwZ gvvq wbfikxj| ZvB mjv PvjvZ bv cvivi Kvib AbKB wjbv
eenvi AvMnx nq bv|
wK m mgmvi mgvavb Ki w`qQ WINE bvgK GKwU Avh
mdU&I qvi| GUv QvovI PlayonLinux bvg AviKwU mdU&I qvi AvQ
hwU g~jZ IqvBb eenvi Ki mnR DBvR fvmbi mdU&&I qvi
BUji BUvidm w`q _vK| GUvi gvag DBvR fvmbi ewkifvM
Mgm I mdU&&I qvi wjbv Pj|
GgbwK GWvwe KcvikvbK Zvì mdU&&I qvii wjbv fvmb ei
KiZ ejv nj Zviv Di w`qQ WINE w`q Pvjvb| Kvb
mdU&I qvii hw` wjbv fvmb bv _vK Zvnj eyS wbeb mUv wjbvi
`vl bq eis H mdU&&I qvi wbgvZv Kvvwbi nxbgbZv| Ze GB Aevi
GLb AbKUvB cwieZb nqQ| ewkifvM Kvvwbi md&UIqviiB wjbv
fvmb AvQ| Avi hjv bB mjvi fvj weK mdU&&I qvi wjbv AvQ|
Zvici&I hme mdU&I qvii wjbv fvmb cqvRb mjvI AwPiB Pj
Avme Kvib GLb DBvR Zvì kl mxgvbvq cQ MQ| ZvB AbKB
GLb DBvR Qo wjbv KbfvU nQ|
WINE
Kvib gvKi AZvwaK g~ji Kvib mevB gvK wKbZ

cvi bv| ZvQvov gvKi ò AvBgvK (WUc) ev
gvKeyKB mxgve| WUci `ywbqvq GLbv DBvRi
RbwcqZv mePvBZ ewk| wK meiKg AcPv Î weki
AwaKvsk gvbylK wjbv KbfvU nIqv _K VKvZ cviQbv
gvBvmd&U| Avi mvfvii RMZ wjbv Zv AvM _KB AvwacZ Ki PjQ| GQvovI wjbvi eenvi GZ
evcK h, mUv Iqvwks gwkb _K m kvb ch cQ MQ|
KvRB wjbv ay AcviwUs wmgi bq eis me aibi KwUvi wbfi UKbvjwRi fwelZ wbgvY Kie mUv
ejvi Acv ivL bv|
WINE
w`q mdU&&I qvi BUji Rb .exe dvBjwUZ gvDmi ivBU evUb wKK Ki Icb DB_ IqvBb
w`jB GwU DBvRi gZ KiB BUj nq hve|
BUjkvbi ci DBvRi gZB mdU&&I qvii AvBKbwU WUc _vKe A_ev gbyZ Mj IqvBb
KvUvMwii Aaxb cvIqv hve| Gici DBvRi mdU&&I qvi PvjvZ cvieb wjbv Kvb mgmv QvovB|
IqvBb Pvjvbv DBvRi mdU&&I qvijvZ bvPvivj jyK Ìqvi Rb IqvBbi _xg BUj Ki djyb|
AbjvBb mvP Kij IqvBbi Rb DBvR Gwci _xg cveb| mUv WvDbjvW Ki IqvBb KbwdMvikvb
wMq WUc BwUMkvbi BUj _xg Ackb Avcbvi WvDbjvWKZ _xgwU wmj Ki w`b| Ze GwU Kivi
AvM Mvwd Ackb wMq Avcbvi WUc mvBR wVK Ki beb| IqvBbi _xg jvMvbv nq Mj `Leb
Avcbvi DBvRi mdU&&I qvijvi Pnviv cv hve|
PAGE | 90
GLb Avgiv PlayonLinux Gi gvag Pjv GWvwei ej eeZ `ywU mdU&I qvi `L wbB --
Adobe Photoshop CS6
Adobe Illustrator CS6
www.playonlinux.com G MjB Avcbviv Gjvi BUjkvb cwqv cveb|

PAGE | 91
IDM - INTERNET DOWNLOAD MANAGER
wjbv AvBwWGg Pj| ay Pj ejj Kg ejv ne| GKevi òvq| GUv `Lvbvi RbB GLvbv wjbv wK
wK WvDbjvW gvbRvi AvQ mjvi welq GLbv ewjwb| Kvib Avwg Rvwb, GUv _vKj Avcbvì Ab Kvb
WvDbjvW gvbRvi jvMe bv| Ze GUv vK cvP w`q eenvi KiZ wbirmvwnZ KiwQ|
WINE
G Gwci _xg BUj Kiv nqQ ZvB AvBwWGgK Ggb `LvQ| GQvov wmg IGmG Gi _xg
eenvi Kiv nqQ ej mdU&I qvii wgwbgvBR, gvwgvBR ev KvR evUb jv IGmG Gi gZ `LvQ|
wKfve BUj Kieb? Zvnj `Lv hvK wKfve AvBwWGg BUj Kiv hvq|
Gi Rb AekB AvM IqvBb BUj Kiv _vKZ ne| wgU IqvBb wcBUmjW _vK ZvB wgU eenviKvixì
bZzb Ki BUj Kiv jvMe bv| Ab wWv nj AvM IqvBb BUj Ki wbb| Zvici AvBwWGgi exe
dvBjwUK Avcbvi nvg dvvi wbq Avmyb| nvgi Aaxb Kvb mvedvvi ivLjI ne|
Gici AvBwWGgi exe dvBji Dci gvDmi ivBU evUb wKK Ki Icb DB_ IqvBb cvMvg jvWvi w`b|
ZvnjB `Leb DBvRi gZB AvBwWGg BUj nq hve|
PAGE | 92
BUjkvbi cieZx KvR nQ evDRvi AvBwWGg BwUMU Kivbv| Gi Rb dvqvid FlashGot

wU BUj KiZ ne|
Plugin
GwU BUji ci dvqvidi GWm evi about:config wjL enter w`b| Zvici mLvb IqvBb wjL
mvP w`b| mLvb flashgot.useWine Gi value Z wKK Ki true Ki w`b|
Gici dvqvid wMq dvkMUi wcdvi wKK Kiyb| mLvb WvDbjvW gvbRvi wnme AvBwWGg wmj
Ki w`b| GwwKDUej cv_ G AvBwWGgi BUjkvb wWiwiZ AvBwWGg wmj Ki w`b| GwU cveb
/home/user_name/.wine/drive_c/Program Files/ Internet Download Manager Gici Command
line arguments template: Gi wbPi e --run IDMan %f /d [URL] GwU wjL w`b|
PAGE | 93
Gici dvkMU wgwWqv Uve wMq wWd WvDbjvW gvbRvi AvBwWGg Ges kv Uzjevi PKe wUK wP w`q
w`b| ZvnjB GwU dvqvidi Uzjevi kv Kie Ges WvDbjvW Kivi Rb dvBj wWU Kie|
Zvnj Gevi WvDbjvW Kiv hvK| hLb Avcwb dvqvid _K Kvb dvBj WvDbjvW KiZ PvBeb ZLb
c_g wbPi DBvwU Avme|
`Lyb GLvb dvkMU Ges AvBwWGg wmj Kiv AvQ| Gevi GUvZ
OK w`b|
PAGE | 94
Zvici AvBwWGgi WvDbjvW DBv Avwef~Z ne|
GLvb `Lyb AvBwWGg dvBji AvBKbwU wVKgZ kv KiQ bv| Kvib Avcwb h dvBjwU WvDbjvW KiQb
mwU Icb Kivi Rb DBvRi mdU&&I qviwU IqvBb BUj Kiv bB| mUvi Kvb cqvRbI bB| ZvB GB
mvgvb evcviwUK Ignore Kiyb| Ges vU WvDbjvW evUb Pvc w`b| Zvi ci WvDbjvW iy ne|
Gevi `Lv hvK wgwWqv dvBj wKfve WvDbjvW Kieb
PAGE | 95
hKvb wgwWqv dvBj dvkMU wWU Kie| mUvZ ivBU wKK Kij Avcwb WvDbjvW Kivi Rb wewfb
digvU `LZ cveb| mLvb _K GKwUZ wKK KijB WvDbjvW iy nq hve|
WvDbjvW kl nj Open ev Open With w`q Kvb jvf bB Kvib AvMB ejwQ Gjv Icb Kivi gZ
mdU&&I qvi IqvBb BUj Kiv bB| Zvnj WvDbjvWKZ dvBjjv Kv_vq cveb? wbPi GWm hvbt
/home/user-name/.wine/drive_c/users/user-name
GLvb Mj Downloads bvgi GKwU dvvi `LZ cveb| GUvB Avcbvi AvBwWGgi WvDbjvW dvvi|
Gevi GUvi GKUv kUKvU Zwi Ki nvg dvvi ev WUc wbq Avmyb| dvvi kUKvU Zwii Rb
dvviwU wmj Ki dvBj gvbRvii GwWU gbyZ wMq Make Link G wKK Kiyb| ZvnjB dvvii
kUKvU Zwi nq hve| Gevi mwU nvg ev WUc wbq Avmyb| evm nq Mj| Gevi wjbv AvBwWGg w`q
WvDbjvWi gRv DcfvM Kiyb|
Rb ivLyb FlashGot Plugin aygv dvqvidi Rb AvQ| ZvB Ab Kvb evDRvi AvcvZZ AvBwWGg
BwUMU Kiv me nQ bv|
hKvb mdU&I qvi vK Ki eenvi Kiv A_vr cvBiUW mdU&I qvi eenvi Kiv wjbvi bxwZ wei GKwU
KvR| ZvB hKvb cvcivBUwi mdU&I qvi eenvi KiZ nj jvBm wKb eenvi KivB kq| GKvib
wjbv DBvRi hKvb vK mdU&I qvi eenvi Kiv _K h_v me weiZ _vKzb|
Avi hviv AvBwWGg wKbZ Pvb bv Zvì Rb wjbv AvQ XDM-Xtreme Download Manager
GQvovI Aviv GKwU Rbwcq WvDbjvW gvbRvi nQ uGET. GB `ywU m~Y wd WvDbjvW gvbRvi|
Gevi wKQz cqvRbxq mdU&&I qvi wimvm `L bIqv hvK| Avcbvi wmg c` mdU&I qvi mUvi QvovI
AbjvBbI AbK mdU&&I qvi wimvm, mLvb _KI mdU&I qvi WvDbjvW KiZ cvieb| GiKg KqKwU
wimvm nQ--
www.linuxsoft.cz/en
www.techsupportalert.com/content/best-free-software-linux.htm
gnomefiles.org
DBvRi wK wK mdU&&I qvi ev Mgm wjbv Pvjvbv hvq mjvi ZvwjKv `Lvi Rb wbPi wj jvZ
hZ cvib--
appdb.winehq.org > Browse Apps

www.playonlinux.com/en/supported_apps.html
PAGE | 96
dvBj wmg
I
wmg GWwgwbkvb
wjbvK fvjfve eySZ nj Gi dvBj wmg mK mgK vb _vKv ìKvi| DBvR wW m

GvKmm bIqvi Rb WvBf jUvi gvDwUs cwZ eenvi Kiv nq| DBvR ZvB Avgiv C: Drive, D: Drive
BZvw` `L _vwK| wK wjbv m~Y wfb GKwU cwZ eenvi Kiv nq hvi bvg gvDU cqU |
wjbv gvDU cqU ejZ evSvq dvBj wmgi Aaxb GvKmwmej wWiwi| A_vr hLb Kvb WvBf ev
wWiwi gvDUW ne ZLbB mB WvBf ev wWiwiZ cek Kiv hve| hw` WvBf ev wWiwiwU AvbgvDUW
Ki djv nq ZLb mwU Avi dvBj wmgi mv_ hy _vKe bv ZvB mUvZ cek Kiv hve bv|
mvavibfve dvBj wmg nQ KwDUvii dvBj eevcbv cwZ| dvBj mg~n wKfve mwZ ne, Kvb
dvBj Kv_vq Aevb Kie, dvBj mwKZ Z_ wKfve Kv_vq msiwZ ne BZvw` wbqb Ki _vK dvBj
wmg|
wjbv dvBj wmg

wjbv dvBj wmg nvqvivwK vvW (Filesystem Hierarchy Standard FHS) eeZ nq hUv BDwb
jvBK AcviwUs wmgjvi Rb GKwU mvavib vvW| GB dvBj wmg wWiwii nvqvivwK (wWiwi wU I
ejv nq) cwZZ mymwZ _vK hLvb / (iU) _K mejv wWiwi gvDU Kiv nq|
/ iU (Root)
wWiwi
wjbv dvBj wmgi mewKQyi Drcwj nQ GB / wWiwi| ZvB GUvK iU wWiwi ejv nq| AbK
GUvK DBvRi C: Drive Gi mv_ Zyjbv Kib wK GUv gvUI DBvRi gZ wm WvBfi gZ bq|
DBvR cwZwU WvBf Avjv`v fve WvBf jUvi gvDwUs cwZZ `Lvbv nq hgb C:\, D:\ BZvw`| wK
wjbv Gaibi wKQy bB| wjbvi WvBf jv nQ / wWiwii Aaxb gvDU nIqv GK GKwU dvvi|
PAGE | 98
/bin
GB wWiwiZ cqvRbxq evBbvwi cvMvg mg~n _vK hjv wmj BDRvi gvW wmg gvDUW nIqvi Rb
cqvRb nq| mnR ejZ Mj, mvaviY eenviKvix wmg hme Kgv `q mme Pvjvbvi Rb cvMvg
dvBj (evBbvwi) mg~n GB wWiwiZ _vK|
/boot
GB wWiwiZ wmg eyU Kivi Rb cqvRbxq dvBjmg~n _vK| hgb Mve eyU jvWvii dvBj mg~n Ges
wjbv KvbjI GB dvvi _vK| hwÌ eyUjvWvii KbwdMvikvb dvBj GB wWiwiZ _vK bv|
/cdrom
wmg wmwW/wWwfwW ig _vKj mUvi Rb Avqx gvDU cqU wnme GB wWiwi eeZ nq|
/dev
GB wWiwiZ wWfvBm dvBjmg~n _vK| GB wWfvBm dvBj mg~n Kvb Avmj dvBj bq| wjbv wWfvBm
mg~nK dvBj wnme wPwZ Kiv nq| KwDUvi _vKv cZKwU wWfvBm GB wWiwiZ dvBj wnme `Lvbv
nq| GB wWiwiZ Mj `Leb nvRvi nvRvi dvBj hjv Avcbvi wmwcD _K i Ki nvW WvBf mn
cZKwU wWfvBmK wb`k KiQ|
/etc
GB wWiwiZ me KbwdMvikvb dvBj mg~n _vK| hjvK UU GwWUi w`q cwieZb Kiv hvq| Ze GB
wWiwiZ ay wmg KbwdMvikvb dvBj mg~nB _vK| eenviKvixi KbwdMvikvb dvBj mg~n GLvb _vK
bv| mjv _vK eenviKvixi nvg wWiwiZ|
/home
nvg wWiwi nQ eenviKvixi nvg dvvi| aib Avcbvi bvg hw` James nq Zvnj Avcbvi nvg dvvi
ne /home/james. GB dvvi _vK eenviKvixi wewfb dvBjmg~n| eenviKvixi KbwdMvikvb dvBj
jvI GB dvvi _vK| eenviKvixi ay gv GB dvvii DciB c~Y wbqb A_vr Write Access _vK|
wmgi Ab dvvi jvZ eenviKvixi Write Access _vK bv| GUv wmgi wbivcvi KvibB Kiv
nq| KviY Avcwb hw` Kvb wmg dvBj wWwjU Ki `b Zvnj wmg vk Kie| Ze iU cviwgkvb
bIqvi gvag wmg dvvi Write Access bIqv hvq|
/lib
GB wWiwiZ jvBewi dvBj mg~n _vK hjv cvMvg kqvi Ki _vK| GRb GjvK kqviW
jvBewiI ejv nq|
/lost+found
GB wWiwiwUZ KivW dvBj mg~n Wv Kiv nq| hw` Kvb Kvib wmg vk Ki Zvnj cieZxZ eyU
nIqvi mgq mg dvBj wmg PK Kiv nq Ges Kvb KivW dvBj _vKj mUv GB dvvi dj Ìqv
nq| GRb wjbv Kvb WvUv nvwiq Mj mUv wiKfvwi Kiv AbK mnR|
PAGE | 99
/media
GB wWiwii Aaxb wigyfej wgwWqv mg~n gvDU Kiv nq| hgb James hw` KwDUvi cb WvBf jvMvq
Zvnj /media/james GB dvvi AUvgwUK cbWvBfi Rb dvvi Zwi ne Avi mUvK Avgiv Drive
wnme `LZ cve| GKB fve nvW WvBf Ges wmwW/wWwfwW ig WvBf mn me aibi wigyfej wgwWqv wWfvBm
GB wWiwii Aaxb gvDU Kiv nq| hgb James Gi hw` Drive One bvg Kvb WvBf _vK Zvnj mUv
/media/james/Drive One GB GWm gvDU ne| ^vfvweKfve wmg Pvjy nIqvi ci WvBfjv AUv
gvDU nq bv| gvbyqwj gvDU Ki wbZ nq| Wvej wKK Ki WvBf XyKjB WvBf gvDUW nq hve| Ze
Avcwb PvBj mwUsm G wMq vU Avci mgq WvBfjv AUv gvDU Ki w`Z cvib| Ze GwU Kij vU
Avc UvBg eo hve|
/mnt
GB wWiwiwU Avqx dvBj wmg gvDU Kivi Rb eeZ nq| hgb dvBj wiKfvwii Rb GKwU DBvR
cvwUkvb gvDU KiZ PvBj /mnt/windows Gfve gvDU KiZ ne| GB wWiwiwU gvbyqvj gvDwUs Gi
Rb eeZ nq| Ze BQ Kij wmgi hKvb RvqMvq gvbyqj gvDwUs me|
/opt
GB dvvi Ackbvj cvKR mg~n _vK| hgb hw` Kvb cvcivBUwi mdU&I qvi BUj Kiv nq hUv vvW
dvBj wmg nvqvivwK gb Pj bv m mB mdU&I qviwU Gi dvBj mg~nK /opt/application GB
dvvi ivLZ cvi|
/proc
GB wWiwiwUK /dev wWiwii mv_ Zyjbv Kiv hZ cvi KviY GZ Kvb Avmj dvBj _vK bv| GZ _vK
Kvbj Ges wmgi wewfb cmm mwKZ Z_i dvBj mg~n|
/root
iU wWiwi nQ iU BDRvii nvg dvvi| A_vr Avcwb hw` iU cviwgkvb wbq iU BDRvi (mycvi BDRvi)
nq hvb Zvnj GB wWiwwiwUB ne Avcbvi nvg dvvi| ZLb /home/root Gi cwieZ GwU ne /root.
iU BDRvi ev mycvi BDRvi nQ KwDUvii megq gZvi AwaKvix| Ze wekvj gZvi mv_ hgb wekvj
`vwqZI Avm Zgwb mycvi BDRvi nj wmgi hKvb cwieZbi `vwqZI Avcbvi| Avi hw` fyj fvj wKQy
Ki wmg APj Ki djb m mUvi `vqI AvcbviB|
/run
GB wWiwiZ hme GwcKkvb mKU Ges cmm AvBwW eenvi Ki mme GwcKkvbi UvbwmqU dvBj
mg~n ivLv nq| GjvK Uivwi dvvi ivLv hvq bv KviY Uivwi dvvii dvBj jv wWwjU Ki
Ìqv nq|
/sbin
GB wWiwiZ wmg GWwgwbkvb evBbvwi cvMvgmg~n _vK hjv iU BDRvi eenvi Ki _vK| A_vr
mycvi BDRvi wmg hme Kgv `q mjv GwwKDU Kivi Rb cqvRbxq evBbvwi cvMvgmg~n GZ
_vK|
PAGE | 100
/selinux
hme wjbv wWv wmwKDwiwUi Rb SELinux eenvi Ki hgb Fedora, RedHat mme wWvi dvBj
wmg GB wWiwiwU _vK| GwUi Kvhvewj /proc wWiwii gZ| Ubuntu wfwK wWv mg~n SELinux
eenvi Ki bv ZvB GB wWiwwiwUI _vK bv|
/srv
GB wWiwiZ wmgi wewfb mvwfm msv Z_ mswiZ nq| hgb Avcwb hw` Iqe mvBUi Rb
Apache HTTP Server eenvi Kib Zvnj Avcbvi Iqe mvBUi mKj dvBj mg~n GB wWiwii Aaxb
mswiZ ne|
/sys
GB wWiwiZ wmg eeZ wewfb KvbU (mvaviYZ nvWI qvi) mwKZ Z_mg~n mymwZ _vK| GB
wWiwiZI Kvb Avmj dvBj _vK bv| wjbv Kvbj wdwRKvj Ges fvPyqvj wWfvBm mwKZ Z_mg~n GB
wWiwiZ msiY Ki| GUv GgbB GK wWiwi hLvb mycvi BDRviI Write Access wbZ cvi bv|
/tmp
GB wWiwiZ GwcKkvb mdUIqvi jv hme Uivwi dvBj Zwi Ki mjv _vK| Gjv cwZevi
kvUWvDbi mgq ^qswqfve wWwjU nq hvq| Ze Bleachbit Gi gZ mdU&I qvi w`q gvbyqjxI Gjv
wWwjU Kiv hvq|
/usr
GB wWiwiZ BDRvi KZK eeZ GwcKkvb Ges dvBj mg~n msiwZ nq| hgb AiZc~Y GwcKkvb
mivmwi /bin wWiwiZ bv iL /usr/bin wWiwiZ ivLv nq Ges jvBewi dvBj jv /usr/lib GB dvvi
ivLv nq| AvwKUKPvii mv_ wbfikxj bq Ggb dvBjjvK ivLv nq /usr/share dvvi|
/var
GB wWiwiZ wmgi wewfb fvwiqej dvBj mg~n _vK| BDRvi wWiwiZ hme
nq mjvi Writable dvBjmg~n hgb Log File GB wWiwiZ ivLv nq|
Read-Only Acvikvb
PAGE | 101
wjbv wmg wZb aibi BDRvi _vK

mycvi BDRvi -
megq gZvi AwaKvix| me aibi GWwgwbwUf KvR Kivi gZv mb BDRvi| GK

wjbv iU BDRvi ejv nq|
bigvj BDRvi - mvaviY KvRKg Kivi Rb mxwgZ gZv mb BDRvi| hKvb BDRviB cvmIqvW w`q iU
wcwfjR bv bIqv ch mvavib BDRvi wnme _vK|
wmg BDRvi - wmg BDRvi GwcKkvbi viv Zwi nq|

A_vivBRW BDRviKB Gi mvwfm eenvi Kivi myhvM `q|
hgb mvfvii
GwcKkvb mg~n aygv
wjbvi dvBj gvbRvi

dvBj dvvi `Lvi Rb Avgiv h GwcKkvb DBv eenvi Kwi mUvB nQ dvBj gvbRvi| DBvRi
dvBj gvbRvi nQ explorer| wjbv GiKg GKvwaK dvBj gvbRvi AvQ| hgb nautilus, nemo,
konqueror, thunar, xfe BZvw`| Wweqvb I DeyUy Z nautilus Avevi wjbv wgU nemo dvBj
gvbRvi eeZ nq| hwÌ GKvwaK dvBj gvbRvi BUj Ki eenvi Kiv hvq| h dvBj gvbRviB eenvi
Kib bv Kb Avcbvi DwPr ne Gi gbyjvZ wK AvQ A_vr wK wK KvR Kiv hvq mUv wbR wbRB wkL
bIqv| File, Edit, View BZvw` gbyZ wMq Kv_vq wK AvQ Ges mUv w`q wK Ki mUv wbRB Rb
eyS wbb|
nemo
nautilus
GKwU dvBj gvbRvi wUcmt wjbv dvvi nvBW wKfve Kieb?

wjbv dvvi nvBW Kivi Rb Gi cvcvwUR G wMq wnWb wmj Ki w`Z nq bv| ay dvviwU Rename
Ki Gi bvgi AvM GKwU . WU/wcwiqW ewmq w`b| evm dvvi nvBW nq hve| GwU Avevi Show Kivi
Rb dvBj gvbRvii View gbyZ wMq Show Hidden Files GwUZ wUK wP w`q w`b|
PAGE | 102
mnR Uvwgbvj wkv
kl ch mB fxwZKi UvwgbvjK wbqB Avmjvg| GUv wbq Avmvi cavb KviY nQ Avcbvi Uvwgbvj fxwZ `~i
Kiv| ZvQvov wjbv eenvi KiZ nj Kvb bv Kvb mgq AvcbvK GUv eenvi KiZB ne| GUv fxwZKi
Kvb wRwbm Zv bqB eis GKevi GUvi gRv cq Mj Avcbvi hKvb KvR GUv eenvi KiZ BQ Kie|
Avcwb GUvi cqvRbxqZv eySZ cvieb hLb Kvb mgmvi mgvavb PvBj dvivgi m`mMY eje GB
KvWjv Uvwgbvj c Ki w`b| KviY Avcbvi mgmv mgvavbi Rb AvcbvK ILvb hvb, GUv Kib, mUv
WvDbjvW Kib, HLvb wKK Kib BZvw` ejvi PvBZ Uvwgbvj KqKUv jvBb wjL GUvi w`Z ejv AbK
mnR| Avi Avcbvi RbI GUv AbK myweavRbK| ay Uvwgbvj Icb Ki KqKUv jvBb wjL w`jB nj| me
mgmvi mgvavb|
GQvov mvfvi GWwgwbUiì Uvwgbvji eenvi Rvbv evaZvg~jK| MvwdKvj BDRvi BUvidm w`q me KvR
Kiv MjI wKQy wKQy _vK hLvb UvwgbvjB GKgv fimv| hgb AbK mvfvi MvwdKvj BDRvi
BUvidm BUj Kiv _vK bv| mvfvi GWwgwbUiK ay GKwU Uvwgbvj Ìqv nq mUv KbwdMvi Kivi
Rb|
mZ K_vwU nQ wjbv eenvi KiZ nj AvcbvK Uvwgbvj eenvi Kiv wkLZB ne| GwU wjbv Acwinvh|
Avcbvi hw` GKwU mvavib Uvwgbvj DBv Icb Ki ZvZ KqKUv k jLvi gZ mnR KvRwUI wkLZ
Avcw _vK Zvnj Avcbvi wjbv eenvi bv KivB DwPr| Kvib Avcbvi hKvb mgmvi mgvavb LyRZ Mj
me RvqMvq ay KqK jvBb Uvwgbvj Kgv cveb| hLvbB hvb mevB AvcbvK ay Uvwgbvj Kgv awiq
wè| KvRB GUv Qvov MwZ bB| wjbv mevB GUv eenvi Ki| Kvib KqK jvBb Kgv wjLj hLvb KvR
nq hvq mLvb Ah_v Ab wKQy Ki mgq b Kivi Kvb gvb nq bv|
Avi Kvjv xb Kgv wjLZ fq cvb? AvcbvK Kvjv xbB wjLZ ne GB Z_ Kv_v _K cqQb?
Uvwgbvji wcdvi wMq wbRì cQ`gZ iO w`q gvwWdvB Ki wbjB nq|
GB Uvwgbvj ay wjbv bq gvK IGm eenviKvixì I eenvi KiZ nq| GgbwK GUv GqWi RbI
AvQ| wekvm bv nj Google Play Store G wMq Terminal wjL mvP Kib, `Leb Shell Terminal
Emulator bvg GKwU App cveb| mUv w`q Avcbvi GqWI Uvwgbvj Kgv PvjvZ cvieb| Ze
wjbvi me Uvwgbvj Kgv mUvZ KvR Kie bv|
PAGE | 104
Uvwgbvj wK Ges GUv w`q wKfve KvR Ki mUv GKevi fvjgZ eyS Mj GUv wbq Avi Kvb fq _vKe bv|
ZvB G Aavq Avgiv Uvwgbvj mK fvjfve Rvbe|
Uvwgbvj wK wRwbm mUv eySZ nj c_g RvbZ ne kj
(Shell) KvK ej|
kj wK
kj nQ Ggb GKwU cvMvg hUv KxevW _K Kgv BbcyU bq Ges mUv mivmwi AcviwUs wmgK w`q
GwwKDU Kivq| c_g w`Ki wjbv mn me BDwb-jvBK AcviwUs wmgB ay GB Kgv jvBb BUvidm
wQj| BDwbi kj cvMvgwUi bvg wQj sh GwU wjLwQjb Steve Bourne. ewkifvM wjbv wfwK
AcviwUs wmg h kj cvMvg eeZ nq Zvi bvg Bash (Bourne Again Shell). Ze bash
QvovI wjbv Abvb kj cvMvgI BUj Kiv hvq hvì ga AbZg nj ksh, tcsh Ges zsh.
Uvwgbvj wK
Uvwgbvj nQ GKwU cvMvg hvi Avmj bvg nQ Uvwgbvj BgyjUi (Terminal Emulator) . GB cvMvgwUi
KvR nQ kj eenvi Kivi Rb eenviKvixK GKUv BUvidm Ìqv| GB Uvwgbvj DBvi gvag
eenviKvix kj Kgv w`Z cvi| ewkifvM wjbv wWvZ hme Uvwgbvj BgyjUi eeZ nq mjv nj
gnome-terminal, konsole, xterm, rxvt, kvt, nxterm Ges eterm.
Uvwgbvj Icb Kiv

GwUK cvMvg gbyZB cveb A_ev Terminal wjL mvP KijI Avme|
bvg _vK| A_ev crtl+alt+T GKmv_ Pc aij Terminal Icb ne|
KDE wWvZ GwU Konsole
GwU Icb Kij `Leb GLvb Avcbvi nvg dvviK wb`k KiQ Ges GKwU Kvmi we KiQ hwU
Avcbvi Kgv bevi Rb cyZ| GLvb Kvb Kgv wjL w`jB mwU mv_ mv_ GwwKDU ne| Zvnj ewmK
Uvwgbvj Kgvjv Avgvì RvbZ ne| Avgiv avc avc GB Uvwgbvj Kgvjv wkLe|
Navigation mwKZ Uvwgbvj Kgv

pwd (print working directory)
Uvwgbvj
pwd wjL GUvi w`b| `Leb Avcwb eZgvb h wWiwiZ AvQb mUv wcU Ki `Lve|
cd (change directory)
wWiwi cwieZbi Rb GB Kgv eeZ nq| gb Kib, Avcwb nvg dvvii ga _vKv wgDwRK dvvi
XyKZ PvQb| Zvnj cd Music wjL GUvi w`b| A_vr Avcwb h dvvi XyKZ PvBQb cd wjL mB
dvvii cv_wU wjL w`b| hgb nvg dvvii fZi Downloads dvvii ga _vKv Video dvvi
hZ cd Downloads/Video wjL GUvi w`b|
ls (list files and directories)

eZgvb wWiwiZ wK wK dvBj dvvi AvQ mjv `Lvi Rb ls wjL GUvi w`b| Kvb wbw` wWiwiZ
_vKv me dvBj dvvi `Lvi Rb ls wjL mB dvvii cv_wU wjL w`b| hgb bin dvvi hme dvBj
AvQ mjv `Lvi Rb ls /bin wjL GUvi w`b|
PAGE | 105
File Manipulation mwKZ Uvwgbvj Kgv

cp (copy files and directories)
dvBj dvvi Kwc Kivi Rb GB Kgv eeZ nq| hgb cp file1 file2 wjLj file1 Gi me KUU
file2 Z Kwc nq hve| hw` file2 bv _vK Zvnj AUvgwUK wqU ne| Avi file2 bvg Kvb dvBj
_vKj mUv file1 Gi KUU Gi viv IfviivBU nq hve|
mv (move or rename files and directories)

GB Kgvi viv dvBj dvvi gyf Kiv nq| GB Kgv w`q mvm Ges Wwbkvb dvvi wVK iL
dvBj/dvvi wibgI Kiv hvq| mv file1 file2 wjLj file1 Gi me KUU file2 Z gyf nq hve Ze
file2 bv _vKj file1 wibg nq file2 nq hve| mv file1 file2 file3 dir1 wjLj file1 , file2, file3
gyf nq hve dir1 G| hw` dir1 bvg Kvb dvvi bv _vK Zvnj Gii `Lve|
rm (remove files and directories)

GB Kgv viv dvBj dvvi wWwjU Kiv nq| rm file1 wjLj file1 wWwjU nq hve| Ze gb ivLeb
Kgv w`q GKevi wWwjU Ki w`j mUv wPiZi wWwjU nq hve| wjbv Kvb undelete Kgv bB|
rm
mkdir (create directories)

dvvi Zwi Kivi Rb GB Kgv eeZ nq|
GKwU dvvi Zwi ne|
mkdir books
wjLj eZgvb wWiwiZ
books
bvgi
chmod (modify file access rights)

Kvb dvBj A_ev wWiwii cviwgkvb cwieZb Kivi Rb GB Kgv eenvi Kiv nq| GUv Kivi Rb h dvBj
A_ev dvvii cviwgkvb mwUsm gvwWdvB KiZ Pvb mUv ej w`Z ne| GB Kgvi gvag dvBj
cviwgkvb cwieZb Kivi `ywU cwZ AvQ| Avgiv GLvb ay octal notation method ev AKUvj msLv
viv cviwgkvb cwieZb cwZwU eenvi Kie KviY GwU mnR| wbPi UwejwU fvj Ki `Lyb
Number
Value
Meaning
777
rwxrwxrwx
GUvi gvb nj Kvb Restriction bB| h KD hv Lywk KiZ cvi| GB mwUsm

KLbv Kvg bq|
755
rwxr-xr-x
ay gv owner wiW, ivBU Ges dvBj GwwKDU KiZ cvi| Ab BDRvi ay gv

dvBj wiW Ges GwwKDU KiZ cvie| ivBU KiZ cvie bv|
700
rwx------
ay gv owner wiW, ivBU Ges dvBj GwwKDU KiZ cvi| Ab BDRviì

Kvb wKQy Kivi cviwgkvb bB|
666
rw-rw-rw-
644
rw-r--r--
600
rw-------
me BDRvi dvBj wiW Ges ivBU KiZ cvie|

ay gv owner wiW I ivBU KiZ cvie Ges Abvb BDRviì ay wiW Kivi
cviwgkvb _vKe|
ay gv
owner wiW I ivBU KiZ cvie Ges Abvb BDRviì Kvb aibi cviwgkvb
_vKe bv|
PAGE | 106
Zvnj Avcwb hw` Kvb dvBj ev wWiwii cviwgkvb cwieZb KiZ Pvb Zvnj Gfve wjLyb chmod 755
some_file. GLvb 755 Gi RvqMvq Avcwb h aibi cviwgkvb Pvb mwUi bvUkvb bv^viwU w`Z ne Gi
ci dvBj ev wWiwii bvg w`Z ne| GUvK Avcwb GfveI wjLZ cvib chmod rwxr-xr-x
some_file wK msLv w`q jLvUvB mePvBZ mnR|
msLvjv wKfve wb`wkZ nq Zv evSvi Rb j Kib --
rwx
rwr-x
r--
=
=
=
=
111 in binary
11 0 in binary
1 01 in binary
1 00 in binary
=
=
=
=
7
6
5
4
su (temporarily become the superuser)

wKQybi Rb mycvi BDRvi nIqvi Rb Uvwgbvj wjLyb su. GUv wjL GUvi w`j AvcbvK Avcbvi BDRvi
cvmIqvW w`Z eje| cvmIqvW w`jB Avcwb bigvj BDRvi _K mycvi BDRvi/iU BDRvi nq hveb|
ZLb Uvwgbvji $ mvBb # G cwiewZZ nq hve|
sudo (temporarily become the superuser)

sudo gvb nj Super user Do. A_vr wKQybi Rb mycvi BDRvi ev iU cviwgkvb cvIqvi Rb sudo
Kgv eeZ nq|
chown (change file ownership)

Kvb dvBji ownership cwieZbi Rb GB Kgv eeZ nq| A_vr KwDUvi hw` GKvwaK BDRvi
_vK Zvnj Kvb dvBj ev wWiwii gvwjKvbv GKRb BDRvi _K Ab BDRvii KvQ nvii Rb
chown Kgv Ìqv nq| chown username some_file Gfve jLv nq|
chgrp (change a file's group ownership)

Mc
ownership
jLv nq|
cwieZbi Rb GB Kgv eeZ nq|
chown new_group some_file
Gfve
Process Control mwKZ Uvwgbvj Kgv

ps
kill
bg
fg
wmg hme cmm Pjgvb AvQ mjv `Lve|

Kvb wbw` cmm e Kivi Rb GB Kgv eenvi Kiv nq|
Kvb cmm K evKMvD wbq hvIqvi Rb GB Kgv Ìqv nq|
Kvb cmm K dviMvD wbq Avmvi Rb GB Kgv Ìqv nq|
PAGE | 107
System Information mwKZ Uvwgbvj Kgv

date
cal
df
top
uptime
date and time `wLq _vK|

calendar `wLq _vK|
dvBj wmg wW m msv Z_ `wLq _vK|
eZgvb hme cmm wmwcD KZK eeZ nQ mme `wLq _vK|
KwDUvi eyU nIqvi ci KZb ai Pvjy AvQ mUv `wLq _vK| GUv mvfvii Rb
LyeB DcKvwi GKwU Kgv|
Aviv wKQy cqvRbxq Kgv
man GUvi gvb nj manual.
GUv wjbv eeZ Kgvjv mK WKygUkvb w`q _vK| hgb

Avcwb chmod KgvwU w`q wK KvR Kiv nq mwU eySQb bv| Zvnj Uvwgbvj wjLyb man chmod. GUv
wjL GUvi w`jB Uvwgbvj GB Kgv mwKZ hveZxq Z_ cq hveb| GUv LyeB DcKvwi GKUv Kgv|
exit GUv wjL GUvi w`j Uvwgbvj e nq hve|

clear GUv wjL GUvi w`j Uvwgbvji AvMi KvWjv gyQ xb cwivi nq hve|
reboot GUv wjL GUvi w`j wcwm wivU Kie|
shutdown GUv wjL GUvi w`j wcwm kvUWvDb nq hve|
apt-get install [program_name] Wweqvb wfwK wWv hgb DeyU, wjbv wgU mdU&I qvi
BUji Rb GB Kgv jLv nq|
yum install [program_name] RPM
cvKR gvbRvi hme wWvZ eeZ nq hgb iW

nvU, dWviv BZvw` wWvZ mdU&I qvi BUji Rb GB Kgv jLv nq|
Avkv Kwi Uvwgbvj msv gwjK GKUv aviYv cq MQb| Ze Gi mK Rvbv gv i nqQ| Uvwgbvji
Aviv AbK Kgv AvQ mjv mK wevwiZ RvbZ PvBj AbjvBb mvP Kib|
PAGE | 108
mgmvi mgvavb
I
KqKwU wjbv wimvm
c_g c_g wjbv eenvi Kiv i Kij wKQy w`b ch Avcbvi wewfb iKg mgmv `Lv wè| GB eBZ
Avcbvì niK iKgi mgmvi mgvavb Ìqv me bq| ZvB wbRi mgmv wbRKB mgvavb Kivi Rb
DrmvwnZ KiwQ| KviY GUvB Avcbvi Rb `xNgqv` gjRbK ne| KD Gm Avcbvi mgmv mgvavb Ki
w`q hve Ggb Avkv Kieb bv| Avcbvi me mgmvi mgvavb AvQ BUvibU| Mj mvP Kib| mswk
KwgDwbwU, dvivg, eM ev Ab Kvb bv Kvb mvBU Avcbvi mgmvi mgvavb AvQ| mgmvwU AbK Kgb nj
BDwUDe wfwWI _vKe| Avcwb hB wWv eenvi KiQb mUvi bvg bv _vKj Ab wWvi bvg _vKjI
Pje| AvMB ejwQjvg hw` wjbv wgU eenvi Kib Zvnj DeyUyi dvivg cv mgvavbI Avcbvi KvR
jvMe| ZviciI wbRi mgmvi Kyj wKbviv KiZ bv cvij Awf wjbv eenviKvixì KvQ mvnvh Pvb|
mvnvh PvBZ Kvb wav Kieb bv| wjbv eenviKvixì g~jbxwZB nQ AbK mvnvh Kiv| Avcwb mgmvq
coj Ab wjbv eenviKvixiv AekB GwMq Avme| Ze c_g wbRK mevP Pv KiZ ne|
evsjv`ki wjbv eenviKvixì wewfb dvivg, eM I dmeyK Mc AvQ mLvb Avcbvi mgmvi mgvavb
PvBZ cvib| Ggb wK LvR Kij Kviv KvQ _K wjbv wWvi iso dvBjI cq hZ cvib| mevcwi
hKvb mgmvq gv_v Vvv ivLeb Ges ah mnKvi mgvavb LvuRvi Pv Kieb| AekB Avcwb mgvavb
cveb Ges GKmgq AvcwbB Abì mgmvi mgvavb mvnvh Kieb|
KqKwU DjLhvM wjbv wimvm

wjbv Kvbj mK wevwiZ Rvbvi Rbt
kernelnewbies.org
wjbv eenviKvixì wewfb mgmvi mgvavb Ges cki Di cvIqv hve GB dvivgt
www.linuxquestions.org/questions
Rbwcq Discussion mvBU Reddit G wjbv welqK eenviKvixì AvjvPbv _K RvbZ cvieb AbK
Riwi Z_t www.reddit.com/r/linux
wjbv KwgDwbwUi wbDR Pvbj ejv hvq GB mvBU wUKt
wjbvi nvWI qvi welqK wbDR mvm nj GB mvBUt
wjbv welqK wbDR welqK Aviv GKwU mvBU njt
Icb mvm mdU&&I qvi welqK wbDR mvBUt
www.lwn.net
www.phoronix.com
www.linux-magazine.com
www.h-online.com/open
wewfb wjbv wWv mK Rvbvi me PvBZ fvj mvBUt
distrowatch.com
Gjv QvovI BUvibU AmsL mvBU AvQ hLvb wjbv welqK cPzi wimvm cvIqv hve|
evsjv`ki wjbv KwgDwbwU

DeyUy evsjv`k dvivgt
ubuntuforums.org/forumdisplay.php?f=409
evsjv`k wjbv KwgDwbwU dvivgt
forum.linuxdesh.net
GQvovI AbK evsjv UKbvjwR eM I dvivg AvQ hLvb wjbv welqK AvjvPbv nq mLvb _KI AbK
wKQy RvbZ cvieb|
PAGE | 110
wjbv mK Rvbyb, wbR eenvi Kib Ges eenvi Ki fvj jvMj AbK eenvi KiZ DrmvwnZ Kib|
Ges hw` me nq Zvnj Avcbvi wcq wWvwUK Aby`vb w`q mvnvh Kib| eenviKvixì y` y` Aby`vb
GKwZ KiB wjbv wWvjv wbRì WfjcgUi LiP wbevn Ki _vK| ZvB Avcbvi Ìqv GKwU
WjviI Zvì KvQ AbK iZc~Y|
Avcbvi wjbvgq KwDwUs myì nvK GB f Kvgbvq kl KiwQ
KEEP
CALM
AND
USE
LINUX
THE END
PAGE | 111

Linux Fundamentals by Rajib Chowdhury

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Linux Fundamentals by Rajib Chowdhury

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Format Tersedia

gwjK wjbv

GKwU c~Yv wjbv MvBW

GB eBqi evcvi hKvb gZvgZ, mgvjvPbv, AwfhvM ev Awfb`b RvbvZ

AcviwUs wmgi BwZnvm

wjbv wfwK AcviwUs wmg

Kb wjbv eenvi Kieb?

Kvb wWv eenvi Kieb?

wKfve mUvc w`eb?

dvBj wmg I wmg GWwgwbkvb ...

mnR Uvwgbvj wkv

mgmv mgvavb I wjbv wimvm

wjbv Kvbji wKQy ewk Rb bB

wjbv Kviv Wfjc Ki

1974 mvj ee dvwe whwb wQjb BDwbfvwmwU Ae Kvwjdvwbqvi GKRb

1977 G BDwbfvwmwU Ae Kvwjdvwbqvi MvRyqU wej Rq, h wQj dvwei Qv

POSIX - Portable Operating System Interface

wiPvW gvw_D jgvb (Richard Matthew Stallman) / wRGbBD (GNU)

wjbvm ebwW Uifvm (Linus Benedict Torvalds) / wjbv (Linux)

Message-ID: 1 991 Aug25.205708.9541 @klaava.helsinki.fi

wej MUm (Bill Gates) / gvBvmdU (Microsoft)

wf Rem (Steve Jobs) / Avcj (Apple)

Rem GB wRwbm `Lvi mv_ mv_B eySZ cvij GUvI

Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs

KwDUvii mv_ Kvb mK bv _vKjI Gvcj bvgUv

: Linus Benedict Torvalds

hywt Kgv jvBbi gvag KwDUvi Pvjvbv Avgvi c me bv|

hyywt wjbv nvWIqvi mvcvU mxwgZ| me nvWIqvi mvcvU Ki bv|

wjbv me aibi cmmi AvwKUKPviB Pj| Pjyb

hywt wjbvi Kvb vwewjwU bvB|

hywt wjbv `iKvwi mdUIqvi bvB|

wjbv eenviKvixiv wK mdUIqvi QvovB KwDUvi eenvi Ki? wjbv DBvRi

KviY Avcwb hw` AvMi Aavqjv co

wjbv wfwK AcviwUs wmg

wjbv Kvbj + wRGbBDi Uyjm, jvBewiR + wmg

wjbv Kvbj + wRGbBDi Uyjm, jvBewiR + wmg

wjbv Kvbj + wRGbBDi Uyjm, jvBewiR + wmg

D`vniY `Iqv hvK--

DBv wmg (Windows System)

DBv gvbRvi (Window Manager)

WUc GbfvqibgU (Desktop Environment)

cvKR gvbRvi (Package Manager)

wWv wijxR (Distro Release)

LTS (Long Term Support) Release - mvaviYZ cwZ 2 eQi ci ci LTS

wjbv wgU (Linux Mint)

mU IGm (Cent OS)

Icb mym (Open SUSE)

wcwm wjbv (PC Linux OS)

Ubuntu Gnome - Gnome Desktop

Ubuntu MATE - MATE Desktop

Kubuntu - KDE Desktop

Lubuntu - LXDE Desktop

Xubuntu - XFCE Desktop

Edubuntu - For Educational Purpose

Mythbuntu - For Home Theater and Myth TV

Ubuntu Studio - For Digital Multimedia and Video Production

Ubuntu Kylin - Special Ubuntu Edition for China

Rvwib IGm (Zorin OS)

GwjgUvwi IGm (Elementary OS)

Kvwj wjbv (Kali Linux)

wewewKD wjbv (BBQ Linux)

wm G B wjbv (CAE Linux)

xg IGm (Steam OS)

Wvg fvjbviej wjbv (Damn Vulnerable Linux)

iWnvU GUvicvBR wjbv (RED HAT ENTERPRISE LINUX RHEL)