kl/R5]b!

tflnd cfjZostf cWoog

!=! e'ldsf M
n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] ljsf; la:tf/ / k|j4{g ug]
{ p2]Zo cg'?k 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn] ljleGg
laifosf ;Lk ljsf;, pBdlzntf ljsf;, pBf]u Aoj:yfkg ;DalGw
tflnd Pj+ pBf]u k|j4{gfTds ;]jfx? k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
o; k|sf/sf sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{ cuf8L ;f] sf] cfjZostf,
pkof]lutf,pBf]usf] ;+efAotf / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?sf] klxrfg
ug'{ h?/L x'g] ePsf]n] tflnd sfo{qmd ;+rfng
ug'{ cl3 :yflgo dfu, cfjZostf,pko'Qmtf / ;+efAotfsf]
af/]df ;+lIfKtdf cWoog ul/ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfo{qmd
sfof{Gjog ug'{ kb{5 .
!=@ p2]Zo M
!=@=! :yflgo cfjZostf, dfu / ;+efJotf cg"?ksf tflnd
sfo{qmdx?sf] 5gf}6 ug]{ .
!=@=@ tflndsf] ;b'kof]u Pj+ tflnd
sfo{qmd
;
+rfngdf
cfjZos
;xof]u
Pj+
;dGjo x'g] k|sf/n] k|lzIf0f :yn 5gf}6 ug]{ .
!=# cWoog;e]{If0fsf ljifo a:t' M
cWoog;e]{If0fsf] nflu lgDg laifo a:t'x? Wofgdf /fVg'
cfjZos x'G5 .
!=#=! dfu ePsf tflnd M
:yflgo ;+3 ;+:yfx?, pBdL, Joj;foL / AolQm ljz]ifaf6 dfu
ePsf tflndsf
ljifox?sf] ;b'kof]u Pj+ pko'Qmtf af/]
n]vf hf]vf ug{] tyf hfgsf/L ;+sng ug]{ .
!=#=@ :yflgo ?kdf ;+efAo / cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug]
{ k|sf/sf tflnd M
k|To]s lhNnfdf ljBdfg sRrf kbfy{, ;Lk tyf ;fwgsf]
plrt ;b'kof]u u/L 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBd, Joj;fosf] lj:tf/ tyf
k|j4{g ug{ s] s:tf] tflndsf] cfjZostf kb{5 < ;f] af/]
1

cWoog ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . o; ;Gbe{df :yflgo :jb]zL

sRrf
kbfy{sf] k|of]u clwstd ?kdf kl/rfng x'g
;xof]u k'Ug] :yflgo k/Dk/fut ;Lksf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;df
;xof]u x'g], rfn' tyf ;DefAo pBf]usf] ;+rfng / la:tf/
sfo{df ;xof]u k'Ug] ;fy} /f]huf/L k|j4{gdf ;3fp k'Ug]
tflndsf] klxrfg u/L sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{nfO{
clws k|fyldstf k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 .
!=$ tflnd cfjZostf cWoog ubf{ ;d]l6g' kg]{ ljifox?
M
!=$=! :yflgo sRrf kbfy{ M
lhNnf leq pknAw x'g] >f]tx? h:t} afF;, sf7, nf]Qmf,
pg, kmnkm"n, cGg -vfB
;fdfu|L_, cNnf], s]t'sL, s]/f,
ledn h:tf /]zfo'Qm ag:kltx? / h8La'6L, cGo
k|zf]wg tyf
pkof]u ug{ ;lsg]
sRrf kbfy{x?sf ;DjGwdf cWoog
ubf{ clwstd ;b'kof]u tyf d"No clej[l4 x'g] vfnsf sRrf
kbfy{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' kb{5 .
!=$=@ :yflgo k/Dk/fut ;Lk M
k/fk"j{sfnb]lv ckgfpb} cfO{/x]sf] ;'tL tyf 9fsf
a'gfO{, /f8LkfvL, sDan a'gfO{, pgL wfuf] stfO{, 8f]sf,
8fnf, esf/L, dfGb|f] a'gfO{, snfTds a:t'x?, ef8fs'+8f,
cf}hf/, s[lif ;fdu|L, cfbL h:tf k/fDk/fut ;LknfO{ cfjZostf
cg';f/ cfw'lgs/0f / ahf/of]Uo ;fdfg pTkfbg ug{ ;xof]u
k'Ug] vfnsf tflndx?nfO{ ;+efJotf cWoog leq ;dfj]z ul/g'
k5{ .
!=$=# pBf]u Aoj;fosf] at{dfg l:ylt M
xfn ;+rfng e}/x]sf laleGg k|sf/sf n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf
pBf]ux?sf] ;+rfng l:ylt,pTkfbg k|ljlw, pTkfbg Ifdtfsf]
pkof]u, /f]huf/L -:qLk'?if_, k"+hL nufgL-ljlQo ;+:yfsf]
nufgL, :jnfut_ ahf/ Aoj:yf, cfbL af/] hfgsf/L ;+sng
ug{ cfjZos
x'G5 .
!=$==$ ;+:yfut lqmofsnfk M
2

tflnd ;+rfng ug]{ :yfgx?df ;dGjofTds tj/n] pTkfbgd"ns

P+j ;]jfd"ns Aoj;fo rnfpg ;xof]u k'Ug] jftfj/0f cfjZos kg]
{ x'gfn] ;f] If]qdf ePsf ;+:yfut k"jf{wf/x? h:tf] lhNnf ljsf;
;ldlt,ufFp ljsf; ;ldltgu/kflnsf, a}+s tyf lalQo ;+:yfx?,
dlxnf ljsf; zfvf, ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; cfof]hgf, g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf
pBf]u dxf;+3, g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 Pj+ pBf]u
Aoj;fo k|j4{gnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ /fli6o,cGt/f{li6o
u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfx? h:tf lgsfox?;+u ;Dks{ ul/ cfjZos
hfgsf/L, ;"rgf / ljj/0fx? ;+sng ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .
!=$=% cg'udg k|ltj]bg M
;ldltjf6 ljutdf ;+rfng ePsf sfo{s|dx?sf] cg'udg k|
ltj]bgx?sf] cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f ul/ ;f] jf6 k|fKt kl/0ffdnfO{
;d]t cfwf/ dfgL tflndsf] cWoog ug'{ kg]{5 .
!=% cWoog k|s[of
tflnd cfjZostf cWoog ubf{ tkl;n adf]lhdsf k|s[of cjnDjg
ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
!=%=! lhNnf l:yt ljlQo ;+:yfx?, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, g]kfn
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u
dxf;+3, g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo
dxf;+3, dlxnf ljsf; zfvf, a}s, :yflgo ufpF ljsf;
;ldltgu/kflnsf, u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfx? nufot AolQm ljz]ifaf6
dfu Pj+ l;kmfl/;
ePsf tflndsf ljifox?sf] nut /fVg] .
!=%=@ dfly -!=%=!_ df pNn]lvt lgsfox? dWo] jf
AolQm ljz]ifaf6 l;kmfl/; jf dfu k|fKt gePsf]
cj:yfdf
dfly !=# cg';f/sf] ljifo a:t' cGtu{t ljlgof]lht ah]6
;d]tnfO{ b[i6Lut ul/ tflndsf ljifo ls6fgL ug'{ kg]{5 .
:ynut cWoog ubf{ cg';"rL ! / cg';"rL @ k|of]u
ug'{ kg]{5 .
!=%=# dfly !=# -s_ cGtu{tsf ljifout tflndsf] dfu jf
l;kmfl/; a9L x'g cfPdf cyjf lgwf{l/t nIf eGbf sd ePsf]
cj:yfdf ;DefAotf / k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df pNn]lvt !=$ sf
cfwf/df tflnd sfo{qmd to ug'{ kg]{5 .
3

!=%=$ cfly{s jif{sf] rf}dfl;s ljefhg cg';f/ lgwf{l/t tflnd

sfo{qmd ;DkGg ug'{ kg]{
ePsf]n]
cWoognfO{ qmda4 ug'{ kg]{5 / k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df pQm
cfly{s jif{df
k|fKt dfu jf
l;kmfl/;nfO{ cfufdL cfly{s
jif{sf sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg]5 .
!=%=% :ynut cWoog sfo{ ;DkGg ePkl5 ;f] sf] 5f]6s/L
k|ltj]bg tof/ ug['{ clgjfo{
x'g]5 . o;/L tof/ ul/Psf]
k|ltj]bgnfO{ ;DalGwt sfo{fnon] sfo{fjGog u/L cg'udg
/ d'Nof+sg ug{sf] nflu ;d]t o;nfO{ cfwf/lznfsf] ?kdf lng'
kg]{5 .
cWoog k|ltj]bgdf lgDgfg';f/sf s'/fx? ;dfj]z ePsf] x'g'
kg]{5 .
!= :yfg kl/ro
@= tflnd ljifosf] dfu / cfjZostf ljj/0f -dfusf] k[i7e"dL
;d]t_
#= :yflgo sRrf kbfy{sf] pknAwtf, ;DefAotf / pkof]usf]
ljj/0f .
$= ;+rflnt pBf]ux?sf] ;+Vof, pTkfbg l:ylt tyf yk sfdbf/
jf a9L ;Lko'Qm

sfdbf/sf] dfu / ;Defjgf ePsf] jf

gePsf] .
%=

;+:yfut ultljlwsf] ljj/0f, pBdAoj;fo k|j4{gdf

k'ofPsf] jf k'ofpg ;Sg]

^=

of]ubfg .

;Defljt ahf/sf] b"/L, ahf/sf] cfsf/, pkef]Qmfsf] :t/ /

a}slNks ahf/ Aoj:yf .

&= ljutdf ;f] :yfgdf s'g} tflnd ;+rfng ePsf] eP ;f]

tflndsf] ;b'kof]u, tflnd

;+rfngdf cGo ;DalGwt lgsfox?

af6 ePsf] ;xof]u / ;dGjosf] l:ytL .

*=

;'emfj Pjd\ lgisif{ .

!=^ tflnd cfjZostf cWoog ;DjGwL cGo Aoj:yf

tflnd cfjZostf cWoog sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf nflu sfo{fno k|d'v
cfkm} jf cfkm" dftxtsf ;xfos sd{rf/L / k|lzIfsnfO{ ;
+nUg u/fO{ lhNnf l:yt 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] ljsf; ;+u ;
+alGwt lgsfox? ;d]tsf] ;'emfj / ;Nnfx lnO{ ;DkGg
ug'{ kg]{5 . cfjZos kg]{ k|zf;lgs P+j ah]6 Joj:yf l:js[t
ah]6sf] kl/lw leq /xL ;ldltsf] lgodfg';f/ ug'{ u/fpg' kg]
{5 .

kl/R5]b@
;ldlt4f/f ;+rfng x'g] tflnd sfo{qmdx?
@=! k[i7e'ld
g]kfnsf] cfly{s ;+/rgfdf s[lif If]q dflysf] cTolws
lge{/tfnfO{ sd u/L cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ ltj|t/
t'Nofpg' cfhsf] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf xf] . o;} kl/k|]Ifdf u}x|
s[lif If]qdf cfod"ns /f]huf/Lsf yk cj;/x? h'6fpgsf] nflu
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt P+j cGtu{tsf sfo{fnox?
4f/f ljljw ljifodf ;Lk ljsf; tflnd, pBdlzntf ljsf; Pj+
Aoj:yfkg ;DalGw tflnd Pj+ pBf]u k|j4{gfTds
sfo{qmdx? lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;+rfng x'b} cfPsf 5g . o; k|sf/ ;
+rfng ul/g] cfod"ns tflnd tyf pBf]u k|j4{gfTds
sfo{qmdx?nfO{ :yfgLo dfu / ;DefAotfsf cfwf/df cem
5

a9L pknlAwd"ns, k|efjsf/L P+j hgd'vL agfpb}

sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf ldtJoLtf, kf/blz{tf Pj+ ultlzntf
Nofpg' h?/L 5 .
@=@ p2]Zo
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt4f/f ;+rfng ul/g]
sfo{qmdx?af6 b]zdf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux?sf] k|j4{g
ljsf; Pj+ la:tf/ x'gsf ;fy} :yfgLo u/La, cw{a]/f]huf/ tyf
k"0f{ a]/]fhuf/ hgzlQmnfO{ :j/f]huf/L jf Hofnf /f]huf/L
ug{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg k|fljlws 1fg lbO{ pgLx?sf] cfo cfh{gdf
;3fp k'ofO{ cfly{s:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu ;ldltaf6 ;
+rfng ul/g] tflnd sfo{qmdx?sf] d'Vo p2]Zo lgDg
adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .
@=@=! cfly{s tyf ;dflhs ?kdf sdhf]/ Pj+ lk5l8Psf
ju{nfO{ cfjZos ;Lk / bIftf k|bfg u/L cfod"ns pTkfbgzLn
Aoj;fodf ;+nUg u/fpg] .
@=@=@ /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o ahf/sf] dfu cg'?ksf] ;Lk
k|bfg
u/L
/f]huf/Lsf]
nflu
;Ifd hgzlQm tof/ ug]{ .
@=@=# :yfgLo :t/df ljBdfg k/Dk/fut ;Lksf] ;Da4{g,
ljsf; tyf clea[l4 ug]{ .
@=@=$ :yfgLo :t/df pknAw sRrf kbfy{sf] ;b'kof]u ul/
d"No
clea[l4
ug{
;3fp
k'ofpg] .
@=@=% n3' 3/]n' tyf ;fgf :t/sf pBf]u Aoj;fox? ;+rfng
ug{ pBdlzntf P+j Aoj:yfkg ljifosf tflndsf] dfWodaf6
;xof]u k'ofpg] .
@=@=^ ;ldltaf6 tflnd k|fKt k|lzIffly{x?nfO{ ;/n
tyf ;'netfsf ;fy shf{ pknAw u/fO{ pBf]u Aoj;fo :yfkgf
ug{ d2t ug]{ .
6

@=@=& tflnd k|fKt u/L pBf]u Aoj;fo ;+rfng ug{] k|

lzIffly{x?af6 pTkflbt a:t'x?sf]
ahfl/s/0fsf
nflu
cfjZos ;/ ;Nnfx tyf ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ .
@=# nlIft nfe
@=#=! cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kdf lk5l8Psf dlxnf , blnt,
cflbaf;L, hghftL, dw];L,
zfl/l/s ?kdf czQm -ckf_
cfbL ju{ / ;d'bfox? pBf]u Aoj;fodf ;+nUg eO{
cfly{s ?kdf ;jn x'g] 5g\ .
@=#=@
lgb]{lzt
kf7\oqmddf
pNn]v
eP
adf]lhd ;}4flGts tyf Aojxfl/s ljlw ckgfO{
k|
lzIf0f k|bfg ul/g] ePsf]n] k|lzIffly{x? p2]Zo cg'?k sfo{ ug{
;Ifd x'g] 5g\ .
@=#=# :yflgo cfjZostf, dfu, >f]t / ;fwgsf] pknAwtf
cg';f/
tflnd
;+rfng
ul/g]
x'Fbf :yflgo :t/df pTkfbg P+j /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ a9\g
hfg]5 .
@=#=$ lalQo ;+:yfx?af6 C0f ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg
;xof]u
ul/
tflnddf
;l/s
x'g]
k|lzIffly{x?nfO cyf]{kfh{g ;+alGw lqmofsnfkdf ;
+nUg u/fpg ;xof]u k'Ug]5 .
@=$ nlIft ;d'x
tflnd sfo{qmdsf] nflu !^ jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf lgDgfg';f/sf
g]kfnL gful/sx? nlIft
;d"x leq kb{5g .
@=$=! cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kdf lkl5l8Psf dlxnf, blnt,
cflbaf;L, hghftL, dw];L, zfl/l/s ?kn] czQm -ckf_,
4Gb lkl8t cfbL= ju{ / ;d'bfosf AolQmx? .
@=$=@ :yfgLo a}s tyf ljlQo ;+:yfx?, u}x| ;/sf/L ;+3 ;
+:yfx? Pj+ ljsf; sfo{df ;+nUg lgsfox?af6 tflnd
7

kZrft :jcfh{g tyf /f]huf/Ldf ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ u/L

l;kmfl/; ePsf AolQmx? .
@=$=# tflnd kZrft cfgf] pBf]udf /f]huf/L lbg] k|
ltj4tf ;fy k|lzIf0fsf] nflu :yflgo pBf]upBdLaf6
l;kmfl/; ePsf AolQmx? .
@=$=$ pBf]u Aoj;fodf ;l/s x'g O{R5's ePtf klg ;Lksf]
cefjn] ubf{ ;l/s x'g g;s]sf] AolQmx? .
@=% ;ldltaf6 ;+rfng ul/g] ljleGg tflnd sfo{qmdx?
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf sfo{fnox?4f/f lgDgfg';f/
tflnd sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng u/Lg] 5g\ .
@=%=! ;Lk ljsf; tyf Ifdtf clea[l4 k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd .
@=%=!=! ;Lk ljsf; tflnd .
;DalGwt lhNnfsf] l:js[t jflif{s sfo{qmd cg';f/ lhNnf l:yt
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf sfo{fnox?4f/f ;+rfng
ul/g] tflnd sfo{qmdnfO{ lgoldt sfo{qmd cGtu{t
/flvPsf] 5 . o; tflnd sfo{qmddf dfyL pNn]v eP cg';f/sf
nlIft ;d'xaf6 kl/R5]b !! sf] k|s[of k"/f u/L k|lzIffyL{x?
5gf}6 ul/ tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] tflnd sfo{qmddf ;xefuL
u/fpg' kg]{5 .
@=%=!=@ ljljw tflnd
;DjlGwt lhNnfsf] :jLs[t jflif{s ah]6 tyf sfo{qmdaf6
tflndsf] dfu k'/f x'g g;s]df lhNnfsf] ;DefAotf,
cfjZostf, :yflgo rfxgf tyf tflnddf ePsf] rfksf] cfwf/df
laz]if tflnd sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;
k|
sf/sf] tflnd ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu ;ldltsf] k|wfg sfof{{nodf
ah]6 Aoj:yf x'g] x'Fbf lhNnf l:yt sfo{fnox?n]
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{ eGbf cuf8L lgDg s'/fx?
nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL sfo{qmd l:js[ltsf] nflu k|wfg
sfo{fnodf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
s_ tflnd cfjZos kgf{sf] sf/0f .
8

v_ sfo{qmddf ;xefuL u/fO{g] k|lzIffyL{x?sf] ljj/0f -s'g

s'g

uf=lj=;=g=kf=

af6

sltslt

hgf

k|

lzIffyL{ nfeflGjt x'g ;S5g\ ;f] sf] ljj/0f _ .

u_ sfo{qmdn] :yflgo ?kdf kfg]{ k|efj .
3_ sfo{qmd kZrft pBf]uAoj;fodf ;+nUg x'g] k|ltj4 k|
lzIffyL{ ;+Vof .
_ sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf x'g] vr{sf] ljj/0f .
r_

sfo{qmdsf]

nflu

cfjZos

k|lzIfssf]

;+Vof

cfk"lt{ Aoj:yf .
;se/ cfgf] lhNnfdf lgoldt tflnd sfo{qmddf gk/]sf]
ljifodf dfq sfo{qmd dfu ug'{ kg]{5 .nfdf] cjlw -Ps
dlxgf eGbf a9L_ sf] tflndsf] nflu kmfu'0f d;fGt leq /
5f]6f] cjlw -! dlxgf eGbf sd_ sf] tflnd eP a}zfv d;fGt
leqdf k|wfg sfo{fnoaf6 l:js[tL lnO{ ;dod} sfo{qmd ;
+rfng ug'{ kg]{5 .
@=%=!=# k"gtf{huL tflnd
;ldltn] ;+rfng ug]{ laleGg tflnd dWo] k'gtf{huL tflnd
klg Ps xf] . of]
tflnd ljifo a:t'sf] cfwf/df a9Ldf @ -b'O{_
dlxgf
;Ddsf]
x'g]5
.
;f]
eGbf
a9L
cjlwsf] tflnd ;+rfng ug'{ kg]{ ePdf ;ldltsf] k|wfg
sfo{fnosf]
k"j{
l:js[tL
lnO{
;+rfng ug'{ kg]{5 . of] tflnd ;+rfngsf] qmddf k|
lzIffyL{
5gf}6
ubf{
lgDg
s'/fx?nfO{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ x'G5 .
-s_ ;ldltljefuaf6 tflnd k|fKt ul/ pBf]uAoj;fodf ;+nUg
AolQmx? .
-v_ pBf]uAoj;fodf ;+nUg t/ ;Lksf] k"0f{ bIftfdf sld e}
o:f lsl;dsf] tflnd
k|fKt
u/]kl5 cem ;kmntf /
lgk"0f{tfk"j{s pBf]uAoj;fo ;+rfng ug{ ;Sg] k|jn
clenfiff P+j rfxgf ePsf AolQmx? .
9

-u_ cGo lgsfoaf6 tflnd k|fKt ul/ pBf]uAoj;fodf ;+nUg

AolQmx? .
-3_ k/Dk/fut ;Lksf cfwf/df pBf]uAoj;fo ;+rfng ul/ /x]sf
AolQmx? .
@=%=!=$ cg b ha tflnd
pBf]uAoj;fo ;+rfng, k|j4{g Pjd\ ljljwLs/0f ug{ O{R5f
ePsf t/ cfjZos ;Lk, 1fg gePsf sf/0fn] s]xL ug{ g;s]sf
AolQm jf ;d'xnfO{ h'g ljifosf] Aoj;fo ;+rfng ug{ O{R5f
u/]sf]
xf],
;f]xL
ljifosf]
pBf]u
jf
;DalGwt
sfo{zfnfdf ;}4flGts P+j Aojxf/Ls 1fgsf] ;fy} pBf]u ;
+rfngsf] ljljw kIfsf] af/]df ;d]t :ynut cjnf]sg tyf tflnd k|
bfg u/L pBf]u Aoj;fo ;+rfng ug{ ;Ifd agfpgsf nflu cg b
ha tflnd ;+rfng ul/g]5 .
-s_ of] tflnd ;DalGwt pBf]u / sfo{zfnfdf g} ul/g]
ePsf]n] tflnd k|fKt AolQmx?
l56} cfgf] pBf]u
vf]Ng / :j/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|fKt ug{ ;Ifd x'g] 5g .
-v_ pBdLn] O{R5f u/] cg';f/sf ;DefAo ljifodf lgh / lghsf
sfdbf/nfO{ of] tflnd
k|bfg ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-u_ o; lsl;dsf] tflndaf6 pBf]u ;+rfngsf ljljw k|s[ofx?sf]
af/]df pBdLnfO{
hfgsf/L x'g] x'Fbf ck]Iffs[t sd
k"FhLaf6 pBf]u Aoj;fo ;+rfng ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug]
5.
@=%=!=$=! cg b ha tflnd ;+rfng k|s[of
++++++++++++++
-s_ of] tflnd AolQm jf ;d'xsf]
cfjZostf jf dfu x]/L tflndsf] pko'Qmtf / :ynut ;+efjgf
af/] ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df ;+rfng ug'{ kg]{5 .
-v_ sfo{fnon] lgoldt ;'kl/j]If0f ug{ ;Sg] 7fpF x]/L
pko'Qm cg'ej /
;'ljwf ePsf] pBf]u k|
lti7fgdf tflnd ;+rfng ug'{ kg]{5 .

10

-u_ ;ldltsf] d'Vo zfvfzfvf sfo{fnox?af6 of] sfo{qmd ;

+rfng ubf{ k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ eQf tyf ;'ljwfx? pknAw
u/fpg' kbf{ cg';"rL @) df ePsf] Aoj:yf cg';f/ pknAw
u/fpg' kg]{ 5 .
@=%=!=$=@ k|lzIffyL{ 5gf}6
pBf]uAoj;fodf ;+nUg x'g] AolQm dfq o; tflnddf ;
+nUg u/fO{g] ePsf]n] k|lzIffyL{
5gf}6
ubf{ cfjZostf / ;+efAotfsf] cfwf/df 5gf}6 ug'{ kg]{5 . Ps
eGbf a9L AolQmn]
Pp6} 7fpFdf Ps eGbf a9L
pBf]u Aoj;fo ;+rfng ubf{ To;sf] ahf/ kIf,sRrfdfn
cfbLdf kg{{hfg] k|efj ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ ul/ ;se/ ;DefAo ahf/
If]q glhs ePsf
uf=lj=;g=kf= af6 Ps hgf kg]{ ul/
k|lzIffyL{ 5gf}6 ug{ pko'Qm x'g] x'Fbf k|lzIffyL{
5gf}6 ubf{ lgDg AolQmx?nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ 5gf}6
ug'{ kg{]5 .
-s_ pBf]uAoj;fodf ;+nUg jf pBf]uAoj;foLn] l;kmfl/;
u/]sf AolQmx? .
-v_

tflnd

kZrft

pBf]uAoj;fo

ug{

k|ltj4

ePsf

AolQmx? .
-u_ ljlQo ;+:yfx?af6 C0f nufgLsf] k|s[ofdf k/]sf
AolQmx?
-3_ :yfgLo pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 jf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;
+3af6 pBf]uAoj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ egL k|ltj4tf
bzf{O{ l;kmfl/; ul/Psf AolQmx? .
-_

:yflgo ?kdf k|efjsf/L tj/n] sfo{/t /x]sf ;/sf/L tyf

u}x| ;/sf/L ;+3

;+:yfx?af6 pBf]uAoj;fodf ;

+nUg x'g] elg l;kmfl/; ul/Psf AolQmx? .

@=%=!=% tTsfn ;Lk ljsf; tflnd

11

k/Dk/fut jf gljg ;Lksf] k|of]u u/L pBf]u Joj;fo ;

+rfng ul//x]sf jf tTsfn} pBf]u ;+rfng ug{ OR5's jf ;
+rflnt pBf]usf] ljljlws/0f, lj:tf/ ?kfGt/0f jf kl/jt{gsf]
;f]rsf ;fy ;Lk ljsf; tflnd -cfwf/e't, k'gtf{huL jf cgbhj
tflnd_
dfu
ug]{
Ps
jf
;f]
eGbf
a9L
JolQmpBdLnfO{ rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] :jLs[t jflif{s
sfo{qmd cg';f/ ;ldltsf] k|ToIf /]vb]vdf tTsfn ;Lk
ljsf; tflnd ;+rfng ul/g]5 . k|lzIffyL{af6 dfu e}
cfPsf] tflnd k|bfg ubf{ pknAw ef}lts ;fwg / k|
efjsf/Ltfsf] cfwf/df ;f]xL lhNnf jf cGoq lhNnfdf
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5. lhNnfdf ;+rfng ug{ ;+ej
gb]lvPdf sf7df8f}+df sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
tflndsf] cjlw laifo cg';f/ lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 .
@=%=!=%=!
+:yfsf] 5gf}6 M

k|lzIfs jf tflnd ;+rfng ug]{ ;

k|ofKt k|lzIffyL{x?af6 tflnd dfu ePsf] cj:yfdf ;+ej

eP ;Dd :yflgo k|lzIfs, lgo'QmL u/L ;+rfng ug]{ .
tflndsf] rfk / cfjZostf cg';f/ tflnd ;+rfng ug]{ ;
+:yfaf6 ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df k|lzIffyL{nfO{ tflnd k|
bfg ug{ kg]{ 5 .
@=%=!=%=@ k|lzIffyL{nfO{ ;'ljwf M
!= lgMz'Ns tflnd k|bfg ul/g]5 . ;fy} kl/R5]b !@, !
# / cg';"lr @) cg';f/sf] ;]jf / ;'ljwfx? k|bfg ug'{ kg]
{5.
@=%=!=^ j:t' ljsf; tyf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd
;ldltn] tf]s]sf :yfgdf lgoldt ?kdf ljleGg a:t'x?sf] ahf/
of]Uo gd"gf l8hfOg pTkfbg / ljifout ;Ifd pBdL Joj;foL
tof/ ug]{ p2]Zon] a:t' ljsf; tyf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd lgDg
cfwf/df ;+rfng ul/g] 5 .

12

s_ ljleGg cg';GwfgfTds sfo{x? lgoldt / lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;

+rfng u/L jhf/
of]Uo j:t'x?sf] gd"gf pTkfbg
ug]{ .
v_ pBf]u Joj;fo ;+rfng u/L/x]sf pBdLx?, ;DjlGwt
k/Dk/fut ljifodf pBf]u Joj;fodf ;+nUg pBdLx?,
;DjlGwt ljifodf ;fwf/0f tflnd lnO{ j;]sf t/ pBf]u ;
+rfng ug{ pT;'s JolQmx?nfO{ ;+nUg u/fO{ k|
lzIf0f ;+rfng ug]{ .
u_ o; sfo{qmddf b]zsf krxt/ lhNnfsf pBdL k|
lzIffyL{x?nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg ;lsg] 5 .

13

@=%=@ Aoj;fo :yfkgf tyf ;+rfngsf] nflu ;fem]bf/L

ljsf; sfo{qmd
o; sfo{qmd ;DjGwL Joj:yf kl/R5]b # df /flvPsf] 5 .
@=%=# bLuf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf nflu Aoj:yfklso Ifdtf
ljsf; sfo{qmd
@=%=#=! pBdlzntf ljsf; tflnd
b]zsf u|fdL0f Pj+ zx/L If]qdf a]/f]huf/ /x]sf AolQmx?
nfO{ :yflgo :t/df g} /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{,
:yflgo ;Lk / ;fwgsf] ;b'kof]u ub}{ cfTdlge{/tf a9fpg,
AolQmx?df ;'if'Kt cj:yfdf /x]sf pBdzLntfsf nIf0fx?
nfO{ hufO{ ;kmntfsf ;fy pBf]u Aoj;fo ;+rfng ug{ ;Sg]
pBdLAoj;foL tof/ ug]{ p2]Zo cg'?k ;ldltaf6
pBdzLntf ljsf; tflnd k|bfg ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . o; tflndsf]
nflu :yn 5gf}6, tflnd cjlw, k|lzIffyL{ 5gf}6, cflb
;Dk"0f{ k|lzIf0f ;DalGw sfo{ljlw ;ldltaf6 tof/ ul/Psf]
pBdlzntf ljsf; tflndsf] lgb]{lzsf tyf kf7\o k':ts df
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o; tflndsf ;xefuL k|lzIffyL{x?
nfO{ cg';"rL @) cg';f/ / k|lzIfsx?nfO{ cg';"rL @!
cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/g] 5 .
@=%=#=@ Aoj:yfkg tflnd
pBf]u Aoj;fo ;+rfng ul//x]sf pBdL Aoj;foLx?
nfO{ cfgf] pBf]unfO{ lbuf] Pj+ ;kmntfk"j{s ;+rfng
ug{ ahf/ Aoj:yfkg, pTkfbg Aoj:yfkg, n]vf Aoj:yfkg,
h:tf Aoj:yfklso tflndx?sf] cfjZostf kg]{ x'gfn] To:tf
tflndx? pBdLsf]
dfu
/ cfjZostf cg'';f/ lbg] gLlt ;ldltn] lnPsf] 5 . lo tflndx?
sf] ;+rfng
;ldltn] tof/ kf/]sf ljifout lgb]{lzsf tyf j]nf
j]nfdf pknAw u/fpg]
lgb]{zg
cg';f/ ug'{ u/fpg' kg]{5 . tflnd ;+rfng ubf{ l5d]sL
lhNnfaf6
klg
k|lzIffyL{
14

;dfj]z u/L ;+rfng ug{ ;lsg]5 . o:tf tflndx? lhNnfsf]

;b/d'sfddf
dfq
;+rfng ug{' kg]{5 . ;b/d'sfd eGbf aflx/ ;+rfng
ug'{
kbf{
k|wfg
sfo{fnosf]
l:js[tL lnP/ dfq ug'{ kg]{5 . o; cGt/ut lgDg ljifosf
Aoj:yfkg
tflndx?
;+rfng ul/g]5g .
s_ ahf/ Aoj:yfkg tflnd .
v_ pBf]u Aoj:yfkg tflnd .
u_ n]vf Aoj:yfkg tflnd .
3_ xf]6n Aoj:yfkg tflnd .
_ Aoj:yfkg ;DalGw cGo tflndx?

15

@=^ tflnd ;+rfng sfo{ljlw

@=^=! k|lzIffyL{ ;+Vof lgwf{/0f
tTsfn ;Lk ljsf; tflnd, cgbha tflnd tyf pBdzLntf ljsf;
tflnd afx]s ;dfGotof k|To]s tflnddf 36Ldf !) hgf k|
lzIffyL{x? ;lDdlnt ug'{ kg]{5 . tflndsf] ljifo a:t', d]lzg
cf}hf/sf] pknAwtf, tflnd k|ltsf] rfxgf, ah]6sf] pknAwtf,
k|lzIfs ;+Vof cflb kIfx? ljrf/ ul/ k|lzIffyL{ ;+Vof 36a9
ug{ ;lsg]5 . s'g} klg tflndsf nflu k|lzIffyL{ ;+Vof
lgwf{/0f ubf{ tflndsf] pkof]lutfdf k|lts'n c;/
kg{ glbg] ul/ rfk / dfunfO{ ljrf/ ul/ nlIft ;+Vofdf @)
k|ltzt k|lzIffyL{ yk36 ul/ /fVg ;lsg]5 . @) eGbf 3l6
al9 ug'{ k/]df k|=sf=sf] k"j{ l:js[tL clgjfo{ lng' kg]{5 .
pBdlzntf ljsf; tflndsf] nflu k|lzIffyL{ ;+Vof ;fwf/0ftof
@) hgf x'g'kg]{ 5 .
@=^=@ k|lzIfs Joj:yf
bz hgf k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ Ps hgf k|lzIfs pknAw x'g] ul/ k|
lzIfs / k|lzIffyL{ ljrsf] cg'kft sfod ug'{ kg]{5 . Ps eGbf
a9L k|lzIfssf] Aoj:yf ubf{ cg'ej / bIftfsf] cfwf/df Ps
hgfnfO{ k|d'v k|lzIfssf] ?kdf tf]Sg' kg]{5 . k|lzIfs
lgo'QmL ubf{ tflnd z'? ug'{ cuf8L kf7\oqmd cg';f/sf]
;fdfu|L / d]lzg cf}hf/sf] Aoj:yfsf ;fy} tflnd kZrft
d'Nof+sg, ;dfkg k|ltj]bg, lhG;L tyf n]vf a/a'emf/y ug]{
h:tf sfdsf] nlfu ;d]t u/L ah]6 / cf}lrTotfsf] cfwf/df a9Ldf
hDdf !% lbg ;Dd tflndsf] cjlwdf yk ul/ k|lzIfs lgo'Qm
ug{ ;lsg]5 . 5f]6f] cjlwsf] tflndsf] nflu eg] of] cjlw &
lbgsf] eGbf a9L yk ug{ ;lsg] 5}g . tflndsf] nflu k|
lzIfssf] Aoj:yf ubf{ ;DalGwt lgsfosf] l:js[tL lng' kg]{df
l:js[tL lnO{ cGodf cg';"rL @! sf] bkmf !@ cg';f/sf]
of]Uotf adf]lhd kfl/>lds ;'ljwf k|bfg u/L lgo'lQm
ug'{ kb{5 . k|lzIfs lgo'lQm ubf{ lgDg k|s/0fx? k"/f
ug'{ kg]{5 .
s_ tflnd ;+rfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ k|lzIfsx? pknAw
eP;Dd sfo{fnodf sfo{/t k|lzIfsx?nfO{ g} pkof]u
ug'{ kg]{5 . ljifo a:t' gldNg] tyf cfjZos ;+Vofdf
16

sfo{fnodf ;DalGwt k|lzIfs gePsf] cj:yfdf k|lzIfssf]

Aoj:yf ug'{ k/]df zfvfn] d'Vo zfvfdf / d'Vo zfvfn]
;ldltsf] k|wfg sfo{fnodf ;dGjo /fvL ;ldltsf cGo zfvf jf k|
wfg sfo{fnodf sfo{/t k|lzIfs dWo]af6 Aoj:yf ldnfpg] k|
of; ug'{ kg]{5 .
v_ dfyL k|s/0f -s_ df pNn]v eP cg';f/ k|lzIfssf] Aoj:yf x'g
g;s]df cg';"rL ^ adf]lhdsf] s/f/df ;+emf}tf ul/ k|lzIfs
lgo"QmL ul/ k|lzIf0f lbg] Aoj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{5 .
u_ pRr ;Lk Pjd bIftf cfjZos kg]{ tflndx? h:t} /]l8of],
l6=le= 38L lk|mh, kmf]6f]
skL d]lzg cflb dd{t, hg/n O{n]S6Ls, xfp; jfol/,
KnDaL cfbL ;DalGw tflnd
;
+rfngsf] nflu a9L of]Uotf ePsf la1x?sf] cfjZostf ePdf
k/fdz{
;]jf
z'Ns
ltg]{ ul/ To:tf la1x?sf] ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]5 . o; k|sf/sf]
k/fdz{ ;]jf k|fKt
ug{sf] nflu ;DjlGwt laifodf cf}krfl/s l8u|L jf l8Knf]df
xfl;n u/]sf] AolQm / ;f]
pknAw x'g g;s]df dfGotf k|fKt s'g} ;+:yfaf6 ^ dlxg]
tflnd k|fKt ul/ slDtdf #
dlxgf cjlwsf] k|lzIf0f sfo{sf cg'ej xfl;n u/]sf AolQmx?
nfO{ k|wfg sfof{nosf]
l:js[tL lnO{ ah]6sf] kl/lw leq /lx dfyL pNn]lvt k|s/0f
@=^=@ sf] l;df leq /xL k|lzIfs lgo'QmL ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
3_ ;]jfd"ns tflndx? h:t} /]l8of], l6=le=dd{t, df]6/
;fO{sn dd{t, ;fO{gaf]8{ k]lG6,
O{n]S6Lsn js{;k, cfbL ljifodf tflnd k|bfg ug{sf]
nflu :yflgo k|lzIf0f s]Gb| jf
dd{t sfo{zfnf -Workshop_ df tflnd ;+rfng ug'{k5{ .
tflndsf] k|s[lt x]/L 5n

kmnsf] cfwf/df eQf afx]ssf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ ;]jf z'Ns jfkt

ah]6sf] kfl/lwleq /xL
k|
lt k|lzIffyL{ k|lt dlxgf ? !))) -Ps xhf/_ ;Dd zfvf tyf d'Vo zfvf
17

sfo{fno
:t/af6} ;Demf}tf ul/ sfo{ ug{ u/fpg ;lsg]5 . ;f] eGbf
a9L k|lzIf0f z'Ns ltg'{ kg]{
ePdf k'i6\ofO{ ;lxt l:js[tLsf nflu k|wfg sfo{fnodf k7fpg'
kg]{5 .
_ a9Ldf b'O{ xKtf ;Ddsf] tflnd ;+rfng ubf{ tflnd lbg]
pBf]u, ;+:yf jf AolQmsf] ;Dk"0f{ ef}lts ;'ljwf, pQm
pBf]u ,;+:yf jf AolQm dfkm{t Aoxf]/L tflndsf] ljifo /
cjlw cfbL ljrf/ u/L cf}lrTotfsf] cfwf/df lhNnf l:yt zfvf jf
d'Vo zfvf sfo{nox?n] k|lt k|lzIffyL{ a9Ldf ? &)).-;ft
;o_ ;Dd e'QmfgL lbg] ul/ ;+rfng ug{ ;lsg]5 . ;f] eGbf
a9L ;]jf z'Ns lbO{ tflnd ;+rfng ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf ePdf k|
wfg sfo{fnosf] l:js[tL lnO{ ;+rfng ug'{ kg]{5 .
@=^=# d]lzg cf}hf/ sRrf kbfy{ Joa:yf
@=^=#=! d]lzg cf}hf/ Joj:yf
tflnd ;+rfngdf cfjZos kl/df0fdf d]lzg cf}hf/ pknAw
x'g' kg]{5 . ;fdfGotof @
hgf k|lzIffyL{x?sf] nflu
sDtLdf Pp6f d]lzg Aoj:yf ug'{ kg]{5 . o:tf] Aoj:yf
ubf{ eP ;Dd sfo{fnodf df}Hbft d]lzg cf}hf/x? k|of]u ug'{
kg]{5 .
@=^=#=@ sRrf kbfy{ Joj:yf
tflnd ;+rfngsf] nflu k|ofKt kl/df0fdf cfjZos sRrf
kbfy{ pknAw x'g' kg]{5 . sRrf kbfy{sf] Joj:yf ldnfpbf
tflndaf6 pTkfbg ul/g] kl/df0f / u'0f:t/nfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf
/fVg' kb{5 . k|lzIfssf] vr{ / k|lzIffyL{ eQf afx]s
sfo{qmd vr{sf] sDtLdf *) k|ltzt ;Dd sRrf kbfy{ vl/bdf
vr{ u/L tflnd cjlw e/df vkt u/L tflnd ;+rfng ug{' kg]
{5 . tflndsf] nflu sRrf kbfy{ vl/b ug'{ kbf{ ah]6sf]
kl/lwleq /xL tflndnfO{ :tl/o agfpg] u/L pRr u'0f:t/sf]
sRrf kbfy{ vl/b ug'{ kg]{5 . s'g} sf/0fa; sRrf
kbfy{ a9L x'g uPdf tflnd ;dfKt ePsf] & lbg leqdf
sfo{fnodf lhG;L bflvnf u/fO{ ;Sg'kg]{5 .
18

a9L x'g uPsf] sRrfdfn pBdLn] v/Lb ug{ rfx]df

pBdLnfO{ vl/b ug{ lbg] / o;f]
ubf{ klg a9L x'g uPsf csf]{ tflnddf k'gMM k|of]u ug{'
kg]{5 . s'g} s'g} pBf]u cyjf
tflnd s]Gb|df sRrfdfn ;ldltsf] tkm{af6 Aoxf]/L tflnd ;
+rfng ePsf] cj:yfdf
pTkflbt ;fdfg ;ldltdf cfDbfgL afWg' kg]{5 .

19

@=^=$ tflndsf] nflu k|lzIffyL{df x'g' kg]{ of]Uotf

;fdfGotof n]vk9;Dd ug{ ;Sg] AolQmnfO{ tflnddf
;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 . tflndsf] ljifo x]/L lgDgfg';f/ of]Uotf
ePsf AolQm ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
!=l;nfO{, sk8f a'gfO{ / :j]6/ a'gfO{ h:tf tflndsf] nflu
n]vk9 ug{ hfGg] / ;dfGo
x/ lx;fa ug{ ;Sg] .
@=xfp; jfol/, d]6n km]lj|s]zg, hg/n O{n]S6Lsn,
df]6/ ;fO{sn dd{t, l6=le= tyf
/]l8of] dd{t h:tf k|
ljlwo'Qm tflndsf] nflu slDtdf !) sIff ;Dd cWoog u/]sf] .
#=5f]6f] cjlwsf] tflnd h:t} s'rf] agfpg], d}gaQL
agfpg], cfn'lrK; agfpg] h:tf
ljifodf n]vk9 ug{ hfGg'
g} kg]{ jfWotf ul/g' kg]{ cfjZostf eg] 5}g .
@=^=% k|rf/ k|;f/
!= tflnd ;+rfng ug'{ cl3 oy]i6 ?kdf k|rf/ k|;f/
ug'{ k5{ .
@= tflnd sfo{qmd ;+rfng ubf{ ;+rflnt tflndsf] gfd
cjlw / :yfg :ki6 emNsg]
u/L t'ndf n]vL ;a}n]
b]Vg] 7fFpdf e'm08ofpg' kb{5 . k|rf/ k|;f/sf] nflu tflnd
pb\3f6g ;dfkg / nIo k|ultsf] ljj/0f ;lxt /f=;=;=tyf cGo
klqsfdf vj/
k|sfzgsf ;fy} kmf]6f] ;lxtsf] ljj/0f k|
sfzgsf] nflu ;dltsf] of]hgf ljefudf
k7fpg' kg]
{5 .
@=^=^ k|lzIffyL{ 5gf}6 k|s[of
;ldltaf6 ;+rfng ul/g] tflnd sfo{qmdx?sf] nflu kl/R5]b !!
df ePsf] k|s[of k"/f u/L k|lzIffyL{ 5gf}6 ug'{ kg]{5 .
t/ ;f] adf]lhdsf] k|lqmofaf6 k|lzIffyL{ 5gf}6 x'g g;Sg]
cj:yf ePdf lgDg k|lqmofg';f/ 5gf}6 ug'{ kb{5 .
tflnd sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo / nlIft ;d'xnfO{ ;d]6\g] ul/
kf/bzL{tfsf
cfwf/df
k|lzIffyL{x? 5gf}6 ug'{ kg]{5 . k|lzIffyL{ 5gf}6 ubf{
-cg';"rL # / $_ df pNn]lvt cfj]bg kmf/fdsf] cfwf/df
lbO{g]
c+s
/
cGt/jftf{sf]
cfwf/df
lbO{g]
cs+nfO{ b]xfo jdf]lhd ljefhg ul/ ;f]xL cg';f/ d'Nof+sg
ug'{ kg]{5 . kmf/ddf pNn]v eP adf]lhd k|fKt hfgsf/L
20

tyf cGt/jftf{sf] cfwf/df k|lzIffyL{ 5gf}6 d'Nof+sg

kmf/d -cg';"rL$_ el/ lgj]bsx? dWo]af6 pRr c+s k|fKt
ug{] k|lzIffyL{ 5gf}6 ug'{ kg]{5 .
s_ cfj]bg kmf/ddf
d'Nof+sg ug]{

pNn]lvt

hfgsf/Lsf]

cfwf/df
#)

!= kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"dL / ;xof]usf] :t/

@=z}lIfs of]Uotf

#=sfd k|ltsf] k|ltj4tf

!)

$=Aoj;flos ;Lk / pkof]uLtfsf] :t/

!)

v_ cGtjftf{sf] cfwf/df d'Nof+sg ug]{

@)

!= AolQmTj

@=pBdlzntfsf] nIf0f

!)

#= k|fyldstfdf kg]{ nlIft ;d"xsf pDd]bjf/x?

&

dfyL pNn]v eP cg';f/ k|lzIffyL{ 5gf}6sf] nflu ckgfpg'

kg]{ d'Nof+sg ljlw cg';"rL
%
df
lbO{Psf] 5 .
@=&
k|
lzIf0f ;+rfng ljlw tyf sfo{ tfnLsf
k|lzIf0fsf] l;nl;nfdf lgwf{l/t kf7\oqmd cg'z/0f ul/
tflndsf] ;dofjlw cg';f/ ;}4flGts / Aojxfl/s 1fg lbg] Aoj:yf
ldnfpg'sf ;fy} lgDg cfwf/df /lx tflnd ;+rfng ug'{ kg]
{5 .
s_ tflnddf ;xefuL x'g] k|lzIffyL{x? tflnd cjlwsf] Go"gtd
*) ?h' xflh/ x'g' kg]{5
. ;f] cg';f/ xflh/L gk'Ug] k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ tflndaf6
x6fO{g] 5 / k|df0f kq ;d]t
k|bfg ul/g] 5}g .
21

v_ tflnd b}lgs ^ 306f -;fj{hlgs ljbf afx]s_ ;+rfng

ug'{ kg]{5 .
u_ tflnd :tl/o / pknAwLd"ns agfpg k|lzIfs / k|lzIffyL{x?
sf] d'Nofg ug'{ kg]{5 .
@=*
tflnd
d'Nof+sg
tflnd ;+rfngsf] qmddf k|lzIffyL{x?n] s] slt ;Lk l;Sg
;kmn
ePsf
5g
;f]
sf]
d'Nof+sg ug{ h?/L x'G5 . nfdf] cjlwsf] tflnd eP x/]s
dlxgfsf] cGTodf / 5f]6f]
cjlwsf]
tflnd eP tflndsf] cjlwe/df Ps k6s d'Nofg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
o;/L
ul/g]
d'Nof+sgdf clGtd kl/Iff () k'0ff{sf] x'g]5 . !) k'0ff{
klxn]sf kl/Iffsf] nflu
x'g'
kb{5 . d'Nof+sg kmf/d cg';"rL* df pNn]v eP adf]lhd
x'g]5 .
pbfx/0f M # dlxgf cjlwsf] ;Lk ljsf; tflndsf k|lzIffyL{x?
sf]
klxnf]
/
bf]>f]
dlxgfsf] dfl;s kl/Iffdf dfgf} Ps k|lzIffyL{n] !) k'0ff{df
qmdz M $=% / #=& c+s
k|fKt
u/]sf] 5 eg] p;sf] cf};t $=% #=& *=@ @ -kl/If0f
k6s_ $=! gDa/
p;n]
clGtd kl/Iffdf () k'0ff{df kfPsf] dfgf} &) nAwf hf]8L s'n k|
fKtfs+ &$=!
sfod
x'g]5 .
clGtd kl/Iffdf k"j{ kl/Iffx?sf] cf};t c hf]8L s\"n k|
fKtfsf] lx;fa ug'{ kb{5 .
@=( tflndaf6 pTkflbt ;fdfgsf] d'Nof+sg
tflndaf6 pTkflbt ;fdfgx?sf] d'Nof+sg ug{sf] nflu
lhNnf
:t/df
b]xfo
adf]lhdsf]
d'Nof+sg ;ldlt /xg]5 . tflnddf vkt ePsf] sRrf kbfy{ /
22

;xfos sRrf kbfy{sf]

cfwf/df
pTkflbt ;fdfgx?sf] d'Nof+sg ug'{ kg]{5 . d'Nof+sg k|
of]hgsf]
nflu
cg';"rL

( adf]lhdsf] kmf/d k|of]u ug'{ kg]{5 . o;/L ul/g]

d'Nof+sgsf] k/n d'Nodf tflnddf
k|of]u
ubf{ ePsf] hlt{ / ;f] jfktsf] /sd ;d]t ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 .

23

d'Nof+sg ;ldlt -lhNnf:t/_

!= d'Vo zfvf zfvf sfo{fno k|d'v

+of]hs
@= lhG;L x]g]{ sd{rf/Ln]vfkfn

;b:o

#= ;DalGwt k|fljlws sd{rf/L

;b:o

pk/f]Qm cg';f/sf] ;ldltn] tflndsf] cjlwdf pTkflbt k|To]s

a:t' -Item_ sf] pTkfbg
k|s[of
k'/f x'gf;fy d'Nof+sg ul/ ljqmL ug]{ k|of; ug'{ kg{]5 .
s]Gb|sf]
sfo{qmd
lhNnfdf
;+rfng
ubf{
klg
pk/]fQmfg';f/ g} pTkflbt ;fdfgsf] d'Nof+sg ug'{ kg]
{5 . s]lGb|o :t/sf] sfo{qmdsf] xsdf lgDgfg';f/sf]
d'Nofg ;ldltn] d'Nofg ug]{5 .
!= k|lzIf0f ljefusf lgb]{zspk lgb]{zs

+of]hs
@= ;+alGwt sfo{qmd x]g]{ clws[t

;b:o

#= ;DalGwt k|lzIfs

;b:o

@=!) hlt{sf cfwf/x?

tflnd ;+rfng ug]{ qmddf a:t' pTkfbg ubf{ s]xL dfqfdf
sRrf kbfy{ v]/ hfg] x'G5 .
o;/L v]/
hfg] sRrf kbfy{x? tof/L a:t'df ;dfj]z ug]{ jf gug]{ eGg]
l4ljwf
d'Nof+sgstf{ nfO{ e}/xg] x'gfn] o; ljifodf :ki6 x'g
cfjZos
5
.
v]/
hfg]
sRrf
kbfy{x?sf] d'No sd ul/ a:t'sf] d'Nof+sg ubf{ pTkflbt
a:t'sf] ;lx d'Nof+sg gx'g] /
To;
a:t'df vr{ x'g] /sd klg 5'6 x'g] x'gfn] kmnkm"n k|zf]wg
tyf vfB a:t' k|zf]wg
tflnd
afx]s cGo ;a} tflnddf k|of]u x'g] ;Dk'0f{ sRrf kbfy{
24

-hlt{ ;d]t_ sf] d'No

ul/ pTkflbt a:t'sf] d'Nof+sg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

;dfj]z

@=!)=!pTkflbt a:t'x?sf] d'No lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;fdfGotof

a9Ldf lgDgfg';f/ hlt{ sfod
ug]{ Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ sRrf pmgnfO{ k|zf]wg ul/ pmgL wfuf] tof/
kfbf{ M
pmgsf] lsl;d
clwstd
hlt{ -k|ltzt_
!= ltj]ltog / :yflgo sRrf pgaf6 wfuf] agfpFbf #%
@=Go"lhNof08 / cGo >f]tsf] k|of]u ul/ wfuf]
agfpFbf

-v_ tof/L wfuf]af6 un}rf, tof/L kf]zfs, pmgL sk8f

cfbL tof/ kfbf{ M
wfuf]sf] lsl;d

clwstd hlt{ -k|

ltzt_
!= Pqm]lns pmgaf6 ag]sf] wfuf]

@= Go"lhNof08af6 k|fKt pmgaf6 ag]sf] wfuf]

#= lqmi6n, ef/lto jf :yflgo pmgaf6 ag]sf] wfuf]

!)

$=un}rfdf k|of]u x'g] df]6f] ;'lt wfuf]

!)

% sk8f a'gfO{ tflnddf k|of]u x'g] ;'lt wfuf]

^ l;6 d]6n jS;{

@%

& d]6n jS;{

#)

-u_ kmnkm"n k|zf]wg tyf vfB k|Zff]wg

;DalGw ;Dk"0f{ tflndx?
25

tflnd cjlwdf k|of]u ul/g] sRrf dfndf al9df @% k|ltzt

36fO{ afFsLsf]
d'Nof+sg ug]{ .
3_ xfp; jfol/
af]8{ jfol/ k|lqmof ckgfO{ ug'{ kg]{ of] tflnddf k|
of]u x'g] sRrf kbfy{x? dWo] sltko ;fdfgx? k"gM k|of]u
x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] tflnd kl5 lgDg k|lqmof ckgfO{ k|
of]udf cfpg g;Sg] ;fdfgx?sf] vr{ b]vfO{ lhG;Laf6 nut
sf ug{ ;lsg]5 .
!=O{G;'n];g 6]k, lni6L, lSnk, k]r lsnf, sf7sf jf]8{x?,
lrd, ls6s6, vfS;L h:tf
;fdfgx? k'g M k|of]udf cfpg g;Sg] x'gfn] vr{ s6fpg] .
@=ef]N6 ld6/, PDkLP/ ld6/, O{ghL{ ld6/, d]g :jLr
-cfO{=;L=:jLr_, ldlgPr/ ;ls{6 a|]s/ -Pd=l;=lj=_, 6\o'j
nfO{6 ;]6 -6\o'j afx]s_ h:tf ;fdfgx? tflnd kl5 k'gM cGo
tflnddf k|of]u ug'{ kg]{5 . e08f/0f e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf
lalqm x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf b]lvPdf %) k|ltzt 5'6 u/L k|
lzIffyL{x?nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ lalqm ug{ ;lsg]5 .
#=tflnddf k|of]u ePsf afFsL cGo ;fdfgx? k'gM tflnddf
k|of]u ug'{ kg]{5 . tflnddf
k|
of]u x'g g;Sg] ePdf ;fdfgsf] cj:yf hgfO{ lhG;L bflvnf u/L
/fVg' kg]{5 . af]8{
jfol/ afx]s afXo k|lzIf0fsf] nflu sfo{fno kl/;/ leqsf
ejgx?df xfp; jfol/
ug'{ kg]{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 eg] ;f]sf] nut O{li6d]6 k|
wfg sfo{fnodf k]z u/L k"j{
l:js[tL lnP/ dfq ug'{ kg]{5 . o;/L sfo{fnosf ejgdf jfol/
u/fpFbf eg] vr{
ePsf] sRrf kbfy{ hlt xf] ;f] sf] vr{ s6fpg ;lsg]5 . ;ldltsf]
sfo{fno afx]ssf
sfo{fno jf AolQm ljz]ifsf] 3/df jfXo k|lzIf0f u/fpg'
kbf{ ;DalGwt sfo{fno jf
26

JolQm ljz]ifsf] tkm{af6 g} xfp; jfol/df vr{ x'g]

;Dk"0f{ sRrf kbfy{ Aoxf]g{
nufpg' kb{5 .
_KnlDa P08 :oflg6]zg lkml6
kfO{k n] cfp6 8fou|fd af]8{ jfol/ jf ;Dd ldn]sf]
7fpFdf ug'{ kg]{ of] tflnddf
klg k'g Mk|of]u x'g ;Sg] / g;Sg] sRrf kbfy{x? x'g]
ePsf]n] tflnd kl5 lgDg
k|lqmof
ckgfO{ lhG;L Aojl:yt ug'{ kg]{5 .
!=l;d]G6, O{6f, afn'jf, tf]l/sf] t]n, lk=le=;L= kfO{k /
lkml6, lns l;ln 6]k h:tf
sRrf kbfy{x? k'g M tflnddf k|of]u ug{ g;lsg] ePsf]n]
vr{ s6fpg] .
@=tflnddf k|of]u eO{ afFsL /x]sf sRrf kbfy{x? k'g M
tflnddf k|of]u ug'{ kg]{5 . e08f/0fdf e} /x]sf] cj:yfdf
lalqm x'g] ;Defjgf b]lvPdf %) k|ltzt 5'6 u/L k|
lzIffyL{x?nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ laqmL ug{ ;lsg]5 . cGo
Aoj:yf xfp; jfol/ tflnd ;/x g} ug{' kb{5 .
r_ ;fO{g af]8{ k]lG6
;fO{g af]8{ k|m]dx?df / t'n Aofg/x?df k]lG6 u/L ul/g]
of] tflnd ;+rfng ubf{ ;se/
sfo{fnosf]
k|
of]udf cfpg ;Sg] lsl;dn] ug'{ kg]{5 . tflnddf ePsf cGo
;fdfgsf]
vr{ s6fO{ afFsL /x]sf ;fO{g af]8{x? k'g M tflnddf k|
of]udf cfpg ;Sg] x'gfn] lhG;L
bflvnf ug'{ kg]
{5 . tflnddf k|of]u ePsf ;fO{gaf]8{x?sf] vr{ s6fpg] /
lalqm ug]{
;DaGwdf xfp;
jfol/ tflnddf pNn]v eP adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{5 . tflnd cjlw e/df
k|lzIffyL{x?n]
l;Sg]
qmddf
/+u
/f]ug
u/]sf]
If]qkmnsf] ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f v'nfO{ ;dfkg
k|ltj]bgdf
pNn]v u/L k|wfg sfo{fnodf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
27

5_ xfp; k]lG6
/+ufpg' kg]{ ;txsf] If]qkmn v'nfO{ ;+rfng ug'{ kg]
{ of] tflnd ;se/ sfof{nosf
ejgx?df
/+u
/f]ug ug]{ ul/ ;+rfng ul/g] ePsf]n] klg /+u /f]ug ul/g]
7fpFsf] If]qkmn
:ki6
v'nfO{ ug'{ kg]{5 . aflx/sf cGo AolQm jf sfof{nosf]
ejgdf
/+u
/f]ug
u/fpg'
kbf{ s'g} klg cj:yfdf sRrf kbfy{df vr{ ug{ kfO{g]
5}g . tflnd cjlw e/df
k|lzIffyL{x?n]
l;Sg] qmddf /+u /f]ug u/]sf] If]qkmnsf] ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f
v'nfO{ ;dfkg
k|ltj]bgdf
pNn]v ul/ k|wfg sfof{nodf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
h_ cGo ljifosf tflndsf af/]df ;ldltn] ;do ;dodf tf]s] cg';f/
x'g]5 .
@=!! tflndaf6 pTkflbt ;fdfgsf] lalqm Aoj:yf
tflnd sfo{qmdaf6 pTkflbt a:t'x?sf] u'0f:t/ sfod u/fpg]
tkm{ sfo{fno k|d'v Pjd ;DalGwt k|lzIfsn] ljz]if Wofg
lbg' k5{ / To:tf pTkfbgx? k|lzIf0f cjlw d} ljlqm u/fpg]
k|oTg ug'{ kg]{5 . ljlqm gePsf pTkflbt ;fdfgx? tflnd
;dfkg ePsf] & lbg leq :6f]/ bflvnf ug'{ kg]{5 . pTkfbg
nfut tyf a]nfa]nfdf ePsf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ ljlqm d'No
lgwf{/0f ul/ To:tf ;fdfgsf] lalqm ug]{ u/fpg] lhDdf
sfo{fno k|d'vsf] x'g]5 . ljz]if sf/0fj; pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/ sd
e} jf pTkfbg nfut a9L x'gu} nfut d'Nodf ljlqm
ug{ sl7gfO{ dxz'; ePdf lgDgfg';f/sf] pk;ldltsf] lg0f{o
cg';f/ ljlqm ljt/0f ug'{ kg]{5 .

28

@=!!=! pTkflbt ;fdfg ljlqm pk;ldlt

s_ sfo{fno k|d'v

;+of]hs

v_ lhG;L n]vf x]g]{ sd{rf/L

;b:o

u_ k|fljlws sd{rf/L

;b:o

@=!!=@ pTkflbt ;fdfg ljlqm pk;ldltn] ug{ ;Sg]

sfo{x?
-s_ tflnd ;+rfng e}/x]sf] ;dodf k|lzIffyL{ jf :yflgo
AolQmn]
pTkflbt
a:t'
vl/b
ug{ rfx]df pTkflbt ;fdfgsf] d'Nodf @) k|ltzt ;Dd sd ul/
ljlqm ug{ ;Sg] .
-v_ kmnkm"n tyf vfB k|zf]wg tflndaf6 pTkflbt ;fdfgx?
tflnd lzlj/df @) k|ltzt 36fpbf klg ljlqm gePdf tflnd
kl5 lhG;L bflvnf x'gf;fy k/n d'Nodf %) k|ltzt sd u/L
d'Vo zfvf sfo{fnon] ljlqm ug{ ;Sg] / dftxtsf zfvf
sfo{fnox?n] d'Vo zfvf sfo{fnosf] l:js[tL lnO{ ljlqm
ug{ ;Sg] . o:tf] cj:yfdf klxnf] k|fyldstf k|lzIffyL{x?
nfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .
-u_ dfyL -s_ df pNn]v eP cg';f/ klg pTkflbt ;fdfgx?
lgwf{l/t d'Nodf ljlqm
x'g g;Sg] ePdf pk;ldltsf] l;kmfl/; ;lxt k/n d'Nosf] %) k|
ltzt ;Dd sd
ug{] u/L l:js[ltsf nflu k'i6\ofO{ ;lxt k|wfg sfo{fnodf
n]vL k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-3_ tflndaf6 pTkflbt ;fdfgx?sf] u'0f:t/ Go"g ePsf] sf/0fn]
k/n d'Nofdf %)k|ltzt
;Dd d'No 36fpbf klg ;fdfg pTkfbg ePsf] Ps jif{ ;Dd
ljlqm x'g g;s]df, To:tf
;fdfgsf], dfyL pNn]lvt d'Nof+sg pk;ldlt / :yflgo sf]if tyf
n]vf lgoGqs
sfo{fno, lhNnf k|zf;g sfo{fnosf k|ltlglw ;d]tsf] ;ldltn]
29

lnnfd

of]Uo
;fdfgsf]
d'Nof+sg u/L lnnfd ljlqm ug{ l:js[ltsf] nflu k|wfg
sfof{nodf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-_ kmnkm"n tyf vfB k|zf]wg tflndaf6 pTkfbg ePsf a:t'
nufot l56f] gf; x'g]
a:t' ljlqmsf] nflu of]Uo gePdf d'Vo zfvf sfo{fnon] jif{df
a9Ldf ? !))).-Ps
xhf/_ ;Ddsf] To:tf ;fdfg w'Nofpg ;Sg]5 . o:tf] sfo{ d'Vo
zfvfsf] l:js[lt lnO{
dftxtsf zfvf sfo{fnox?n] klg ug{ ;Sg]5g . ;f] eGbf
a9Lsf] ;fdfg
w'Nofpg kg]{ ePdf k|wfg sfo{fnosf] l:js[tL lnP/
ug'{ kg]{5 .
@=!@ ;dfkg k|ltj]bg
x/]s tflnd ;DkGg eP kl5 cg';'rL !) adf]lhd ;dfkg k|
ltj]bg tof/ u/L k|To]s rf}dfl;s cjwL ;dfKt ePsf] !% lbg
leqdf clgjfo{ ?kdf k|wfg sfo{fnodf cfOk'Ug] u/L
k7fpg] lhDd]jf/L sfo{fno k|d'vsf] x'g]5 .

30

@=!# k|lzIffyL{nfO{ ;'ljwf

s_ tflnd eQf tyf k|df0f kq M
tflnd cjlwsf] sDtLdf *) k|ltzt pkl:ylt x'g] k|lzIffyL{x?
nfO{ cfjZostf x]l/ kl/R5]b !@, !# cg';f/sf] ;]jf Pj+
cg';"lr @) adf]lhd tflnd eQfsf cnfjf ;kmntfk"j{s
tflnd ;DkGg ug]{ k|lzIffyL{nfO{ k|df0f kq ;d]t lbO{g]
5 .Aoj;fo :yfkgf tyf ;+rfngsf nflu ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmd
cGt/ut ;+rfng x'g] tflndsf k|lzIffyL{x?n] eg]
eQmf ;'ljwf kfpg] 5}gg\ .
v_ d]lzg cf}hf/ vl/bdf ;'ljwf M
!_ ;ldltn] ;+o'Qm ?kdf ;+rfng u/]sf] / ;ldltaf6 ;+rflnt
tflnd k'/f ug]{ k|lzIffyL{x? dWo] k|yd, l4lto / t[tLo
x'g] / cGo ;xefuL k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ cfg}
pBf]u ;
+rfng ug]{ sl6a4tf b]vfPdf d'Nof+sg qmdfg';f/ k|
fyldstfsf] cfwf/df tflnddf k|of]u ePsf d]lzg cf}hf/ tyf
pks/0fx?
ljlqm
ubf{
;x'lnot -5'6_ b/df pknAw u/fO{g] 5 . d'Nof+sg
qmddf cuf8L kg]{n] cfkm} pBf]u ;+rfng ug]
{ s6La4tf gb]vfPdf To; kl5sf] qmdafnfnfO{ k|fyldstf
lbO{g]5 . ;x'lnot b/df pknAw u/fO{g] d]lzg cf}hf/
tyf pks/0f k|lt k|lzIffyL{ Ps ;]6 -;]6 eGgfn] To;
Aoj;fonfO{ cfjZos kg]{ d]lzg cf}hf/ tyf pks/0fsf]
Ps ;]6 ;Demg' kb{5_ eGbf a9L lbO{g] 5}g . ;ldltsf]
lgoldt tflndsf k|lzIffyL{x?n] tfnLd ;dfKt ePsf] ^
dlxgf ;Dd klg d]lzg pks/0f vl/b gul/ :6f]/df df}Hbft
/lx /x]df dfq Joj;fo :yfkgfsf nflu ;fem]bf/L ljsf;
sfo{qmd cGt/ut ;+rfng ul/Psf]] tflndsf k|lzIffyL{x?
n] pBf]u :yfkgf ug]{ tkm{ cfgf] k|lta4tf
b]vfO{ d]lzg pks/0f 5'6 b/df vl/b ug{ rfx]df ljlqm
ug{ ;lsg]5 .
@_ dfyL pNn]lvt d]lzg cf}hf/ tyf pks/0fx? 5'6 b/df k|
lzIffyL{x?n] vl/b ug{ rfx]df ;f] If]qsf] s'g} Ps a}s
31

zfvfsf k|ltlglw,;ldltsf] ;DalGwt lhNnfsf] sfo{fno k|d'v

/ k|fljlws sd{rf/L ;lxtsf] ;ldltn] 5gf}6 tyf lg0f{o ul/
ljlqm ug'{ kg]{5 .
#_ dfyL -!_ / -@_ df pNn]lvt d]lzg cf}hf/ tyf pks/0fx?
5'6 b/df ljlqm ubf{ ;f] vl/b ul/ k|of]u u/]sf] @ jif{;Dd
pBdLn] s;}nfO{ ef8fdf lbg jf ljlqm ug{ gkfpg] ul/
cg';"lr !@ adf]lhd zt{gfdf u/fP/ dfq ljqmL ug'{kg]{5 .
$_
dfyL
-!_
df
pNn]v eP adf]lhd k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ d]lzg cf}hf/ tyf
pks/0f ljlqm ubf{ vl/b d'Nodf -9'jfgL afx]s_ -s_ ju{sf
lhNnfx?df ^) k|ltzt / -v_ ju{sf lhNnfx?df $) k|ltzt 5'6
ul/ ljlqm ug'{ kg]{5 . -s_ / -v_ ju{sf lhNnfx?sf] ljj/0f
cg';"rL !! adf]lhd x'g]5 .
u_ shf{ ;'ljwf
tflnd k|fKt k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ cfkm"n] ;DkGg u/]sf]
tflnd cg';f/sf] Aoj;fo ;+rfng
ug{ cfjZos kg]{ d]lzg cf}hf/ tyf pks/0f / sRrf kbfy{x?
k|fKt ug{ rflxg]
k"Flhsf] nflu n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u shf{ Aoj:yfkg
sf] shf{ lgb]{lzsf
cg';f/ shf{ ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOg] 5 .
3_ k|fljlws tyf k/fdz{ ;]jf
tflnd k|fKt k|lzIffyL{x?n] Aoj;fo ;+rfng ;DalGw ljljw
hfgsf/L
Pjd
k|fljlws k/fdz{ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg dfu u/]df cfjZostfsf]
cfwf/df sfo{fnon] k|fljlwsx? pknAw u/fO{ d]lzg cf}hf/
h8fg,
;+rfng,
dd{t
;+ef/
Pj+
ahf/sf]
dfu
/ l8hfO{g ;DalGw hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg] 5. k|fljlws tyf
k/fdz{
;]jf
lbbf
Pp6}
pBf]unfO{ Ps jif{df k6s k6s ul/ a9Ldf !% lbg ;Dd jf
Ps}
k6s
a9Ldf
!%
lbg ;Dd ;]jf lgz'Ns pknAw u/fpg ;lsg]5 . t/ !% lbg
32

eGbf
a9L
;dosf]
nflu
;]jf pknAw u/fpg' kbf{ To:tf sfo{sf] nflu v6LO{ hfg] k|
fljlws
sd{rf/Lsf] nflu lgodfg';f/ x'g] ;a} vr{ /sd ;DalGwt
pBf]upBdL;+u lnO{
k|fljlws ;]jf pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 . dfu cg';f/sf] sd{rf/L
sfo{fnodf gePdf ;DalGwt d'Vo zfvf sfo{fno jf k|wfg
sfo{fnodf ;Dks{ /fvL pknAw u/fpg ;lsg]5 . o;f]
ubf{ klg pknAw x'g g;s]df tf]lsPsf] ;]jfsf] nflu tflnddf
lgo"QmL ul/g] k|lzIfsnfO{ lbg] ;'ljwf / eQfsf] cfwf/df
k|lzIfs lgo"Qm ul/ ;]jf lbg ;lsg]5 .
_ pBdL cGt/b]lzo pBf]u cjnf]sg e|d0f sfo{qmd
tflnd k|fKt ul/ pBf]u Aoj;fodf ;+nUg pBdLx?nfO{ ;f]xL
lsl;dsf cGo
pBf]ux?n]
s]
s:tf] lsl;dsf pTkfbg s;/L u/]sf 5g / ahf/sf] dfunfO{ s;/L
k"lt{ u/L /x]sf 5g eGg] hfgsf/L u/fO{ cfgf] pBf]u ;
+rfngsf /0fgLltx? agfO{
;kmntfk"j{s
Aoj;fo ;+rfng ug{ o; sfo{qmdn] ;xof]u ug]{ ljZjf;
lnO{Psf] 5 .

cjnf]sg e|d0f sfo{qmd ;+rfng ubf{ lgDg

k|s[of cg';f/ ug'{ kg]{5 .
!= >[hglzn / pT;fxL x'Fbf x'b} klg pBf]u ;+rfngdf
s7LgfO{ ef]uL/x]sf t/ h]gt]g eg] klg pBf]u ;+rfng
ul//x]sf / cjnf]sg e|d0f kl5 pBf]u Aoj;fonfO{ ;kmntf
k"j{s ;+rfng ug{ k|lta4 pBdLx?nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{ kg]{5 .
@= cf}Bf]lus e|d0f kZrft kfPsf] ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/Lsf]
cfwf/df cf}Bf]lus lj:tf/df ;lqmoftfk"j{s nfUg]
>[hglzn, pT;fxL / nugzLn Pjd ;Ifd pBdLx? klg o;
sfo{qmdsf] ;xefuL x'g ;Sg] 5g .
#= km/s km/s ljifosf pBdLx?nfO{ km/s km/s 7fpF tyf
ldltdf cf}Bf]lus e|d0f sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g] x'gfn] o;
33

sfo{sf] nflu pBdLx? 5gf}6 ubf{ ;do ;dodf k|fKt x'g]

lgb]{zfg';f/ 5gf}6 ul/ lgb]{lzt ldlt / 7fpFdf k'Ug] ul/
k7fpg' kg]{5 .
$= o; sfo{qmddf ;xefuL pBdLx?n] tf]lsPsf] cjlwe/
cg';"lr @) df pNn]v eP adf]lhd b}lgs eQf tyf vfhf
vr{ / kl/jxg vr{ kfpg] 5g . of] /sd tf]lsPsf] sfo{fnon]
pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
@=!$ cfly{s Aoj:yfkg
tflnd sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ qmddf tflndsf] nflu pknAw
ah]6 Pj+ ;ldltsf] gLlt lgod / lgb]{zgsf] kl/lwleq /xL k|
efjsf/L / ldtAooLtfsf] cfwf/df ;+rfng ug'{kg]{5 .
-s_ sfo{fno4f/f lgwf{l/t k|of]hgsf] nflu afF8kmfF8
ul/Psf] ah]6 ;f]xL adf]lhd dfq
vr{ ug'{ kg]{5 . ;f] df x]/km]/ ug'{ kg]{ ePdf k|wfg
sfo{fnoaf6 k"j{ l:js[tL k|fKt
u/]kl5 dfq x]/km]/ ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-v_ tflnd ;+rfngsf] nflu vl/b ul/g] sRrf kbfy{ d]lzg
cf}hf/ tyf cGo ;fdfu|Lx? cfly{s P]g lgod4f/f lgwf{l/t
sfo{ljlw k'/f u/]/ dfq vl/b ug'{ kg]{5 .
-u_ ;xefuL k|lzIffyL{x?n] kfpg] eQf tyf cGo ;'ljwf
tflnd ;dfkg ePkl5 jf dlxgf Aoltt ePkl5 dfq xflh/L /]s8{
;+nUg /fvL e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{5 . o;/L ljt/0f ul/g]
eQfsf] b/ /]6 ;+nUg cg';"rL @) cg';f/ x'g]5 .
-3_ tflnddf ;Dej /
kbfy{nfO{
g}
vl/b ug'{ kg]{5 .

pko'Qm eP;DDf :jb]zL

k|fyldstf
lbO{

sRrf

-_ tflnddf pTkflbt ;fdfgx? tflnd cjlw leq} jf tflnd ;lsg]

ljlQs} tf]lsP
adf]lhd d'Nof+sg ul/ ljlqm u/]/ k|fKt x'g] /sd ljlqm
34

ePsf]

&
lbg
leqdf
vftfdf blfvnf ul/ ;Sg' kg]{5 .

w/f}6L

-r_ s]Gb|af6 k|fKt ug{] tflndsf] vr{sf] kmfF6jf/L

tflnd ;lsPsf] !% lbg leqdf
clgjfo{ ?kdf k|wfg sfo{fnodf cfO{k'Ug] ul/ k7fpg' kg]
{5 .
-5_ sfo{qmdx?sf] cfjZostf / pknAw ljlQo >f]tx?
nfO{ b[i6Lut ul/ ah]6 vr{sf] laleGg lzif{sx?df
afF8kmfF8 ePsf] /sdsf] l;ldttf ljrf/ ul/ tflnd
sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug{' kg]{5 . ;f] sf] nflu yk ah]6
pknAw x'g] 5}g . ;fy} clt cfjZos ePsf]
k'i6\ofO{ x'g ;s]df dfq cfly{s lgodfg';f/ /sdfGt/sf]
nflu k|=sf=df n]vL k7fpg ;lsg] 5 .
-h_ k|lzIffyL{ 5gf}6 ;ldlt, shf{ nufgL cg'udg ;ldlt
cfbLsf] a}7s jfkt lbO{g]
eQf cg';"rL @! adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-em_ lhNnf l:yt sfo{fnon] pTkflbt ;fdfg tyf d]lzg cf}hf/
lalqm u/L w/f}6L vftfdf cfDbfgL ePsf] /sd
dWo] ? !)))). -bz xhf/_ dfq w/f}6L vftfdf /fvL c? /sd
cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf k|wfg sfo{fnodf k7fpg' kg]{5 .

35

@=!% ljljw
-s_ tflndsf] pko'Qmtf / :ynut ;+DefAotf af/] cWoog
ljZn]if0f ul/ dfu / ;+DefJotfsf] cfwf/df sfo{qmd ;
+rfng ug'{ kg]{5 .
-v_ tflnd sfo{qmd ;+rfng ubf{ ;ldltljefu jf ;DalGwt
cfof]hgfx?af6 tof/
ul/Psf] kf7\oqmd cg';f/
ug'{ kg]{5 . To:tf] kf7\oqmd pknAw gePdf ;/sf/L tyf
u}x| ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfaf6 tof/ ePsf] kf7\oqmd cg';f/ / ;f]
pknAw gePdf dfq
tflndsf] k|s[lt tyf cjlw
cg';f/ ;}4flGts tyf Aojxfl/s 1fgsf] cg'kft v'Ng]
ul/ tflndsf] ljj/0f tof/ ul/ ;+rfng ug'{ kg]{5 .
-u_ ;ldltsf] sfo{fno jf ;+3 ;+:yfsf] sfo{fnodf sfo{qmd ;
+rfng ug'{ kg]{5 . ;f] pknAw x'g g;s]df dfq k|
Tofof]lht clwsf/sf] kl/lw leq /lx k|lzIf0f :yn ef8fdf
lnO{ tflnd ;+rfng ug'{ kg]{5 .

36

kl/R5]b#
Aoj;fo :yfkgf tyf ;+rfngsf] nflu ;fem]bf/L ljsf;
sfo{qmd
#=! k[i7e"ld M
:yfgLo dfu / ;DefAotfsf] cfwf/df :yfgLo ;/sf/L tyf
u}x| ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] ;dGjo / ;xof]udf cfod"ns
tflnd sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug{df ;3fp k'ofpg] u/L
s]Gb| tyf lhNnf :t/df ;xefuLtfd"ns tflnd sfo{qmdx? ;
+rfngsf] nflu Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf tflnd sfo{qmdx?
cfod"ns tflnddf ;+nUg cGo lgsfox?;+u ldn]/ ;+o'Qm ?
kdf ;+rfng ug'{ kb{5 . ;+o'Qm ?kdf ;+rfng
ug]
{ ul/ ;xefuLtfd"ns tflnd sfo{qmd th'{df ubf{ ss:n] s]
s:tf] vr{ Aoxf]g]{ P+j cfjZos ;]jf k'ofpg] eGg] af/]
lnlvt ;dembf/L sfod ug'{ kg]{5 . of] tflnd sfo{qmd ;
+rfng ubf{ cg';"lr& adf]lhdsf] k|s[of cjnDag ug'{ kg]
{5 . k|wfg sfo{fnoaf6 dfu ul/ sfo{qmd ;+rfng
ubf{ klg of] k||s[of k"/f ul/ l:js[lt lnP/ dfq ;+rfng
ug'{ kg]{5 . o:tf] tflnd ;+rfng ubf{ k|lzIfssf] vr{ /
;Dej ePdf d]lzg cf}hf/ ;ldltsf] tkm{af6 Aoxf]l/g] /
cGo ;Dk"0f{ vr{x? tflnd dfu ug]{ lgsfon] Aoxf]g{'
kg]{5 . sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/ ;s]kl5 lhNnfdf ePsf
u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] lqmofsnfk / l:ylt ;DjGwL hfgsf/L
sfo{fnonfO{ e}/xg' kg]{ x'Fbf cg';"rL &=! / *
adf]lhdsf] /]s8{ sfo{fnodf cWofjlws ?kdf /fVg] / ;f]sf]
37

cfwf/df k|ult ljZn]if0f ul/ ;Gtf]if hgs eP, gePsf] x]/L k'g
M sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ gug]{ lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{5 .
++++#=@ sfo{qmd ;+rfng k|s[of M
#=@=! ;fem]bf/L ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t tflnd ;+rfngsf]
nflu ;Da4 lgsfox?af6 dfu k|fKt u/L ;DefAo ;d]t
b]lvPdf ;DalGwt kIfx?af6 vr{ Aoxf]g]{ P+j ;]jf
k'ofpg] zt{df s/f/ u/L tflnd sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{kg]{
5 .
#=@ =@ ;fem]bf/L ljsf; sfo{qmd ;DalGw k|:tfj tof/
ubf{ lgDg s'/fx? :ki6 ug'{ kg]{5 .
tflndsf] p2]Zo .
nlIft ju{ .
k|lzIffyL{ 5gf}6 .
tflnd ;+rfng ug]{ :yfg .
tflnd cjlw .

tflnd ;+rfngdf ;xof]u k'ofpg] lgsfox? / To;sf]

ljwfglgodx? .

;xof]uL lgsfox?af6 Aoxf]l/g] vr{sf] ljj/0f .

tflnd ;+rfng tyf ;dGjo Aoj:yf .
tflnd kZrft k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ cfod"ns lqmofsnfkdf ;3fp
k'ofpg] k|fjwfgx? .
k|lzIffyL{ cg'udg k|lqmof .
#=@=#
u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfox?sf] ;lqmotfdf tflnd ;
+rfngsf] Aoa:yf ldnfpbf tflnd
;+rfng ug]{ :yfgsf] ;'/Iff
tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;DalGw sfo{ ;DjlGwt u}x| ;/sf/L lgsfox?4f/f
ug]{ Aoa:yf ldnfpg' kg]{5 .

38

#=@=$
tflnd ;DalGw vr{x? Aoxf]g]{ af/] ;Da4
lgsfox? lar afF8kmfF8 u/L d'Votof lgDg vr{x?sf]
;DaGwdf ls6fgL ug'{ kg]{5 .
s_ d]lzg pks/0f tyf cf}hf/sf] Aoa:yf -tflndsf] nflu cfjZos
kg]{ d]lzg, pks/0f tyf cf}hf/x? s:n], s'g zt{df
Aoa:yf ug]{ eGg] af/] z'?d} :ki6 ug'{ kg]{5 _ .
v_ sRrf kbfy{ tyf ;xfos sRrf kbfy{sf] Aoa:yf .
u_ k|lzIfsx?sf] kfl/>lds .
3_ k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ pknAw u/fO{g] ;'ljwf .
_ ;fem]bf/L ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t tflnd ;+rfng ubf{ k|
lzIffyL{x?af6 ;Da4

;+:yfn] s'g} k|sf/sf] k|lta4tf

z'Ns -Commitment Charge_ lng] ePdf ;f]

/sd tflndsf]

k|of]hgdf s;/L vr{ ul/g] xf] :ki6 x'g' kg]{ .

#=@=% ;fem]bf/L ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t tflnddf ;xefuL
x'g] ;+:yfnfO{ k|lzIffyL{ k|lt:yfkg cg'udg sfo{df
;lqmo t'Nofpg' kb{5 . o; k|of]hgsf] nflu ;Da4 ;
+:yfsf] e'ldsf ls6fgL;fy :ki6 ug'{ kg]{5 .
#=@=^ ;fem]bf/L ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t tflnd ;+rfng ug]
{ ul/ tflndsf] nflu k|:tfj
k7fpbf dfly pNn]lvt a'+bfx?
nfO{ larf/ ul/ ljj/0f ;lxt -cg';"lr& cg';f/sf]
kmf/fddf_
k7fpg' kg]{5 . k|fKt k|:tfj l:js[t e};s]kl5 dfq ;Da4 ;a} kIf
aLr
lnlvt ;dembf/L sfod ul/ tflnd sfo{qmd ;+rfng
ug'{ kg]{5 .
#=@=& ;fem]bf/L ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{tsf] tflndaf6
pTkflbt ;fdfgx?sf] d'Nof+sg .
;xefuLtf
d"ns
tflnd
sfo{qmddf
cfjZos
kg]{
;Dk'0f{ sRrf kbfy{ ;Da4 ;+:yfx?af6 Aoxf]g]{ ePsf]n]
39

tflndsf] l;nl;nfdf pTkflbt ;fdfgx?sf] sfo{fno4f/f d'Nof+s

u/fO{ cfDbfgL afWg' kg]{ cfjZostf 5}g . t/ ljz]if
kl/l:yltdf ;+o'Qm tflnd sfo{qmddf sRrf kbfy{sf] nflu
sfo{fno4f/f k'/} jf cf+lzs Aoxf]l/Psf] ePdf sRrf kbfy{df
ePsf] vr{sf] cg'kftdf tflndaf6 pTkflbt ;fdfgx?sf]
d'Nof+sg ug{sf] nflu o; lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf @=( df
Joj:yf ePsf] d'Nof+sg ;ldltaf6 ;f]xL lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf
@=!) cg';f/ d"Nof+sg u/fpg' kg]{5 .
#=@=* k|lzIffyL{ 5gf}6
;fem]bf/L ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;+rfng ul/g] tflndsf k|
lzIffyL{x? 5gf}6 ubf{ ;ldltsf sd{rf/L k|ltlglw /xg]
Aoj:yf ug'{ kg]{5 . tflnd kZrft cfod"ns lqmofsnfkx?
df ;+nUg u/fpg ;lsg] vfnsf a]/f]huf/cw{ a]/f]huf/,
blnt, hghftL, dlxnf, dw];L cfbL AolQmx?nfO{ k|fyldstf
lbO{g' kg]{5 .
#=#
;Demf}tfsf cfwf/df ;+rfng x'g] sfo{qmd
;DaGwL yk Joa:yf
;ldltsf] p2]Zo cg'?k lhNnfdf cf}Bf]lus jftfj/0f >[hgf tyf
sfod /fVg laleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?df ;ldltn]
k|:tfj k]z ul/ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{
;Sg]5 . o;/L ;+rfng
ul/g] sfo{qmd laleGg lsl;dsf ;Lk ljsf;, pBdlzntf
ljsf;,
k'gt{fhuL, cgbha, Aoj:yfkg tflnd, cf}Bf]lus ahf/
;DefAotf cWoog, kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg cfbL ljljw
ljifodf ;+rfng ug{ ;lsg]5 .
o;/L sfo{qmd ;+rfng ubf{ pNn]lvt sfo{qmd ;+rfng
ug{ nfUg] jf:tljs s'n /sddf ;ldltsf]
tkm{af6
pQm
sfo{qmddf ;+nUg x'g] ;ldltsf] sd{rf/L / lz/ef/ vr{
(Overhead Cost) jfkt #% k|ltzt yk ul/ s'n ah]6sf] k|:tfj
;DalGwt lgsfodf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 . o;/L tof/ ul/Psf]
k|:tfj ;DalGwt lgsfodf k]z ug'{ k"j{ k|wfg sfo{fnodf k7fO{
l:js[tL k|fKt ePkl5 dfq k|ToIf ;Dks{ tyf sf/f]af/sf] Aoj:yf
ldnfpg' kg]{5 . sfo{qmd lbg] lgsfo / ;+rfng ug]
40

{ lgsfosf lar clGtd 6'+uf] nflu ;Demf}tf eP kl5 dfq

sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ cu|;/tf k|wfg sfo{fno jf lhNnf l:yt
sfo{fnoaf6 x'g' kg]{5 . o;/L ;+rfng ul/g] tflnd
sfo{qmddf ckgfpg' kg]{ ljlwx? l4klIfo ;xdltsf] cfwf/df
x'g]5g . o:tf] sfo{qmd ldnfpg laz]if e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{
;ldltsf sd{rf/LnfO{ k|fKt s"n lz/ ef/ /sdsf] @% k|ltzt
;Dd k|f]T;fxg jfkt /sd ;ldltsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ k|bfg ug{ ;lsg]
5
.
o;
sfo{qmdsf]nflu
k|lzIfssf]
;+Vof, k|lzIffyL{ ;'ljwf, d]lzg cf}hf/ / sRrf kbfy{sf]
cg'kft
o;
lgb]{lzsfsf]]
bkmf
@=^ df Joj:yf eP eGbf sdL gx'g] u/L ;Demf}tfdf
pNn]v
u/L
sfo{qmd
;+rfng
ug'{kg]{ 5 .

kl/R5]b $
dlxnf pBdL ljsf; sfo{qmd
$=! k[i7e'ld
pBf]u Joj;fosf] If]qdf dlxnfx?sf] ;+nUgtf Go"g dfq
x}g ;+nUg JolQmx? klg k/Dk/fut pBf]udf sd k|ltkmn k|
fKt x'g] l9nf], k'/fgf] k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t pBf]u Joj;fodf g} ?
dlNnPsf] kfOG5 . dlxnfx?sf] o:tf] l:yltnfO{ kl/jt{g u/L
41

cf}Bf]lus/0fsf] k|of;df dlxnf ;xeflutf j[l4 u/fO{ dlxnf

ju{sf] pTyfg tyf ;zlQms/0f ug]{ p2]Zo cg'?k 3/]n' tyf
;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn] @)%@ ;fn b]vL k|lzIf0f,
k/fdz{ tyf lj:tf/ ;]jf ljefu cGtu{t dlxnf pBdL ljsf;
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
$=@ p2]Zo
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux?sf] k|j4{g ljsf; tyf lj:tf/4f/f dlxnf
pBdLx?sf] lhjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg'sf ;fy} o; If]qdf dlxnf
ju{sf] ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutfsf] nflu ljz]if e"ldsf lgjf{x
ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpg' o; sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf]
5.
$=# ;+rfng u/Lg] dlxnf pBdL ljsf; sfo{qmdx?
$=#=!
;kmn
dlxnf
pBdLsf]
cg'ej
Pjd
;Nnfx / ;'emfa sfo{qmd
k|To]s cf=j=sf] ;'?df ;kmn dlxnf pBdLsf] cg'ej Pjd
;Nnfx / ;'emfj sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g] 5 . of] sfo{qmd
Ps lbgsf] dfq x'g]5 . o; sfo{qmddf O{R5's
dlxnfnfO{ ;xefuL x'g ;fj{hlgs ?kdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L
cfj]]bg cfJxfg ul/G5 / ;Dks{df cfPsf dlxnfx?nfO{ cg';"lr
!# adf]lhdsf] lglb{i6 kmf/d e/fO{G5 . tt\ kZrft 5gf}6
;ldltn]
;xefuLtfsf] nflu cfjZos ;+Vofdf of]Uo tyf
pko'Qm dlxnfx?nfO{ 5gf}6 u/L sfo{qmddf ;xefuL
u/fO{G5 . Ps lbg] sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] cfwf/df AolQmsf]
cfjZostfsf] klxrfg ul/ pgLx?sf] rfxgf cg'?ksf] tflnd tyf
cGo ;]jf k|bfg ug{ cg';"rL !% adf]lhdsf] kmf/d e/fO{g]
5 . ;+rflnt sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L d"Nofg cg';"lr !$ cg';f/
ul/G5 . >f]t AolQmnfO{ / sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g]
kbflwsf/LnfO{ cg';"rL @! adf]lhd ;'ljwf pknAw
u/fO{g]5 .
$=#=@ ;Lk ljsf; tflnd
;kmn dlxnf pBdLsf] cg'ej Pj+ ;Nnfx / ;'emfj
sfo{qmd df efulng] ;xeflu
dlxnfx?n]
cg';"rL
!%
adf]lhdsf] kmf/d el/ sfo{fnodf a'emfP kl5 pgLx?n] dfu
u/]sf] ljifox?df ;Lk ljsf; tflnd ;+rfng ul/g]5 . ;Lk ljsf;
42

tflndsf] nflu cfjZos ah]6 Aoj:yf k|wfg sfo{fnon] ug]{5 .

ah]6 cefjsf sf/0f dfu ePsf] jif{df ;f] ljifosf] tflnd ;+rfng x'g
g;s]df csf]{ jif{df ;+rfng ug]{ Aoj:yf ldnfO{g] 5 . o:tf]
lsl;dsf] tflnd ;+rfngaf6 dlxnfx? pgLx?sf] dfu cg';f/sf] ;Lk
k|fKt ul/ pTkfbgzLn Aoj;fodf ;+nUg x'g, ahf/sf] dfu
cg';f/sf] ;fdfgx? pTkfbg ug{
;Sg]5g\ . dlxnf pBdL ljsf;
sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;Lk ljsf; tflnddf ;xeflu
x'g]x?n] cg';"rL
@) adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf kfpg] 5g\ .

$=#=#= pBdzLntf ljsf; tflnd

;kmn dlxnf pBdLsf] cg'ej Pj+ ;Nnfx / ;'emfj
sfo{qmd df efu lng] dlxnfx?sf] dfu cg';f/ pBdlzntf
ljsf; tflnd ;+rfng ul/g]5 . pBdlzntf ljsf; tflnd kZrft
;xefuLx?n] pBdL aGg] pTk|]/0ff, pBf]usf] klxrfg, ahf/
cWoog, kl/of]hgf tof/L h:tf pBf]u :yfkgfsf cfwf/e't
tTjx? af/] 1fg xfl;n ug{ ;Sg]5g . o; tflnd ;+rfng ;DalGw
cGo s'/f pBdlzntf ljsf; tflnd lgb]{lzsf tyf
kf7\o k':ts
@)%& df pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
$=#=$ n]vf, ahf/ tyf cGo Aoj:yfkg tflnd
dlxnf pBdL ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t pBdL]x?sf] dfu cg';f/
n]vf, ahf/ tyf cGo Aoj:yfkg ljifosf] tflnd klg k|bfg ul/g]5 .
tflnddf dlxnf pBdLx?sf] nflu
cfgf pBf]usf] n]vf /fVg],
ahf/ klxrfg, ahf/df cfgf] pTkfbg s;/L :yflkt
ug]{,
ahf/ klxrfg tyf pBf]u Aoj:yfkg ;DalGw hfgsf/L k|bfg
ul/g] x'Fbf of] sfo{qmdaf6 at{dfg tyf efjL dlxnf pBdLx?
nfO{ cfgf] Aoj;fo Aojl:yt ?kdf ;+rfng ug{
d2t
ldNg]5 .
$=#=% k|ljlws k/fdz{ ;]jf
dlxnf pBdLx?n] ;+rfng ug{ nfu]sf jf ;+rfngdf /x]sf
3/]n'
tyf
;fgf
pBf]ux?df
JofKt k|fljlws sl7gfO{x? lg/fs/0f ul/ pBf]ux?sf] :yfkgf, ;
+rfng / lj:tf/df
;3fp k'ofpg cfjZos ;Nnfx, ;'emfa,
hfgsf/L,
k|fljlws
;xof]u
pknAw
u/fO{g]
43

5 . of] sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo p2]Zo d]lzg, pks/0f

;DalGw
;"rgf
k|jfx
ug]{,
d]lzg
pks/0f h8fg tyf dd{t ;+ef/ sfo{df ;xof]u ug]{, pTkflbt
a:t'sf]
u'0f:t/
;DalGw
cfjZos ;Nnfx / ;'emfa k|bfg ug]{ / dlxnf pBdL 4f/f :yflkt
3/]n'
tyf
;fgf
pBf]ux?sf sdL sdhf]/Lx? ktf nufO{ lg/fs/0fsf] lgDtL
;xof]u k'ofpg] /x]sf] 5 .
$=#=^ pBdL cGt/b]zLo pBf]u cjnf]sg e|d0f
of] sfo{qmd cGt/ut dlxnf pBdLx?sf] dfu / cfjZostf
adf]lhd laleGg pBf]ux?sf] cjnf]sg e|d0f u/fO{g]5 .
ah]6sf] kl/lw leq /xL :yflgo jf cGo lhNnfsf pBf]ux?df
klg e|d0f u/fpg ;lsG5 . ;+rflnt pBf]ux?sf] cjnf]sg e|
d0f u/fO{ pBf]u ;+rfng ;DalGw Aojxfl/s 1fg k|fKt ug{
of] sfo{qmdaf6 d2t ldNb5 . cjnf]sg e|d0fdf ;+nUg
x'g] dlxnf pBdLx?n] cg';"rL @) adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf kfpg]
5g\ . t/ cjnf]sg e|d0f u/fO{g] lhNnfs} dlxnfx?
cf}Bf]lus e|d0fdf ;+nUg ePsf] v08df cg';"rL @)
adf]lhdsf] vfhf vr{ / a; ef8fsf] xsdf ;DalGwt
lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd b]lv tf]lsPsf] :yfg ;Dd cfpbf hfbf
nfUg] lgod cg';f/sf] a; ef8f pknAw u/fO{g]5 . of]
sfo{qmd k|wfg sfo{fnosf] k|lzIf0f ljefuaf6 ;+rfng
ul/g]5 .

44

$=#=& ahf/ ;Dks{

ahf/ gkfP/ cndlnPsf pBdLx?nfO{ ahf/sf] vf]h ul/ lbg] /
o:tf] a:t' klg pTkfbgdf cfPsf] 5 elg qm]tfx?nfO hfgsf/L
lbg
Ps}
ynf]df
;DjlGwt
qm]tf
tyf
ljqm]tfnfO{ e]63f6 u/fO{ lbg] of] sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo
/x]sf]
5
.
qm]tf
/
ljqm]tfnfO{
Ps}
ynf]df e]63f6 u/fO{ a:t'sf] klxrfg u/fpg
ljqm]tfnfO{
qm]tf
vf]h]/
;Dks{
u/fO{
lbg] of] sfo{qmd g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3, g]kfn
3/]n'
tyf
;fgf
pBf]u
dxf;+3
h:tf ;+:yfx?;+u ;dGjo ul/ ;+rfng ul/g] 5 .
$=#=* cg'udg tyf d'Nof+sg
;kmn dlxnf pBdLsf] cg'ej Pj+ ;Nnfx /
;'emfj
sfo{qmddf ;xefuL eO{
;ldltaf6 ;xof]u k|fKt u/L pBf]u
Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ pBdLx?nfO{ ;ldltsf]
sfof{noaf6
lg/Gt/ cg'udg Pj+ d"Nof+sg ul/g]5 . o:sf] nflu sfo{qmd ;
+rfng
ePsf lhNnf l:yt sfof{nox?n] cg';"rL @$= jdf]lhd
cg'udg u/L k|lzIf0f ljefu
k|wfg sfof{nodf hfgsf/L lbg'
kg]{5 .
$=#=( ;xeflutfd"ns tflnd
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] l;ldt >f]t / ;fwgn] dfq ;a} e]usf dlxnfx?
nfO{ ;d]6L tflnd pknAw u/fpg sl7gfO{ x'g] ePsf]n]
u}x| ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx? ;+u ;xefuL eO{ ;+o'Qm
?kdf
tflnd ;+rfng u/]df a9L eGbf a9L dlxnfx? nfeflGjt x'g]
x'+bf dlxnf pBdL ljsf; sfo{qmddf ;xefuLtfd"ns tflnd
sfo{qmd cGt/ut u}x| ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf
;+usf]
;xefuLtfdf ;+o'Qm tflnd ;+rfng ug{ ;lsg]5 . o;/L ;+rfng
ul/g]
sfo{qmddf ;ldlt tkm{af6 k|lZfIfssf] tnj / k|df0f
kqsf] ;xof]u x'g]5 eg] Joj:yfkg
b]lv
lnP/
c?
;
+k"0f{ Joj:yf ;DjlGwt ;+:yfn] ldnfpg' kg]{5 . ;ldltaf6
cGo lzif{sdf vr{ ug'{ k/]df k|wfg sfof{nosf] k"j{
:jLs[tL lng' kg]{ 5 .
$=#=!) k|lzIffyL{ cg'udg uf]i7L
45

dlxnf pBdL ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;+rflnt ;kmn dlxnf

pBdLsf] cg'ej Pj+ ;Nnfx / ;'emfj sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ePsf
dlxnfx?sf] cfjZostf klxrfg u/L tflnd k|bfg
ul/P
kZrft
cg'udg ug]{ ul/Ptf klg pBf]u Joj;fo :yfkgf tyf ;+rfng ug{
afwf tyf sl7gfO{ x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] of] sfo{qmd
dfkm{t
;d:ofsf]
lg/fs/0f
ug{
cfjZos ;Nnfx ul/ ;'emfj ;d]]t lbO{g] ul/G5 .
$=#=!! k|sfzg
o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t eP u/]sf ;Dk'0f{ lqmofsnfkx?
emNsg] u/L sf7df8f}+ / cGo
lhNnfdf
;+rflnt
dlxnf
pBdL ljsf; sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ;d]6L a|f];/ -cu+|]hL, g]kfnL_
tyf dlxnf pBdL ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+lIfKt kl/ro -g]kfnL_ gfds
k'l:tsf k|sfzgsf]
sfd lgoldt ?kdf ul/g] 5 .
$=$ljljw
o;df pNn]v x'g 5'6 ePsf o; ;+u ;DjlGwt cGo s'/fx? o;}
lgb]{lzsfsf] cGo kl/R5]bdf Joj:yf eP c'g;f/ x'g]5 .

kl/R5]b%
k|j4{g, k/fdz{ Pj+ cf}Bf]lus ;r]tgf sfo{qmd
%=! e"ldsf
pBf]ux?sf] :yfkgf / ;+rfngsf r/0fdf lgtfGt cfjZos x'g]
k|fljlws k/fdz{ tyf ;]jf sfo{qmd df cf=j=)^%.^^ b]lv
cf}Bf]lus ;r]tgfnfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L k|j4{g k/fdz{ Pj+
cf}Bf]lus ;r]tgf sfo{qmdsf] ?kdf ;+rfng ul/g]5 . ljutsf]
cg'ejaf6 o; k|sf/sf] ;]jfn] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux?sf] k|
fljlws sl7gfO{x? lg/fs/0f e} z'?jft b]vL g} pBf]usf] ;
+rfng / ljsf;df ;3fp k'Ug] b]lvPsf] 5 . of] sfo{qmd ;
+rfng ubf{ ;fwf/0ftf lgDg sfo{x? ul/g]5g\ .
s_ d]lzg, pks/0fx?sf] u'0f:tl/o cfk"lt{sf] >f]t / d'No jf/]
hfgsf/L u/fpg] . d]lzg
h8fg, ;+rfng tyf ;+ef/ sfo{x?
ug{ tflnd lbg], k/fdz{ lbg] sfo{df ;xof]u ug]{ .
46

v_ pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/ a[l4 ;DjGwL ;]jfx? k|bfg ug]{ .

.

u_ Joj:yfkg kIfdf pBdLnfO{ ;Ifd u/fpg ;/;Nnfx k|bfg ug]{

%=@ k|j4{g, k/fdz{ Pj+ cf}Bf]lus ;r]tgf sfo{qmd

cGtu{t k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfx? M
s_ cf}Bf]lus ;r]tgfsf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf r]tgfd"ns
tyf ;"rgfd"ns sfo{qmdx?
;+rfng ug]{ .
v_ cf}Bf]lus kl/of]hgf th'{df, pBf]u :yfkgf / ;+rfng
cflb
;DjGwL
;/;Nnfx
k|bfg ug]{ .
u_ pBdLsf] pTkfbsTj / pkfbgsf] u'0f:t/ a[l4 ;DjGwL 1fg
clea[l4 ug{ ;xof]u
k'ofpg] .
3_ pBdLx?nfO{ pBf]usf] ;';+rfng, ljsf; tyf lj:tf/sf] nflu
cfjZos ahf/ kIf,
Joj:yfkg
kIf
/
k|fljlws
kIfdf
hfgsf/L / ;/;Nnfx k|bfg ug]{ .
%=# nlIft nfe
s_ pBdLx?sf] cfjZostf cg';f/ nufgL / pBf]u ;+rfng r/0fdf
kg{ ;Sg] sl7gfO{x?sf] lg/fs/0f eO{ pBf]usf] ljsf;
lj:tf/df of]ubfg x'g]5 .
v_ pBf]usf] pTkfbsTjdf clea[l4 e} cfk"lt{ Joj:yf ;/n
x'g]5 .
u_ pBdLx?nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ k|fljlws 1fgsf] qmlds ljsf;
e} cf}Bf]lus tyf
Joj;flos jftfj/0fsf] ljsf; x'g]5 .

47

%=$ nlIft ju{

s_ pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ O{R5's tyf hfu?s n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf
pBdLx? .
v_ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu
jf cGo ;+3 ;+:yfaf6 tflnd k|fKt u/L ljlQo ;+:yfsf]
C0f ;xof]u jf :jnfutdf pBf]u ;+rfng u/]sf pBdLx? .
u_ cfjZos 1fgsf] cefjdf cfgf] pBf]u ;+rfng ug{ g;ls ?
U0f cj:yfdf /x]sf
pBdLx? .
3_ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] ljljlws/0f tyf lj:tf/ ug{ rfxg]
pBdLx? .
%=% sfo{qmd ;+rfng k|lqmof
;ldltsf] sfof{no jf pBf]u :yfkgf ePsf] 7fFpdf u} ;
+rfng ug{ o; sfo{qmd cg';f/ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;lsg]5 .
d]lzg cf}hf/ h8fg, dd{t, j:t'sf] l8hfO{g jf/] Jojxfl/s
hfgsf/L, u'0f:t/ a[l4df ;xfos x'g] k|sf/sf k/fdz{ ;]jf, cflb
pBf]u /x]sf] :yndf u} k|bfg ug'{ kg]{ ePdf jh]6sf]
kl/lwleq /xL lgDg k|lqmof ckgfO{ ug'{ kg]{
x'G5 .
s_ o; k|sf/sf] k|fljlws k/fdz{ ;]jf k6s k6s u/L jf Ps} k6s
a9Ldf !% lbg
;Ddsf] x'g ;Sg]5 .
v_ ;+rfngdf /x]sf ;;fgf pBf]ux?nfO{ o:tf] ;]jf pknAw
u/fpbf
pBf]usf]
cfjZostf
af/]
:ki6
hfgsf/L
u/fO{
pko'Qm
1fg
ePsf]
k|fljlws
sd{rf/LnfO{ sfof{no k|d'vn] k6s k6s jf Ps} k6s
a9Ldf !% lbg cjlwsf] nflu v6fpg ;Sg]5 . Ps cf=j=df
Pp6} pBf]unfO{ !% lbg eGbf a9L cjlwsf]nflu k|fljlws
tyf k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ sd{rf/L v6fpg ;lsg]5}g .
u_ ;fwf/0ftof o:tf] ;]jf sfof{nosf] sd{rf/L dfkm{t pknAw
u/fpg' kg]{5 .
48

3_ sfof{nodf pko'Qm ;Lk ePsf] k|fljlws gePdf sfo{sf] k|

s[lt x]/L cg'ej, bIftf / of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df a9Ldf
kl/R5]b@ sf] @=^=@ df Aoj:yf ePsf] ;'ljwf lbg] u/L
pBdLsf] cfjZostfg';f/ a9Ldf !% lbg ;Ddsf] nflu :yflgo
ljz]if1nfO{ o; sfo{df ;+nUg u/fO{ k/fdz{ ;]jf pknAw
u/fpg ;lsg]5 .
Pp6} pBf]udf !% lbg eGbf a9L cjlwsf]nflu
sfof{nosf] sd{rf/L cyjf aflx/L
ljz]if1 lgo'QmL u/L
k/fdz{ ;]jf lbg ;DjlGwt pBf]usf] ynf] ;Dd k7fpg' kbf{,
hf+bf cfp+bfsf] cjlw jfx]s pBf]usf] ynf]df al; sfd u/]sf]
cjlwe/sf] lghnfO{
lbg' kg]{ k/fdz{ z'Ns jfktsf] /sd
;DjlGwt pBdLaf6g} Joxf]g]{ Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{5
r al9 kfl/>lds k|bfg u/L pRr:t/sf] ljz]if1 v6fpg' kg]
{ cj:yfdf k|wfg
sfof{noaf6 k"j{ l:js[tL lnP/ dfq
sfddf nufpg ;lsg]5 .

%=^ ljljw
s_ l:js[t ePsf] sfo{qmd p2]Zod"ns kfg{ / pQm
sfo{qmddf ljlgof]lht /sd, lgb]{zg
/
lgodfg';f/
ldtJooLtfsf ;fy vr{ ug'{ kg]{5 .
v_ pBf]unfO{ k/]sf] ;d:of jf cfjZostfsf] k"0f{ lgSof}{n
ug{ k|fljlwsnfO{ :ki6 u/fO{ sfo{cfb]zdf pNn]v ug{'
sf ;fy} k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfg u/L ;s]kl5 ;DjlGwt k|fljlwsaf6
k|ltj]bg k|fKt u/L k|efjsf/Ltfaf/] n]vf hf]vf ug{' kb{5 .
pknAw u/fO{Psf] k|fljlws ;]jfsf] clen]v cg';"rL!^
jdf]lhd sfof{nodf cWofjlws ?kdf /fVg' kg]{5 .

49

kl/R5]b^
jhf/ lj:tf/, pBdL cGt/lqmof, cf}Bf]lus j:t'
tyf k|ljlw k|bz{gL
^=! cf}Bf]lus k|bz{gL tyf ljqmL sfo{qmd
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux?sf] ljsf; lj:tf/ / k|j4{g sfo{df ;dlk{t
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn] ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf ljleGg
sfo{qmdx? dWo] cf}Bf]lus k|bz{gL sfo{qmd
klg
Ps
xf] . ;ldltn] cfgf] sfo{If]q /x]sf ljleGg lhNnfx?df ;do ;dodf
o:tf] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm g]kfn
50

pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3, g]kfn

RofDj/ ckm sd;{, g]kfn
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;+3, g]kfn x:tsnf pBf]u dxf;+3
,
n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd / /fli6o 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;
+3sf] ;lqmo ;xefuLtfdf o; ;ldltsf] k|wfg sfof{non] k|To]s
jif{ clw/fHosf ;j} lhNnfx?nfO{ ;d]6\g]
u/L
sf7df8f}
+df /fli6o :t/df jhf/ lj:tf/, pBdL cGt/lqmof, cf}Bf]lus j:t'
tyf k|ljlw k|bz{gL sfo{qmd ;+rfng ub{5 .
^=!=! sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo
s_b]zsf ljleGg lhNnfdf /x]sf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBdLx?af6
pTkflbt j:t'x?nfO{
k|bz{gLsf] dfWodaf6 qm]tf /
ljqm]tf lar ;Dks{ a9fO{ ljqmL k|j4{gdf ;xof]u
k'ofpg] .
v_
k|bz{gLsf] dfWodaf6 pTkfbs / pkef]Qmfsf] ljr
lgs6td ;DjGw x'g] x'+bf pkef]Qmfsf]] rfxgf dfu / :jefj
cg'?ksf]
j:t'
klxrfg
u/L
To:tf
j:t'
pTkfbg
ug{ pBdLnfO{ ;xof]u k'ofpg] .
u_ k|bz{gLsf] dfWodaf6 pTkflbt j:t'x?sf] k|rf/ k|;f/
u/L /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o
jhf/df ljqmL k|j4{gdf ;3fp
k'ofpg] .
3_ cGt/lqmof dfkm{t pBf]un] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf
;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpg] .
^=!=@ sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z x'g rfxg] pBdLx?sf nflu
;Dks{ :yfg
o; sfo{qmddf &% lhNnfs} pBdLx?nfO{ ;l/s u/fpg]
nIo /x]sf] 5 . sf7df8f}+ pkTosf leqsf pBdLx?n] l;w}
;ldltsf] k|wfg sfof{nodf / sf7df8f}+ pkTosf aflx/sf
pBdLx?n] o; sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g cg';"rL !& cg';f/sf]
ljj/0f ;lxt k|bz{gL cfof]hgf x'g] ldlt eGbf ! dlxgf klxn] g}
lhNnfl:yt lgDg sfof{nox?df ;Dks{ /fVg' kg]{5 M
.

s_3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt, d'Vo zfvfzfvf sfof{nox?

51

v_

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{nox? .

u_ g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;+3sf] lhNnf l:yt

sfof{nox? .
3_

g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf lhNnf l:yt sfof{nox? .

pBdLn] ;Dks{ /fv]sf] sfof{non] tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlwdf pBdL

ljj/0f kmf/fd cg';"rL !& eg{ nufO{ tf]lsPsf] ;do leq ;ldltsf]
k|wfg sfof{no sf7df8f}+df k7fO{ ;Sg' kg]{5 . :6n l;ldt
x'g] x'+bf First Come First Service Basis df :6n pknAw u/fOg] 5 .
cf}Bf]lus k|bz{gLdf ;l/s x'g] pBdLx?n] sf7df8f}+ cfp+bf
hf+bf / sf7df8f}+ j:bf / dfn ;fdfg Nofpg n}hfg ;d]t x'g] ;j}
vr{ cfkm}n] Joxf]g'{ kg]{5 .
^=!=# ;ldltaf6 pknAw u/fO{g] ;'ljwf
s_cf}Bf]lus k|bz{gL sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g] pBdLx?
nfO{ :6n lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fOg]
5 . cfgf]
pBf]usf] gfdsf] Jofg/ /fVg] / :6n ;hfpg] sfd pBdL cfkm}n]
ug'{ kb{5
v_ k|rf/ k|;f/sf] dfWod h:t} /]l8of], l6eL, ;dfrf/, klqsf
tyf ljleGg :yfgdf Jofg/
/fvL k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ sfo{ ;ldltn]
ug]{5 .
u_ ;fdfgsf] ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ;ldltn] ug]{5 / ;xefuLn] rfx]df
cfgf] ;fdfgsf] ljdf
klg ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ . s'g} b}ljk|sf]k jf
c;fdfGo l:ylt e} ;fdfgsf] gf]S;fgL ePdf
;ldltn]
Joxf]g]{ 5}g .
^=!=$ k|bz{gL cjlw
k|bz{gL cjlw ;fdfGotof % lbgsf] x'g]5 .
^=!=% k|bz{gL cfof]hgf :yn
cf}Bf]lus k|bz{gL tyf ljqmL sfo{qmd sf7df8f}+df
cfof]hgf ul/g]5 .
^=!=^ pBdLx? cfOk'Ug' kg]{ ;do
52

lhNnfx?af6 pBdLx? k|bz{gL ;'? x'g' eGbf slDtdf klg

Ps lbg cufj} ljxfg !)
jh] ;ldltsf] k|wfg sfof{no jf k|
bz{gL :yndf ;Dks{ /fVg cfpg' kg]{5 .
^=!=& ;xefuL x'g] pBdLx?sf] ljj/0f
;DjlGwt 3/]n' sfof{non] ;xefuL x'g] pBdLx?sf]
cg';"rL !& cg';f/sf] ljj/0f
el/ k|bz{gL cfof]hgdf x'g] ldlt
eGbf !% lbg cuf8L g} ;ldltsf] k|wfg sfof{no, lqk'/]Zj/df
cfOk'Ug] u/L k7fpg' kg]{5 .
o; lgb]{lzsfdf pNn]lvt a'+bfx?df yk36 ug'{ k/]df
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ x'g] 5 .
^=!=* cGt/s[of sfo{qmd
cf}Bf]lus k|bz{gL Aoj:yfkg ;ldltn] cfjZostf dx;';
ul/Psf] ljifodf ;xefuL
pBdLx? dWo]af6 Aoj:yfkg ;ldltn]
5gf}6 u/]sf pBdLx? / ;+DalGwt lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx?
;d]tsf] ;xefuLtfdf ;fdfGotof Pslbg] pBdL cGt/s[of sfo{qmd
;+rfng ul/g]5 . cGt/s[ofdf ;xefuL pBdL tyf
kfbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ lbO{g]
;'ljwf ah]6sf] kl/lw
leq /xL
Aoj:yfkg ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
o;sf]
k|
ltj]bg tof/ u/L cf}NofO{Psf ;d:of / lg/fs/0f ;+aGwdf ;
+alGwt lgsfodf
sfo{fGjosf nflu k|ltj]bg k7fOg]5 .
^=@ /fli6o pTs[i6 3/]n' pBdL k'/:sf/ sfo{qmd
n3' 3/]n' tyf ;fgf :t/sf pBf]ux?sf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ tyf k|j4{g ug]
{ p2]Zo cg'?k
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltaf6 ;+rfng
eO{ /x]sf ljleGg sfo{qmdx? dWo]
/fli6o pTs[i6 3/]n'
pBdL k'/:sf/ sfo{qmd klg Ps xf] . of] sfo{qmd /fli6o
:t/df
@)$@ ;fn b]lv g} ;+rfng x'b} cfPsf] 5 . o;
sfo{qmddf b]zsf krxQ/} lhNnfdf
5l/P/ /x]sf pBdLx?
nfO{ k|lt:kwf{df ;dfj]z u/fO{ pTs[i6 7xl/Psf
pBdLx?
nfO{ lzN8,
k|df0f kq / gub k'/:sf/f/f ;Ddflgt ul/G5 . ljut
s]lx jif{ b]lv pTs[i6 pBdL
dWo]af6 g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo
dxf;+3n] ;jf]{s[i6 / g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;+3,
g]kfn RofDj/ ckm sd;{, g]kfn x:tsnf pBf]u dxf;+3 / /fli6o
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;+3 g]kfnn] klg ljz]if k'/:sf/ k|bfg
53

ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .o; sfo{qmddf

k|bz{gL Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf]
lg0f{o cg';f/ ljleGg j:t' ;d'xsf pTkfbgdf ;+nUg 3/]n'
tyf
;fgf :t/sf pBdLx?nfO{ ;d]6g] u/L sfo{qmd th'{df ul/Psf]
5 . ;fy} ;xefuL dlxnf pBdLx? dWo]af6 pTs[i6 7xl/Psf Ps
dlxnf pBdLnfO{ pTs[i6 dlxnf
pBdL k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/g]
ul/Psf]5 . /fli6o pTs[i6 3/]n' pBdL k'/:sf/ sfo{qmddf
;xefuL pBdLn] ;ldltf/f ;f]xL ;dodf cfof]hgf u/]sf]
cf}Bf]lus k|bz{gL tyf ljqmL
sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g
rfx]df ;xefuL x'g ;Sg] 5g\ .
^=@=! p2]Zo M
b]zsf] ;'ud tyf b'u{d If]qdf 5l/P/ /x]sf pBdLsf] ;Lk /
pBdlzntfsf] sb/ u/L /fli6o :t/df ;Ddfg u/L k'/:s[t ug]{ .
^=@=@
+Vof M

sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ul/g] lhNnf / pBdL ;

/fli6o pTs[i6 3/]n' pBdL k'/:sf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ a9L k|

efjsf/L / k|lt:kwf{Tds t'Nofpg
b]zsf] ljleGg s'gf sfKrfdf
5l/P/ /x]sf a9L k|ltefzfnL pBdLx?f/f pTkflbt j:t'x?
nfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpg] gLlt lnOPsf] 5 . k|lt:kwf{df efu lng]
pBdLn] cfgf]
pBf]un] pTkfbg u/]sf] j:t'x? dWo] clt
cfsif{s j:t' 5gf}6 u/L 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu;ldltsf
lhNnf l:yt sfof{nox?f/f cg';"rL !* e/L gd'gf k|dfl0ft
u/fO{ Nofpg' kg]{5 . cf}Bf]lus k|bz{gL tyf ljqmL
sfo{qmddf klg efu lng] ePdf
pBdLx?n]
cln
a9L
kl/df0fdf g} ;fdfgx? Nofpg' kg]{ x'G5 . clw/fHosf krxQ/}
lhNnfsf pBdLx?nfO{ k|ltof]lutfdf ;l/s x'g] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{
nIo /flvPsf] 5, h; cg';f/ k|To]s lhNnfaf6 @ hjfg pBdLsf]
pTkfbgnfO{ k|ltof]lutfdf ;dfj]z ul/g] 5 . b'O{ eGbf a9L
pBdLsf] a:t' ;+nUg u/fpg' kg]{ cf}lrTo b]lvPdf pko'Qm
sf/0fsf ;fy
;ldltsf] k|wfg sfof{nosf], l:js[tLdf dfq
;DjlGwt sfof{non] yk pBdL ;l/s u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
^=@=# k'/:sf/ Joj:yf M

54

s_ bkmf ^=@=!) cg';f/sf j:t' ;d'xx?af6 ;xefuL pBdLx?

dWo] !! hjfg pBdLnfO{ /fli6o pTs[i6 pBdL k'/:sf/ :j?
k ?=&,))). -;ft xhf/_ gub, lzN8 / k|df0f kq
v_ ;xefuL dlxnf pBdLx? dWo] Ps hjfg dlxnfnfO{ pTs[i6
dlxnf pBdL k'/:sf/
:j?k ?= &,))). -;ft xhf/_ gub, lzN8 /
k|df0fkq .
u_ bkmf ^=@=!) cg';f/sf j:t' ;d'xx?af6 bf]>f] x'g] !!
hjfg pBdLx?nfO{ ;fGTjgf
k'/:sf/ :j?k ?= #,))). -tLg
xhf/_ gub / k|df0f kq .
3_
g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] ;jf]{Ts[i6 pBdL Ps
hjfgnfO{ ?= @%,))). -klRr;
xhf/_ gub, lzN8 / k|
df0fkq k|bfg ug]{5 .
_ g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sdz{n] Ps hjfg pBdLnfO{ ljz]if
k'/:sf/ :j?k ?= !%,))).
-kGw| xhf/_ gub / k|df0fkq k|bfg ug]{5 .
r_ g]kfn x:tsnf pBf]u ;+3n] Ps hjfg pBdLnfO{ ljz]if
k'/:sf/ :j?k ?= !),))).
-bz xhf/_ gub / k|df0fkq k|
bfg ug]{5 .
5_
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u
pBdLnfO{ ljz]if k'/:sf/ :j?k ?=
gub / k|df0fkq k|bfg ug]{5 .

dxf;+3n] Ps hjfg
!),))). -bz xhf/_

h_
/fli6o 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;+3 g]kfnn] ljz]if
k'/:sf/ :j?k ?=!),))). -bz
xhf/_ gub / k|df0f kq k|
bfg ug]{5 .
em_ n3' pBdL ;d"x ;+3n] k|yd llto / t[lto k'/:sf/ :j?k ?
=%,))). -kfFr xhf/_
?=#,))). -ltg xhf/_ / @,))).
-b'O{ xhf/_ gub / k|df0fkq kbfg ug]{5 .
d"n Aoj:yfkg ;ldltn] ;+DalGwt lgsfo ;+u k/fdz{ ul/ Pj+
k'/:s[t ug]{ k|s[of lgwf{/0f Pj+ k'/:sf/sf] /fzLdf yk36
ug{ ;Sg]5 .
^=@=$ ;'ljwf M
55

o; sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g cfpg] pkTosf aflx/sf pBdLx?sf

nflu lhNnf;b/d'sfdaf6 sf7df8f}+ cfpbf j; rNg] 7fFp;Dd
cfpbf hfbfsf] nfUg] a; ef8f / b}lgs ?=@)) -b'O{ ;o_ dfq sf
b/n] b}lgs eQf hfg cfpg nfUg] lbgsf] lx;fan] k|bfg ul/g] 5
t/ o:tf] eQf al9df !% lbg;Ddsf] nflu dfq ;ldltn] Joxf]{g] 5 .
cGo
Joj:yf pBdL :jo+n] g} ldnfpg' kb{5 . s0ff{nL
cr+naf6 k|lt:kwf{df efu lng cfpg] pBdLnfO{ g]kfnu+h
;Dd / d':tf / dgfaf6 efu lng cfpg] pBdLx?nfO{ kf]v/f;Dd
tyf ef]hk'/, ;f]n'v'Dj', ;+v'jf;ef, cf]vn9'+uf / vf]6faf6 efu
lng cfpg] pBdLx?nfO{ l;w} sf7df08f} ;Ddsf] cft] hft]
xjfO{ hxfh ef8f k|bfg ul/g] 5 . g]kfnu+h / kf]v/faf6 eg]
lgodfg';f/ a; ef8f dfq k|bfg ul/g] 5 . b}lgs eQf ;DjGwdf
dfyL pNn]v eP adf]lhd g} x'g]5 . pk/f]Qmfg';f/sf] ;'ljwf k|
bz{gL Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ yk36 x'g ;Sg]5 .
^=@=%

k|bz{gL cjlw / :yfg M

/fli6o pTs[i6 pBdL k'/:sf/ sfo{qmd ;fdfGotof % lbg ;Dd

sf7df8f}+df cfof]hgf ul/g] 5 .

56

^=@=^ pBdLx? cfOk'Ug kg]{ ;do M

pBdLx? k|bz{gL ;'? x'g' eGbf Ps lbg cufj} ljxfg !) jh]
;ldltsf] k|wfg sfof{no jf k|bz{gL :yndf ;Dks{ /fVg cfpg'
kg]{5 .
^=@=& ;xefuL x'g] pBdLx?sf] ljj/0f cfO{k'Ug' kg]
{ ;do
o; sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g rfxg] pBdLx?n] o;} ;fy
cg';"rL !* cg';f/sf] ljj/0f
el/ ;DjlGwt
;Dks{
:yfgdf k|bz{gL cfof]hgf x'g] ldlt eGbf Ps dlxgf cuf8L /
tf]lsPsf ;Dks{ sfof{non] k|bz{gL cfof]hgf x'g] ldlt
eGbf !%lbg klxn] g} ;ldltsf]
k|wfg
sfof{no
lqk'/]Zj/df cfOk'Ug] u/L k7fpg' kg]{5 .
^=@=* sf7df8f}+ pkTosfaf6 ;xefuL x'g] pBdLx?sf]
;DjGwdf M
/fli6o pTs[i6 3/]n' pBdL k'/:sf/ sfo{qmddf sf7df8f}+
pkTosfaf6 ;l/s x'g rfxg] pBdLn] ;ldltsf] k|wfg sfof{no
lqk'/]Zj/df k|bz{gL cfof]hgf x'g] ldlt eGbf ! dlxgf
cuf8L g} ;Dks{ /fvL k|wfg sfof{noaf6 l:js[lt lng' kg]
{5 .
sf7df8f}+ pkTosfaf6 ;l/s x'g] pBdLx?nfO{ :6n afx]s
cGo s'g} ;"ljwf lbOg] 5}g . ;fy} pkTosf leqsf s'g s'g
pBdLx?nfO{ k|lt:kwf{df ;lDdlnt u/fOg] eGg] lg0f{o
cf}Bf]lus k|bz{gL Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] ug]{5 .
^=@=( k|ltof]lutfdf ;dfj]z ul/g] j:t' ;d"x M
/fli6o pTs[i6 3/]n' pBdL k'/:sf/ sfo{qmddf lgDg
adf]lhdsf] pTkflbt j:t'x?sf] ;d'x agfO{ ;dfj]z ul/g] 5 .
s_ klZdgf tyf pmgL j:t' ;d'x .
v_ 9fsf sk8f j:t' ;d'x .
u_ tof/L kf]zfs j:t' ;d'x .
3_ wft"af6 lgld{t snfTds j:t' ;d'x .
_ af+;hGo j:t' ;d'x .
57

r 9"+uf df6f] j:t' ;d'x .

5_ 5fnf j:t' ;d'x .
h_ sfi7 snf (Wood Craft) j:t' ;d'x.
em_ cGo jg hGo j:t' ;d'x .
`_ pmgL un}+rf tyf /f8LkfvL j:t' ;d'x .
6_ xft] sfuh j:t' ;d'x .
7_ vfB tyf k]o j:t' ;d'x -dfbs kbfy{ afx]s_
8_ ljljw j:t' ;d'x .
k|bz{gL Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] lg0f{ocg';f/ pk/f]Qm j:t'
;d"xdf yk36 ug{ ;lsg]
5.

^=@=!) k|bz{gL d"n Joa:yfkg ;ldlt M

jhf/ lj:tf/, pBdL cGt/lqmof, cf}Bf]lus j:t' tyf k|ljlw k|
bz{gL sfo{qmd cGt/ut cfof]hgf ul/g] cf}Bf]lus k|bz{gL tyf
/fli6o pTs[i6 3/]n' pBdL k'/:sf/ sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/L k|
efjsf/Ltfsf ;fy ;+rfng ug{sf nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf] d"n
Joa:yfkg ;ldlt /xg]5 .
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, 3/]n' ;ldlt
cWoIf
cWoIf, g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3
;b:o
cWoIf, g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;+3
;b:o
cWoIf, g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sdz{
;b:o
cWoIf, g]kfn x:tsnf dxf;+3
;b:o
cWoIf, n3' pBdL ;d'x ;+3
;b:o
lgb]{zs, of]hgf k|rf/ k|;f/ tyf hg;Dks{ ljefu
;b:o ;lrj
cfjZostf cg';f/ cGo ;+3,
JolQmnfO{ klg cfdlGqt ug{ ;Sg]5 .

;+:yf

Pj+

^=@=!!sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z x'g rfxg] pBdLx?sf

nflu ;Dks{ :yfg M
58

;DalGwt

o; sfo{qmddf &% lhNnfs} pBdLx?nfO{ ;l/s

u/fpg] nIo /flvPsf] 5 . sf7df8f}+ pkTosf leqsf pBdLx?
n] l;w} ;ldltsf] k|wfg sfof{nodf / sf7df8f}+ pkTosf
aflx/sf pBdLx?n] o; sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g cg';"rL !*
cg';f/sf] ljj/0f ;lxt k|bz{gL cfof]hgf x'g] ldlt eGbf !
dlxgf klxn] lhNnfl:yt lgDg sfof{nox?df ;Dks{ /fVg'
kg]{5 M
!=

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt, d'Vo zfvfzfvf

sfof{nox? .
@= 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{nox? .
#= g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;+3sf] lhNnf l:yt
sfof{no .
$= g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+wsf] lhNnf l:yt
sfof{no .
^=@=!@

5gf}6 k|lqmof M

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltljefusf lhNnf l:yt

sfof{nox?n] tkl;nsf
;+:yfsf
k|ltlglwx?sf]
;xefuLtfdf
5nkmn / k/fdz{ u/L cfcfgf] lhNnfaf6
tf]lsPsf] ;+Vofdf
pBdL 5gf}6 u/L k7fpg' kg]{5 . o;/L pBdLx? 5gf}6
ubf{ pBf]u btf{ k|df0fkq -pBf]u gljs/0f ePsf] _ sf] k|
ltlnlk ;lxt sfo{fnon] cg';"rL !( sf]
kmf/d k|dfl0ft u/L
k7fpg' kg]{5 . ljut @ jif{ b]lv nuftf/ b'O{ k6s pTs[i6
pBdL
k'/:sf/ sfo{qmddf efu lnO{ ;s]sf pBdLx?
nfO{ ;ldltn] k|bfg ug]{ ;'ljwf cGtu{t
k'gM
5gf}6 u/L k7fpg kfOg] 5}g .

59

5gf}6 ;ldtL
!= 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u
sfof{no k|d'v

+of]hs
@=

g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglw -Ps

hgf_ ;b:o
#=g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglw -Ps hgf_ ;b:o
$= :yflgo ljlQo ;+:yfsf] k|ltlglw -Ps hgf_
%=

;b:o

;+DalGwt sfo{fnosf] pBf]u clws[t tyf of]hgf x]g]

{ sd{rf/L ;b:o
^=@=!#

sfo{qmddf pBdL ;l/s x'g g;Sg] ePdf M

pBdL k7fpg g;Sg] ePdf ;DjlGwt ;Dks{ sfof{non] k|

bz{gL cfof]hgf x'g] tf]lsPsf] ldlt eGbf !% lbg cuf8L
g} dgfl;j sf/0f ;lxt k|wfg sfof{nodf hfgsf/L k7fpg' kg]
{5.
o; lgb]{lzsfdf pNn]lvt a'Fbfx?df yk36 ug'{ k/]df
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] lg0f{o
cg';f/ x'g] 5 .

60

kl/R5]b&
d"Vo zfvf tyf zfvf sfof{nodf ;+rfng x'g] ahf/
lj:tf/,
pBdL cGt/lqmof, cf}Bf]lus j:t' tyf k|ljlw k|
bz{gL
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn] pBf]ux?sf] k|j4{g
Pj+ ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zon] ;+rfng ug]{ ljleGg sfo{qmdx?
dWo] d"Vo zfvf tyf zfvf sfof{nodf ;+rfng x'g]

ahf/ lj:tf/, pBdL cGt/lqmof, cf}Bf]lus j:t' tyf k|

ljlw k|bz{gL klg Ps sfo{qmd xf] . o; lgb]{lzsf
jdf]lhd ;DjlGwt sfof{non] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{ kg]
{5 .
&=! p2]Zo M
;ldltaf6 ljleGg ;]jf k|fKt u/L pBd Joj;fodf ;+nUg pBdL,
u|fdL0f If]qdf 5l/P/
/x]sf k/Dk/fut lzNksf/, c;+ul7t ?kdf
;+rflnt ;fgf ltgf pTkfbgd'ns Joj;fo
/
pGgt
k|ljlwsf]
pkof]u u/L Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ pBdLx? ljr cfk;L lrgf/L /
;befj j[l4 ug]{, pTkfbgsf] jhf/ klxrfg ug{ ;xof]u
k'ofpg], pkef]Qmf klxrfgsf]
cj;/
k|bfg
ug]{,
hg;fwf/0fnfO{ pBf]u vf]Ng clek|]l/t u/fpg], pBdLsf]
pTkfbgsf]
k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{, pBdLn] ;fdgf
ug'{ k/]sf ;d:ofx?nfO{ klxrfg u/L
;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox?
sf jf/]df 5nkmn ug]{ u/fpg] p2]Zon] of] sfo{qmd ;+rfng
ul/g] 5 . o;sf d'Vo d'Vo p2]Zox? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .
s_ d'Vo zfvfzfvf /x]sf] lhNnfsf ljleGg :yfgdf 5l/P/ /x]sf
pBdLx?sf
pTkfbgnfO{
pkef]Qmf;+u
kl/lrt
u/fO{ ljqmL k|j4{g sfo{df ;xof]u k'ofpg] .
v_ ;xefuL Joj;foLx?sf pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/ / pTkfbg k|ljlw jf/]
hfgsf/L cfbfg
k|bfg u/fO{ pTkfbsTj j[l4 / pTkfbgd"ns
Joj;fo ljsf; lj:tf/ ug{ ;xof]u
k'ofpg] .
61

u_ Ps csf{sf] pTkfbgsf] cjnf]sgf/f jhf/sf] dfuaf/] hfgsf/L

ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u
ug]{ / dfu cg'?ksf] j:t' pTkfbg tyf
cfk"lt{ sfo{df ;xof]u k'ofpg] .
3_ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf :t/df ;+rflnt pBf]u Joj;foaf6 pTkflbt
;fdfgsf pTkfbs, ljt/s / pkef]Qmf ljr ;Dks{ sfod
u/fO{ hfgsf/L cfbfg k|bfg u/L ljqmL ljt/0fdf ;d]t ;xof]u
k'ofpg] .
_ b'u{d Pj+ ;'ud If]qsf pBdLx?sf] ;Lk / pBdlzntfsf] sb/
u/L k'/:s[t ug]{ .
&=@ nlIft nfe M
o; sfo{qmdaf6 pBdLx?n] Ps csf{sf pTkfbgsf]
u'0f:t/jf/] hfgsf/L cfbfg k|bfg ug]{,
cfgf]
Joj;fodf
cfw'lgs Pj+ ;'wfl/Psf] k|ljlw k|of]u ug]{ cj;/sf] hfgsf/L
kfpg], Ps pBf]usf] pTkfbg csf{ pBf]udf vkt x'g]
;Defjgf ePdf ;f]sf] hfgsf/L
k|fKt ug]{ / ljqmL k|j4{g
kIfdf 6]jf k'Ug], pBf]u Joj;fosf] k|j4{g / ljsf;;+u ;DjlGwt
;/sf/L, u}x| ;/sf/L Pj+ cw{;/sf/L lgsfox?;+u ;Dks{ /
;DjGw ljsf; e} 3/]n' / ;fgf :t/sf pBf]usf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df ;
3fp k'Ug]5 .
&=#

sfo{qmd ;+rfng k|lqmof M

s_lhNnfl:yt sfof{nox?n] cf}Bf]lus k|bz{gL / uf]i7L

pko'Qm ;dodf ;+rfng ug]{
Joj:yf ldnfO{ k|wfg
sfof{nonfO{ #) lbg cufj} hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{5 .
v_
;ldltsf] l:js[t jflif{s sfo{qmd / jh]6sf] kl/lw leq /xL
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{
kg]{5 .
u_
clgjfo{ ?kdf lhNnf ;b/d'sfd d} k|bz{gL ;+rfng
ug'{ kg]{5 . cGo :yfgdf ug'{
kg]{ afWofTds l:ytL
k/]df k|wfg sfof{noaf6 k"j{ l:js[tL k|fKt u/L ug{ ;lsg]5 .
62

3_
k|bz{gL ;+rfng ul/g] :yfg ;s];Dd sfof{no d} ;f]
geP s'g} ;+3, ;+:yf,sfof{noaf6 k|bz{gL sIf jf :yfg
lgMz'Ns k|fKt u/L ;+rfng ug{' kg]{5 ;f] klg x'g g;s]df
ljlgof]lht jh]6sf] kl/lw leq /xL :yfg, ejg ef8fdf lnO{ ;
+rfng ug'{ kg]{5 . o;}sf] nlfu 5'} ;]8 tof/
ug{ jhf/af6 ;fdfg vl/b ug]{ h:tf sfo{ ug{ x'b}g .
_ cf}Bf]lus k|bz{gLsf] cjlw d'Vo zfvf sfof{nodf slDtdf
# -ltg_ / zfvf sfof{nox?df @ -b'O{_ lbgsf] x'g]5 .
r_ k|bz{gLaf6 ;s];Dd a9L pBdL Joj;foLx?nfO{ nfeflGjt
u/fpg a9L ;] a9L ?kdf
;xefuL u/fO{ k|bz{gL ;+rfng
ug{, k|rf/ k|;f/df oyf;So Jofkstf Nofpg' kg]{5 .
5_
d'Vo zfvf sfo{fno4f/f ;+rfng
x'g] / zfvf
sfo{fno4f/f ;+rfng x'g] k|bz{gLdf
qmdz
k|wfg
sfof{no / d'Vo zfvf sfo{fnoaf6 k|ltlglw v6fO{ k7fOg]5 . k|
bz{gL
cfof]hgf x'g] ldltsf] hfgsf/L k|wfg sfof{no /
d'Vo zfvf sfo{nfonfO{ ;dod} lbg'
kg]{5 .
h_
cf}Bf]lus k|bz{gL ubf{ d'Vo zfvf sfof{non]
cfgf] dftxtsf lhNnfx?af6 lhNnf
l:yt
sfof{nosf]
l;kmfl/;df ! hjfg pBdLnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg' kg]{5 .
em_ cGo lhNnfaf6 cfpg] pBdLx?nfO{ b}lgs tyf e|d0f
eQf jfkt b}lgs ?=@)) -b'O{
;o_ n] a9Ldf & lbg ;Ddsf]
eQf / j; rNg] ePdf cft] hft] a; ef8f ;d]t
pknAw
u/fOg] 5 .
`_ 5gf}6 pk ;ldltsf ;b:ox?nfO{ jh]6sf] kl/lw leq /xL k|lt
j}+7s a9Ldf ?=#))
-ltg ;o_ ;Dd j}+7s eQf pknAw u/fO{g]5 .
6_
d"Vo zfvf tyf zfvf sfof{no /x]s]f lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd
eGbf rf/ =-$_ sf]if 6f9faf6 cfpg] ;xefuL pBdLx?
nfO{ jh]6sf] kl/lw leq /xL a9Ldf b}lgs ?=@)) -b'O{
63

;o_ ;Dd 5gf}6 ;ldltsf lg0f{ofg';f/ b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf

pknAw u/fO{g]5 .
&=$
k|bz{gLdf
efu
lng]
pBdL
5gf}6
ubf{ cg';"rL !( cg';f/sf] ljj/0f e/fO{ lgDg s'/fdf
;d]t Wofg lbg' kg]{5 .
s_pTkflbt j:t'sf] jflif{s pTkfbg kl/df0f / ljqmL .
v_
u_
ljj/0f .
3_
&=%

pBf]un] k|bfg u/]sf] /f]huf/L ;+Vof .

:yfgLo sRrf kbfy{, >ldssf] pkof]u ePsf] eP ;f]sf]
s'g} pNn]vgLo s'/f eP .
k|bz{gLdf ;xefuLtfsf] nflu k|fyldstf M

s_n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf :t/sf pTkfbg .

v_

>[hglzn / u'0f:t/ a9L ePsf pTkfbg .

u_

b'u{d If]qsf pTkfbg .

3_

pko'Qm k|ljlw cjnDjg u/L tof/ ePsf pTkfbgx? .

&=^ 5gf}6 pk ;ldlt M

k|bz{gL sfo{qmd ;+rfng ubf{ cfgf] sfof{nosf]
sfo{ If]q cGtu{tsf pBdLx?af6
tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf lgj]bg k|
fKt u/L bkmf &=$ / &=% df pNn]lvt 5gf}6sf] cfwf/ lnO{
;xefuL 5gf}6 tyf k'/:s[t ug{ lgDg kbflwsf/Lx? ePsf]
5gf}6 pk ;ldlt u7g ul/g]5 . 5gf}6 pk ;ldltsf] j}+7s ltg
k6s ;Dd a:g ;Sg]5 .
s_ sfof{no k|d'v, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt ;
+of]hs
64

v_ lhNnfl:yt s'g} j}+ssf ! hjfg k|ltlglw

;b:o

-oyf;So 3/]n' pBf]udf a9L nufgL ug]{ j}+s_

u_ g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;+3sf] ! hgf k|ltlglw
;b:o
3_ k|wfg sfof{nosf k|ltlglwx?

;b:o

-zfvf sfof{nosf] xsdf d'Vo zfvf sfof{nosf] k|

ltlgwL_
cfjZostfg';f/ cGo ;DjlGwt ;+3, ;+:yf sfof{noaf6
cfdlGqt k|ltlglwsf ?kdf
@ hjfgnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg]5 .
&=& j:t' ;d"x M
5gf}6 pk ;ldltsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ k|bz{gLdf a9Ldf %
j:t' ;d"xsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . pQm
;d"xdf yk36 ug'{ k/]df
jh]6sf] kl/lw leq /xL 5gf}6 pk ;ldltn] cfjZostf cg';f/ yk36
ug{ ;Sg]5 .
&=* k'/:sf/ M
5gf}6 pk ;ldltsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ jh]6sf] kl/lw leq /xL k|
To]s ;d"xdf k|yd x'g]nfO{ ?=!))) -Ps xhf/_ / bf]>f]nfO{ ?
=%)) -kfFr ;o_ ;Dd gub k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ug{
;Sg]5 .
&=( k|df0f kqk'/:sf/ M
k|bz{gL sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g] pBf]ux?sf] pTkflbt
j:t'sf] u'0f:t/, Joj;flos
s'zntf, /f]huf/Lsf] >[hgf, k|ljlwsf] k|
of]u, snfTdstf cflbsf] cfwf/df 5gf}6 ;ldltn] hfFr u/L k|yd /
l4lto x'g] pBdLnfO{ k'/:sf/ / k|df0f kq k|bfg ul/g] 5 .
k|
bz{gLdf ;xefuL ;Dk'0f{ cGo pBdLx?nfO{ ;xefuLtfsf] k|
df0f kq k|bfg ul/g]5 .
&=!) vr{ Joj:yf M
k|bz{gLsf] pb\3f6g tyf ;dfkgdf ;d]t u/L a9Ldf ?=@))).
-b'O{ xhf/_ df ga9fO{ lrofkfgdf vr{ ug{ ;lsg]5 .
65

ldtAolotfsf ;fy ah]6 vr{ ul/ sfo{qmd pknAwLd"ns

agfpg] lhDd]jf/L sfof{no k|d'vsf] x'g]5 .
&=!! ;DjlGwt cGo lgsfo;Fu ldln sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{kbf{
M
of] sfo{qmd :yfgLo lgsfo tyf n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ;
+u ;+DalGw ;+3 ;+:yf tyf lgsfox? ;+u ;dGjo /
;xeflutfdf
;+rfng
;d]t
ug{
;lsg]5
.
o;/L
cGo lgsfonfO{ ;xeflu u/fpFbf cfly{s ;xeflutfsf
af/]df :ki6 pNn]v u/L k|wfg sfo{fnodf :jLs[ltsf nflu
k7fpg' kg]{5 . ;fy} cfjZostf cg';f/ ;+:yfsf] k|
ltlglwnfO{ 5gf}6 tyf k'/:sf/ pk;ldltdf ;d]t ;b:o sf] ?kdf
cfdGq0f ug{ ;lsg]5 .

66

kl/R5]b*
d'Vo zfvf sfof{nodf ;+rfng ul/g] sfo{qmd
;ldIff
tyf of]hgf th'{df uf]i7L
*=! e"ldsf M
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] k|j4{g, ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug]{ p2]Zo
lnO{ $* lhNnfdf sfo{/t o; ;ldltn] ;+rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf
ljleGg sfo{qmdx? dWo]
lhNnfl:ytsfof{nox?df
:yflgo
nfOg Ph]G;L
-;+3 ;+:yfx?_, g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;DjlGwt
sfof{nox?, pBdL tyf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u;+u ;DjlGwt
ljleGg
lgsfox?nfO{
;dfj]z u/L uf]i7L ;+rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .
*=@

uf]i7Ldf 5nkmnsf ljifox? M

s_ ut cf=j=sf] sfo{qmdx?sf] k|ult ;ldIff ug]{ -;

+If]kdf_ .
v_rfn' cf=j=sf] l:js[t jflif{s sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;
+rfng ug{ d'Vo zfvfzfvf sfof{non] v]n]sf] / v]Ng'
kg]{ e"ldsf .
u_

cfufdL cf=j= df ;+rfng ug]{ k|:tfljt sfo{qmdx? .

3_

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u k|j4{gdf ;+nUg lhNnfl:yt

ljlQo ;+:yfx?, g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;

+3g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3, n3' tyf 3/]n'
pBf]u ;+u ;DalGwt lgsfox? / o; ;ldltsf sfof{no ljr
;dGjo sfod u/L pBf]u k|j4{gfTds sfo{nfO{ cem a9L
ult lbg] pkfox? .

67

pk/f]Qm s, v / u sf ljifox?df d'Vo zfvfzfvf sfof{nosf

k|d'vx?n] / 3 sf ljifodf d'Vo zfvf sfof{no /x]sf]
lhNnfl:yt ;DjlGwt ljlQo ;+:yf / 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ;+3
jf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] tkm{af6 sfo{kq k|:t't ug'{ kg]
{ 5 . d'Vo zfvf sfof{nosf k|d'vn] uf]i7Lsf] klxnf] lbgdf
rfn' cf=j= sf] sfo{qmd / pBf]u k|j4{gdf ;DjlGwt ;+3 ;
+:yfx?n] v]Ng' kg]{ e"ldsfjf/] sfo{kq k|:t't ug'{ kg]
{5 . pQm sfo{kqsf] ;fy To; lhNnfdf ;ldltaf6 ePsf]
ultljlwsfjf/]df ;xefuLx?;+u cGt/lqmof ul/g]5 . pko'Qm
/ cfjZos b]lvPdf sfo{kq pk/ l6Kk0fLstf{sf] Joj:yf klg
ug{ ;lsg]5 .
zfvf sfof{no k|d'vx?n] bf]>f] lbg pk/f]Qm bkmf *=!
sf] s, v / u df pNn]lv ljifo x?df clgjfo{ ?kdf o;} lgb]
{lzsf jdf]lhd sfo{kq k|:t't ug'{ kg]{5 .
_ cfufdL cf=j=sf] nflu sfo{qmd th'{df ubf{ M
pknAw :yfgLo ;Lk, sRrf kbfy{, jhf/sf] cj:yf / :yfgLo
cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL, :yfgLo gsfox? h:t}
lh=lj=;uflj;sf] dfu tyf g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;
+3, ljlQo ;+:yf,pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 cflbsf] ;/
;Nnfx / ;'emfjnfO{ oyf;So ;dfj]z ul/ sfo{qmd th'{df
ug'{ kb{5 .
r_ j:t' ljsf; tyf u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug]{ p2]Zo cg'?k pBdLx?nfO{
k|wfg sfof{noaf6 ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf cGt/b]lzo pBdL
cjnf]sg e|d0f sfo{qmddf cfufdL jif{ ;l/s u/fpg' kg]
{ eP s'g s'g ljifodf s] slt hgf pBdLx?nfO{ e|d0f u/fpg
cfjZos 5 ;f] klg pNn]v ug]{ .
5_ uf]i7Ldf ;xefuL x'g] ljlQo ;+:yfsf k|d'vx?
nfO{ lhNnfdf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u If]qdf ePsf] nufgL
l:ytL, efjL sfo{qmd tyf ;ldlt / ljlQo ;+:yfljr ;dGjofTds ?
kdf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux?sf] ljsf; / k|j4{gdf s] ug{
;lsG5 ;f] jf/]df :ki6 u/fpg cg'/f]w ug]{ .
68

h_ lhNnfl:yt g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;+3, g]kfn

pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3, dlxnf ljsf; clws[t / cGo o:t}
lgsfox?nfO{ lhNnfdf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] l:ylt,
:yfgLosRrf kbfy{, jhf/ l:ylt / s] s:tf pBf]ux?sf]
lhNnfdf ;DefJotf 5 cflb jf/] cfgf] cg'ej /fvL lbg cg'/f]w
ug]{ .
*=# uf]i7L cjlw M uf]i7Lsf] cjlw b'O{ lbgsf] x'g]5 .
*=$ uf]i7Lsf ;xefuLx? M
*=$=! uf]i7Lsf ;xefuLx? -klxnf] lbgsf ;xefuLx?_ M
d'Vo zfvf sfof{no /x]sf] lhNnfsf] lh=lj=;= ;efklt,
pk;efklt / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf ;lrj .
k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lk|ltlglw .
:yflgo ljlQo ;+:yfsf k|d'vx? .
:yflgo ljleGg ;kmn pBf]usf pBdLx? kfFr hjfg
-d"=zf=sf=af6 5gf}6 u/L tf]Sg]_
d'Vo zfvf sfof{nosf k|d'v pBf]u clws[tpBf]u clws[t .
d'Vo zfvf sfof{no dftxtsf lhNnfl:yt zfvf sfof{nosf
pBf]u clws[tx? .
k|wfg sfof{nosf k|ltlglwx? .
k|d'v, dlxnf ljsf; zfvf .
cWoIf, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 .
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf ;b:ox? -pBf]u, jg, jftfj/0f_
cWoIf, g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;+3 .
k|d'v, lhNnf jg sfof{no .
k|d'v, cfGtl/s /fh:j sfo{fno .
69

k|d'v, ljB't k|flws/0f .

k|d'v, gu/kflnsf;b/d'sfd /x]sf] uf=lj=;= .
k|d'v, e";+/If0f sfof{no .
u}x| ;/sf/L ;+3, ;+:yfaf6 # hjfg .
sf]if lgoGqs, sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfo{fno
dfyL pNn]lvt ;xefuLx?sf cnfjf cGo s;}nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ jf
sfo{kq k|:t't ug'{ kg]{ cfjZos ePdf jh]6sf] kl/lw leq /xL
d'=zfvf sfof{no k|d'vn] yk ug{ ;Sg]5g\
*=$=@ uf]i7Lsf ;xefuLx? -bf]>f] lbg_ M
s_ d'Vo zfvf sfof{nosf k|d'v pBf]u clws[tpBf]u clws[t
v_d'Vo zfvf sfof{no dftxtsf lhNnfl:yt zfvf sfof{nosf
pBf]u clws[tx? .
u_

k|wfg sfof{nosf k|ltlglwx? .

*=% eQf tyf cGo Joa:yf M

s_
uf]i7Lsf ;xefuLx?nfO{ uf]i7Ldf ;xefuL eP jfkt
jh]6sf] kl/lw leq /xL k|To]s
nfO{ k|ltlbg a9Ldf ?
=#)). -ltg ;o_ ;Dd lbg ;lsg]5 . l6Kk0fLstf{ /flvPsf]
v08df lghnfO{ yk ?=#)). -ltg ;o_ lbg ;lsg]5 .
v_
uf]i7L kZrft k|wfg sfof{noaf6 vl6OPsf k|ltlglw /
d'Vo zfvf sfof{no k|d'vn]
ltg lbg leqdf;+o'Qm ?kdf
k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{ kg]{5 . o;/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ubf{
a9Ldf ltg JolQmnfO{?=%)) -kfFr ;o_ sf b/n] eQf pknAw
u/fOg]5 . tf]lsPsf]
;dodf tf]lsPsf ljifo / kl/lw leq /xL k|
ltj]bg k]z gePdf o:tf] eQf lbOg]
5}g .
u_

bkmf *=@ df pNn]lvt ljifoj:t'sf] kl/lw leq /xL

sfo{kq k]z u/] jfkt?=#)).
-ltg ;o_ eQf k|bfg
ul/g]5 . ljifoj:t' aflx/ n]lvPsf] sfo{kqsf] nflu /sd
lbOg] 5}g .

70

3_ uf]i7Ldf cWoIftf u/] jfkt ?=%)). -kfFr ;o_ k|bfg

ul/g]5 .
_ uf]i7L ;+rfng ubf{ k|lt lbg ?=@))). -b'O{ xhf/_ df
ga9fO{ lrofkfg u/fO{g] 5 .
r_ uf]i7Lsf ;xefuLx?nfO{ d;nGb sfof{noaf6 g} pknAw
u/fpg' kg]{5 .
5_
;ldltsf] d'Vo zfvfzfvf sfof{nosf k|d'vx?n] ut
cf=j= tyf rfn' cf=j=sf]
sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;
+rfng ug{ sfof{non] v]Ng' kg]{ e"ldsfsf] ;fy}] sfof{Gj
ogdf b]vf k/]sf ;d:ofx? / oL ;d:ofx?sf] lg/fs/0fsf
jf/]df ;'emfj ;lxtsf]
sfo{kq k|:t't ug'{sf] ;fy} ut
cf=a=sf] ;ldIff / cfufdL cf=j=sf] nflu k|:tfljt
jflif{s
sfo{qmd clgjfo{ ?kdf k|:t't ug'{ kg]{5 .

71

sfo{qmd
klxnf] lbg
;do
pb\3f6g sfo{qmd
lrofkfg
k|yd ;q cWoIftf

lh=lj=;=

;efklt
d'Vo zfvfsf] sf=k|= af6 sfo{kq k|:t't / 5nkmn
lrofkfg
bf]>f] ;q

cWoIftf

k|

d'v lhNnf clwsf/L

j}+s, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;+3af6 sfo{kq
k|:t't / 5nkmn

bf]>f] lbg
k|yd ;q cWoIftf

d"Vo zfvf

sfof{nosf k|d"v
zfvf sfof{nosf sf=k|=x?af6 sfo{kqx? k|:t't .
lrofkfg
bf]>f] ;q

cWoIftf

sfof{nosf k|ltlglw
k|:t't sfo{kqdf 5nkmn Pj+ lg:sif{
72

k|wfg

73

kl/R5]b(
zfvf sfof{nox?df ;+rfng ul/g] sfo{qmd ;ldIff
tyf of]hgf th'{df uf]i7L
(=! e"ldsf M
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] k|j4{g, ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ p2]Zo
lnO{ $* lhNnfdf sfo{/t o; ;ldltn] ;+rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf
ljleGg sfo{qmdx? dWo] lhNnfl:yt sfof{nox?df :yfgLo
nfOg Ph]G;L -;+3 ;+:yf_, g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;DjlGwt
sfof{nox?, pBdL tyf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u;+u ;DjlGwt
ljleGg lgsfox?nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L ut cf=j= / rfn' cf=j=sf]
uf]i7Lsf] ;do ;Dd ePsf] sfo{qmdsf] k|ult ;ldIff, rfn'
cf=j=sf] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf ;dGjo tyf cfufdL cf=j=
sf] of]hgf th'{df ug]{ p2]Zon] sfo{qmd ;ldIff tyf
of]hgf th'{df uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf ul/g]5 . nlIft p2]Zo
k|fKt ug{ lgDgfg';f/ u/L uf]i7L ;+rfng ug'{ kg]{5 .
(=@
uf]i7Ldf 5nkmnsf ljifox? M
ut cf=j=df ;DkGg sfo{qmdsf] k|ult Pj+ sfof{Gjodf
b]vfk/]sf k|d'v ;d:ofx?, rfn' cf=j=df sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L ?
kdf ;+rfng ug{ sfof{non] v]n]sf] / v]Ng' kg]{ e"ldsf
/
cfufdL cf=j=df lhNnfdf ;+rfng ul/g] k|:tfljt sfo{qmdx? .
sfo{qmd th'{df ubf{ pknAw :yfgLo ;Lk, sRrf kbfy{,
jhf/sf] cj:yf Pj+ ;Defjgf / :yflgo cfjZoQmf Pj+ hgk|
ltlglwx?sf] dfunfO{ Wofgdf /fvL oyf;Dej Jojxfl/s /
pkof]uL sfo{qmdx? th'{df ug{df hf]8 lbg' kb{5 .
lhNnfaf6 k]z ePsf ;Dk'0f{ sfo{qmd ljleGg sf/0faf6
l:js[t gx'g klg ;Sg] ePsf]n] sfo{qmdsf] dxTjsf] lx;fjn]
;jeGbf dxTjk"0f{ sfo{qmdnfO{ qmd ;+Vof ! b]lv ;'?
u/L dxTjsf] cfwf/df qmd ;+Vof sfod ug{' kb{5 .
sfof{no k|d'vaf6 k|:t't ljifodf tof/ ul/Psf] sfo{kqdfly
5nkmn u/L ;d:of / ;'emfj ;lxt k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{' kb{5 .
(=# uf]i7L cjlw M uf]i7Lsf] cjlw Ps lbgsf] x'g]5 .
74

(=$ uf]i7Lsf ;xefuLx? M

lh=lj=;= ;efklt .
k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lk|ltlglw .
lh=lj=;= pk ;efklt .
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnosf ;lrj .
:yfgLo ljlQo ;+:yfsf k|d'vx? .
k|d'v, dlxnf ljsf; zfvf .
cWoIf,k|ltlgwL lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 .
cWoIfk|ltlgwL lhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;+3 .
k|d'v, lhNnf jg sfof{no .
k|d'v, gu/kflnsfuf=lj=;= -;b/d'sfd l:yt_
k|d'v, sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs
k|d'v, e" ;+/If0f sfof{no .
:yflgo ;kmn pBdL @ hjfg .
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf ;b:ox? -pBf]u, jg, jftfj/0f_.
pko'Qm u}x| ;/sf/L ;+3, ;+:yfsf] k|ltlglw -k|efjsf/L ?
kdf ;+rflnt ;+:yfx? dWo]af6 a9Ldf @ hgf_
;DjlGwt d'Vo zfvf / zfvf sfof{no k|d'v .
uf]i7Lsf] cWoIftf oyf;Dej lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf ;efkltaf6
u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] / jh]6sf] kl/lw leq /xL ;xefuLx?sf]
yk36 ;ldltsf] sfof{no k|d'vn] ug{ ;Sg]5 . uf]i7L ;dflKt
kZrft k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/L ;f]sf] Ps k|lt k|wfg sfof{nodf,Ps
k|lt ;DjlGwt d'Vo zfvf sfof{nodf / Ps k|lt ;DjlGwt
lh=lj=;= nfO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
(=% sfo{qmd ;+rfng vr{ Joa:yf M
75

s_ uf]i7Lsf ;xefuLx?nfO{ uf]i7Ldf ;xefuL eP jfkt jh]6sf]

kl/lw leq /xL k|To]snfO{ a9Ldf ?=#)) -ltg ;o_ eQf
lbOg]5 .
v_uf]i7Ldf cWoIftf u/] jfkt ?=%)) -kfFr ;o_ k|bfg
ul/g]5 .
u_

sfo{kq k|:t't jfkt ?=#)) -ltg ;o_ / k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]

jfkt b'O{ hgfnfO{

hgxL ?=%)) -kfFr ;o_ k|bfg

ul/g]5 .
3_
uf]i7L ;+rfng ubf{ ?=@,))) -b'O{ xhf/_ df
ga9fO{ lrofkfg u/fO{g] 5 .
_ uf]i7Lsf ;xefuLx?nfO{ d;nGb sfof{noaf6 g} pknAw
u/fpg' kg]{5 .

76

kl/R5]b!)
cg'udg sfo{qmd
!)=! e"ldsf M
cg'udg sfo{ eGgfn] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltf/f ut
cf=j=df ;+rflnt ;Lk ljsf;, cgbhj, l/k|m];/, pBdlzntf
ljsf; Pj+ ljleGg Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL tflnd sfo{qmddf ;l/s
u/fO{Psf k|lzIffyL{x?sf] xfnsf] cj:yf pBf]u k|j4{gfTds
sfo{qmdsf ;fy} sfof{nosf] cfly{s Pj+ k|zf;lgs Joa:yfkg
jf/] hfgsf/L lng] k4ltnfO{ hgfpFb5 .
;ldltaf6 ;+rflnt sfo{qmdx? k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;+rfng u/L
pknAwL xfl;n ug]{
k|of;df kl/ cfPsf ;d:ofx? klxNofP/
To;sf] ;dfwfgsf] pkfox? dWo] pko'Qm
pkfo cjnDjg ub}
{ hfg] l;nl;nfdf cg'udg sfo{nfO{ cema9L k|efjsf/L agfpb}
nUg' kg]{df ;ldltsf] Wofg s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 .
!)=@ p2]Zo M
n3' 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] :yfkgf, k|j4{g, ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/
ug]{ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf] p2]Zo cg'?k
;ldlt4f/f ul/g] s[ofsnfk k|efasf/L 9|+uaf6 ;+rfng
ug'{ u/fpg' g} cg'udg sfo{qmdsf] d"n p2]Zo /x]sf]
5.
s_ ;ldltaf6 ;+rfng ul/g] sfo{qmdx? lgb]{lzsf cg';f/ ;
+rfng u/fpg] .
v_tflnd

k|fKt

k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{

k|lt:yfkLt

u/fpg

cfjZos ;]jf k'ofpg] .

u_

sfo{qmd

sfof{Gjogdf

b]lvPsf

nfO{ ;dod} cf}NofO{ ;Rofpg ;'emfa

3_

sld

sdhf]/Lx?
k]z ug]{ .

sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog k|efsf/Ltfsf] d"Nofg ug]{ .

77

_ pknAw tYof+sx?af6 k|efjsf/L of]hgf th"{df ug{ /

sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u k'ofpg] .
!)=#

nlIft nfe M

s_ ;ldltsf] ;fwg / >f]tsf] cToflws ;b'kof]u x'g] 5 .

v_sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf b]lvPsf sdL sdhf]/Lx?nfO{
;dodfg} cf}NofO{ lg/fs/0f ug{] tkm{ ;xof]u k'Ug]5 .
u_

tflnd k|fKt k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ Joj;fo :yfkgf ug{

;xof]u x'g]5 .

78

!)=$ cg'udg ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ k|lqmofx? M

lgDg k|lqmof ckgfO{ cg'udg sfo{ ;+rfng ul/g]5 .
cg'udg sfo{ ;DjlGw kmf/fdx? cg';"rL @@ b]vL #$
;Dd pNn]v eP jdf]lhd eg'{ kg]{5 .
!)=$=! lhNnf :t/af6
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog,
cWoog, cg'udg ug]{ ;a} eGbf tNnf] lgsfo eg]sf] lhNnf
l:yt zfvf sfof{nox? x'g . zfvf tyf d'Vo zfvf sfof{nox?n] ut
cf=j=df ;f] sfof{nojf6 ;+rfng ePsf ljle k|sf/sf l;k ljsf; tyf
Joj:yfkg tflndx?sf k|lzIffyL{x?sf] ;s];Dd :ynut cg'udg u/L
o;sf] ljj/0f cg';"lrx?df e/L /fVg'kb{5 . cg'udg
ubf{ b]lvPsf sl7gfO{x?,
pBf]u Joj;fodf ;+nUg x'g
g;s]sf k|lzIffyL{x?sf] ;d:of ;d]tnfO{ a'emL yk cfjZostfx?
sf] klxrfg u/L cfjZos ;Nnfx ;'emfj ;lxt ;xof]u ug]
{
sfo{
ul/g'
k5{ . sfof{non] pknAw u/fpg ;Sg] ;fwg / >f]tnfO{
;d]t Wofgdf /fvL sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf] csf]{ jif{sf] k|yd
rf}dfl;s leq cg';"rLx? eg'{ kb{5 . rfn' cf=a= sf]
sfo{qmdx?sf] cg'udg sfo{qmd ;+rfngs} cj:yfdf
ug'{ kb{5 .
!)=$=@ d'Vo zfvf :t/
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf d'Vo zfvf sfof{nox?sf]
e"ldsfnfO{ km/flsnf] agfpg] qmddf s]Gb|af6 hfg' kg]
{ gLlt lgb]{zg, sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf kg{
cfpg]
;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwg tyf cg'udg / d"Nof+sg k|lqmofdf d'Vo
zfvfnfO{ ;l/s uf/fO{ efjL sfo{lbzf to ug{ ;xefuL u/fO{b}
cfPsf] 5 . d'Vo zfvf sfof{nonfO{ cfgf]
cGtu{tsf]
zfvf
sfof{nox?sf] cg'udg / pknAwL d'Nof+sg u/L b]lvPsf
sdL, sdhf]/Lx? k'gM gbf]x/Lg] u/L p2]Zo cg'?k k|ult
xfl;n
ug]{ tkm{ pGd'v /0fgLlt to ug{ ;3fp k'ofpg]
p2]Zon] cGtu{tsf lhNnf zfvfx?sf] cg'udg u/L ;+alGwt
kmf/dx? ! ! k|lt s]Gb|df k7fpg' kg]{5 . cf=j= )^%^^
b]lv o; sfo{qmdnfO{ dftxt sfof{no lg/LIf0f tyf k"j{ k|
lzIffyL{ cg'udg egL kl/jt{g ul/Psf] 5 .
79

!)=$=# s]lGb|o :t/

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf] s]lGb|o :t/ eg]sf] ;a}
eGbf dflyNnf] lgsfo xf] . o;} lgsfoaf6 sfo{qmd ;
+rfng, Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{, cg'udg tyf
d'Nof+sg ug]{ nufotsf s]lGb|o :t/sf sfd ;Dkfbg
x'G5g\ . ljleGg d'Vo zfvfdf ;+rfng ul/g] uf]i7Lx?,
ljleGg ;'emfj tyf cg'udg Pj+ d'Nof+sgsf] cfwf/df /
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt lgb]{zg jdf]lhd s]lGb|o :t/af6
lhNnfx?nfO{ gLlt lgb]{zg lbg] ul/G5 . cf=j=)^
%^^ b]lv o; sfo{qmdnfO{ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog,
cg'udg lgl/If0f tyf d"Nof+sg elg kl/jt{g ul/Psf] 5 .
ljutdf d'Vo zfvfx?df dfq s]Gb|af6
cg'udg
ul/b}
cfPsf]df of] sfo{qmd cf=j=)^%^^ b]lv zfvf
sfof{nox?sf] klg cfjZostf cg';f/ lj:tf/ ul/b} nlug]5 .

80

!)=%
kmf/d eg]{ lgb]{lzsf M
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf
g]kfn ;/sf/n] w]/} jif{ cuf8L b]lv ljleGg sfo{qmd ;+rfng
ug]{ l;nl;nfdf cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg sfo{nfO{ clt
dxTjsf
;fy jflif{s sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z u/L k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;+rfng ub}{
cfPsf] 5 . o;} k|lqmofnfO{ kl/dfh{g ub}{ cfzfltt
p2]Zo k|fKtLsf]nflu k|of]udf
cfO{/x]sf
cg'udg
tyf
d"Nof+sg kmf/ddf s]xL yk36 ul/Psf]n] ;f] kmf/dx? eg{sf
nflu lgDgfg';f/ AofVof Pj+ :ki6 ul/Psf] 5 .
!)=%=! pknAwL d"Nof+sg kmf/d -s_ M
s_ o; lzif{s cGt/ut sfof{nosf] jflif{s l:js[t sfo{qmd, nIo,
k|ult, ah]6jf/] hfgsf/L tyf l:js[t sfo{qmddf s'g} sf/0fn]
yk36 jf kl/jt{g ul/Pdf ;f] af/] s}lkmotdf pNn]v
ug'{ kg]{ 5 .
M

v_ tflnd ;+rfng :yfg tyf k|lzIffyL{ 5gf}6sf] cfwf/

tflnd ;+rfng :yfg 5gf}6 ubf{ s] s] cfwf/df 5gf}6

ul/Psf] 5 ;f] pNn]v ug{] / k|lzIffyL{ s;/L 5gf}6 ul/Psf]
5 ;f] sf] klg cfwf/ pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 h:tf] cGt/jftf{,
l;kmfl/; cflb
u_ shf{ ljj/0f M
3/]n' ;ldltjf6 lbb} cfPsf] C0f nufgL ;]jfaf6 nfeflGjt
JolQm /sd / e'QmfgL ljj/0f pNn]v ug{sf] nflu /flvPsf] of]
sf]nddf hDdf lgj]bg, C0f lng]sf] ;+Vof,
C0f
/sd,
ut
jif{sf] s'n nufgL, e'QmfgL efvfgf3]sf]efvf ggf3]sf], c;'nL
ljj/0f eg'{ kb{5 . o;df JolQmsf] gfdpBf]u pNn]v ug{
h?/L 5}g .
3_ k/fdz{ ljj/0f M
pBf]usf] lsl;d cg';f/ k/fdz{ lng] pBf]u Joj;fo / k/fdz{sf]
ljifosf] hfgsf/L
lng] p2]Zon] o; k|sf/sf] sf]nd /flvPsf] 5
o;df klg pBf]u jf JolQmsf] gfd n]Vg cfjZos 5}g ;+Vof dfq
n]v] k'Ub5 .
81

_ n]vf lhG;L ;DjGwL ljj/0f M

pNn]lvt ljj/0f ;DjlGwt >]:tfaf6 ptf/ u/L /fVg' kb{5 .
r_ ;Dks{df cfPsf ;+3;+:yf M
o; lzif{s cGt/ut cGo pNn]lvt s'/fsf] cltl/Qm ;DjlGwt ;
+:yfx?sf] jf/]df
cg'udg stf{sf] k|ltlqmof jf d"Nof+sg
pNn]v ug{' kg]{ 5 .
!)=%=@ pknAwL d"Nof+sg kmf/d -v_
cg';"lr @^
of] kmf/d k|To]s d'Vo zfvfx?n] cfgf] cGt/utsf zfvf
sfof{nosf] cg'udg u/L ;s]kl5 ;f] sf] cfwf/df e/]/ k|=sf=
k7fpg' kg]{5 .
cg';"lr @&
of] kmf/d cg'udg stf{ uPsf] ;dodf ;+rfng e}/x]s]f
tflndsf] jf/]df k|of]u x'g] kmf/d xf] . tTsfn b]lvPsf]
s'g} ;d:of ePdf cg'udg stf{n] lbPsf] lgb]
{zg ;'emfjnfO{ o; kmf/ddf pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 . k|
lzIffyL{ ;+Vofsf] sDtLdf @% k|ltztn] kmf/d eg'{ kb{5
.
cg'udg stf{n] cg'udg ug{ hf+bf cg'udg jif{df tflnd
lnPsf k|lzIffyL{nfO{ e]6]/ cg';"lr @* kmf/fd
eg'{ kb{5 . cg'udg jif{df !)) hgf k|lzIffyL{n] tflnd
lnPsf] v08df !) k|ltzt / !)) eGbf a9L ePdf % k|ltzt k|
lzIffyL{sf] :ynut cg'udg u/L kmf/d eg'{ kg]{5 .
!)=%=# cg'udg k|s[of ;DaGwL cGo lgb]{zgx? M
!=
lgb]{lzsfdf ;+nUg cg'udg kmf/dx? d'Vo zfvf
sfof{nox?sf]

lgldQ

k|wfg

sfof{noaf6

zfvf

sfof{nox?sf] lgldQ k|wfg sfof{no jf ;DjlGwt d'Vo

82

zfvf sfof{nox?af6 cfpg'x'g] cg'udg stf{ n] dfq

eg'{ kg]{5 .
@= cg'udg kmf/ddf h] h] el/G5 ;f] sf] l7s b'?:t
ljj/0f ;DjlGwt sfof{nosf]

/]s8{df klg /fVg'

kb{5 .
#=

k|lzIffyL{ cg'udg ljj/0fsf] /]s8{ ;DjlGwt sfof{nodf

klg h:tfsf] To:t} clgjfo{?kn] /lhi6/ g} v8f u/L /fVg'

kb{5 .
$=

cg'udg ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df klg ;DjlGwt sfof{nosf]

d"Nof+sg x'g] x'+bf ljj/0f

%=

oyfy{ x'g' kb{5 .

;DjlGwt sfof{non] ljleGg ;Lk ljsf; tflndx?sf]

lgoldt cg'udg u/L k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ pBf]u Joj;fodf ;

+nUg u/fpg hf]8bf/ k|of; ug'{ kb{5 .
^=

ljleGg tflndsf 5'f 5'} kmfOn tof/ u/L ;f]

kmfOndf

;"rgf

k|sfzg,

lgj]bg

kmf/d,

cGt/jftf{ l/kf]6{ / ;dfkg k|ltj]bg cflb tflnd ;DjGwL ;a}

ljj/0f /fVg' kg]{5 .

83

kl/R5]b !!
pBdL ljsf; sfo{qmd
!!=! k[i7e'dL
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf
pBf]usf] ljsf;sf ;fy ;fy} o;If]qsf] k|j4{g lglDt cfkm\gf]
sfo{ cg'ejsf] cfwf/df 7f]; cfwf/lznf tof/ u/L cl3 a9\g
;Ifd /x]sf] 5 . o; cl3 ;ldlt4f/f ;+rfng ul/Psf sfo{qmdx?
5'f 5'} ?kdf th'{df u/L nfu' ub}{ cfOPsf]df h]h;/L /
h]htL pknAwL x'g kg]{ lyof] tL To;/L / Tolt g} dfqfdf
xfl;n
ug{
sl7g
ePsf]n]
ljut
jif{x?sf
sfo{qmdnfO{ kl/dfh{g Pj+ kl/is[t u/L pBdL ljsf;sf]
lglDt cTofjZos kg]{ ljleGg tLg r/0fsf sfo{qmdx?
nfO{ Pp6} Kofs]hdf ;dfj]z u/L Pp6f l;f] eofsf] ?kdf
cf=a= )^^^& b]lv sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] u/L pBdL
ljsf; sfo{qmd tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 .
klxnf]r/0f
!!=@ >f]t klxrfg
s'g ljifosf] tflnd s'g :yfgdf ;+rfng ug]{ xf] eGg]
s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug{sf nflu lhNnfdf pknAw ;fwg / >f]t
af/] ljz]if hfgsf/L lngsf] ;fy} lhNnfsf cGo ;/sf/L,
u}x| ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfn] tof/ u/]sf ;DjlGwt c+fs8f / >f]t
gS;fsf] cfwf/df
cfjZos kg]{ >f]tsf] klxrfg u/L
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{ kb{5 .
k|To]s
cf=a=sf]
l:js[t
sfo{qmd
;+rfng
ug'{ k"j{ pQm >f]t klxrfg ;lxt lhNnfsf] s'g :yfg
-uf=lj=;=g=kf=Onfsf / If]q_ df ;+rfng ug]{ eGg]
ljifodf pBf]u k|j4{g ;dGjo ;ldltsf] a}7sdf 5nkmn u/L
lg0f{o ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L lg0f{o ubf{ sfo{qmd ;
+rfng :yn tyf ;f] If]qdf pknAw >f]t / ;fwgnfO{ klxnf]
k|fyldstf lbg' kb{5 . tflnd :yfg 5gf}6 ubf{ o; cl3 ;
+rflnt ;dfg k|sf/sf tflndsf] pknAwLnfO{ klg cfwf/
dfGg ;lsG5 . cGtt s'gs'g uf=lj=;=df s'gs'g ljifosf
84

tflndx? ;DefAo 5g\ eGg] s'/f k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df sl/a

$% ljifosf tflnd, pBf]u k|j4{g ;ldltsf] lg0f{oaf6
lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
!!=# cGt/lqmof
of] klxnf] r/0fsf] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd pBf]u k|
j4{g ;ldltaf6 lg0f{o eO{ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] :yfgd}
cfof]hgf ug'{ kb{5 . sfo{qmd ;fj{hlgs ?kdf hg;d'bfo
pkl:yt u/fO{ ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf sfo{qmd ;
+rfng ;do / cfjZos ;+Vofdf ;xefuL u/fpg :yflgo :t/df
pko"Qm ;+rf/sf ;fwgx?sf] ;d]t pkof]u u/L Jofks k|rf/
k|;f/ ug'{sf ;fy} kqfrf/sf] dfWodaf6 klg ;DjlGwt
JolQmx?nfO{ cfdGq0f ug'{ kg]{5 .

85

!!=#=! sfo{qmdsf ;xefuLx?

sfof{nosf -sfof{no k|d'v_ sd{rf/L ! hgf
>f]t JolQm -;kmn pBdL_ ! hgf
uf=lj=;= cWoIf;lrj ! hgf
:yflgo pBf]uL, Jofkf/L, a'l4hLlj, ;dfh;]aL ;DjlGwt
:yflgo ;+3 ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx?
sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g OR5's dlxnf k'?ifx?
pkl:yt ;xefuLx? dWo] ;r]tgf sfo{qmd / ;Lk ljsf; tflnd
lnO{ pBf]u ug{ OR5's JolQmx?nfO{ cg';'rL #% / #^
cg';f/sf] kmf/d e/fpg' kg]{5 .
!!=#=@ cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{
s_ cfjZostf / ;+efJotfsf] cfwf/df ;b/d'sfd jf aflx/
s'g} :yfgdf of] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ ;lsg]5 .
v_ sfo{qmdsf ;DjGwdf Jofksdfqfdf k|rf/ k|;f/
ug'{ kb{5 .
u_

of] sfo{qmd Ps lbgsf] x'g]5 .

3_

pb3f6g, cGt/lqmof / ;dfkg ;d]t tLg ;qdf

ljefhg u/L sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{ kb{5 . t/
;dosf] cefj ePdf Pp6} ;qdf klg sfo{qmd ;
+rfng ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

sfo{qmddf sfof{no k|d'vljz]if1n] ljifout

sfo{kq k|:t't ug'{ kg]{5. ;fy} ;xhLs/0fsf]
e"ldsf ;d]t sf= k|= n] g} lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{5 .

!!=#=# ah]6 vr{sf] Joj:yf

sfo{qmdsf] nflu :jLs[t jh]6sf] kl/lw leq /xL
lgDgfg';f/sf lzif{sdf vr{ ug{ ;lsg]5 .
s_

:6]zg/L

v_

vfhf vr{

u_

k|ltj]bg tof/L vr{

86

3_

ljljw

!!=$ pBdlzntf ljsf; ;r]tgf sfo{qmd

lgj]bs JolQmx?nfO{ ;Lk ljsf; tflnddf ;+nUg u/fpg' k"j{
of] ;r]tgf tflnd sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g] 5 . of] sfo{qmd
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt k|wfg sfof{non] tof/
u/]sf] pBdzLntf ljsf; ;r]tgf tflndsf] kf7\oqmd
@)^^ cg';f/ ;+rfng ug'{ kb{5 . pBdlzntf ljsf; ;r]tgf
tflndsf k|lzIffyL{ tyf cg'b]zsnfO{ pBdlzntf ljsf; tflnd
cg';f/sf] vfhf vr{, eQf tyf ;"ljwf pknAw x'g] 5 .

87

!!=% k|lzIffyL{ 5gf}6

;r]tgf sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePkl5 pQm sfo{qmddf
tflndsf nflu cfjZos ;+Vof eGbf jl9 ;xefuL ePdf ;f]xL
sfo{qmdsf ;xefuL dWo]af6 dfq k|lzIffyL{ 5gf}6
ul/g] 5 . cfjZos ;+Vof gk'u]df cGo ;+efJo JolQmx?
nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg] 5 . o;/L k|lzIffyL{ 5gf}6
ubf{ cg';"rL # cg';f/ e/]sf] tflnd cfj]bg kmf/fd k|fKt
u/L kl/R5]b @ sf] @=^=^ sf] cfwf/df k|
lzIffyL{ 5gf}6 ug'{ kg]{5 .
!!=^ k|lzIffyL{ 5gf}6 ;ldlt
!@=^=! ;b/d'sfd jf gu/kflnsfdf ;+rfng ug]
{ sfo{qmdsf] lglDt

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no k|d'v ;

+of]hs
k|ltlglw, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
;b:o
k|ltlglw, lh=lj=;=gu/kflnsf uf=lj=;=
;b:o
k|ltlglw, lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3
;b:o
k|ltlglw, lhNnf g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;
+3
;b:o
ljifo lj1
;b:o
3/]n' ;ldltsf] ;DjlGwt sd{rf/L

;b:o ;lrj

!!=^=@ ;b/d'sfd aflx/ ;+rfng x'g]

sfo{qmdsf] lglDt
sfof{no k|d'vsfof{nosf] k|ltlglw
;
+of]hs
uf=lj=;= cWoIf;lrj
;b:o
:yflgo a}+s;xsf/L ;]jf s]Gb| k|ltlglw -! hgf_
;b:o
88

 ljifo lj1 -! hgf_

;b:o
:yfgLo ;dfh;]jLpBdLJofkf/Lx? dWo]af6 ! hgf
;b:o
-cfdGq0f ug{ ;lsg]_

bf]>f] r/0f

!!=& ;Lk ljsf; tflnd

pBdlzntf ;+r]tgf tflnd sfo{qmddf efu lnO{ 5gf}6
ePsf k|lzIffyL{x? o; sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g] 5g\ .
;ldltn] tof/ u/]sf] kf7\oqmd / lgwf{/0f u/]s]f dfkb08
cg';f/ ;Lk ljsf; tflnd ;+rfng ug'{ kb{5 . k|lzIffyL{x?
nfO{ tf]lsP adf]lhdsf ;]jf ;'ljwfdfq k|bfg ul/g] 5 .
tflndsf] cGtdf k|To]s klzIffyL{n] cg';'rL #( cg';f/sf]
tflnd kZrft ;+rfng ug]{ Joj;fosf] sfo{ of]hgf tof/
ug'{ kb{5 .

89

t]>f] r/0f

!!=* ;Lk ljsf; tflnd kZrft k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfx? M

k|lzIffyL{x?n] tof/ u/L k]z u/]sf] Joj;foLs
sfo{of]hgfsf]
sfof{Gjogsf]
lglDt
cfjZos
;Dk"0f{ sfo{x? of] r/0fdf ;DkGg ug'{ kg]{5 . ;Lk ljsf;
tflnd ;DkGg u/]sf k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ pBf]u Joj;fodf ;
+nUg u/fpgsf] nflu ;fdfGotof lgDg sfo{x? ug'{ kb{5 .
pBf]u :yfkgfy{ k/fdz{ ;]jf .
pBf]u :yfkgfy{ h'6fpg kg]{ cfly{s >f]tsf] Joj:yf .
pBf]u :yfkgfy{ cfjZos kg]{ d]zLg cf}hf/ -k|ljlw_
;DjlGw hfgsf/L .
d]zLg h8fg / ;+rfng ;DjlGw k|fljlws ;]jf .
gd"gf pTkfbg / l8hfOg ;DjlGw k|fljlws ;]jf .
pTkfbg ljlqm ljt/0fsf] lglDt Jofkf/Lx?;Fu ;DjGw
:yfkgf .
cfjZostf cg';f/ pTkfbg, n]vf / ahf/ Joj:yfkg ;DjlGw
tflnd .
!!=( ;xhstf{
x/]s
tflnddf
;xefuL
k|lzIffyL{nfO{
pBf]u
:yfkgfdf ;xof]u ug{ lhNnf:tl/o sfof{non] Ps cfly{s
jif{df al9df ?= !@))). dfq kfl/>lds kfpg] Ps of]Uotd
g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ;xhstf{ s/f/df lgo"QmL ug]{ 5 .
lgo"Qm ;xhstf{sf] sfo{ ;Gtf]ifhgs gnfu]df sfof{non]
h';;'s} avt lgh;Fusf] s/f/ e+u ug{ ;Sg] 5 . o:tf] cj:yf
cfO{ k/]df a+fsL ;dosf] lglDt pQm sfo{sf] nflu pQm
sfo{qmdsf] a+fsL ah]6af6 csf]{ ;xhstf{ lgo"lQm
ug{ ;lsg] 5 . ;fy} ;xhstf{sf] k|oTgaf6 pBf]u :yfkgf
ePdf lghnfO{ k|lt pBf]u yk ?= @)). k|f]T;fxg :j?k
pknAw u/fOg] 5 .

!!=(=! ;xhstf{sf] sfd, st{Ao

k|To]s k|lzIffyL{sf] 3/ b}nf]df lg/Gt/ k'uL pBf]u
Joj;fo ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ .
90

 k|]l/t k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ pBf]u :yfkgfy{ cfjZos

;Dk"0f{ ;xof]u h'6fpg] dfWodsf] ?kdf k|efjsf/L
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ .
pBf]u ;'rf? /fVg cfjZos kg]{ cGo ;xof]usf] lglDt k|
oTglzn /xg] .
pTkflbt j:t';]jf ljlqmsf] lglDt vl/bstf{;Fu ;dGjo
u/fO{ lbg] .
pBf]u Joj;fo :yfkgfsf] lglDt cfjZos cGo ;Dk"0f{ sfo{
u/L ;xof]u k'ofpg] .
cfkm'n] u/]sf] sfo{sf] k|utL k|lta]bg x/]s !% lbgdf
3/]n' ;ldltsf] sfof{nodf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .

91

kl/R5]b !@

pBf]u k|j4{g sfo{qmd

!@=! k[i7e'dL

n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u Joj;fo ug{ OR5's ;fdfGo pBdL,
?U0f jf k"0f{ Ifdtfdf ;+rfng x'g g;s]sf n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf
pBf]ux?nfO{ dfu cg';f/ ljleGg ljifodf ;Lk ljsf;, pBdzLntf ljsf;
Pj+ ljleGg ljifosf Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL tflnd k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy} k|
fljlws / Joj:yfklso ;xof]u k'ofO{ k"0f{ Ifdtfdf pBf]u ;+rfng
ug{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg' of] sfo{qmdsf] d"n p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .
k"0f{ Ifdtfdf ;+rflnt n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux?nfO{ klg
cfjZostfg';f/ cfw'lgsLs/0f u/L gofF 9+uaf6 ;+rfng u/fpg of]
sfo{qmdn] d2t k'ofpg] 5 .
!@=@ pBf]u k|j4{gsf] lgDtL lgDg sfo{x? dWo] cfjZostf
klxrfg u/L of] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{ kg]{5 .
!@=@=! tTsfn ;Lk ljsf; tflnd M
pBf]u k|j4{gsf] nflu ;DjlGwt pBf]usf] pBdL jf
sfdbf/nfO{ s'g} ljifosf] ;Lk l;sfpg cfjZos b]lvPdf dfq
of] sfo{qmd, lgb]{lzsf cg';f/ ;+rfng ug'{ kb{5 .
!@=@=@ pBdlzntf ljsf; tflnd M
cfjZostf x]/L pBdL sfdbf/nfO{ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf
pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn] tof/ u/]sf] !) lbg] pBdlzntf ljsf;
tflndsf] kf7\o k':ts cg';f/ of] sfo{qmd ;+rfng
ug'{ kb{5 .
!@=@=# Joj;fo :yfkgf / ;+rfngsf] nflu ;fem]bf/L
ljsf; sfo{qmd M
lhNnfl:yt cGo s'g} ;/sf/L, cw{ ;/sf/L / u}x ;/sf/L ;
+3 ;+:yfn] n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] k|j4{g lgDtL k|
ToIf ;xefuL eO{ s'g} ljifosf] tflnd ;+rfng ug{ rfx]df
;ldltn] To:tf lgsfo;+u ldn]/ of] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{
;Sg]5 . ;DjlGwt lgsfon] sDtLdf *) ef}lts pknAwL
xfl;n ug]{ s'/fdf k|ltj4tf bzf{Pdf dfq of] sfo{qmd ;
+rfng lgb]{lzsfsf] kl/R5]b # cg';f/ sfo{qmd ;+rfng
92

ug'{ kg]{5 . pQm ;+:yf;+u ldn]/ k'gM sfo{qmd ;

+rfng ug'{ kbf{ ljutsf] cawLsf] pknAwLsf] cfwf/df
dfq ug'{ kb{5 .
!@=@=$ pBf]u?U0f pBf]usf sfdbf/nfO{ k'gtf{huL
tflnd M
s'g}
pBf]u?U0f
pBf]usf
pBdLsfdbf/nfO{ k'gtf{huL tflnd k|bfg ubf{ pBf]usf]
k|j4{g x'g ;S5 eGg] nfu]df of] sfo{qmd lgb]{lzsfsf]
kl/R5]b @ sf] @=%=!=# cg';f/ ;+rfng ug'{ kb{5 .
!@=@=% Joj:yfkg tflnd M
s'g} klg pBf]usf] k|j4{gsf] lgDtL Joj:yfkg ;DjwL
tflnd k|bfg ug{ cTofjZos b]lvPdf n]vf, jhf/, pTkfbg
Joj:yfkg h:tf ljifosf] tflnd lgb]{lzsf cg';f/ ;+rfng ug{
;lsg]5 .

93

!@=@=^ k|fljlws ;]jf M

s'g} klg gofF pBf]u :yfkgfsf nflu d]lzg/L h8fg ;
+rfng Pj+ ?U0f jf rfn' pBf]usf] lgDtL cfjZos cGo k|
fljlws ;]jf k|bfg ubf{ pBf]u k|j4{g x'g ;lsg] 7f]; cfwf/df
dfq of] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{ kb{5 . k|fljlws ;]jf k|bfg
ug{sf] lgDtL jfXo lj1nfO{ sfddf nufpg' kbf{ o; pBf]u
k|j4{g sfo{qmdsf] jh]6af6} kfl/>lds k|bfg ug'{ kb{5
.
!@=@=& pko"Qm k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f sfo{qmd M
n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] ljsf; lj:tf/sf] nflu cfjZos
d]lzg cf}hf/ tyf k|ljlw x:tfgt/0f u/L pBf]usf] :yfkgf,
ljsf; tyf ljljlws/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'ofOg] 5 . pko"Qm k|
ljlwsf] x:tfGt/0f sfo{ kl/R5]b !# cg';f/ ug']{kg]{ 5 .
!@=@=* ahf/ ljsf; tyf k|j4{g M
pTkflbt j:t';]jfsf] ljqmL ljt/0fsf nflu pBdL Jofkf/L ljr
;dGjo sfod u/fpg dWo:ystf{sf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6
lgjf{x ug]{ . :yfgLo sf]z]nL 3/sf] ;b:otf pknAw
u/fO{ ahf/ k|j4{gdf ;3fp k'ofpg] .

94

kl/R5]b !#

pko'Qm k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f sfo{qmd

!#=! k[i7e"ld M
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] clsf/ u/]sf]
gofF g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ n3' 3/]n' tyf ;fgf
pBf]dLx?sf] a[xQ/ lxt / Jofj;flos k|j4{gsf] nflu ;ldlts]f gLlt,
nIo / p2]Zo cg'?k efjL lbgx?df ;/sf/L, u}x ;/sf/L / lghL
If]qsf 5ftf ;+:yfx?;Fu xft]dfnf] ub}{ cuf8L a9\g] lgb]{lzt
sfo{nIo to u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL nIo cg'?k ;ldltsf] u7g cfb]z @)%)
df ls:tfaGbLdf pBdLx?nfO{ cfjZos sf]/fdfn, d]lzg, Hofjn
tyf cf}hf/ cflb laqmL ljt/0f ug]{ Joa:yf eP cg';f/ o; ;ldltn]
rfn' cf=j= )^^.)^& b]lv n3' 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBdLx?sf]
cfjZostf cg';f/ pko'Qm k|ljlw laqmL, ljt/0f tyf x:tfGt/0f ug]
{ sfo{qmdsf] z'?jft u/]sf] 5 .
!#=@ p2]Zo M
!#=@=! b'u{d / lxdfnL If]qsf n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBdLx?
nfO{ ;x'lnot b/df ;xh ?kdf pko'Qm k|ljlw cfjZostf
cg';f/ pknJw u/fpg] .
!#=@=@
o; sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]uaf6 n3',3/]n' tyf ;fgf
pBdLx?sf] pTkfbsTjdf clea[l4 ug]{ .
!#=@=#
pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] k|bz{g (Demonstration) u/L
gofF pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ hgtf gj pBdLx?nfO{ clek|]l/t
ug]{ .
!#=@=$ pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 :yflgo ;|f]t / ;fwgsf]
clwstd pkof]u u/L b'u{d / ljs6 u|fld0f e]udf a[xb
/f]huf/Lsf
cj;/ >[hgf ub}{ cfly{s pkfh{gsf
lqmofsnfkx? cuf8L a9fpg] .
!#=@=%
pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 u'0ffTds Pj+
lgof{td"ns pTkfbg a[l4 u/L /fli6o tyf cGt//fli6o
ahf/df ;/n / ;'ne kx'Fr k'ofpg] .
95

!#=# nlIft ju{ M

!#=#=! 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltaf6 k|lzIf0f nufot
cGo ;]jf k|bfg u/L :yfkgf / k|j4{g ul/Psf pBf]u Joj;fox?
nfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg] .
!#=#=@
:yfgLo >f]t / ;fwg kl/rfng u/L :yfkgf / ;
+rfngdf /x]sf pBdLx? .
!#=#=#
?U0f n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBdLx? .
!#=#=$ ljlQo ;+:yfaf6 shf{ k|fKt u/L ;+rfngdf /x]sf /
;f]xL ;+:yfaf6 l;kmfl/; e} cfPsf pBdLx? .
!#=#=%
lhNnf n3' pBdL ;d'x ;+3df cfj4 n3', 3/]n' tyf
;fgf pBdLx? .

96

!#=$ sfo{qmd ;+rfng k|lqmof M

!#=$=!
lhNnf :t/df lgDg kbflwsf/L ;dfj]z ePsf
pk;ldltsf]
lg0f{o
jdf]lhd
pko"Qm k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug]{ M
k|=p=c=p=c=-sf=k|_
3=tyf ;f=p=lj=;=
;+of]hs
k|ltlglw

lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no

;b:o

k|ltlglw

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt

:yfgLo uf=lj=;=

;b:o
k|ltlglw

sf]=n]=lg=sf=
;b:o

kbflwsf/L k|ltlglw

pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3

;b:o
kbflwsf/L k|ltlglw

g]=3=tyf=;f=p=dxf;+3
;b:o

ljifo;+u ;DjlGwt clws[t

kmfF6jfnf sd{rf/L

3=tyf ;f=p=lj=;= ;b:o ;lrj

!#=$=@
o; sfo{qmdaf6 Ps hgf n3' 3/]n' tyf ;fgf
pBdLnfO{ clwstd ?= !%,))). -kGw| xhf/_ a/fa/sf]
pko'Qm k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;lsg]5 .
!#=$=# ;xsf/L;d'xdf cfj4 n3' 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBdLx?sf] nflu
Ps k6s clwstd ?= %),))). -krf; xhf/_ a/fa/sf] pko'Qm k|
ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;lsg]5 .
!#=$=$ pko'Qm k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ul/g] ;j} pBf]ux? g]kfn
;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] lgsfodf btf{ ePs]f x'g' kb{5 . t/ ;f]
adf]lhd ug{ tTsfn ;Defjgf gePsf] cj:yfdf x:tfGt/0f u/]sf]
97

ldltn] # -tLg_ dlxgf leq pBf]u btf{ ug]{ zt{df klg dfu
adf]lhdsf] k|ljlw lgod adf]lhd x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
!#=$=% ;ldltsf] df}h'bf Joj:yf adf]lhd lhNnfx?sf] lgldQ
;ldltsf] sfo{qmd ;+rfng lgb]{lzsf @)%* / ;f] df kl/dfh{g
ePdf ;f]xL adf]lhdsf] lhNnfut jlu{s/0fsf] cfwf/df pBdLx?
nfO{ pko'Qm k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
!#=$=^
x:tfGt/0f ul/g] pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] 9'jfgL vr{ k/n
d"Nodf hf]l8g] 5}g .
!#=$=& pko'Qm k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ;DjGwL k|ltj]bg !% -kGw|_
lbg leq ;DjlGwt sfof{non] k|=sf=df clgjfo{ ?kn] k7fpg'
kg]{5 / ;f] ;DaGwL /]s8{ 5'} /lhi6/ v8f u/L cfgf]
sfof{nodf l7s b'?:t /fVg' kb{5 .
!#=$=* pko'Qm k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ;DjGwL a}7s eQf / 9'jfgL
vr{ pBf]u k|j4{g lzif{ssf] jh]6af6 Joxf]g]{ t/ a}7seg]
Ps cf=j=df a9Ldf # -tLg_ k6s dfq a:g' kg]{5 . / a}7s
eQf k|ltJolQm ?=#)). -tLg ;o_ sf b/n] pknAw u/fpg] .
!#=$=( x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf pko'Qm k|ljlw ;DjlGwt pBdLn] %
-kfFr_ jif{ ;Dd s;}nfO{ ljqmL tyf x:tfGt/0f ug{ kfpg] 5}g
. ;f] sf] lgldQ ;ldltsf] sfo{qmd ;+rfng lgb]{lzsf @)%* /
;f] df kl/dfh{g ePdf ;f]xL kl/dflh{t lgb]{lzsfdf Joa:yf eP
adf]lhdsf] ;t{gfdf ug]{u/fpg] .
!#=$=!) dfly bkmf -$=@_ / -$=#_ sf] ;LdfeGbf a9Lsf] d"No
a/fa/sf] k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug'{ k/]df 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u
ljsf;
;ldlt
k|wfg
sfof{nosf]
k"j{
:jLs[lt
lng'
clgjfo{ x'g]5 .
!#=$=!! pko'Qm k|ljlw x:tfGt/0faf6 k|fKt /sd 3/]n' tyf ;fgf
pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf] w/f}6L vftfdf hDdf ug'{ kb{5 .
!#=$=!@ pko'Qm k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f u/L k|j4{g ul/Psf pBdLn]
cfgf] cw{ jflif{s k|ult ljj/0f ;DjlGwt 3/]n' sfof{nodf k]z
ug'{ kg]{5 .
!#=$=!# dflysf bkmfx?df pNn]v gePsf ljifox?sf ;DaGwdf
bkmf -$=!_ adf]lhd ul7t pk;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt k|wfg sfof{nosf] k"j{ :jLs[lt
lnP/ dfq sfof{Gjog ug'{ kb{5 .
!#=$=!$ s]Gb|:t/df 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf] k|wfg
sfof{non] dfly bkmf -@_ / -#_ sf] cfwf/df bkmf -$_ sf]
pkbkmf -$=$_, -$=%_, -$=^_, -$=(_, -$=!!_ / -$=!@_
adf]lhd pko'Qm k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
98

!#=% x:tfGt/0f k|lqmof M

!#=%=! k|rf/ k|;f/ tyf hfgsf/L M ;DjlGwt ;j}
pBf]upBdLsf] hfgsf/L lgDtL ;zSt ;+rf/ dfWodaf6
;dod} k|rf/ k|;f/ tyf hfgsf/L ug]{ u/fpg] .
!#=%=@ k|fKt lgj]bgnfO{ pko"Qm cfwf/df ljZn]if0f u/L
d"Nofg u/]/ dfq 5gf]6 ;ldltdf lg0f{osf] nflu k]z ug]{
.
!#=%=@=! d"Nofgsf] cfwf/ M
pko'Qm k|ljlw vl/bsf] lgDtL ljlQo Joj:yf ePsf]
5 5}g eP s] s;/L s'g cfwf/df ul/Psf] 5 <
:jnufgL jf C0f eP Aofhb/ .
/f]huf/L j[l4 x'g ;S5, ;Sb}g <
pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 x'G5, x'b}g <
cGo ;xof]usf] cfjZostf k5{, kb}{g <
!#=%=@=@

5gf]6sf] nflu k|fyldstfsf cfwf/ M

5gf]6 ;ldltn] lgDg k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df d"Nofg

ug'{ kb{5 .
s_ ;DalGwt lgsfodf btf{ ePsf] pBf]u x'g' kg]{5 .
v_ klxnf] k|fyldstf k/]sf] ?U0f pBf]u .
u_
3/]n' ;ldltaf6 k|jl4{t pBf]ux? / ;f] dWo] klg
blnt,
hghftL,
dw]zL,
GkLl8t,
dlxnf
cfbLnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg] .
3_ :yflgo sRrf kbfy{ tyf ;fwg >f]tdf cfwfl/t pBf]u .
_ /f]huf/ al9 ePsf] jf lbg ;Sg] pBf]u .
r_ jftfj/0f d}qL pBf]u .
!#=^ sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofg M
o; sfo{qmddf pNn]v eP cg';f/ k|ljlw x:tfGt/0fsf] pkof]lutfsf]
cg'udg tyf d"Nofg 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf] cGo
sfo{qmd ;/x ul/g] 5 .
99

100

kl/R5]b !$

sf]z]nL3/ :yfkgf tyf ;+rfng ;xof]u

sfo{qmd
!$=! k[i7e"ld M
n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]uL Joj;foLx?sf] pTyfgsf] nflu ;
+:yfut ?kdf k|j4{gfTds ;]jfx? pknJw u/fpg o; ;ldltn] ljut
w]/} jif{ b]lv g]kfn /fHosf kxf8L tyf lxdfnL If]qsf $*
lhNnfx?df lg/Gt/ ?kdf sfo{ ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;ldltsf] u7g cfb]z
@)%) df klg pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt dfn;fdfgx?sf] laqmL ljt/0f
a9fpg], g]kfn /fHoe/ laqmL sIf vf]Ng] / cGt//fli6o
ahf/df ;d]t To;sf] cfjZos Joa:yf ug]{, p2]Zo / sfo{If]q
tf]lsPsf] ;Gbe{df o;} ;ldltsf] kxndf Onfd, wgs'6f, vf]6f,
cf]vn9'f, bf]nvf / s0ff{nL sfo{qmd cGt/ut h'Dnf, d'u',
8f]Nkf, sflnsf]6af6 sf]z]nL3/ :yfkgf tyf ;+rfng sfo{sf]
yfngL ub}{ cfufdL lbgx?df clw/fHo e/L g} pko'Qm
:yfgdf :yflgo, ;/sf/L / lglh If]qsf 5ftf ;+:yfx? ;d]t ;Fusf]
;xsfo{ / ;xsf/Ltfsf] cjwf/0ff cg'?k sf]z]nL3/ :yfkgf / ;+rfng
ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 .
!$=@ p2]Zo M
!$=@=! lhNnf leq 5l/P/ /x]sf ;;fgf k"FhLaf6 ;+rfng
ul/Psf n3' 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBdLx?sf ljljw pTkfbgx?
sf]z]nL3/sf] dfWodaf6 pkef]Qmf dfem laqmL ug]
{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ .
!$=@=@
n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBdLx?nfO{ cfjZos kg]
{ sf]/f dfnsRrf kbfy{x? / d]lzg pks/0fx? ;xh / ;'ne
tl/sfn] pknJw u/fpg ;xhLs/0fsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ .
!$=@=# :yflgo ;Lk, ;|f]t / ;fwgx?sf] laqmLsf] dfWodaf6
k/Dk/fut pTkfbgx?sf] k|j4{g e} yk /f]huf/L / cfo
cfh{g sfo{df 6]jf k'ofpg] .
!$=@=$ :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ko{6sx?nfO{ :yflgo x:tsnfsf
;fdfu|Lx?pTkfbgx? ;'ne tl/sfn] pknJw u/fpg] .
101

!$=@=%
sf]z]nL3/sf] ;+rfngaf6 To; If]qdf cf}Bf]lus
hfu/0fsf jftfj/0f l;h{gf x'g] .
!$=# nlIft tyf nfeflGjt ju{ M
!$=#=! ;;fgf k"FhLaf6 ;+rflnt n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBdLx? /
pgLx?sf ljljw pTkfbgx? .
!$=#=@
3/]n' pTkfbgsf pkef]Qmf, Jofkf/L /
Joj;foLx? .
!$=#=# d]lzg pks/0fsf Jofkf/L / Joj;foLx? .
!$=#=$ sRrf kbfy{ laqmL ug]{ Jofkf/L / Joj;foLx? .
!$=#=%
cfo cfh{g sfo{df ;l/s ;/sf/L tyf u}x ;/sf/L
lgsfox? .
!$=#=^ :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ko{6sx? .

102

!$=$ sfo{qmd ;+rfng k|s[of M

!$=$=! o; ;ldltf/f ul7t lhNnfdf lqmoflzn pBf]u k|
j4{g ;dGjo ;ldlt sf] k|ToIf lgoGq0f, /]vb]v / lgb]
{zgdf sf]znL 3/ :yfkgf tyf ;+rfng ;xof]u
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ .
!$=$=@
dfyL bkmf -$=!_ df pNn]lvt ;dGjo ;ldltsf]
cu|;/tfdf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt, lhNnf ljsf;
;ldlt, gu/kflnsfufFpm ljsf; ;ldlt, dlxnf ljsf; zfvf
h:tf :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfox? / pB]fu jfl0fHo ;+3, g]kfn
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;+3, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;+3
cflb h:tf :yfgLo lghL If]qsf 5ftf ;+:yfx?sf] k|ToIf
;xeflutfdf
sf]z]nL3/
;+rfng
tyf
;xof]u
sf]if :yfkgf ug]{ .
!$=$=# rfn' cf=j=)^^.^& df ;f] k|of]hg cGt/ut @)
lhNnfsf] nflu ;fdflhs ;]jf lgMzt{ cg'bfg lzif{sdf k|lt
lhNnf ?= !,)),))). -Ps nfv_ sf b/n] ljlgof]lht ePsf] /sd
;f]xL sf]ifdf hDdf ug]{ .
!$=$=$ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, g]kfn 3/]n' tyf
;fgf pBf]u dxf;+3 dWo] s'g} Ps / 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u
ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no k|d'vsf] ;+o'Qm b:tvtaf6
sf]if sf] vftf ;+rfng ug]{ .
!$=$=% sf]if sf] lgldQ 5'} sd{rf/L lgo'lQm gug]
{ . ;+ej eP;Dd lh=lj=;=g=kf=uf=lj=;= jf :yfgLo
cGo lgsfo;+u ;dGjo u/L ;f]xL lgsfosf sd{rf/Lx?
nfO{ g} kl/rfng ug]{ . Tof] klg ;+ej gePdf dfq k|
=sf= sf] k"j{ :jLs[tL lnO{ cGo s'g} Joj:yf ug]{ .
!$=$=^ sf]ifsf] b}lgs sfo{ ljj/0f sf]ifdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?n]
g} /fVg' kb{5 . t/ clfy{s sf/f]jf/sf] ljj/0f eg] gfkmf
gf]S;fg b]lvg] u/L 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt dftxt
g} /xg]5 . sf]ifsf] cfDbfgL, vr{ tyf sf/f]jf/af6 b]lvg]
gfkmf gf]S;fgsf] cj:yf af/] ^.^ dlxgfdf pBf]u k|
j4{g ;dGjo ;ldltdf k]z ug'{ kb{5 .
!$=$=& cg'dlt k|fKt :yfgLo n]vf kl/Ifsaf6 sf]ifsf] n]vf
kl/If0fsf] sfo{ u/fpg' kb{5 / ;f] kl/If0f u/]sf] ljj/0f
103

lgoldt ?kdf ;ldltsf] k|wfg sfof{nodf clgjfo{ ?kdf

k7fpg' kb{5 .
!$=$=* sf]ifsf] /sdaf6 sf]z]nL3/sf] nflu pwf/f]df ;fdfg v/Lb
ubf{ / laqmL ubf{ sf]z]nL3/sf nflu vl6Psf ;DalGwt
sd{rf/Lsf] k"0f{ lhDd]jf/Ldf Ps k6sdf Ps hgfaf6
a9Ldf ?= %,))). -kfFr xhf/_ ;Ddsf] ;fdfg v/Lb ug{
;lsg]5 .
!$=$=( pwf/f]df ul/g] sf/f]jf/ clwstd # -tLg_ dlxgf cjlwsf]
dfq x'g]5 .
!$=$=!) 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf] k|wfg sfof{nosf]
k"j{ :jLs[lt ljgf ;ldltnfO{ yk cfly{s Jooef/ kg]{ s'g}
sfo{ ug'{u/fpg' x'b}g .
!$=$=!! sf]z]nL3/sf] lbuf]kgf (Sustainable) sf] lgldQ ;xsf/Ltfsf]
cjwf/0ff cg';f/ ;+rfng ug]{u/fpg] gLlt /x]sf] x'Fbf
cfufdL cf=j= )^&.^* b]lv ;f] adf]lhd Joa:yf x'g
sfof{no k|d'vn] ljz]if kxn ug'{ kb{5 .
!$=$=!@ o; cl3 sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] sf]z]nL3/ ;+rfng
lgb]{lzsf :jtM vf/]h ePsf] dflgg]5 .

104

kl/R5]b !%

lhNnf :tl/o
pBf]u k|j4{g ;dGjo ;ldlt
!%=!

k[i7e"ld M

d'n'ssf] ljz]if u/]/ u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d If]qx?df

ljleGg k|sf/sf ;Lk, pBdlzntf / Joj:yfklso Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd
sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng u/L ;;fgf pBf]u Joj;fosf] :yfkgf,
ljsf; / lj:tf/ ub}{ Jofks /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? l;h{gf ug]
{ sfo{df 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf] e"ldsf
dxTjk"0f{ /lx cfPs]f 5 .
o; e"ldsfnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L / pknAwLd"ns agfpg
;ldltn] cfgf] sfo{ If]q /x]sf ;j} lhNnfdf bkmf !%=# df
pNn]v ul/P jdf]lhdsf kbflwsf/Lx? ;dfj]z ePs]f Pp6f
pBf]u k|j4{g ;dGjo ;ldlt sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
!%=@ p2]Zo M
!%=@=!;ldltaf6 tflnd pknAw k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ cf
cfgf] ;Lk c'g;f/sf pBf]u Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ lhNnf
l:yt ;j} lgsfox?af6 k|ToIf ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]
jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ .
!%=@=@
;;fgf pBf]u Joj;fo :yfkgf / k|j4{g ug]
{ sfo{df lhNnf l:yt ;DjlGwt ;j} lgsfox?df ljBdfg
;fwg / >f]tx?nfO{ ;dGjofTds 9+uaf6 kl/rfng u/L
glthfd"ns agfpg ;xof]u k'ofpg] .
!%=@=#
;ldltaf6 ;+rfng ul/Psf ;j} k|sf/sf
sfo{qmdx?s]f ;ldIff / efjL of]hgfsf] ?k/]vf tof/kf/L
cfufdL cf=j=sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd th'{df ug{
;xof]u
k'ofpg] .
105

!%=@=$
;ldlts]f e"ldsfnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L /
pknAwLd"ns agfpg o:sf] gLlt, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltsf
;DjGwdf ;d;fdflos ;'emfjx? ;+sng u/L ;DjlGwt
lgsfodf k7fpg] .

106

!%=#= ;dGjo ;ldltsf] u7g M

;ldltdf b]xfo jdf]lhdsf kbflwsf/Lx? /xg] 5g M
;efklt

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt

k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L

lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no

;b:o

:yflgo ljsf; clwsf/L

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt

;b:o

k|jGws

s[lif

+of]hs

ljsf; a}+s

;b:o

k|jGws

jfl0fHo a}+sx? dWo] Ps hgf

cWoIf

lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3

cWoIf

;b:o

lhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;+3

k|d'v cWoIf

;b:o

;b:o

f ;b/d'sfd l:yt g=kfuf=lj=;=

;b:o
cWoIf

u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;+3 ;b:o

k|d'v

s[lifkz'jge';+/If0fljB't
sfof{no dWo] sf=k|= n] cfjZostf
cg';f/ cfdGqLt ug{ ;Sg] ! hgf ;b:o
dlxnf ljsf; clws[t

107

dlxnf ljsf; sfof{no

;b:o

cWoIf

cflbjf;L hghftL dxf;+3 ;b:o

k|d'v
pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd

n3'

;b:o

sf=k|=n] dgf]gog ug]{ ljifo;+u ;DjlGwt Ps hgf

kbflwsf/L;b:o
k|=p=c=p=c= 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt
;b:o ;lrj
!%=$

bfloTj tyf lhDd]jf/L M

;dGjo ;ldltsf] bfloTj tyf lhDd]jf/L b]xfo jdf]lhd x'g] u/L

tf]lsPsf] 5 .
!%=$=! lhNnfdf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] :yfkgf, ;
+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug]{ sfo{df of] ;ldltn] g]t[TjbfoL
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ 5 .
!%=$=@
;+of]hssf] cfb]zfg';f/ lgDg ljifosf
;DjGwdf 5nkmn ug{ k|yd / t]>f] rf}dfl;s cjlwdf
PsPs k6s u/L Ps cfly{s jif{df @ k6s ;b:o ;lrjn]
j}7ssf] cfof]hgf ug'{ kg]{5 .
!%=$=@=! sfof{nosf] nIo tyf k|ult jf/] ;ldIff ug]{ .
!%=$=@=@ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ubf{ b]vf k/]sf
;d:ofsf ;DjGwdf 5nkmn ug]{ .
!%=$=@=# cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] of]hgf tyf
sfo{qmdsf] ?k/]vf tof/ kfg]{ .
!%=$=@=$ ;/f]sf/jfn (Stake-holder) ;+:yfx?;+usf] cfk;L
;dGjo / ;DjGwsf ;jfnx? klxrfg u/L sfof{Gjog
ug]{ .
!%=$=@=% jfl0fHo If]qsf] cj:yf jf/] ;ldIff ug]{ .
108

!%=$=@=^ cGo ljljw ;DjGwdf 5nkmn ug]{ .

!%=$=#
;Lk ljsf; tflnd k|fKt k|lzIffyL{x?
nfO{ pBf]u :yfkgf / k|j4{g ug]{ sfo{df ;xhLs/0f
ug]{ .
!%=$=$ sfof{nosf] ;du| sfo{qmd tyf sfo{ ;+rfng
cj:yfsf jf/]df ;do ;dodf cg'udg tyf lgl/If0f u/L
sfof{nonfO{ yk lqmoflzn agfpg pkof]uL ;'emfj
lbg] .
!%=% ;dGjo ;ldltsf] j}7s k':tLsf 5'} /fVg] Joj:yf
ug'{ kb{5 .
!%=^

jh]6sf] Joj:yf M

lalgof]lht ah]6sf]
vr{ ug'{ kb{5 .
!%=&

kl/lw

leq

/xL

ldtJoLtfsf;fy

k|ltj]bg k7fpg] M

;dGjo ;ldltsf] j}7sn] u/]sf] lg0f{o, pkl:ylt /

5nkmnsf] ljifo ;s];Dd kmf]6f]skL u/L jf k|ltlnkL ptf/
u/L !% lbg leq k|=sf=df k7fpg' kg]{5 .

109

kl/R5]b !^

k"j{k|lzIffyL cg'udg tyf cGt/lqmof

sfo{qmd
!^=!

k[i7e"ld M

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltn] ;+rfng ug]{ ljleGg

sfo{qmdx? dWo] k|lzIffyL{ cg'udg cGt/lqmof
sfo{qmd clt dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . ;ldltn] ljleGg ;dodf ;
+rfng u/]sf ljleGg k|sf/sf ;Lk tyf pBdlzntf / Joj:yfklso
Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd sfo{qmdx?df ;xefuL k|lzIffyLx?nfO{
;DjlGwt ljifosf] pBf]u Joj;fo :yfkgf ug{sf] nflu k|]l/t
ug{ of] sfo{qmdn] ;xh jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ ljZjf;
ul/Ps]f 5 .
!^=@

p2]Zo M

of] sfo{qmds]f p2]Zo lgDg jdf]lhd /x]s]f 5 .

s_

ljut cfly{s jif{x?df ;+rfng ul/Psf ljleGg k|sf/sf

tflnd sfo{qmdx?df ;l/s ePsf k|lzIffyL{x?s]f oyfy{
cj:yfsf ;DjGwdf hfgsf/L xfl;n x'g] .

v_

;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx? ;+usf] cfk;L

cGt/lqmofn] cndlnP/ a;]sf ?U0f pBf]u Joj;fo ;
+rfng ul/ /x]sf / ;kmntfsf] uf]/]6f]df lx8L/x]sf k|
lzIffyL{x? k|ToIf nfefGjLt x'g] .

u_

pBf]u :yfkgf / k|j4{g ug]{ sfo{df efjL gLlt, /

0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt to ug{ ;/f]sf/jfnf (Stake-holder)
lgsfox?nfO{ pkof]uL ;'emfjx? k|fKt x'g] .

!^=#

nlIft ;d'x M

lgDg ju{ of] sfo{qmdsf] nlIft ;d'x x'g] 5g .

s_

ljut jif{x?df ;+rfng ePsf ljleGg k|sf/sf tflnd

sfo{qmdx?df ;xefuL ePsf k"j{ k|lzIffyL{x? .

v_

;;fgf pBf]u Joj;fo ;+rfng ul//x]sf k|lzIffyL{x? .

110

u_

?U0f pBdL k|lzIffyL{x? .

3_

;kmn / k|]/s pBdL k|lzIffyL{x? .

;/f]sf/jfnf

!^=$

(Stake-holder)

lgsfox? .

nlIft nfe M

of] sfo{qmdaf6 lgDg nfe xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u k|fKt

x'g]5 .
s_

k|lzIffyL{x? ;DjlGwt pBf]u Joj;fodf ;+nUg x'g

g;Sgfsf sf/0fx? vf]hL ug{ ;3fp k'Ug] .

v_

pBf]u Joj;fo ;+rfng ul//x]sf pBdLx?n] em]Ng'

k/]sf ;d:ofx?s]f klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf pkfox?
lgsflng] x'Fbf pBdLdf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ d2t
k'Ug] .

u_

k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ pBdL aGg k|]l/t u/L :j/f]huf/sf]

cj;/
lgdf{0f
ug{
;xof]u
x'g] .

!^=%

;xefuLx? M

lgDg JolQmx? o; sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g]5g\ .

s_
v_

cl3Nnf] cf=j=df tflnd k|fKt k|lzIffyL{x? .

nlIft ;d'x leq k/]sf cGo JolQmx? .

u_

;xof]uL ;+3 ;+:yf tyf lgsfosf k|d'v tyf k|ltlglwx? .

3_

;DjlGwt sfof{nosf k|d'v tyf sd{rf/Lx? .

!^=^

;xefuL ;+Vof M

of] sfo{qmddf #) b]vL $) hgf ;Dd ;xefuL x'g

;Sg]5g\ .
!^=&
s_

sfo{qmd ;+rfng k|lqmof M

cfjZostf / ;+efJotfsf] cfwf/df ;b/d'sfd jf aflx/
s'g} :yfgdf of] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ ;lsg]5 .
111

v_ sfo{qmdsf
ug'{ kb{5 .

;DjGwdf

Jofksdfqfdf

k|rf/

k|;f/

u_

of] sfo{qmd Ps lbgsf] x'g]5 .

3_

sfo{qmddf sfof{no k|d'vn] ljifout sfo{kq k|:t't

ug'{ kg]{5 . ;fy} ;xhLs/0fsf] e"ldsf ;d]t sf=k|=n]
g} lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{5 .

sfo{qmdsf ;xefuLx? dWo] nlIft ;d'x leq k/]sf k|

lzIffyL{x?nfO{ cg';"rL#& jdf]lhdsf] kmf/fd
e/fpg' kb{5 .

r_

sfo{qmdsf] k|ltj]bg k|wfg sfof{no / d'Vo zfvf

sfof{nodf lz3| k7fpg' kb{5 .

!^=*

jh]6 vr{sf] Joj:yf M

;xefuLx?nfO{ k|ltJolQm ?= @)). sf b/n] vfhf tyf

kl/axg vr{ pknAw u/fpgsf ;fy} ah]6sf] kl/lw leq /xL :
6]zg/L, k|lta]bg tof/L vr{ Pj+ ljljw vr{ ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

112

kl/R5]b !&

>f]t s]Gb| k'gM:yfkgf tyf ;+rfng

!&=! e"dLsf

u|fld0f:t/df JofKt a]/f]huf/L ;d:of Go"lgs/0f

ug{sf ;fy} :yflgo ;Lk, sRrf kbfy{, >f]t / ;fwgx?
sf] k|of]u u/L n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] ljsf;,
lj:tf/ / k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zo cg';f/ ;ldltaf6 ljleGg
:yfgdf ;]jf s]Gb|x? :yfkgf ePsf x'g . k|lzIffyL{x?
nfO{ ljleGg tflnd Pj+ k|ljlw / sRrf kbfy{ nufotsf
Kofs]h ;]jfx? pknAw u/fO{ z;Qm pBdL agfpgsf
nflu

;]jf

;Gbe{df

s]Gb|n]
o:tf

dxTjk"0f{

;]jf

e"ldsf

s]Gb|nfO{

v]n]sf]

>f]t

s]Gb|

k'gM :yfkgf tyf ;+rfng sfo{qmdsf] ?kdf ;s[o

u/fpg]

p2]Zon]

sfo{qmd

k|f/De

cf=a=
ePsf]

)^^)^&
xf]

o;

af6

of]

sfo{qmd

dfkm{t ;Lk ljsf; tflnd, Joj:yfkg tflnd, k/fdz{ ;]jf

nufotsf pBf]u k|j4{gfTds ;]jfx? Plss[t Pj+
Kofs]h ;]jfsf] ?kdf >f]t s]Gb|af6 klg pknAw
u/fOg] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 .
!&=@ p2]Zo

113

!&=@=! n3', 3/n' tyf ;fgf :t/sf pBf]ux?sf]

l;h{gf,

k|j4{g

Pj+

ljsf;df

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo s]Gb|x?

;3fp

k'Ug]

u/L

(Industrial Business Clusters)

sf] :yfkgf / ljsf;df ;3fp k'ofpg] .

!&=@=@ ;Lk ljsf; pBdzLntf / Joj:yfklso Ifdtf
ljsf; ;DjlGw tflnd Pj+

pBf]u :yfkgf / ;+rfng

;DjlGw Kofs]h ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ .

!&=# sfo{qmd ;+rfng k|s[of
of] sfo{qmd lhNnf l:yt ;ldltsf] sfof{nosf]
dftxtdf ;+rfng x'g] x'Fbf ljlgof]lht ah]6 Pj+
sfo{qmd ;+rfng lgb]{lzsf @)^^ sf] kl/lw
leq /xL s]Gb| Pj+ s]Gb|sf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng
ug'{kg]{ 5 .

114

kl/R5]b !*

;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw k"jf{wf/ ljsf; s]Gb|

(ICT)

!*=! e"ldsf
;"rgf / k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ljZj ;f3'l/b} uPsf] ;Gbe{df o;sf] k|
of]uaf6 n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / k|j4{gdf ;
3fp k'ofpg] d"n Wo]osf;fy ;"rgf k|ljlw k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf / ;+rfng ug]{ ;ldltsf] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 .
k|wfg sfof{noaf6 :yflgo >f]t / ;fwg, k|ljlw ahf/ /
Joj:yfklso Ifdtf clea[l4 ;DjGwL ;"rgfx?sf] ;+sng / k|jfx
u/L pBdLx?nfO{ yk k|f]T;fxg ug]{ sfo{df sfo{qmd
kmnbfoL x'g] ljZjfz /x]sf] 5 .
!*=@ p2]Zo
!*=@=! n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]upBdLsf] nflu cfjZos
:yfgLo tyf lhNnf :t/df pknAw >f]tx?sf] cg';Gwfgd"ns
n]v tyf ;"rgfx? k|jfx ug]{ . !(=@=@ pko"Qm k|
ljlwsf] cGj]if0f / ljsf; af/] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ .
!*=@=# n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] gLlt, P]g / lgodfjnLsf]
k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{ ;';'lrt ug]{ u/fpg] .
!*=@=$ Ps ufpFm Ps pTkfbg sfo{qmdsf ultljlwx? ;
+rfng u/L k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ .
!*=@=% jf}l4s ;DkQL P]g / sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf pBf]u
Joj;fo ;DjlGw ;"rgfd"ns ;fdu|Lsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ .
!*=@=^ n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] ljsf; lj:tf/ tyf k|
j4{gsf ;a} kIfx?sf] af/]df ;"rgf ;+sng tyf k|rf/k|;f/
ug]{ 5 .
115

!*=@=&

Internet

sf] dfWodaf6 ;'rgf k|jfx ug]{ .

!*=# nlIft ;d"x

!*=#=! ;ldltaf6 tflnd k|fKt ug]{ k|lzIffyL{x? .
!*=#=@ pBf]u :yfkgf tyf lj:tf/ ug{ rfxg] n3', 3/]n' tyf
;fgf pBdLx? .
!*=#=# ;/f]sf/ jfnf ;/sf/L tyf u}x| ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx? .
!*=#=$ cGo pBdL Joj;foLx? .
!*=$

of] sfo{qmdsf] ;+rfng ljlgof]lht ah]6 Pj+

;do ;dodf x'g] kl/kq cg';f/ ug'{ u/fpg' kg]{5 .

cg';"rLx?
cg';"rL !

:yfgLo >f]t / ;fwgsf] cfwf/df pko'Qm tflnd

sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f ;e]{If0f kmf/d
-of] k|ZgfjnL ;DefJo tflnd x'g] :yfg / To; j/k/sf]
j:t'l:yltsf] cWoogsf] cfwf/df tof/ ug'{ kg]{5 .
!= ;fwf/0f hfgsf/L
s_ lhNnf
========================nfeflGjt ;DefJo
tflnd x'g]
g=kf=uf=lj=;=
=================================
=========
v_ tflndaf6 nfeflGjt x'g] uf=lj=;=g=kf=
=================================
=
116

3/
kl/jf/
;+Vof
=============================
hg;
+Vof
===============================
u_ pBf]uJoj;fo/f]huf/L
k|j4{gdf
;xof]u
k'ofpg] ;/sf/L, u}x| ;/sf/L ;+3
;+:yfsf
gfd -a}+s, dlxnf ljsf; zfvf, cGo u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yf,
g]kfn 3/]n'
tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;+3, g]kfn
pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3, cflb_
!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
^=
&=
3_ tflnd cfjZostf cWoog;+u ;DjlGwt cGo
lgsfosf4f/f ;+rflnt sfo{qmdx? M
!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
@= :yflgo >f]t;fwgsf] pknAwtf
s_sRrf kbfy{
117

gfd
of]u kl/df0f

kl/df0f

pknAw :yfg

xfnsf] k|

!=
@=
#=
$=
v_ ljB't zlQm
!=

:yfg / b'/L

pknAwtf

@=
#=
u_ :yflgo >f]t ;fwgsf] kl/rfngdf xfn pknAw
;Lko'Qm hgzlQm
ljifo

;+Vof

;Lk pkof]u

-;+Vof_

!=
@=
#=
$=
3_ ;Lk clej[l4 ug{ cfjZos
ljifo

clej[l4 ug'{ kg]{ ;

+Vof

!=
@=
#=
#= ahf/ ;DefJotf
;DefJo pTkfbg

:yflgo vkt kl/df0f jfXo lgsf;L

kl/df0f
118

s_
v_
u_
3_
_
$= :yflgo cfjZostf klxrfg
:yflgo lgsfouf=lj=;= / cGo sfo{/t ;/sf/L
u}x| ;/sf/L ;+3, ;+:yfx?;+u 5nkmn ubf{ pQm
:yfgdf pko'Qm b]lvPsf tflndsf ljifo j:t'x? M
s_
v_
u_
3_
%= pk/f]Qm pNn]lvt ljifoj:t' dWo] tflnd ;+rfng
ug{ ;e]{If0f ug]{ clwsf/Ln] pko'Qm 7x/ u/]sf]
ljifox? -k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df_ M
s_

v_

u_

3_

r_

h_

em_

^= ;+:yfut ;xof]u
;+:yfsf] gfd
ljj/0f

;xof]usf] lsl;d

119

;xof]usf]

&= ;e]{ ug]{ clwsf/Lsf] ;'emfj

;e]{ ug]{sf] gfd M

kb M
;lx M
ldlt M
cg';"rL@

dfu ePsf] tflndsf] ;e]{If0f kmf/d

!= ;fdfGo hfgsf/L
s_

lhNnf ========================

;DefJo tflnd x'g] g=kf=uf=lj=;=

==========================
v_

tflndaf6 k|ToIf nfeflGjt x'g]

uf=lj=;=g=kf=

=================================
=
3/

kl/jf/

;+Vof

=============================
hg;+Vof
===============================
120

@= tflnd dfu ugf{sf] p2]Zo

p2]Zo

;+Vof

s_

cfkm} Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{

v_

:yflkt pBf]u ;+rfng ug{

u_

/f]huf/L k|fKt ug{

3_

k/Dk/fut ;Lksf] k|j4{g ug{

jrt ;dosf] ;b'kof]u ug{

#= dfu ePsf] tflndsf] ljifo / tflnd lng O{R5's ;+Vof

-k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df_ M
tflndsf] ljifo

tflnd lng

O{R5's ;+Vof
s_
v_
u_
3_

$= dfu ePsf] ljifodf xfn pknAw hgzlQm

s_

dfFu ePsf] ljifo

ug]{ ;+Vof
!=
@=
121

xfn ;Lk pkof]u

#=
$
%=
v_

;Lk clej[l4 ug{ cfjZos ljifox? M

ljifo

;+Vof

!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
%= :yflgo cfjZostf klxrfg
:yflgo lgsfouf=lj=;= / cGo sfo{/t ;/sf/L
u}x| ;/sf/L ;+3, ;+:yfx?;+u 5nkmn
ubf{ pQm:yfgdf pko'Qm b]lvPsf tflndx? M
s_
v_
u_
3_
_
^= pNn]lvt ljifoj:t' dWo] tflnd ;+rfng ug{ ;e]{If0f
ug]{ clwsf/Ln] pko'Qm 7xofPsf] tflndsf
ljifox?
-k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df_ M
s_

v_

u_

3_

r_
122

5_

h_

&= tflndJoj;fo ;+rfng ug{ ljleGg ;+3, ;+:yf tyf

lgsfoaf6 k|fKt x'g ;Sg]
;xof]ux? M
;+:yfsf] gfd

k|fKt x'g]

;xof]usf] ljj/0f
s_
v_
u_
3_
_
*= ;e]{If0fdf ;+nUg clwsf/Lsf] ;'emfj M

123

;e]{ ug]{sf] gfd M

kb M
;lx M
ldlt M
cg';"rL#

tflnd cfj]bg kmf/d

>L
================================
================================
================================
dxf]bo,
To;
sfof{noaf6
;+rfng
ul/g]
=================================
=================================
==== tflnddf ;l/s x'g] O{R5f ePsf]n] d]/f] lgDg JolQmut
ljj/0f / gful/stfsf] k|df0f kqsf] k|ltlnkL o;} ;fy ;+nUg /fvL
lgj]bg u/]sf]u/]sL 5' .
s_JolQmut ljj/0f
!= lgj]bssf] gfd, y/ M
@= 7]ufgf M
s_ :yfoL M
v_ c:yfoL M

u_ ;Dks{ 6]lnkmf]g M

#= z}lIfs of]Uotf
%= ln
ljjflxtcljjflxtljwjf M
&= k]zf M
(= kl/jf/sf] k]zf M

$= pd]/
M k'?ifdlxnf ^=
*= kl/jf/ ;+Vof M
124

!)=tflnd kl5 Joj;fodf nufgL ug{ ;Sg]g;Sg]

==========================
!!=o; cl3 s'g} tflnd lng' ePsf] 55}g
===================
lnPsf] eP
!!=! tflnd lbg] ;+:yfsfof{nosf] gfd M
!!=@ tflnd ljifo M
!!=# tflnd cjlw M
!!=$ tflnd k|fKt ;Lksf] ;b'kof]u ePsf] 55}g <
!@= tflnd ljgf s'g} ;Lk hfg]sf] eP pNn]v ug]{ <
!#= of] tflnd cfjZos kg'{sf] sf/0f M
tflnd kZrft tflnd lnPsf] ljifo cg';f/sf] Joj;fo ;+rfng
ug]{ b[9
lgZro
u/]sf] 5' . pNn]lvt ljj/0fx? 7Ls b'?:t 5g .
ldlt
===================
;+/Ifssf] gfd, y/ M
;xL

cfj]bssf]

gftf M
b:tvt M

k|lzIffyL{n] kfpg] d'Vo d'Vo ;'ljwfx?

!=

tflnd cjlwdf ;ldltsf] lgodfg';f/ eQf ;'ljwf kfpg]5g\ .

@= ;ldltsf] lgodfg';f/ 5'6 d'Nodf d'Nof+sgsf] cfwf/df d]lzg

cf}hf/ kfpg]5g\ .
125

#= tflndaf6 ar]sf] sRrf kbfy{ vl/b u/L Joj;fo ;+rfng

ug{ kfpg]5g\ .
$= ;ldltsf] lgodfg';f/ k|df0fkqsf] cfwf/df shf{ ;'ljwf
kfpg]5g\ .
%= pBf]u Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ ;ldltsf] lgodfg';f/ k|fljlws tyf
k/fdz{ ;]jf kfpg]

5g\ .

gf]6 M k|lzIffyL{n] kfpg] pk/f]Qm ;'ljwfx? tflnd cfj]bg

kmf/fdsf] k5f8Lsf] k]hdf pNn]v ul/Psf] x'g' kg]{5 .

126

cg';"rL$

k|lzIffyL{ 5gf}6 d"Nof+sg kmf/d

tflndsf] ljifo M
cfj]bg kmf/dsf] cfwf/df #) k"0ff{
qm
=; cfj]bssf
kfl/jfl/s
z}lIf
+=
] gfd,
k[i7e'ld / ;
s
y/
xof]usf] :t/ of]U
otf
%
%

127

sfd k|
ltsf]
k|
ltj4tf
!)

cGt/jftf{sf] cfwf/df
@)
Joj;flos
pBlznt
JolQ
k|
;Lk
fsf]
mTj
fyldst
pkof]lutfs
nIf0f
f
f] :t/
!)
#
!)
&

s'n
hDdf

===========================
d'Nofg stf{sf] ;lx
gfd M
kb M
7]ufgf -sfof{nosf] gfd_ M
ldlt M

128

cg';"rL%

k|lzIffyL{ 5gf}6 d"Nof+sg ljlw

s_ cfj]bg kmf/ddf pNn]lvt ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df d"Nof+sg ug]
{ k"0ff{ #)
M

%
%
jt{dfg kfl/jfl/s k]zf tyf ;f] sf]
jt{dfg kfl/jfl/s k]zf tyf ;f] sf]
;sf/fTds kl/jt{g ug{ ;xof]u

!= kfl/jfl/s k[i7e'ld /
;xof]usf] :t/ %

lgj]bg kmf/dsf] qm+;+= &,(,!),!

@,!# sf] cfwf/df
#
tflnd kl5 Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]
{ b]lvPdf

lgj]bg kmf/dsf] qm=;+= !! / !# sf]

cfwf/df
)
Joj;fodf nfUg] s]xL nIfg b]lvPdf

@= z}lIfs of]Uotf %

%
tflndsf] ljifo j:t' x]/L Go"gtd z}lIfs
of]Uotf ePsfnfO{ .

lgj]bg kmf/dsf] qm=;+= #

sf] cfwf/df
129

#= sfd k|ltsf] k|ltj4tf !)

!)
pBf]u
Joj;fo ;
+rfng
ug{

*
/f]huf/L k|
fKt ug{

@
eljiodf
sfd
nfUg]
b]v]/

lgj]bg kmf/dsf] qm=;+=!# sf]

cfwf/df
$= Joj;flos ;Lk /
pkof]lutfsf] :t/ !)

!)
k/Dk/fut kfl/jfl/s k]zf jf ;Lk Joj;flos ?
kdf pkof]u u/]sf] .
lgj]bg kmf/dsf] qm=;+=&,( / !

@ sf] cfwf/df
^
;+:yfut tflnd ljgf ;Lk hfgL Joj;flos ?
kdf pkof]u u/]s]f Pj+ cfj]bg u/]sf]
tflnd ljifo ;f]lx ljifo;+u ;DjlGwt /x]s]f .
lgj]bg kmf/dsf] qm=;+= !@ sf]
cfwf/df
@
o; cl3 tflnd k|fKt u/L ;f] ;+u ;DjlGwt
Joj;fo ;+rfng ul//x]sf] / yk ;Lk k|fKt
ug{ clek|]l/t ePsf] .
lgj]bg kmf/dsf] qm=;+= !! sf]
cfwf/df
)
dfly pNn]lvt s'g} klg s'/f gb]lvPdf .
v_

cGt/jftf{sf] cfwf/df d"Nof+sg ug]{

ljifoj:t'

k'0ff{
130

@)

!=JolQmTj

@=

pBdlzntfsf] nIf0f

!)

#=
&

k|fyldstfdf kg]{ pDd]bjf/x?

#=!
;fdflhs ?kn] lk5l8Psf blnt ;d'xx? h:t} M -sfld, bd}, ;fsL{,
d';x/, b';fw, jflw, jflwgL,
r]kf cflb_
#=@ b'u{d tyf lk5l8Psf ufFp ljsf; ;ldltsf o"jf o"jtLx?
#=# ljwjf tyf c;xfo dlxnf
#=$
tflnd kZrft cfod"ns sfo{ ;+rfng ug{ k|ltj4 JolQmx?
#=% hftLut k]zfsf] ?kdf ;+nUg /xL cfPsf JolQmx?
#=^ a]/f]huf/ JolQmx? .
b|i6Jo M cg';"rL$ jdf]lhdsf] kmf/d k|of]u u/L dfly pNn]v eP
jdf]lhdsf] ljifo j:t' jfkt c r9fO{
k|To]s k|lzIffyL{x?n] k|fKt u/]sf]
hDdf k|fKtf Plsg u/]/ ;f] sf] cfwf/df ;a} d'Nofgstf{ 4f/f
d'Nofg ul/Psf cnu cnu -5'f5'}_ d'Nofg kmf/dsf s"n k|fKtfx?
nfO{ hf]8L -Compile ul/_
s"n d'Nofg stf{ -kmf/d ;+Vof_ n] efu
ul/ s"n k|ftf lgsflng' kb{5 o;/L ul/Psf] lx;fa cg';f/
al9 c+s k|fKt
ug]{ cfj]bsnfO{ p;n] k|fKt u/]sf] s"n c+ssf] cfwf/df qmdz M k|
lzIffyL{ 5gf}6 ;"rL
tof/ ug'{ kg]{5 .
cg';"rL^

s/f/ ;]jfdf k|lzIfs

lgo'QmL ubf{sf] ;Demf}tf kq
3/]n'
tyf
;fgf
pBf]u
ljsf;
;ldlt
=====================================
=============== sfof{no cGt/ut
;+rfng x'g]
=====================================
ljifosf] tflnd sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu k|lzIfssf] ?kdf sfo{ ug]
{ u/L dfl;stflnd cjlwsf] Psd'i6 kfl/>ldsdf sfd ug]{ u/fpg]
;DjGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf a'+bfx? ;lxt cfh ldlt ========== ;fn
================ dlxgf ========= ut] /f]h
============= df of] s/f/ ;Demf}tf ul/Psf] 5 .
!= dfl;s kfl/>ldsdf /xL sfd ug]{ JolQmsf] M
s_ gfd M
v_ pd]/ M
131

u_
3_
_
r_
5_
@=

ln+u M
gful/stf M
j}jflxs l:ylt
:yfoL 7]ufgf
xfnsf] 7]ufgf

M
M
M

kfl/>ldsdf /xL ug'{kg]{ sfo{x? M

tflnd ;+rfng ug]{, pTkflbt ;fdfgsf]

lhG;L /]sl8{, tflnddf k|of]u ePsf] ;fdfg
x:tfGt/0f / ;dfkg k|ltj]bg e/L sfof{nodf
a'emfpg] .

kf7\oqmd cg';f/
d"Nof+sg, ;xfos
sfof{nodf

#=sfd ug]{ If]q:yfg;+:yf M ==========

sfof{no cGt/utsf] ============= tflnd lzlj/

zfvf

$= dfl;stflnd cjlwsf] Psd'i6 kfl/>lds M ?

====================cIf?kL
==========================.
%=
s/f/ cjlw M
ldlt=======================
======================== ;Dd
^=cGo ;'ljwf M

b]lv

hf+bf cfp+bf a;ef8f

&=cGo ljj/0f M
=====================================
=====
*= tflnd ;Gtf]ifhgs gnfu]df ;ldltn] Ps tlkm{ ?kn] of] ;+emf}tf
s'g} klg jvt /2 ug{ ;Sg]5 / o:tf] cj:yfdf s/f/ /2 eP kl5sf] cjlwsf]
kfl/>lds ;ldltn] e"QmfgL ug]{ 5}g .

pNn]lvt ;t{df sfd ug{ OR5's JolQmsf]

pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf] tkm{af6
;xL M

;xL M

gfd M

gfd M
132

3/]n' tyf ;fgf

ldlt M

bhf{

ldlt M
cg';"rL&

Joj;fo :yfkgf tyf ;+rfngsf]nflu ;fem]bf/L ljsf;

sfo{qmd
cGtu{t ;+rfng x'g] tflnd ;DjGwL k|:tfj
!=

tflndsf] ljifo

@= tflndsf] p2]Zo

#= nlIft ju{ M
$= tflnd

;+rfng

x'g]

:yfg

=====================

lhNnf

g=kf=uf=lj=;=

================== j8f g+= =====

%= tflnd cjlw M
^= k|lzIffyL{ ;+Vof M
&= cfjZos hgzlQm M ========================
lzIfs
*= tflnd z'? ug]{ ldlt M
================================
(=

tflnd k'/f x'g] ldlt M

===============================
!)= k|lZfIffyL{

5gf}6

k|lqmof

-s;/L

5gf}6

ug]{_

===================
!!= k|lzIffyL{af6

z'Ns

lnO{g]

========================

133

xf]xf]O{g

!@=lng]

eP

slt

================================

dfl;s

===================================
hDdf
!#= k|lzIffyL{x?af6 z'Ns lnO{g] eP s] k|of]hgsf] nflu lnO{g] <M
!$= k|lzIffyL{nfO{ eQf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] eP b}lgsdfl;s slt
lbO{g] M =============

?============

b}lgsdfl;s
!%=tflnd ;+rfng ug]{ ;Da4 lgsfo M -;+:yf ePdf lgodljwfg ;
+nUg_
!
@
#
!^= tflnd ;+rfngJoj:yfkg s;n] ug]{ M
!&= tflnd kZrft k|lzIffyL{ cg'udg ug]{ lgsfo M
!*= ljutdf ;ldlt;+u ldn]/ sfo{qmd u/]sf] eP sfo{qmdsf] ljifo / ;
+rfng ldlt M

!(= tflnd vr{ Joxf]g]{ lgsfox?

M
tflnd vr{ Joxf]g]

ljj/0f

{ lgsfox?
3/]n'
134

hDdf ?
=

;ldlt
!= k|lzIfssf] tnjeQf
@= d]lzg cf}hf/ -ljj/0f ;
+nUg ug'{kg]{_
#= sRrfdfn
$= cGo tflnd ;fdu|Lx?
%= cGo
hDdf M
dfyL pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ tflnd ;+rfng ug{ dGh'/L 5 .
b:tvt M

b:tvt M

gfd, kb M

b:tvt M
gfd, kb M

k|d'vjl/i7

pBf]u

;+:yfsf] gfd M

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u

clws[t
;+:yfsf] gfd

ljsf; ;ldlt
5fk M

5fk M

5fk M

ldlt M

ldlt M

ldlt M

135

cg';"rL&=!

;xefuLtfd"ns ;Lk ljsf; tflnd sfo{qmdsf]

cg'udg kmf/fd

!= ;xefuL ;+:yfsf] gfd M

@= tflndsf] ljifo M
#= tflnd ;+rflnt :yfg M
$= tflnd cjlw M
%= k|lzIffyL{ ;+Vof M
^= tflnd z'? ldlt M
cGTo ldlt M
&= tflnd kZrft k|lzIffyL{x?n] pBf]u u/] gu/]sf] ;DalGw ljj/0f .
qm
=;
+=

k|lzIffyL{sf] gfd

7]ufgf

cfkm}
pBf]u ;
+rfng u/]sf]
eP To:sf]
lsl;d

136

c?sf] pBf]udf
sfd u/]sf] eP
pBf]usf]
gfd7]ufgf

s}lkm
ot

;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 k|dfl0ft ug]{sf] gfd M

kb M
;lx M
ldlt M

cg';"rL*

k|lzIffyL{ d"Nof+sg kmf/d

!=

k|lzIf0fdf ;+nUg k|lzIffyL{sf] gfd M

@= :yfoL 7]ufgf M

ln+u M

#= tflnd ljifo M

cjlw M

$= tflnd z'? ldlt M

k|lzIf0f :yfg

pd]/ M
M

%= tflnd ;dfkg ldlt M

^= d"Nof+sg ul/Psf] xKtfdlxgf M
klxnf]bf]>f]t]>f]rf}yf]kfFrf}5}7f}+
&= k|lzIfssf] gfd M

7]ufgf M

s_
v_
d"Nof+sg cfwf/
qm=;+=

If]q

k|fKtf
137

k"0ff{

! ;}4flGts kl/If0f

@)

@ k|of]ufTds kl/If0f

#)

# tflnddf pTkflbt j:t'sf] u'0f:t/kl/df0f

$ nuglzntf, sIffdf pkl:yt

!)

% cg'zf;g

!)

@)

^ dfl;s kl/If0faf6 k|fKt cf}ift nAwf+s !)

hDdf

!))

d"Nof+sg stf{sf]
;lx

gfd M
kb

ldlt M
d'=kmf=g+= =================
cg';"rL(

pTkflbt ;fdfgsf] d"Nof+sg kmf/d

cf=j=
==============================
tflndsf] ljifo M
=====================================
====cjlw M

138

================================ =:yfg
M==================
tof/L j:t'sf] gfd M
=====================================l
dlt
M====================================
============================
pTkflbt j:t'sf] ljj/0f M
=====================================
=====================================
============================
j:t'sf] kl/df0f M
==============================pTkfbg d'No
M ====================k|lt O{sfO{ d'No M
===================

sRrf

kbfy{sf]

=;

gfd

vkt

hDdf

kl/d

b/ ?

f0f

hlt{
hlt{ ;
s}lk
kl/df d'No
d'No
lxt
mot
0f
?=
s'n
d'No

+
=

139

hDdf
d"Nof+sg ;ldltsf] 7x/ M

===========================
==============================
==========================
k]z ug]{

?h' ug]{

;b/ ug]{
cg';"rL!)

;Lk ljsf; tflnd sfo{qmd

;dfkg k|ltj]bg
lhNnf M

tflnd ;+rfng :yfg M

tflnd ljifo M

tflnd z'? ldlt M

tflndsf] nflu k/]sf] b/vf:t ;+Vof M tflnd ;dfkg ldlt M

;dfj]z k|lzIffyL{ ;+Vof M

k|lzIf0f ;DkGg ug]{ k|lzIffyL{ ;

+Vof M
140

s_ dlxnf M
v_ k'?if M
k|lzIfssf] gfd7]ufgf M
s_
v_
k|lzIfssf] >f]t M

s_ k|wfg sfof{no v_

d'Vo

zfvf

sfof{no
-sxfFaf6 xf] lrGx nufpg]_

u_ zfvf sfof{no

!=d]lzg cf}hf/sf] ljj/0f M

!=! tflnddf vl/b ePsf d]lzg cf}hf/pks/0fx?sf] ljj/0f M
q
m
=;
+
=

ljj/0f

kl/df0 b/ ?=
f

141

hDdf
d'No ?=

s}lkmo
t

!=@

df}Hbftaf6 k|of]u ePsf] eP M

s_ pknAw u/fpg] sfof{nosf] gfd

v_d]lzg cf}hf/pks/0fsf] ljj/0f
q
m
=;
+
=

ljj/0f

kl/df0 b/ ?=
f

hDdf
d'No ?=

xfnsf]
cj:yf

!=# tflnddf k|of]u ePsf] hDdf d]lzg cf}hf/pks/0fsf]

ljj/0f M
q
m
=;
+
=

ljj/0f

kl/df0 b/ ?=
f

142

hDdf
d'No ?=

xfnsf]
cj:yf

@= tflnddf k|of]u ePsf sRrf kbfy{sf] ljj/0f M

qm
=;
+=

ljj/0f

kl/df0f
:6f]/
vl/b
df}H
bftaf
6

143

hDdf

b/ ?
=

hDdf
d'No

s}lk
mot

#= tflnddf pTkflbt j:t'x? M

qm
=;
+=

ljj/0f

d'=k kl/df
mf=
0f
g+=

b/ ?
=

hDdf ?
=

pTkfbg
sf]
u'0f:t/

$= tflnddf pTkflbt j:t'sf] k|ltj]bg k]z ubf{ ;Ddsf] ljqmL

ljj/0f M
qm
=;
+=

ljj/0f

ljqmL ljj/0f
df}Hbft x:tfGt/0f
kl/df b/
hDdf kl/df b/ ? hDdf s}lk
0f
?= d'No ? 0f
=
d'No mot
=
?=

144

%= k|ltj]bg k]z ubf{ ;Ddsf tflnddf k|of]u d]lzg cf}hf/sf]]

ljqmL ljj/0f M
qm
=;
+=

ljj/0f

ljqmL ljj/0f
df}Hbft x:tfGt/0f
kl/df b/
hDdf kl/df b/ ? hDdf s}lk
0f
?= d'No ? 0f
=
d'No mot
=
?=

^= tflnddf k|of]u, ljqmL tyf df}Hbft sRrf kbfy{sf] ljj/0f M

q
m
=;

ljj/0f

k|of]u
ljqmL
df}Hbft
s}lk
ljj/0f
ljj/0f
ljj/0f
mot
kl/d d'No kl/d d'No kl/d d'No
145

+
=

f0f

f0f

f0f

&= tflnddf ePsf] vr{ ljj/0f M

q
m
=;
+
=

jh]6 lzif{s

ljlgof]lht /
sd ?=

146

vr{
/sd ?=

af+sL / s}lk
sd ?= mot

*= tflnd ;DjGwL cGo hfgsf/L M

*=!

tflnd ;DjGwdf k|lzIfssf] d"Nof+sg

k|ljlw
sRrf kbfy{sf] pknAwtf
jhf/ ;DefJotf
;du| d"Nof+sg

*=@ tflnd ;DjGwdf sfof{no k|d'vsf] d"Nof+sg M

k|ljlw
sRrf kbfy{sf] pknAwtf
jhf/ ;DefJotf
k|lzIfs ;DjGwdf
-k'gM sfddf nufgp x'g], gx'g], n]Vg]_
;du| d"Nof+sg

147

================================
===================================
=================================
tof/ ug]{
k|d'v tflnd ;+rfns
sfof{no k|d'v
cg';"rL!!

k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ 5'6 d'Nodf d]lzg cf}hf/

tyf pks/0f ljqmLsf nflu jlu{s[t lhNnfx?
!= s ju{sf lhNnfx? M

qm
=;
+=

lhNnf

qm
=;
+=

lhNnf

qm
=;
+=

lhNnf

bfr'{nf

!#

hfh/sf]6 @% l;Gw'kfN
rf]s

j}t8L

!$

8f]Nkf

@^ /fd]5fk

88]Nw'/ !%
f

;Nofg

@& ;
f]n'v'Da'

aemf

!^

?s'd

@*

cf]vn9'
+uf

8f]6L

!&

/f]Nkf

@(

vf]6f

afh'/f

!*

Ko'7fg

#)

;+v'jf;ef

148

&

c5fd

!(

DofUbL

#!

ef]hk'/

x'Dnf

@)

d':tf

#@ tfKn]h'

d'u'

@!

u'NdL

##

t]x|y'd

!)

sflnsf]6 @@ dgf

#$

kfFry/

!!

b}n]v

@# kj{t

!@

h'Dnf

@$

/;'jf

@= v ju{sf lhNnfx? M

qm=
;+=

lhNnf

qm= ;
+=

lhNnf

;'v]{t

wflb

jfUn'

g'jfsf]6

c3f{vfFrL

!)

bf]nvf

:ofhf

!!

l;Gw'nL

tgx'F

!@

pbok'/

ndh'

!#

wgs'6f

&

uf]/vf

!$

Onfd

cg';"rL!@

;Lk ljsf; tflnd k|fKt k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ pko"Qm k|ljlw

sfo{qmd cGt/ut
5'6 d'Nodf x:tfGt/0f ul/g]
d]lzg cf}hf/sf] zt{gfdf
lnlvtd
=================================
lhNnf============================
g=kf=uf=lj=;===========================
149

j8f
============================
a:g]
=====================================
======
sf]
gftL
============================
sf]
5f]/f
jif{
==========================
sf]
d
=====================================
============== n] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt, d'Vo
zfvfsfof{no =============================
af6 lgodfg';f/ kfpg] lgDg jdf]lhdsf d]lzg cf}hf/ 9'jfgL afx]s hDdf
vl/b
d'No
?
==============
df
=================== k|ltzt 5'6 u/L hDdf d'No ?
=====================================
============= df cfkm}n] pBf]u Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ u/L
vl/b u/L lnPsf] 5' . pQm d]lzg cf}hf/ cfhsf ldltn] @ -b'O{_ jif{ ;Dd
s;}nfO{ ljqmL ljt/0f jf ef8fdf lbg] 5}g / lbPsf] cj:yfdf d dfly
;ldltsf] lgodfg';f/ x'g] sf/jfxL Joxf]g]{ ;xif{ :jLsfg]{ ;xdltsf ;fy d]/f]
dgf]dfgL /fhLv'zLn] of] zt{gfdf u/L lbP .
d]lzg cf}hf/sf] ljj/0f M
q
m
=;
+
=

d]lzg cf}hf/ gfd

kl/df
0f

150

vl/b
d'No

5'6
d'No

hDdf
d'Nof

s}lk
mot

O{lt ;Dat\ @)============ ;fn

================ dlxgf =================
ut] /f]h ==================== z'ed\ .

151

cg';"rL!#

;kmn dlxnf pBdL ;Nnfx / ;'emfj sfo{qmdsf]

cfj]bg kmf/d
;kmn dlxnf pBdL ;Nnfx / ;'emfa sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g]
dlxnfx?n] eg'{ kg]{ k|j]z kmf/d M
!= ;xefuLsf] gfd, y/ M
@= :yfoL 7]ufgf M

j8f g+=

g=kf=uf=lj=;= lhNnf

#= c:yfoL 7]ufgf M j8f g+=

g=kf=uf=lj=;= lhNnf

$= xfn ckgfO{ cfPsf] k]zf M

s_ s[lif

v_ pBf]u

u_ Jofkf/

3_ gf]s/L

_ u[xL0fL

r_ ljwfyL{

5_ s]xL klg gu/]sf]

%= pBf]udf ;+nUg ePsf] eP lgDg s'/f v'nfpg] M

s_

pBf]usf] gfd 7]ufgf M

v_

pTkfbg x'g] j:t'x? M

u_

pBf]u gfkmfdf ;+rfng 55}g . M

3_

jflif{s gfkmfgf]S;fg /sd ? M

^= 5nkmn sfo{qmddf efu lngfsf] p2]Zo M

s_

gofF Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ .

v_

;+rflnt pBf]usf] lj:tf/ ug{ .

u_

;+rflnt pBf]unfO{ cfjZos hgzlQm ljsf; ug{ .

152

3_

cGo s'g} s'/f eP v'nfpg] .

;xefuLsf]
;lx M
ldlt

153

cg';"rL!$

;kmn dlxnf pBdL ;Nnfx / ;'emfj sfo{qmdsf]

k|efjsf/Ltf d"Nof+sg kmf/d
tkfO{sf] cfgf] gfd n]Vg' kb}{g . of] k|ltlqmof uf]Ko /xg]5 .
sfo{qmddf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf] nflu tkfO{sf] k|ltlqmofn] ;xof]u
k'ofpg] 5 eGg] cfzf ul/Psf] 5 .
!_ pBf]u ug]{ k|]/0ff hufpg o; ;kmn dlxnf pBdLsf] cg'ej cfbfg k|
bfg
sfo{qmd
s:tf]
nfUof]
<
s'g} Psdf lrGx nufpg' xf];\ .
Hofb} pkof]uL

pkof]uL

cg'kof]uL

@_ cfhsf] sfo{qmddf k|:t't ug]{ klxnf] ;kmn pBdLsf] cg'ej

s:tf] nfUof] < s'g} Psdf lrGx
nufpg' xf];\ .
Hofb} /fd|f]

/fd|f]

l7s}

g/fd|f]

dfyLsf a'+bfdf lrGx nufpg'sf sf/0f 5f]6s/Ldf lbg'xf]; .

#_ cfhsf] sfo{qmddf k|:t't ug]{ bf]>f] ;kmn dlxnf pBdLsf]

cg'ej s:tf] nfUof] < s'g} Psdf
lrGx nufpg' xf];\ .
Hofb} /fd|f]

/fd|f]

l7s}

g/fd|f]

dfyLsf a'+bfdf lrGx nufpg'sf sf/0f 5f]6s/Ldf lbg'xf]; .

$_

sfo{qmdsf] nflu 5'6\ofO{Psf] ;do s:tf] nfUof] <

5f]6f]

nfdf]
154

l7s}

%_ sfo{qmd ;DjGwL s'g} ;'emfj eP pNn]v ug'{xf]; .

155

cg';"rL!%

;]jf dfu kmf/d

;kmn dlxnf pBdL ;Nnfx / ;'emfa sfo{qmddf ;xefuL ePsf
dlxnfx?n] 5nkmndf efu lnP kZrft 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ;DjGwL ;]jf
dfu ubf{ eg'{ kg]{ kmf/d .
!_

gfd, y/ M

@_ xfnsf] ;Dks{ 7]ufgf M

kmf]g g++ M

#_ z}lIfs of]Uotf M
$_

cg'ej M

%_ lgDg ;]jf dWo] s'g dfu ug]{ xf] -k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df lrGx
nufpg]_
%=!;Lk ljsf; tflnd -tflndsf] ljifo v'nfpg]_
%=@
pBdlzntf ljsf; tflnd
%=#
Joj:yfkg tflnd
s_
v_
u_
%=$

n]vf Joj:yfkg tflnd

ahf/ Joj:yfkg tflnd
pBf]u Joj:yfkg tflnd
k|fljlws ;/ ;Nnfx

s:tf] lsl;dsf] ;/ ;Nnfx rflxPsf] xf] lj:t[t ;'nfpg] M

%=%

cf}Bf]lus e|d0f

s:tf] j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ xf] ;f] af/] pNn]v ug]{ . M

%=^

l8hfO{g pknAw
156

s'g j:t'sf] s:tf] l8hfO{g pknAw u/fpg] xf] ;f] af/] pNn]v ug]{ .

%=&
s_
v_
ug'{

cGo ;]jfx? -lrGx nufpg]_

/fli6o k|bz{gLdf efu lng O{R5's
5'
5}g
pTkflbt j:t'sf] ljqmLsf] nflu :yflgo ;+3 ;+:yf;+u ;dGjo
kg]{
gkg]{
cg';"rL!^

k|fljlws tyf k/fdz{ ;]jf ljj/0f kmf/d

!=

k|fljlwsk/fdz{ ;]jf lng] JolQmpBdLsf] gfd

@= 7]ufgf
#= lhNnf

g=kf=uf=lj=;= j8f g+=

$= pknAw u/fPsf] ;]jf

k|fljlws

k/fdz{

$=! s:tf] lsl;dsf] k|fljlws ;]jf pknAw u/fPsf] xf] pNn]v ug]{ .
$=@
nufgpg] .

pknAw u/fPsf] k/fdz{ ;]jfdf lrGx

;Lk ljsf; tflnd jf/] .

k|ljlw jf/] .

pBdlzntf ljsf; tflnd jf/] .

pTkflbt j:t'sf] jhf/ ;Dks{

Joj:yfkg tflnd jf/] .

pBf]u Joj;fonfO{ cfjZos

Pg=lh=cf]= ;xefuL tflnd jf/] .

cf}hf/ pknAw jf/] .

dlxnf pBdL sfo{qmd jf/] .

gd'gfl8hfO{g jf/] .

jf/] .
d]lzg

;ldltsf]
sfo{If]q
pBf]uJoj;fonfO{ cfjZos sRrf
157

jf/]

pBf]u k|zf;g jf/] .

dfn pknAw jf/] .

cGo s'/f eP pNn]v ug]{ .

C0f nufgL jf/] .

%= k|fljlwsk/fdz{
;]jf
pknAw
u/fPsf]
=============================
=====================;Dd

cjlw
b]vL

^= pBf]usf]
k|sf/
M
s[lif
jghGolgdf{0f;]jfko{6gpTkfbgvlghcGo .

tyf

k|fljlws tyf k/fdz{ ;]jf lng] JolQmpBdLsf]

k/fdz{ ;]jf lbg] sd{rf/Lsf]

tyf

;lx

k|fljlws

gfd M

ldlt M

kb

;lx

ldlt M
cg";'rL17

ahf/ lj:tf/, pBdL cGt/lqmof, cf}Bf]lus j:t'

tyf k|ljlw k|bz{gLdf efu lng]
pBdLsf] ljj/)f
a:t" ;d'x M
1=

pBdLsf] gfd M

2=

pBf]usf] gfd M

3=
&]ufgf M ========== gkfuflj; ========= j*f g++ ===== lhNnf M
==============
4=

kmf]g g+= ===========================

5=

pTkflbt a:t"sf] gfd M

6=

efu lng"sf] p@]Zo M

k|bz{gL ug]{
158

ljqmL ug]{

7=
jflif{s pTkfbg M d'Nodf ?= ================== kl/df)fdf -;+Vof_
===========
8=

pTs[i^ #/]n" pBdL k"/:sf/ sfo{qmddf ;xefuLtfM ug]{

gug]{

pBdLsf]
;xL
====================================
ldlt
M
====================================

;DjlGwt ;+:yf jf sfof{non] eg"{kg]{ M

k|dfl)ft ug]{ ;+:yfsfof{nosf] gfdM
======= ======= ======== ======= =======
k|dfl)ft ug]{ clwsf/Lsf] gfdM === ==== ===== ====
;xLM ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== === ====
bhf{ M === ==== ==== ==== ==== === === ====
ldlt M ==== === ==== =====
;+:yfsf] %fk === ==== ===== === ==== =====
ldlt
============================================

cg";'rL18

/fli^o pTs[i^ #/]n" pBdL k"/:sf/ sfo{qmd

k|lt:kwf{df efu lng] pBdLsf]
ljj/)f
a:t" ;d'x
M=================================================
=========== kmf]g g++
1= pBdLsf] gfd M==== === === ==== ==== ==== ==== === ====
===== ==== ==== pd]/ === ===
2= pBf]usf] gfd M === ==== ===== === ==== ===== ==== ===
==== === === btf{ g+= M === ====
:yfkgf ldlt === ==== ===== === ==== ===== === ==== =====
===;+rfng ldlt === ==== =====
3= &]ufgf M uf=lj=;=g=kf= === ==== ===== === ==== j*f g+=
===== lhNnfM ==== ===== ====
4= pTkflbt j:t"sf] gfd M=== ==== ===== === ==== ===== === ====
===== === ==== ===== === ====
159

5= pBf]udf s"n k'+hL nufgL -s_ rfn" k'+hL M === ==== -v_ l:y/ k'+hL ===
==== === ====
6= jflif{s s"n pTkfbgM d'Nodf M === ==== ===== === ==== =====
kl/df)f M === ==== =====
7= pTkflbt j:t"sf] ahf/M - lrGx nufpg]_
-s_ :yfgLo ahf/

-v_ /fli^o ahf/

-u_ j}b]lzs ahf/

8= /f]huf/ ;+Vof M === ==== ===== === ====

===== ljb]zL === ==== =====

:jb]zL === ====

9= k|lt OsfO{ d'No -pTkflbt j:t"sf]_ M ?= === ==== === ==== b]lv ?= ====
===== ===== ;Ddsf] .
10=
jflif{s ljqmL -d"Nodf_ === ==== ===== === ==== ===== ===
==== ===== === ==== ===== ===
pBdLsf] ;xL M ================================
ldlt

M ================================

;DjlGwt ;+:yf jf sfof{non] eg"{kg]{ M

k|dfl)ft ug]{ ;+:yfsfof{nosf] gfdM
====== ======= ======== ====== ======= =====
k|dfl)ft ug]{ clwsf/Lsf] gfdM === ==== ===== ====
;xLM ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== === ====
bhf{ M === ==== ==== ==== ==== === === ====
ldlt M ==== === ==== =====
;+:yfsf] %fk === ==== ===== === ==== =====

cg";'rL19

d"Vo zfvf tyf zfvf sfof{nox?df ;+rfng ul/g]

ahf/ lj:tf/, pBdL cGt/lqmof, cf}Bf]lus j:t" tyf k|ljlw k|bz{gL
k|lt:kwf{df efu lng] pBdLsf]
ljj/)f
a:t" ;d'x
M=================================================
=========== kmf]g g++
1= pBdLsf] gfd M==== === === ==== ==== ==== ==== === ====
===== ==== ==== pd]/ === ===
2= pBf]usf] gfd M === ==== ===== === ==== ===== ==== ===
==== === === btf{ g+= M === ====

160

:yfkgf ldlt === ==== ===== === ==== ===== === ==== =====
===;+rfng ldlt === ==== =====
3= &]ufgf M uf=lj=;=g=kf= === ==== ===== === ==== j*f g+=
===== lhNnfM ==== ===== ====
4= pTkflbt j:t"sf] gfd M=== ==== ===== === ==== ===== === ====
===== === ==== ===== === ====
5= pBf]udf s"n k'+hL nufgL -s_ rfn" k'+hL M === ==== -v_ l:y/ k'+hL ===
==== === ====
6= jflif{s s"n pTkfbgM d'Nodf M === ==== ===== === ==== =====
kl/df)f M === ==== =====
7= pTkflbt j:t"sf] ahf/M - lrGx nufpg]_
-s_ :yfgLo ahf/

-v_ /fli^o ahf/

-u_ j}b]lzs ahf/

8= /f]huf/ ;+Vof M === ==== ===== === ====

===== ljb]zL === ==== =====

:jb]zL === ====

9= k|lt OsfO{ d'No -pTkflbt j:t"sf]_ M ?= === ==== === ==== b]lv ?= ====
===== ===== ;Ddsf] .
10=
jflif{s ljqmL -d"Nodf_ === ==== ===== === ==== ===== ===
==== ===== === ==== ===== ===
pBdLsf] ;xL M
================================
ldlt
M
================================
;DjlGwt ;+:yf jf sfof{non] eg"{kg]{ M
k|dfl)ft ug]{ ;+:yfsfof{nosf] gfdM
====== ======= ======== ====== ======= =====
k|dfl)ft ug]{ clwsf/Lsf] gfdM === ==== ===== ====
;xLM ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== === ====
bhf{ M === ==== ==== ==== ==== === === ====
ldlt M ==== === ==== =====
;+:yfsf] %fk ===================================

cg';"rL@)

;ldltaf6 ;+rfng ul/g] sfo{qmddf k|bfg ul/g] ;'ljwfx?

!= lgoldt ;Lk ljsf; tflnd
s_

& lbg ;Ddsf] tflndsf] nflu k|lt k|lzIffyL{

161

?= !

%).
?=
#)).
?=
$)).

v_

!% lbg ;Ddsf] tflndsf] nflu k|lt k|lzIffyL{

u_

!% lbg b]vL @@ lbg ;Ddsf] tflndsf] nflu k|lt

k|lzIffyL{
! dlxgf cyjf $ xKtf eGbf dfly hlt;'s} cjlwsf]
tflnd ePtf klg k|lt k|lzIffyL{ k|lt dlxgf
?=
%)).
cGo lhNnfx?af6 cfO{ tflnddf ;xefuL x'g k|lzIffyL{x?
nfO{ eQf pknAw u/fpg' kbf{ lgDgfg';f/ ug]{ .
!_ & lbg ;Ddsf] tflndsf] nflu
?= @
%).
@_ !% lbg ;Ddsf] tflndsf] nflu
?=
%)).
#_ @@ lbg ;Ddsf] tflndsf] nflu
?= &
%).
$_ ! dlxgf cyjf $ xKtf eGbf dflysf] tflndsf]
?= !
nflu dfl;s
%)).

3_
_

r_

bkmf -!_ sf] _ cg';f/ tflnd lng] k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ cfpg

hfg s0ff{nL c+rn / afh'/f, aemf, hfh/sf]6 lhNnfaf6
g]kfnu+h;Dd d':tf / dgfaf6 kf]v/f;Dd ef]hk'/,
;f]n'v'Da', ;+v'jf;ef, cf]vn9'f / vf]6faf6 ;f]em}
sf7df8f}+;Ddsf] xjfO{hxfh ef8f / g]kfnu+h / kf]v/faf6
eg] lgodfg';f/ a; ef8f dfq k|bfg ul/g]5 .

5_

dfyL -r_ df pNn]lvt lhNnf afx]s ;ldlt cGtu{tsf cGo

lhNnfx?af6 cfpg hfg k|rlnt lgodfg';f/ a; ef8f k|bfg ul/g]5
.

dfly h'g ;'s} s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] ePtf klg ;ldltn] ;+rfng ug]
{ lgDg ljifosf ;Lk ljsf; tflndsf k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ eQfsf] ;'ljwf
pknAw u/fOg] 5}g M
162

s_
v_
u_
3_
_

;a} k|sf/sf l/k|m];/ / P8efG; tflndx? -a:t' ljsf; / a]lhNnfsf

k|lzIffyL{x? afx]s_
d]zLgaf6 ;+rfng ul/g] xf]lhof/L tflnd
df]jfOn dd{t tflnd
/]l8of] l6=eL= dd{t tflnd
sDKo'6/ tflnd

@= ljljw tflnd, k'gtf{huL tflnd, cgbhj tflnd, tTsfn ;Lk ljsf; tflnd,
j:t' ljsf; tyf
k|lzIf0f s]Gb|df ;+rflnt tflnddf ;xefuL x'g] k|
lzIffyL{x?nfO{ klg bkmf ! cg';f/ g} eQf pknAw u/fpg] .
cGo aflx/L
lhNnfaf6 k|lzIf0fdf efulng cfpg] k|
lzIffyL{nfO{ eg] dfl;s ? !%)). eQf lbg] .
#= ;fem]bf/L ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;+rfng x'g] ;Lk ljsf; tflndsf k|
lzIffyL{x?nfO{ sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 s'g} klg eQf pknAw
gu/fpg] .
$= k|:tfjgfsf] cfwf/df x'g] tflnd sfo{qmddf k|:tfjgfdf pNn]lvt
zt{ / lklIfo ;Demf}tfdf
pNn]v eP jdf]lhd sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]
{, u/fpg] .
%= pBdlzntf ljsf; tflndsf k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ eQf pknAw gu/fpg] t/
k|lt lbg k|lt JolQm ?=#). a/fa/sf] lrof vfhfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
^= n]vfjhf/pBf]u Joj:yfkg tflndsf k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ k|lt lbg k|lt
k|lzIffyL{ ?=#). a/fa/sf] lrof, vfhfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

&= pBdL cGt/b]lzo pBf]u cjnf]sg e|d0f

s_

k|lt lbg k|lt JolQm b}lgs eQf

v_

k|lt lbg k|lt JolQm vfhf vr{ -;xefuL sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;d]t_

?=%).
163

?=@)).

u_

kl/jxg vr{ k|rlnt b/ /]6 cg';f/ .

*= dlxnf pBdL ljsf; sfo{qmd

nfO{ pknAw u/fO{g] eQf b/

cGtu{tsf

k|lzIffyL{x?

!_ pBdlzntf ljsf; tflnd afx]s ;Lk ljsf; / ;a} Joj:yfkg tflnddf

;xefuL k|lzIffyL{
x?nfO{ k|lt JolQm k|lt lbg lgDgfg';f/sf
;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] .
s= lhNnfx?df sfo{qmd ;+rfng ubf{ lgoldt ;Lk ljsf; tflndsf
k|lzIffyL{ ;/x eQf
pknAw
u/fpg] .
v= sf7df8f}+df tflnd ;+rfng x'Fbf pkTosfsf ;xefuLnfO{
?=@%.
@_ pBdlzntf ljsf; tflnd, n]vf, ahf/ nufotsf Joa:yfkg ;DaGwL
tflndsf k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ eQf pknAw gu/fpg] t/ k|lt lbg k|lt
JolQm ?=#). a/fa/sf] lrof, vfhfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

164

cg';"rL@!

k|lzIfssf] kfl/>lds, ljleGg a}+7s tyf sIff ;+rfng jfkt

pknAw u/fO{g] eQf /
tflndsf]nflu 3/ ef8f / pb\3f6g ;dfkg vr{sf] ljj/0f
!= pBf]u k|j4{g ;dGjo ;ldltsf cWoIf tyf ;b:ox?nfO{ k|lt a}7s k|
lt ;b:o
?=#)).
@= k|lzIffyL{ 5gf}6 ;ldltsf ;b:ox?nfO{ k|lt a}+7s k|lt ;b:o ?
=#)).
#= shf{ nufgL cg'udg ;ldltsf ;b:onfO{ k|lt a}+7s k|lt ;b:o ?
=#)).
$= b}lgs eQf gkfpg] u/L sfof{no eGbf ^ lsnf] ld6/ jf @ sf]if 6f9f
u} k|fljlws
;xof]u tyf 5f]6f] cjlwsf] tflnd lbg] sfo{ ug'{ kbf{ kl/jxg
vr{ jfkt k|lt
lbg k|lt JolQm
?=@)).
-t/ of] ;'ljwf kl/jxg ;'ljwf kfO{/x]sf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ lbO{g]5}g_
%= b}lgs @ j6f zqdf ;+rfng ug'{kg]{ pBdlzntf ljsf; tflnd,
n]vfahf/pTkfbg Joj:yfkg tflndsf sIff ;+rfngsf ;+rfnsx?
nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ ;'ljwf lbO{g] .
s= aflx/sf] lj1n] sIff ;+rfng u/] jfkt k|lt sIff k|lt lj1 ?=^)).
v= ;ldltsf sd{rf/Ln] sIff ;+rfng u/] jfkt k|lt sIff k|lt JolQm
?=%)).
-Xof08; cfp6 cfjZos 5}g_
-b}=e|= eQfsf] ;'ljwf gkfPsf ;ldltsf sd{rf/LnfO{ dfq_
u= b}=e|=e= ;'ljwf kfPsf ;ldltsf sd{rf/LnfO{

?= #)).

^= tflndsf] nflu 3/ef8fdf lng' kbf{ ah]6sf] kl/lw leq /xL dfl;s ?
= !))). ;Dd e'QmfgL ug{
;Sg] .
&= tflndsf] pb\3f6g / ;dfkgdf rLof kfgsf] lgldQ ah]6sf] kl/lw
leq /xL a9Ldf ?=!))).
;Dd vr{ ug{ ;Sg] .
*= dlxnf pBdL ljsf; sfo{qmddf lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf ug]{
165

s_ ;kmn dlxnf pBdLsf] cg'ej Pj+ ;Nnfx / ;'emfj sfo{qmddf

>f]t JolQmsf]
?kdf cfpg] dlxnfnfO{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng u/] jfkt ?=!%)).
/ cGo lhNnfdf
?= !))).
v_

:yflgo :t/df ;kmn dlxnf pBdL pknAw geO{ cGo

7fFpaf6 ;kmn dlxnf pBdLsf] cg'ej Pj+ ;Nnfx / ;'emfj
sfo{qmddf nUg' kbf{ ;ldltsf] clws[t sd{rf/Ln] kfP ;/x
b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf pknAw u/fpg]

u_ ;kmn dlxnf pBdLsf] cg'ej Pj+ ;Nnfx / ;'emfj sfo{qmd

lhNnfdf
;+rfng ubf{ s]Gb|af6 hfg] b'O{ hgf / ;DjlGwt sfof{nosf
k|d'v
;d]tnfO{ ;xefuL eQf hgxL
?=#)).
3_

;kmn dlxnf pBdLsf] cg'ej Pj+ ;Nnfx / ;'emfj sfo{qmdsf]

k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ @ hgfnfO{ ;f] jfkt k|lt JolQm ?=%)).

_ k|wfg sfof{nodf ;+rfng x'g] ;kmn dlxnf pBdLsf] cg'ej

Pj+ ;Nnfx
/ ;'emfj sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g] kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ k|lt
JolQm
?=%)).
(= k|wfg sfof{nosf] uf]i7Ldf lgDgg';f/sf] eQf pknAw
u/fpg] .
s_ cWoIftf afkt
? @))).
v_ k|:tf]tfnfO{
? !%)).
u_ ;xefuLnfO{ -k|ltlbg_
? #)). -d'Vo zfvf / zfvf sfof{nox?
;d]tsf] nflu_
3_ Aoj:yfkg -k|ltlbg_ ? ^)). -a9Ldf @ lbg_
_ ;xof]uL sd{rf/L
?=#)). -al9df @ lbg, cGodf rLof vfhf_
!)= k|wfg sfof{noaf6 pkTosf leq ;+rfng ul/g] tflnd sfo{qmdx?sf]
pb3f6g tyf ;dfkg vr{
afkt ? !!)).
!!= sfo{qmd sfo{Gjog tyf of]hgf th'{df uf]i7Lsf] k|ltj]bg
n]vg afktsf] eQf b/
166

s_ k|wfg sfof{no, k|lt JolQm ?= !%)). df ga9g] u/L al9df ?

^))). ;Dd vr{ ug]{ .
-a9Ldf $ hgf ;Ddsf] nflu Psd'i7_
v_ d'Vo zfvf tyf zfvf sfof{no
k|lt
JolQm
?
%)).
df
ga9g]
u/L
al9df
?=@))).
;Dd vr{ ug]{ .
!@= k|lzIfssf] of]Uotf tyf kfl/>lds M
3/]n' ;ldltn] ;+rfng ug]{ ;Lk ljsf; tflndsf] k|lzIfssf] lgo'lQm
lgDg cfwf/df ug'{ kg]{ 5 .
z}lIfs of]Uotf tflnd
!_ cfO=P= jf ;f] ;/x
:s]n
@_ P;=Pn=;L=
^ dlxgf
#_ bzd sIff -6]i6 kf;_
:s]n
$_ k/Dk/fut ;Lk ePsf]

cg'ej
^ dlxgf

kfl/>lds
^ dlxgf

^ dlxgf
^ dlxgf

tx % sf] z'? :s]n

# dlxgf
tx $ sf] z'?

tx ^ sf] z'?

tx $ sf] z'? :s]n

cGo Joa:yfsf] nflu k|=sf=sf] :jLs[tL lng' clgjfo{ x'g]5 .

167

cg';"rL@@

pknAwL d"Nof+sg kmf/d -s_

lhNnf M

cg'udg u/]sf] ldlt M

zfvfd'Vo zfvf

cg'udg ug{ tf]lsPsf] cf=j= M

tTsfnLg sf=k|= M

cg'udg ug]{ kbflwsf/Lsf] gfd

xfnsf] sf=k|= M
s=
v=
!= sfof{nosf] :jLs[t jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf jh]6 -:jLs[t ;a} sfo{qmd tyf jh]6
pNn]v ug]{_
qm
=;
+=

sfo{qmdsf] gfd

nIo

168

jflif{s k|
ult
dlxn k'?if
f

;+rfng :yfg

jh]6

s}lkmot

sfof{no k|d'v

cg'udg stf{

@= Aoj;fo :yfkgf tyf ;+rfngsf] nflu ;fem]bf/L ljsf;

pNn]v ug]{_
q
sfo{qmdsf] gfd
m
=
;
+
=

nIo

jflif{s k|ult ;+rfng :yfg

dlxn k'?if
f

sfo{qmd -ljifout ?kdf

;xefuL
u}=;=;+=
sf] ;xof]u

jh]6

s}lkmot

jh]6

s}lkmot

#= s]Gb|af6 k|fKt sfo{qmd

q
sfo{qmdsf] gfd
m

nIo

jflif{s k|ult ;+rfng :yfg

dlxn k'?if
169

;xefuL
u}=;=;+=

=
;
+
=

sf] ;xof]u

$= tflnd ;+rfng :yfg 5gf}6sf] cfwf/ / k|lzIffyL{ ;+Vof

qm
=;
+=

tflndsf] ljj/0f

5gf}6
cfwf/

dlxnf

sfof{no k|d'v
stf{

k'?if

hDdf

cg'udg

% jfl0fHo k|zf;g tkm{ M

cf=a= @)^ .@)^ k|fOe]6 km{d btf{ gljs/0fsf] lhNnfut jflif{s k|ult ljj/0f
l;=
g+
=

jflif{s hDdf kmd{ btf{ ;

+Vof
170

jflif{s hDdf

s}lkmot

k"hL ?

^=C0f nufgL ljj/0f -;ldltsf] cfgf] sf]ifsf] dfq_

s_ utjif{sf] cGtLd ;Ddsf]
!_ C0fL ;+Vof M
@_ nufgL /sd M
v_ o; jif{sf] cGtLd ;Ddsf]
!_ C0fL ;+Vof M
@_ nufgL /sd M
u_ xfn ;Ddsf]

!_ hDdf C0fL ;+Vof M

@_ hDdf nufgL /sd M
3_ o; jif{sf] cGtLd ;Ddsf]

!_ C0f c;'nL ;f+jf ?=

Aofh ?=
@_ C0f afFsL ;f+jf ?=
Aofh ?=
_ o; jif{ cGtLd ;Ddsf]

!_ efvf gf3]sf] /sd ?=

@_ efvf ggf3]sf] /sd ?=

&= k/fdz{ ;]jf ljj/0f M

171

gljs/0f

/fhZj ?

qm=;
+=
!
@
#
$
%
^
&
*

;]jf k|fKt ug]{ pBf]usf] k|

sf/
s[lif tyf jg hGo
lgdf0f{
;]jf
ko{6g
pTkfbg
vlgh
phf{
cGo

sfof{no k|d'v

;+Vof ;ldltaf6 tflnd k|fKt ;

+Vof

s}lkmot

cg'udg stf{

172

*= n]vflhG;L ;DaGwL ljj/0f

s= utjif{ ;Ddsf] hDdf a]?h"
?=
v= o; jif{sf] a]?h"
?
hDdf a]?h"
?
u= o; jif{df km5\of}{6 ePsf] a]?h" ?=
hDdf a]?h"
?
3= km5\of}{6 ug]{ tkm{ sf/jfxL eP gePsf]

*=! d]l;g cf}hf/ ljj/0f

s= utjif{ ;Ddsf] afFsL
v= o; jif{sf] vl/b
hDdf d]=cf}=/sd
u= o; jif{ ljlqm
3= afFsL d]=cf}=

?=
?=
?=
?=
?=

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174

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175

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177

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178

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181

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183

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3

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185

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186

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187

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188

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191

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192

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193

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194

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195

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196

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197

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198

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199

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200

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202

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203

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204

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208