J.M.J.

Biology
Honors and A1 First Trimester Review Sheet
There are 175 multiple choice questions for Honors and 150 multiple choices for A1 that are worth 75 pts. Both Honors and AIs have to do five essays worth 5 pts.
each. Academic I has a choice of five out of six; Honors has no choice. The best way to prepare for the test is to go over all your notes, old tests, quizzes, homework
and vocabulary. This review sheet is more or less ordered as the test is written. PLEASE BE MINDFUL OF YOUR HANDWRITING IF YOUR TEACHERS CANT
READ IT WE CANT GRADE IT!
The room assignments are:
Mr. Codling:
period 3 237 period 6 238 period 7 239
Mr. Fechtmann: period 5 - Chorus period 8 - Band
Mrs. Klimkowski: period 1 233 period 2 234 period 4 235 period 9 236
Mrs. Graziano:
period 4 231
period 8 - 227
Mrs. Masiulis:
period 1 225 period 4 102 period 5 226 period 6 223 period 7 103

The diagrams and essays are within this review sheet:

Chapter 1
Scientists Chapter 1 & 3:
Charles Darwin -most often associated with evolution; published a book on evolution in 1859 called On the

Origin of Species

Robert Hooke -first observed and named the Cell by looking at cork in 1665

Anton von Leeuwenhoek -used a hand-made microscope to look at cells in pond water

Rudolph Virchow -All

cell arise only from preexisting cells

Matthias Schleiden -developed the theory that all plants are made of cells
Theodore Schwann

-proposed that all animals are made of cells

1.1 Scientific Investigation -Biology discovery science and hypothesis-based science

deductive reasoning -used in hypothesis-based science; specific conclusions for general observations
discovery science-used to describe nature
hypothesis -a purposed explanations for observations; it's got to be testable and falsifiable
hypothesis-based science -uses the data from discovery science to explain science
scientific method-a series for steps Scientist follow when conducting experiments

Inductive reasoning-used in discovery science; go from observations to generalities

1.2

Science Experiments

dependent variable -the aected variable

independent variable -the variable that eect the dependent variable
sample; sample size -what is studied in an experiment
1.3 Scientific Theories
Cell Theory and 3.1 -1) all living things are made for at least one cell 2) all cells come from other living cells 3)

the cell is the smallest unit of life

evolution and 1.8 -change in the characteristics of living things over time.
Theory of Evolution -the change of organism over time caused by natural selection

Theory-is supported by a large group of science its and usually growing body of evidence

Law-always true

1.4 Characteristics of Life-1) Response to the environment 2) Growth and Development 3) It produces
homeostasis and 4.5
reproduction

ospring. 4) It maintains homeostasis. 5) It has complex chemistry. 6) It consists of

cells.

The process of maintaining a stable internal environment

the process by which living things give rise to ospring

1.2 The microscope use your microscope worksheet to answer these
questions

(Chart is dierent for the diagram)

Name

Function

_______This holds objectives and it rotates.

1.

_______This is the flat surface where the specimen is placed.

_______This is where the ocular is located.

2.

_______This provides light to see the specimen.

3.

_______This adjustment is the only one that should

be used with the high power objective.
_______This regulates the amount of light reaching the slide

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

(Email me if you can't read my

handwriting and I'll send you a typed
version)

1.5 Principles of Biology

four principles of biology

1) Cell Theory

2) Gene Theory

3) Homeostasis

4) Evolution
Microscope-scientific tool

Use the letters in the diagram below to identify the

part with the function
_______This adjustment should be used with low power objectives.

1.6

Interdependence of Living Things

competition -a relationship between living things that depend on the same resources.

interdependence-all living things depend on their environment to help them to survive

predation-relationship in which members of one species consume members of another species

symbiosis-close relationship between organisms of dierent species in which at least one of the organisms

benefits from the relationship

1.7 Organization of Living Things

Biome -group of similar ecosystems with the same general type of

physical environment

Biosphere -part of Earth where all life exists, including land, water, and air
Community -all of the populations of dierent species that live in the same

area

Ecosystem -all the living things in a given area together with the physical

factors of the nonliving environment

all the organisms of the same species that live in the same
area

Population

Biotic-the living

Abiotic-the nonliving

Use the letters in the diagram to

identify these:
D 1.
_____
population
_____
organism
E 2.
_____
community
C 3.
a 4.
_____
biosphere
b 5.
_____
ecosystem - biome

Chapter 2 Chemical Basis of Living Organisms

2.1

Carbon-the main element in organic compounds

Dehydration Synthesis -how polymers are formed, Monomers have a

hydrogen atom on one end, and a hydroxyl group (-OH) on another. A hydrogen atom from one
monomer, and a hydroxyl group from another will leave, forming H 2 O. As this happens a covalent
bond forms between the two monomers. All polymers are built using this process. When it is time for
a polymer to be broken down, a hydrolysis reaction takes place.

Hydrolysis -the method of digestion used to breakdown these large molecules, and is essentially
just the opposite of a dehydration reaction. As seen in the figure below, water is added
to a polymer and the hydroxyl group attaches to one monomer, and the hydrogen atom

A.

to another.

Identify the reactions shown in the diagram to the right

Dehydration synthesis
A is ________________________
Hydrolysis
B is __________________________

NAME
A.
B.
C.
D.

F.
2.2

B.

(Picture goes with chart)

Organic compounds

E.

Significance of Carbon

WHERE ARE THESE FOUND?

( IN WHAT ORGANIC COMPOUND)

Amino
found only in proteins and amino acids

group
Carboxyl
found amino acids and fatty acids

group
Carbonyl
found in aldehydes and ketones
group
(some sugars)

Phosphate
Involved with transform of
group
energy-ATP also DNA and RNA
Africa molecules by aecting
Methyl

shape
group

Hydroxyl
Alcohols
group

F.

Carbohydrates

carbohydrate -organic compound such as sugar or starch

chemical formula -for glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6 .

glucose-used for energy by the cells of most organisms, and is a product of photosynthesis.
isomers-Molecules with the same chemical formula but with atoms in a dierent arrangement
2.3

Lipids

Cholesterol-a steroid that is a common component of animal cell membranes

fats, oils, waxes -examples of lipids
lipid-an organic compound such as fat or oil
saturated fatty acids-carbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible

unsaturated fatty acids-some carbon atoms are not bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible.
Instead, they are bonded to other groups of atoms

structural formula -CH 3 (CH 2 ) n COOH

Proteins -an organic compound made up of small molecules called amino acids

2.4

building blocks
examples
function-help cells keep their shape (structural proteins), make up muscle tissues, and some transport

items in and out of cells (transport proteins)

2.5

Nucleic Acids

nucleic acid-an organic compound, such as DNA or RNA (found in plant, animals, and batteries cells)
DNA-double-stranded nucleic acid that makes up genes and chromosomes

nucleotides-small molecule containing a sugar, phosphate group, and base that is a building block of

nucleic acids; for DNA: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

structure-consists of three smaller molecules: 1) sugar 2) phosphate group 3) nitrogen base; for DNA double-stranded

RNA -single-stranded nucleic acid that helps make proteins

nucleotides -adenine (A), guanine (G), and either thymine (T) in DNA, or uracil (U)
structure-single-strand

from: www.syance.net/DNAWorksheet.docx

2.6

Biochemical Reactions

Product -substance that forms as a result of a chemical reaction

Reactant-A substance that starts a chemical reaction

Label this equation:

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight C6H12O6 + 6 O2

2.7

Energy and Biochemical Reactions

Activation energy -The energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Endothermic Reaction -A chemical reaction that absorbs energy
Energy-the ability to do work
2.8

Types of Biochemical Reactions

Catabolic Reaction-Exothermic reactions in organisms

Metabolism -The sum of all the biochemical reactions in an organism

Biochemical reactions-chemical reactions that take place inside the cells of living things.
2.9
Enzymes and 2.10 Enzyme Function
Use the diagram to the right to answer the following questions
What letter is the substrate?

What letter is the enzyme? A

Where is the active site?

What type of reaction is this?

Hydrolysis

What is the reverse reaction? Dehydration synthesis

What is the enzyme-substrate complex
2.11

Water and Life

Water-exists as a solid, a liquid, and a gas

Polarity-A dierence in electrical charge between dierent parts of the same molecule
2.12

Acids and Bases in Biology

Acid -solution with a pH lower than 7

Base -solution with a pH higher than 7

Hydronium ion -has positive charge, forms when another water molecule accepts the hydrogen ion when

water is broken down

Chapter 3 Cell Biology 1: The Cell and Cell Structures

3.1

Parts Common to the Cell

cell-basic unit of structure and function of living things

cytosol-a watery substance that makes up cytoplasm
The four common parts to all cells:
1. The plasma membrane is a thin coat of lipids that surrounds a cell. It forms the physical boundary

between the cell and its environment, so you can think of it as the skin of the cell.

2. Cytoplasm refers to all of the cellular material inside the plasma membrane, other than the nucleus.

Cytoplasm is made up of a watery substance called cytosol, and contains other cell structures such
as ribosomes.

4. Ribosomes are structures in the cytoplasm where proteins are made.

DNA is a nucleic acid found in cells. It contains the genetic instructions that cells need to make
proteins.

3.

3.2

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cell-cell without a nucleus that is found in single-celled organisms

Eukaryotic cell -cell that contains a nucleus and other organelles

Three domains
Archea-one of two prokaryote domains that includes organisms that live in extreme environments

Bacteria -domain of prokaryotes, some of which cause human diseases

organelle-a structure within the cytoplasm that performs a specific job in the cell.
Eukarya
4 Kingdoms
3.3
Viruses
Answer the following questions base on this diagram:
A.

F.

D.

B.

E.

C.

G.

What is A? The virus, phage

What cycle is B Lyric cycle
What cycle is C Lysogenic cycle
What is happening at D? Phage DNA is circularizing
What is happening at E? New phage DNA and proteins are synthesized
What is happening at F? The cell explodes and releases the phases
What happens after F? Other cells get infected
What is G called? Prophage
Which cycle produces immediate infection? C
In which cycle does the virus remain dormant? B
Emerging viruses-viruses that appear suddenly and are relatively new in terms of their discovery
Phages -bacterial viruses
Prions-infectious proteins that are associated with animals
Viroids-viruses known to infect plants
3.5

Membrane Proteins -a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with, the membrane of a cell

or an organelle.
permanently embedded within the plasma membrane
Peripheral Membrane proteins-proteins that are only temporarily associated with the membrane.
Integral membrane proteins

3.7

Cell Nucleus -a membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells

Nucleolus -The nucleus of many cells also contains a non-membrane bound organelle
Chromatin-more loosely coiled and forms long, thin strands of DNA in chromosomes
3.8

Ribosomes and Mitochondria

ribosome -small organelles and are the sites of protein synthesis (or assembly).
mitochondria -a membrane-enclosed organelle that is found in most eukaryotic cells.
matrix -The fluid-filled inside of the mitochondrion
cristae-the folds of the inner membrane of mitochondria

ATP-energy-carrying molecule that cells use to power their metabolic processes

3.9

Other Cell Organelles and 3.10

Plant Cell Structures

Identify the organelles:
What type of cell is this?

Fig. 4-UN3

l.

Animal

a.

Is it prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

b.

A.

c.

B.

k.

Eukaryote

Chromosomes
Nucleolus

C.Ribosomes
D. Golgi
E.

j.

F.
G.

i.
d.

g.

e.
f.

Mitochondrion
Cytoskeleton

I.

Peroxisome
Centriole

J.

Lysosome

K.

Rough ER

H.

h.

apparatus
Plasma membrane

L.

Smooth ER

Identify the organelles:

What type of cell is this?

Plant

Is it prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Eukaryotic

Nucleolus
B. Rough ER
C. Smooth ER
D. Ribosomes
E. Central vacuole
F. Cytoskeleton
G. Chloroplast
H. Plasmodesmata
I. Cell wall of adjacent cell
J. Cell wall
K. Plasma membrane
L. Mitochondrion
M. Golgi apparatus
N. Chromosome
O. Nuclear envelope
A.

Complete the table below

Cell Part

Function (job)

Plant, Animal or Bacterial Cell

All

1.

Plasma membrane

2.

Nuclear envelope

3.

Nucleus

4.

Nucleolus

5.

Cytoplasm

6.

Mitochondria

organelle in eukaryotic cells that makes energy available

to the cell in the form of ATP molecules

7.

Endoplasmic reticulum

organelle in eukaryotic cells that helps make and transport

proteins

Plant and animal

8.

Golgi apparatus

organelle in eukaryotic cells that processes proteins and

prepares them for use both inside and outside the cell

Plant and animal

9.

Lysosome

10. Ribosome
11. Vacuole
12. Cell wall
13. Chloroplast
14. Cytoskeleton
15. Centriole
16. Leucoplast
17. Chromoplast

thin coat of lipids (phospholipids) that surrounds and encloses a cell

a double membrane of the nucleus that encloses the

genetic material

Plant and animal

organelle inside eukaryotic cells that contains most of the

cells DNA and acts as the control center of the cell

Plant and animal

a non-membrane bound organelle in the nucleus, The

nucleolus is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes.
all of the material inside the plasma membrane of a cell
(excluding organelles)

Plant and animal

vesicles that are formed by the Golgi apparatus, break down harmful
cell products, waste materials, and cellular debris and then force
them out of the cell.

organelle inside all cells where proteins are made

large saclike organelle that stores and transports materials

inside a cell
rigid layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of a plant
cell and helps support and protect the cell

organelle in the cells of plants and algae where

photosynthesis takes place

structure of filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm that

provides a cell with an internal framework
rod-like structures made of short microtubules. Nine groups of three
microtubules make up each centriole.

do not contain pigments and are located in roots and nonphotosynthetic tissues of plants
make and store pigments that give petals and fruit their
orange and yellow colors.

All
Plant and animal

Plant and animal

All
Plant and animal
Plant and bacteria
Plant
Plant and animal
Animal
Plant
Plant

Chapter 4 Cell Biology 2: Transport in Cells

4.1

Diffusion

Passive Transport -movement of substances across a plasma membrane that does not require energy

Diffusion-type of passive transport that does not require the help of transport proteins
Concentration Gradient-The dierence in the concentrations of the molecules in the two areas
Equilibrium -equal concentration

4.2

Osmosis

Solute -a substance dissolved in a solvent

Solvent -a fluid in which a substance is dissolved

Solution -The mixture of a solute in a solvent

Hypertonic-when the solution has a higher solute concentration, causes cell to swells up and explodes

Hypotonic-when the solution has the lower solute concentration, causes cell to shrivel up and die

Isotonic -Solutions of equal solute concentration

Turgid-Cells with a cell wall will swell when placed in a hypotonic solution, but once the cell is turgid (firm), the tough cell wall
prevents any more water from entering the cell.
Lyses -another word for burst
Plasmolysis-The plasma membrane pulls away from the cell

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

F.

wall as it shrivels

Contractile Vacuole -a type of vacuole that removes excess

water from a cell

Using the picture to the right answer the following questions
1.

Which figure depicts a cell in a solution hypotonic to the cell? C and F

2.

Which figure depicts a cell placed in a solution hypertonic to the cell? A and D

3.

Which figure depicts an animal cell in an isotonic solution? B

4.

The solution for A and D are hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to the cell?

5.

The solution for B and E are hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to the cell?

6.

The solution for C and F are hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to the cell?
Using the beakers to the left answer the following
questions:
1. Fill in the proper percentages for each.
2. Draw arrows to show the direction osmosis will
occur in, if it will occur, for each.
3. State whether the solution is Isotonic,
Hypertonic, or Hypotonic.

4.3

Facilitated Diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion -the diusion of solutes through transport proteins in the plasma membrane
Transport Proteins -protein in a plasma membrane that helps other substances cross the membrane
Channel proteins-a type of transport protein, acts like a pore in the membrane that lets water molecules or
Carrier proteins
4.4

small ions through quickly.

-a transport protein that is specific for an ion, molecule, or group of substances.

Active Transport

Active Transport-the energy-requiring process of pumping molecules and ions across membranes "uphill" Homeostasis
4.5

against a concentration gradient.

-refers to the balance, or equilibrium, within the cell or a body.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Sodium-Potassium Pump-type of active transport in which sodium ions are pumped out of the cell and potassium
4.6

ions are pumped into the cell with the help of a carrier protein and energy from ATP

Exocytosis and Endocytosis

endocytosis -type of vesicle transport that moves substances into a cell

Phagocytosis-process in which leukocytes engulf and break down pathogens and debris
pinocytosis-or cellular drinking, occurs when the plasma membrane folds inward to form a channel allowing
exocytosis

dissolved substances to enter the cell, as shown in Figure below . When the channel is closed,
the liquid is encircled within a pinocytic vesicle.

Complete the Chart using this word bank:

diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion
active transport
energy needed
no energy needed
What are the purple objects?

Energy needed

No energy needed
Passive Transport

Active transport

High Solute Concentration

Facilitated
Diusion
transport

High Water
Concentration
Osmosis

High Solute
Concentration
Concentration
Active
transport

Low Solute Concentration

Low Water
Concentration

Low Solute
Concentration

Transport proteins

Draw an arrow to show how the

concentration gradient flows

J.M.J.

Biology
Test 12/11 and First Trimester Review Sheet - Chapter 5
Go over your quizzes and the topics on this sheet
5.1 Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Chloroplast and 5.3-organelle in the cells of plants and algae where photosynthesis takes place
Chemosynthesis and 5.7-process of using the energy in chemical compounds to make food

How does chemosynthesis and photosynthesis differ? Chemosynthesis uses chemicals, Photosynthesis uses light

energy

What organisms are involved? Plants, algae and some bacteria

Location It is located in the Chloroplast
Cellular respiration-process in which cells break down glucose and make ATP for energy

How does it differ from photosynthesis? It breaks down glucose into ATP, water and CO
Who undergoes cellular respiration? All animals, plants and bacteria
Decomposer -organism that breaks down the remains of dead organisms and other organic wastes

Equation for photosynthesis

Heterotroph-organism that gets food by consuming other

organisms

what organisms photosynthesize: CO and Water plus sunlight

Photosynthesis
autotrophs/producer-organism that makes its own food
Consumer/heterotroph-organism that consumes other organisms for food
food chain-diagram that represents a single pathway through which energy and matter flow through an ecosystem

5.2 Glucose and ATP

ATP -(adenosine triphosphate), energy-carrying molecule that cells use to power their metabolic processes

NADPH and 5.4 -stable energy storage molecule

Energy -ability to do work

Glucose -simple carbohydrate with the chemical formula C6H12O6 that is the nearly universal food for life

Chlorophyll-green pigment in a chloroplast that absorbs sunlight in the light reactions of photosynthesis

5.3 Chloroplasts
Use the diagram to the left to answer the following questions:

Chloroplasts

The name of this organelle is ___________________________________

Is this organelle found in an eukaryotic cell or a prokaryotic cell? Eukaryotic
Is this organelle found in an animal or plant cell? Plant

Name:
A Stroma

B Grana

C Thylakoids

E Outer and inner membrane

What is the function of:
A

This is where the Calvin cycle takes place

Stack of thylakoids

C This is where the light reaction cycle takes place

Electron transport chain-series of electron-transport molecules that pass high-energy electrons from molecule to

molecule and capture their energy

endosymbiosis -a smaller prokaryotic cell is eaten by a eukaryotic cell

5.4 Light Reactions of Photosynthesis

Light Reaction-first stage of photosynthesis in which light energy from the sun is captured and changed into chemical

energy that is stored in ATP and NADPH

Where does it occur?

In Thylakoids in the chloroplasts

What are the reactants?

What are the products?

ATP synthase -enzyme which acts as both ion channel and enzyme.
Photolysis -(splitting by light), H 2 O molecules are broken into hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen atoms
How are electrons carried to the Calvin Cycle? -ATP and NADPH

5.5 Calvin Cycle

Calvin cycle -The second stage of photosynthesis that can proceed without light, sometimes called light-

independent or dark reactions

Where does it occur? In the stroma

What are the reactants?

What are the products?

Carbon fixation-build low-energy inorganic CO 2 into high-energy organic molecules like glucose
stoma (stomata)-tiny openings under the leaf which normally allow CO 2 to enter and O 2 to leave

5.6 Photosynthesis Summary

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Storage products of photosynthesis-glucose