DEVELOPMENT SMOOTH MUSCLES

Smooth muscle fibers differentiate from splanchnic mesenchyme surrounding

the endoderm of the primordial gut and its derivates.
The smooth muscles in the walls of many blood and lymphantic vessels arise
from somatic mesoderm.
The muscles of the iris (sphincter and dilator pupillae) and the myoepithelial
cells and sweat glands are thought to be derived from mesenchymal cells
that originate from ectoderm.
The first sign of differentiation of smooth muscle is the development of
elongated nuclei in spindle-shaped myoblasts.
During early development new myoblasts continue to differentiate from
mesenchymal cells but do not fuse, they remain mononucleated.
During later development, division of existing myoblasts gradually replaces
the differentiation of new myoblasts in the production of new smooth muscle
tissue.
As smooth muscle fibers develop into sheets or bundles, they receive
autonomic innervations.
Fibroblasts and muscle cells synthesize and lay down collagenous elastic and
reticular fibers .

DEVELOPMENT OF APPENDICULAR SKELETON

The appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral and pelvic girdles and the limb
bones.

Mesenchymal bones form during the fifth week as condensations of mesenchyme

appear in the limb buds.

During the sixth week, the mesenchymal bone models in the limbs undergo
chondrification to form hyaline cartilage bone models .

The clavicle initially develops by membranous ossification and it later forms growth
cartilages at both ends.

The models of the pectoral girdle and upper limb bones appear slightly before those
of the pelvic
girdle and lower limb bones.