VOLTAGE SOURCE

Independent Voltage Source

Dependent Voltage Source

Voltage-controlled Voltage Source (VCVS)
Current-controlled Voltage Source
1

CURRENT SOURCE
Independent Current Source

Dependent Current Source

Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)
Current-controlled current source (CCCS)

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Branch:
A branch is a single element, e.g. resistor, voltage source.
Node:
A node is the point of connection between 2 or more
branches.
Loop:
A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
Fundamental Theorem of Network Topology:
b=l+n1
b: branches
n: nodes
l: independent loops

Series Connection
Same current through all resistors

In general:

If all resistors have the same value R, it is:

Example: Voltage divider

2
1

2
1

Potentiometer

Symbol:

Parallel Connection
Same voltage across all resistors

In general:
1

If all resistors have the same value R, it is:

1

EXERCISE HUMAN BODY

Presume you put one hand to both feet and

body is connected to a 230 V voltage source.
Calculate the current running through the body
using internal tissue resistances from figure.

Reference: Lee, R. C, Dougherty, W., Electrical Injury:,

IEEE Trans. Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 10,
No. 5, 2003

EXERCISE EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE

Find current I in the circuit shown in figure (Answer: 4A)

10