SUBMITTED BY:
Tarique Ekram
14 MTA - 04
FACULTY OF COMMERCE
ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY
2014 2016
DECLARATION
I, Tarique Ekram, hereby declare that present work A STUDY OF HERITAGE
TOURISM IN INDIA
TARIQUE EKRAM
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The entire work would have been impossible without the active support of so
many individuals to whom I am whole heartedly thankful. The learning
experience for me during the course of this study will be close to my heart for
life. The present shape of this work could never been achieved without the
guidance, supervision and help by a number of people.
I am thankful to my dissertation guide Prof. M. Mohsin Khan who gave me
full opportunity to enrich my knowledge and experience of the academic
world. His guidance during the entire duration of this study was the main
motivating factor for me to continue with this work in an enthusiastic manner.
I also express my thanks to the faculty members of our Faculty of
Commerce for their continuous support and guidance. I am full of thanks for
all our teachers and classmates for their blessings and encouragement.
This project was a great source of learning and value addition for me. The
successful completion of this dissertation bears imprint of my family for
providing me support and cooperation second to none in this world.
And of course without forgetting, I am thankful to ALMIGHTY for blessing me
with the ability to do all that I can.
However, I accept sole responsibility for any possible error that might be there
in this study. I would be extremely grateful to the readers of this report if they
bring such mistakes to my notice so that they can be rectified.
Tarique Ekram
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NAME
CHAPTER - 1:
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER- 2:
OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER- 3:
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER- 4:
HERITAGE TOURISM IN INDIA
CHAPTER- 5:
RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
n simple terms Tourism is the act of travel for the purposes of
leisure, pleasure or business, and the provision of services for this
act. There are two important components that make up tourism.
These are the practice of travelling for pleasure recreation etc. and
the business of providing tours and services for persons travelling.
The issues incorporated in the first component are discretionary
income i.e. money to spend on non-essentials, the time involved and the
infrastructure in the form of accommodation facilities and means of
transport. Other component has four basic services to be provided for
Tourists. These are, travel arrangements, board and lodge, food and
entertainment.
Definition
Tourists, i.e. temporary visitors staying at least twenty four hours in the
country visited and the purpose of whose journey can be classified under
one of the following headings:
Leisure (recreation, holiday, health, study, religion and sport)
Business, family, mission, meeting.
Excursionists, i.e. temporary visitors staying less than twenty four hours
in the country visited (including travelers on cruises).
in the number of flights to & from India coupled with the escalating
propensity among middle class travelers to travel abroad. Indian
Outbound market is expected to get a quantum jump in 2006-2007.
The figure may reach 8 million marks with visible trend. It is
estimated that year on 15% growth will be maintained. Among short have
destinations Indians visit Dubai, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, Nepal,
Sri lanka, Hong Kong, Maccau, Maldives, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan etc.
Among the long Haul destinations preferences are for USA, Canada, UK,
Australia, New Zealand and France, Germany, Austria, Italy and
Switzerland. Most of the holidaymakers use the packages tours offered by
tour operators like SOTC, Raj Tours, Cox & Kings etc. Most national
tourism organizations are confident that a vibrant market such as India
will yield high growth, making its desirable target market for 2007-2008
or 2009.
Tourism in India is the largest service industry, with a contribution
of 6.23% to the national GDP and 8.78% of the total employment in
India. In 2010, total Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTA) in India were 5.78
million and India generated about 200 billion US dollars in 2008 and that
is expected to increase to US$375.5 billion by 2018 at a 9.4% annual
growth rate.[1] The majority of foreign tourists come from USA and UK.
Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan are the top five
states to receive inbound tourists. Domestic tourism in the same year was
740 million. Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and
Maharashtra received the big share of these visitors. Ministry of Tourism
is the nodal agency to formulate national policies and programs for the
development and promotion of tourism.
In the process, the Ministry consults and collaborates with other
stakeholders in the sector including various Central Ministries/agencies,
the state governments and union territories and the representatives of the
private sector. Concerted efforts are being made to promote new forms of
tourism such as rural, cruise, medical and eco-tourism. The Ministry of
Tourism also maintains the Incredible India campaign. India can boast of
one of the most ancient civilization in the world. Its rich and diversified
culture, tradition, heritage, cuisine and hospitality are the new source
attraction features if tourism. The 7th 5 Year Plan, for the first time,
moved towards the promotion of India as an ultimate holiday destination
with its newly introduced beaches, hill stations, adventure sports and such
What is Heritage?
Heritage is a word with many meanings, most relating to its general
interpretation as that which is inherited from the past
The term heritage has been used in relation to the natural world,
referring to mountains and rivers, to buildings and monuments, the arts,
and to social customs and traditions.
2. Intangible
a. Indigenous oral, Textual traditions
b. Indigenous Practices and rituals etc.
c. Popular Culture
d. Festivals
e. Carnivals, Performing and Visual Arts etc.
Chapter 2
Objective
Research and Methodology
Type of Research
Descriptive research is the description of the condition as it exists at
present in India
Data source - Secondary data
Chapter 3
Literature Review
and historical knowledge. In this paper author define the heritage tourism
and heritage conservation, exaggerate the naivety of tourists, presumably
deputed by the univocal narrative and overlook the affiliation of
protection.
Tourism and the World of Culture and Heritage Greg Richards
In this paper Greg Richards discussed the terms cultural tourism and
heritage tourism. According to him, cultural tourism covers visits to all
types of cultural attractions, including discrete attractions such as
museums and monuments, cultural performances and other cultural
manifestations, including the consumption of the way of life of other
cultures. Cultural tourism has in recent years seen as shift away from
hard cultural resources such as built attractions towards soft resources
such as performances. Heritage tourism is largely concerned with the
cultural legacy of the past, or the hard cultural resources usually
contained in old buildings, museums, monuments and landscapes or
represented and interpreted in specialized heritage centres.
In this paper author explained current trends in cultural and
heritage tourism as well as impact of globalization on cultural and
heritage tourism. Heritage, Tourism and Places: A Review G.J.
Ashworth. The subject of this paper is the relationship between three
distinct phenomena: heritage, tourist, and its context of places. The first is
represented here by the commodified artifacts, buildings, memories and
experiences of the past; the second is confined specifically to heritage
tourism; while the third focuses principally on the management of places.
This triangular relationship has been viewed in three main ways which
follows a roughly overlapping chronological sequence.
The literatures on the various aspects of tourism are quite enough.
But literature on the various aspects of travel, tourism, recreational and
hospitality are found only in the western country. Many scholars have
written books dealing with their views with different issues of tourism.
A book written by Cooper C. (1999) entitled Tourism Principles
and Practices was elaborating theoretical framework of tourism. He
underlined concept and indicators of tourism demands. He also
emphasized on economic, environmental and socio-cultural impact on
tourism development. He highlights issues pertinent to the future of
tourism development.
of visitors .In heritage management our customers are our visitors (Gitera,
2008).
Cultural/Heritage Tourism
As mentioned, Prentice (1993) defined the term heritage as not
only landscapes, natural history, buildings, artifacts, cultural traditions
and the like that are literally or metaphorically passed on from one
generation to the other, but those among these which can be promoted as
tourism products. He also suggested that heritage sites should be
differentiated in terms of types of heritage: built, natural, and cultural
heritage. Furthermore, Hall and Zeppel (1990) supply definitions for
cultural tourism and heritage tourism. The former is tied with visual
attractions, performing arts, and festivals, whereas the latter involves
visits to historical sites, buildings, and monuments. Heritage tourism is
referred to as experiential tourism because visitors often wish to immerse
themselves in the historical environment and experience.
In her study of the connection between heritage and tourism,
Peterson (1994) reveals three major reasons for visiting historic sites: to
experience a different time or place, to learn to enjoy a cerebral
experience, and to share with others or teach children the history of the
site. Heritage tourism is also described as a segment of travelers who are
highly motivated by performing and visual arts, cultural exhibitions, and
other related attractions. As tourists are becoming more sophisticated,
their need to recapture the past has been increasing. Tourists have been
visiting cultural/heritage sites more frequently. Cultural/heritage tourism
offers several benefits to tourists and residents, as well as governments.
First of all, cultural/heritage tourism protects historic, cultural, and natural
resources in communities, towns, and cities. People become involved in
their community when they can relate to their personal, family,
community, regional, or national heritage. This connection motivates
residents to safeguard their shared resources and practice good
stewardship.
Second, cultural/heritage tourism educates residents and tourists
about local/regional history and traditions. Through the research about
and development of heritage/cultural destinations, residents will become
Chapter 4
HERITAGE TOURISM
IN INDIA
The the name of the city itself denotes the victory (Fateh) of Akhbar over
Chittor and Ranthambore, Fatehpur Sikri constitutes of four main
Monuments. The Jama Masjid, The Buland Darwaza which is the greatest
door of Asia made of a specific wood imported from Australia which
would sink in water. Panch Mahal or Jada Baai ka Mahal, which is
also considered as the origin place of the Navaratnas (Birbal, Tansen etc).
It also contained the Diwan-e-khas and Diwan-e-aam. Interior to the
Buland Darwaza lies the Tomb of Salim Chishti. All these Mughal
buildings are a part of the World Heritage Sites in India.
Famous
for/as: Buddhist,
Jain
and
Hindu
Temples
Monasteries, Caves Excavated out of Hills, Rock-cut Architecture.
and
The Ellora Caves are an important UNESCO World Heritage site and an
archaeological site, ranging 29 kilometers Northwest of the city
of Aurangabad. The Ellora Caves are well known for their Indian-rock cut
architecture. There are about 34 rock cut temples and caves which can be
dated to about 600 to 1000 AD, are important in terms of understanding
the lives of the people living in these times. The presence of Hindu,
Buddhist and Jain temples and sculptures portray the tolerance which was
extended towards different faiths and beliefs in Ancient Indian History.
Excavated site consists of Charanandri Hills, Buddhist Hindu and Jain
rock-cut temples, Viharas and Maths of 5thand 10th century.
2) Socio-Cultural impacts
The most significant problem related to this and among the most
deplorable social outcomes of tourism is the forced displacement of local
populations. Heritage conservation and tourism have a major role to play
in the forced relocation of indigenous and powerless populations.
According to Greenwood, the Social impacts of heritage tourism are hard
to measure. Tourists often enter locals sacred space to watch and
photograph rituals. Local residents often become annoyed and feel that
their sacred or personal space is being transgressed by nonbelievers or
outsiders. This often results in conflict when the behavior of cultural
tourists become intolerable to local worshippers and pilgrims. There is
also a threat of over-commodification of culture, when destination
populations perform rituals for tourists, which may in the process lose
their original social or religious value.
This lack of true ownership of culture is one of the most often-cited
frustrations among indigenous peoples and local community members in
cultural tourism destinations, where culture as a tourism resource is
controlled by outsiders. Most commentators today, in line with principles
of sustainable development, argue that the use of a societys culture
should be done on that societys terms and according to what they seem
3) Economic impacts
Economic benefits are the most important reasons behind the
development and incentives to communities and governments. The most
direct form of economic impact in heritage tourism is revenue regenerated
through entrance fee. Heritage tourism is especially prone to create
employment opportunities, providing infrastructure and public services
for the community, helping fund the preservation and management of
historic sites, and overall stimulating the local and national economy.
The World Tourism Organization has listed six major areas of economic
benefits of tourism:
Export Earnings.
Employment.
Rural Opportunities.
Infrastructure Investment.
Tax Revenues.
Gross Domestic Product.
ii.
iii.
local levels have been entrusted with their preservation, protection and
management.
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), set up under the
Ministry of Culture, is a premier organization for the archaeological
researches and protection of the cultural heritage of the nation. The
maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains
of national importance is also one of its prime responsibilities.
According to the provisions of the Ancient Monuments and
Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 and Antiquities and Art
Treasure Act, 1972, the ASI regulates all archaeological activities in the
country and also regulates the antiquities. In order to facilitate proper
maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains
of national importance, the whole country has been split into 24 Circles.
The organization also has a large strength of work force of
trained archaeologists, conservators, epigraphist, architects and scientists
for conducting archaeological research projects through its various
Circles, Museums and branches like Excavation Branches, Prehistory
Branch, Epigraphy Branches, Science Branch, Horticulture Branch,
Building Survey Project, Temple Survey Projects and Underwater
Archaeology Wing.
Strength
India has an immense bouquet of destinations of diverse types, more
than what many countries have to offer together at an aggregate level.
A rich saga which offers an unique combination of past and present,
which includes architecture, culture, modern amenities and facilities as
well
Some products like Rural Tourism are unique in nature, which no
other country has thought of or conceived of.
A wonderful promotional campaign which has attracted attention of
millions of globe trotters across the world.
Weaknesses
Lack of co-ordination amongst the States as well as Centre in
promoting destinations/ products. The Centre as well as the State
promotes destinations independently. Such multiplicity of destinations
creates confusion in the minds of the foreign tourists visiting / willing
to visit India as where should one start from?
Procedure for release of Visa is a comparatively lengthy procedure,
compared to the South East Asian nations
Certain airports lack appropriate infrastructure which promulgates
foreign airlines to shy away from them
Lack of appropriate connectivity amongst certain prime destinations
within the country. E.g. Air fares between certain domestic
destinations within the country is equivalent or somewhat more than
connecting flights abroad
Lack of quality accommodation facility amongst major destinations
across the country. Demand spurs higher room rent, which eats up
considerable proportion of a foreign tourists budget. Subsequently,
the tourist stays for a considerably lesser time and in the process has
limited period of exposure to the country and its resources in general
Climate of certain locations within India being temperate in nature,
there is considerable hindrance in marketing those places as a 365
day destination unlike major South East Asian Countries, which have
geared up its infrastructure to deal with this type of climate
Opportunity
India as a destination provides value for money compared to the
other South East Asian as well as South Asian nations
India offers diverse kinds and types of destination, in form of a
complete package, compared to the south east/ far east countries which
strongly promote one or two themes/ products.
Wide base of English speaking population a major advantage
compared to the South East Asian nations
Threat
China is developing its infrastructure keeping in mind the 2008
Olympics and it plans to use this as a major event in attracting tourists.
The Beijing Lhasa railway line is an important indicator in this
direction.
Pro active and systematic marketing efforts of the comparatively
smaller South East Asian nations and their focus on developing an
infrastructure based on tourism.
Off late, Sri Lanka is actively promoting its tourism resources with
focus mainly on its natural resources (sprawling beaches, evergreen
forests, tea gardens)
Dubai is aggressively marketing itself as a major tourism destination.
The worlds most ambitious project, the Dubai waterfront is shaping
up to be a major tourist attraction of the world, which on completion is
likely to draw scores of tourists to witness this engineering marvel.
Number (millions)
% Growth
2004
3.46
26.8
2005
3.92
13.3
2006
4.45
13.5
2007
5.08
14.3
2008
5.28
4.0
2009
5.17
-2.2
2010
5.78
11.8
2011
6.31
9.2
2012
6.58
4.3
2013
6.97
5.9
2014
7.68
10.2
2015
8.03
4.6
2004
6,170
2005
7,493
2006
8,634
2007
10,729
2008
11,832
2009
11,136
2010
14,193
2011
16,564
2012
17,737
2013
18,445
2014
20,236
2015
21,058
% Growth
38.2
21.4
15.2
24.3
10.3
-5.9
27.5
16.7
7.1
4.0
9.7
4.1
Chapter 5
Recommendation and
Conclusion
51
RECOMMENDATION
This study examined how heritage tourism contributes to the preservation
of cultural heritage and the economic improvement of local and indigenous
people.
I have indicated that achieving principles of sustainable development
through heritage tourism is not an easy task. This research has discussed various
issues, obstacles and challenges related to sustainable tourism development.
Nevertheless, further studies can potentially bring more understanding to
cultural heritage tourism in its different dimensions. The implications of
strategies proposed in the appendix to this research for example, need further
investigation, whether or not they can truly contribute to sustainable
development.
I consider issues that need further studies. First, the change of ministry
(currently the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy) provides two
possible themes to be investigated including the extent and/or the consequences
of the new policies in achieving economic welfare of communities and the way
cultural heritage tourism is managed. In my understanding, new policy should
mean implementing something new that potentially creates positive
consequences but might to some extent create negative impacts. Although
commitment on developing sustainable tourism has been stated, such a concept
needs to be examined especially because cultural matters are no longer managed
by the new ministry. Will sustainable cultural heritage tourism be achieved if
economic issues are the only focus in tourism development?
This research tries to understand the conduct of cultural heritage tourism
and recommend ways to achieve sustainable principles. Data obtained for this
research was mostly from the previous ministry as well as the regional and local
governments who had not followed and implemented the new policy of the
central government. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the influence and
contribution of the new policy to the economic well-being of communities and
to the preservation of cultural heritage.
Second, countries in the world inevitably face obstacles and challenges in
developing tourism (and cultural tourism in particular). This research has found
that traditional social status of communities such as issues of nobility as well as
perceptions of communities about tourism affect the willingness of communities
to participate in cultural heritage tourism. I consider this an important issue to
be investigated further because communities in other destinations in the world
might recognise traditional social status. This issue might not represent
communities in general. However, because it was mentioned by a respondent
who has been dealing with cultural heritage tourism for almost twenty years in
his area, I would say that this obstacle exists and needs to be examined.
Third, possible future research can also examine the impacts or the link
52
53
CONCLUSION
Cultural tourism if well planned could be raised to an important income
and employment generating sector and could also provide an incentive for
increasing cultural awareness and activity and therefore produce a wide range of
social benefits too. The indigenous cultural tourism of Assam requires
integration of the components, like, the desire of the community to share
cultural legacy with the tourists, an intact cultural resource base which could
provide the foundation for a communitys cultural heritage product and also an
accessible travel market for its growth and development
Tourism is an important sector of the economy and contributes
significantly in the countrys GDP as well as Foreign Exchange Earnings (FEE).
With its backward and forward linkages with other sectors of the economy like
transport, constriction, handicrafts, manufacturing, horticulture, agriculture etc,
tourism has the potential to not only be the economy driver, but also become an
effective tool for poverty alleviation and ensuring growth with equity.
It has been emphasised that a rich treasure of cultural heritage is
existing in India and a thorough investigation of the factors which may lead to
the growth of cultural heritage tourism in India was needed. The researcher has
undergone the various stages of the research and has come out with certain
interesting findings and has suggested various improvements. The efforts would
help the government and policy makers to have a better understanding of
cultural heritage tourism and to formulate better strategies to promote cultural
heritage tourism in India.
54
REFERENCES
1. India travel and tourism (https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Trav
el_and_Tourism) at DMOZ
2. Ministry of Tourism, India (http://www.tourism.gov.in/)
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_India&oldid=724
007774
4. http://www.slideshare.net/VaibhavChauhan1/heritage-tourism-in-india
5. Scholedge International Journal of Multidisciplinary & Allied Studies
vol. 1, issue 1(october 2014), Influence of Indian cultural heritage on
world heritage.
6. Lugosi, P. 2007. Consumer participation in commercial hospitality,
International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol.
1, No.
7. International Journal of Innovative Research in Information Security
(IJIRIS) journal on Impact of Heritage Tourism in India A Case Study
S.Shankar Research Scholar, Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar
8. Narasaiah Lakshmi, M (2004), Globalization and Sustainable Tourism
Development, Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi
9. www. shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in
10.Report of Archaeological Survey of India.
11. Convention for the Protection of the Cultural and Natural World
Heritage ,available at http://whc.unesco.org/en/conventiontext
12. http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/ccpwcnh/ccpwcnh.html
13.Various thesis and pdf on internet.
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