[Lecture No.1]
Takuya Marumoto
Ph.D.
. Soil formation
( > hundred million years )
(1) Evolution process of life (F-1)
(2) Soil formation process
(F-2)
(3) Soil texture
(F-3)
(F-6)
Releas
e of
Oxyge
n
-4,
Fig.1
-2,
Increas
e of
Oxyge
n
-1,
(Billion
years)
Accumulatio
n
of Oxygen
in
Evolution
process
Atmosphere
-0.5
of life
Generation of Eukaryote
Landed on
Fungu
s
Amoe
ba
Bacter
ia
Birth of Sea,
Synthesis of Organic
Birth
of Life
matter
Generation of Anaerobic
Generation of
bacteria
Cyanobacteria
(Present
)
Fig.2
Aggregate
Formation
Soil Formation
Clay-Humus
Complex
Microbial Action
Several
thousand ~
million years
Several
decades ~
hundred
years
Several
thousand ~
million years
Organic
matter
from Plants
Humus
Formation
Physicochemic
al
Weathering
Mineral-Flow,
Recrystallizati
on
Microbial Action
Formation of
Clay minerals
Rock Stone
e
Fin nd
sa
80
20
70
30
60
Heavy clay
Soil Ecology - Lecture No.1 -
Cla
40
50
50
40
30
20
10
0%
10 n d
Sa
Fig.3
Sandy 70
clay
Sandy
clay 80
loam
Sandy
loam
90
20
80
10
Soil texture
Light
clay
Clay
loam
90 Loam
70
Fine sandy
clay
Fine clay
loam
Fine loam
60
50
Sand
40
30
1
sa 00
nd %
Fi
ne
60
Surface soil
(Development of
aggregate)
Development of plant root
Living house of soil
Subsoil
microbe
(Single grain)
Organic
matter
Faun Aggregate
formation
a
Microbe
Hum
us
_ NH4 K
_
_
Single grain
Ca
Mg
Clay
_
_minerals _
_
H
Aggreg
ate
Degradati
on
Water
Air
Organic
matter
Clay
Mycorrhiz
a
minerals
Soil
microbe
Soil fauna
Fig.4
Macro
aggregate
Fungi
Gram
negative
bacteria
Microb
e
Protozoa
Soil particle
Fig.5
Gram
positive
Microbe in soil aggregate
bacteria
Micro
aggregate
4 Biota in soil
Biota in soil
Size
Type
No./1g dry
soil
106 1010
1 106
10 1,000
Bacteria ( incl.
Microbe
1m sev.10
Actinomycetes )
m
Fungus
Algae
10 1,000
Micro fauna 4m 100 m Nematode
Protozoa(Ameba, Euglena)
Rotifer
No./1m2
Middle
100m 2 mm Tick, Earthworm, White ant, 103 105
fauna
etc.
2mm
1 10
sev.10mm
Spider, Earthworm,
Large fauna
Mollusk,
Grasshopper, Mole, etc.
Tab.1
Moon
Fig.6
170times of distance
between the earth and moon