Ruaumoko Appendices

See
discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277248986
Ruaumoko Appendices
Research May 2015
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4493.7127
READS
72
1 author:
Athol Carr
University of Canterbury
136 PUBLICATIONS 1,202 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Available from: Athol Carr

Retrieved on: 09 June 2016
Civil Engineering
Induction Book
Ruaumoko Manual
Volume 5:
Appendices
Author:
Athol J. Carr
Department of Civil Engineering

Program nam e:
RUAUM OKO
COMPUTER PROGRAM LIBRARY
Program type:
In-elastic Tim e-History Analysis
Author:
Athol J Carr
Program code:
ANSI Fortran77
Date:
Novem ber 27, 2008
APPENDICES
for programs
RUAUMOKO2D, RUAUMOKO3D, HYSTERES & INSPECT
APPENDIX A - STRENGTH DEGRADATION

APPENDIX B - STIFFNESS DEGRADATION
Hysteresis Loop data
Copyright \ Athol J. Carr, University of Canterbury, 1981-2007. All Rights reserved.

1
APPENDIX A
DEGRADING STRENGTH parameters (Only if ILOS > 0)
DUCT1 DUCT2 RDUCT DUCT3 RCYC
DUCT1
DUCT2
RDUCT
DUCT3
RCYC
Ductility at which degradation begins

( > 1.0)
Ductility at which degradation stops
( > DUCT1)
Residual Strength as a fraction of the Initial Yield Strength
Ductility at 0.01 initial strength
( blank or > DUCT2)
% reduction of strength per cycle of inelastic behaviour
(ILOS = 4, 5, 6 or 7 only)
Notes:
1.
ILOS, the
ILOS = 0,
ILOS = 1,
ILOS = 2,
ILOS = 3,
ILOS = 4,
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
F
F
F
F
F
param eter that controls the strength degradation (see Properties tables)
No Strength Degradation.
Strength loss in each direction is a function of the ductility in that direction.
Strength loss in each direction is a function of the num ber of inelastic cycles.
Strength loss in each direction is a function of the m axim um ductility.
As for ILOS = 1 above but strength loss is also proportional to the num ber of inelastic
cycles.
ILOS = 5, As for ILOS = 4 above but strength loss is also proportional to the num ber of inelastic cycles
and the strength due to ductility for ductilities greater than DUCT2 rem ains at the level of
RDUCT until the ductility reaches DUCT3 when the strength suddenly reduces to 1% of the
original strength.
ILOS = 6, As for ILOS = 3 above but strength loss is also proportional to the num ber of inelastic
cycles.
ILOS = 7 As for ILOS = 6 above but strength loss is also proportional to the num ber of inelastic cycles
and the strength due to ductility for ductilities greater than DUCT2 rem ains at the level of
RDUCT until the ductility reaches DUCT3 when the strength suddenly reduces to 1% of the
original strength.
If Strength Loss is based on cycle num ber rather than the ductility then DUCT1 is the cycle num ber that
the strength starts to reduce and DUCT2 is the cycle num ber at which the strength reaches the residual
value. It m ust be noted that the cycle num ber is com puted as the num ber of tim es the hysteresis rule
leaves the post-yield back-bone or skeleton curve divided by 2 and this m ight be greater than the
num ber of cycles of hysteresis particularly if there has been a one sided ratchet-like behaviour of the
hysteresis. The m inim um value perm itted for RDUCT is 0.01. If the strength was to reduce to 0.0,
Ruaum oko would then take the m em ber behaviour as elastic which would not be the intention of the
user.
If a num ber is provided for the variable DUCT3 above then the strength decreases linearly from
RDUCT tim es the initial strength at DUCT2 to 0.01 of the initial strength at ductility (cycle num ber)
DUCT3. If this num ber is om itted then the strength rem ains constant after DUCT2 is reached.
See Appendix B for inform ation on which Hysteresis rules are able to accept strength degradation.
If ILOS is greater than 0 then as the strength is reduced the stiffness is reduced to m atch. This m eans
that the yield displacem ent, rotation or curvature rem ains constant as the strength decreases m aking
the definition of m em ber ductility consistent. If the hysteresis loop being used has other strength
param eters such as a cracking force or m om ent then these are also reduced proportionally to the yield
strength. If this is not done then som e of the hysteresis loops m ay be im possible to follow where the
yield strength would becom e less than the cracking strength.
If ILOS is supplied as a negative num ber, i.e. -5, the strength degradation rule would follow that for
ILOS=5 but the stiffness would not be reduced and other hysteresis rule actions would also not be
reduced. This m eans that the definition of ductility would be difficult to follow as the yield displacem ent.
rotation or curvature, which is the denom inator in the expression for ductility, would decrease as the
strength decreases. Care would also be necessary insetting the levels of strength degradation to
ensure that the hysteresis loop does not becom e im possible to follow. See the note below.
Strength Reduction Variation
In earlier versions of Ruaumoko when the strength degraded the stiffness rem ained using its input values.
This causes problem s with the definition of ductility in that as the yield force reduces and the stiffness
rem ains constant the yield displacem ent reduces and therefore for a given m em ber deform ation the apparent
ductility increases. This has shown up in that the residual strength, or the 1% strength, is reached at m uch
sm aller displacem ents, or curvatures, than the user had expected. The program has now been m odified
such that as the yield forces, or m om ents, degrade the stiffness also degrades. This m eans that the yield
displacem ents rem ain constant and the definitions of ductilities rem ain m ore consistant. As som e hysteresis
rules have other force, or m om ent quantities such as cracking forces, or intercept forces (see Appendix B),
which can also cause difficulties when the yield strength degrades, such that the yield strength m ay reduce to
a sm aller level than say the cracking m om ent leading to confusion within the hysteresis rule, such force
quantities are now also degraded as the yield strength degrades. This is m ore likely to be realistic than the
earlier operation of the strength degradation in that for m ost m em ber sections the yield point is defined by the
extrem e fibre yield strain and given the section properties the yield strain, or curvature, is m ore likely to
rem ain constant than is the yield force or m om ent. There are still som e difficulties when there are different
degradations in each direction, ILOS =1, 4 or 5 as the stiffness will vary depending whether the m em ber
displacem ent is positive or negative.
APPENDIX B
STIFFNESS DEGRADATION parameters
Hysteresis Rules for Inelastic Mem ber Behaviour
Each of the rules is designated by the num ber as shown below.
0
=
Elastic (default)
1
=
Elasto-plastic
2
=
Bi-linear
3
=
Ram berg-Osgood
4
=
Modified Takeda Degrading Stiffness
5
=
Bi-linear with Slackness
6
=
Kivell Degrading Stiffness
7
=
Origin Centered Bi-linear Hysteresis
8
=
SINA Degrading Stiffness
9
=
Stewart Degrading Stiffness with Slackness
10
=
Bi-linear Degrading Stiffness
11
=
Clough Degrading Stiffness
12
=
Q-HYST Degrading Stiffness
13
=
Muto Tri-linear Degrading Stiffness
14
=
Fukada Tri-linear Degrading Stiffness
15
=
Bi-linear Elastic
16
=
Non-linear Elastic (Un-Reinforced Masonry)
17
=
Degrading Elastic
18
=
Ring-Spring Isolator or Dam per
19
=
Hertzian Contact Non-linear Spring
20
=
Mehran Keshavarzian's Degrading Stiffness
21
=
W idodo Foundation Com pliance
22
=
Li Xinrong Reinforced Concrete Colum n Degrading Stiffness
23
=
Bouc Degrading Stiffness
24
=
Rem ennikov Out-of-plane Buckling Steel Brace
25
=
Takeda with Slip Degrading Stiffness
26
=
Al-Berm ani Bounding Surface Hysteresis
27
=
Peak Oriented Hysteresis
28
=
Matsushim a Strength Decay m odel
29
=
Kato Shear m odel
30
=
Elastom eric Dam per Spring
31
=
Com posite Section, m odified SINA m odel
32
=
Different Stiffness in Positive and Negative directions. Modified Bi-linear rule
33
=
Masonry Strut Hysteresis
34
=
Hyperbolic Hysteresis
35
=
Degrading Bi-linear with Gap Hysteresis
36
=
Bi-linear with Differing Positive and Negative Stiffness Hysteresis
37
=
Non-linear Elastic Power Rule Hysteresis
38
=
Revised Origin Centred Hysteresis
39
=
Dodd-Restrepo Steel Hysteresis
40
=
Bounded Ram berg-Osgood Hysteresis
41
=
Modified (Pyke) Ram berg-Osgood Hysteresis
42
=
HERA-SHJ Steel Hinge unit.
43
=
Resetting Origin Loop
44
=
Pam panin Reinforced Concrete Hinge hysteresis
45
=
Degrading Stiffness Ram berg-Osgood Hysteresis
46
=
Dean Saunders Reinforced Concrete Colum n
47
=
Multi-linear Elastic
48
=
Isotropic/Kinem atic Strain Hardening Bi-Linear
49
=
Isotropic/Kinem atic Strain-Hardening Ram berg-Osgood
50
=
Flag-shaped Bi-linear Hysteresis
51
=
Two-Four Hysteretic dam per
52
=
Schoettler-Restrepo Reinforced Concrete Hysteresis
53
=
Rajesh Dhakal Steel Hysteresis
54
=
Brian peng Concrete Hysteresis
55
=
Air-colum n Dam per
56
=
Modified SINA hysteresis
4
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Revised TAKEDA hysteresis

Shape m em ory Alloy Flag-shaped hysteresis
Ram berg-Osgood with Alpha hysteresis
IBARRA with pinching hysteresis
IBARRA Peak Oriented hysteresis
IBARRA Bi-linear hysteresis
Bi-linear Elastic with Gap hysteresis
Use of Hysteresis Rules for Frame members in RUAUM OKO-2Dand RUAUM OKO-3D
IHYST
Hysteresis
Rule
1cpt
beam
R-C
col.
Steel
col.
Gen
col.
2cpt
beam
VFlex
beam
Elastic
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Elasto-Plastic
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Bi-linear
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ramberg-Osgood
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Takeda
Yes
Yes*
Yes*
Yes*
Yes
Yes
Bi-linear - Slackness
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Kivell
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Origin-Centered
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
SINA
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Stewart
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
10
Degrading Bi-linear
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
11
Clough
Yes
Yes*
Yes*
Yes*
Yes
Yes
12
Q-HYST
Yes
Yes*
Yes*
Yes*
Yes
No
13
Muto
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
14
Fukada
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
15
Bi-linear Elastic
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
16
Non-Linear Elastic
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
17
Degrading Elastic
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
Ring-Spring
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
19
Hertzian Contact
No
No
No
No
No
No
20
Keshavarzian
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
21
Widodo Foundation
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
22
Li-Xinrong Column
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
23
Bouc
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
24
Remennikov
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
25
Takeda with slip
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
26
Al-Bermani Bound-Surface
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
27
Peak Oriented
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
28
Matsushima Degrading
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
29
Kato Degrading Shear
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
30
Elastomeric Spring
No
No
No
No
No
No
31
Composite Section
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
32
Different +/- Stiffness
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
33
Masonry Strut
No
No
No
No
No
No
34
Hyperbolic
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
35
Degrading Bi-linear
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
36
Bi-linear Differing +/- Stiffness
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
37
Non-linear Elastic Power
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
38
Revised Origin Centred
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
39
Dodd-Restrepo Steel
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
40
Bounded Ramberg-Osgood
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
41
Pyke Ramberg-Osgood
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
42
HERA-SHJ
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
43
Resetting Origin
No
No
No
No
No
No
Use of Hysteresis Rules for Frame members in RUAUM OKO-2Dand RUAUM OKO-3D
IHYST
Hysteresis
Rule
1cpt
beam
R-C
col.
Steel
col.
Gen
col.
2cpt
beam
VFlex
beam
44
Pampanin
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
45
Degrading Ramberg-Osgood
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
46
Dean Saunders Conc. Column
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
47
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
48
Isotropic Strain Hard. Bi-linear
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
49
Isotropic Strain Hard. Ramberg
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
50
Flag-shaped Bi-linear
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
51
Two-Four Hystertic damper
No
No
No
No
No
No
52
Schoettler-Restrepo
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
53
Rajesh Dhakal Steel
No
No
No
No
No
No
54
Brian Peng Concrete
No
No
No
No
No
No
55
Semi-active Air-damper
No
No
No
No
No
No
56
Modified SINA
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
57
Revised TAKEDA hysteresis
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
58
Shape Memory Alloy
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
59
Ramberg-Osgood with Alpha
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
60
IBARRA Pinching
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
61
IBARRA Peak-oriented
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
62
IBARRA Bi-linear
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
63
Bi-linear Elastic with Gap
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Use of Hysteresis Rules for Spring members in RUAUM OKO-2D

IHYST
Hysteresis Rule
ITYPE = 1,3,4,5,6,7
Elastic
Yes
Elasto-Plastic
Yes
Bi-linear
Yes
Ramberg-Osgood
Yes
Takeda
Yes
Yes
Kivell
Yes
Origin-Centered
Yes
SINA
Yes
Stewart
Yes
10
Degrading Bi-linear
Yes
11
Clough
Yes
12
Q-HYST
Yes
13
Muto
Yes
14
Fukada
Yes
15
Bi-linear Elastic
Yes
16
Non-Linear Elastic
Yes
17
Degrading Elastic
Yes
18
Ring-Spring
Yes
19
Hertzian Contact
Yes
20
Keshavarzian
Yes
21
Widodo Foundation
Yes
22
Li-Xinrong Column
No
23
Bouc
Yes
24
Remennikov
No
25
Takeda with slip
Yes
26
Yes
27
Peak Oriented
Yes
28
Yes
29
Yes
30
Elastomeric Spring
Yes
31
Composite Section
No
32
Yes
33
Yes
34
Yes
35
Degrading Bi-linear Hysteresis
Yes
36
Yes
37
Yes
38
Yes
39
Dodd-Restrepo Steel
Yes
40
Yes
41
Pyke Ramberg-Osgood
Yes
42
HERA-SHJ
Yes
43
Resetting Origin
Yes

IHYST
Hysteresis Rule
ITYPE = 1,3 or 4
44
Pampanin
Yes
45
Yes
46
Dean Saunders Concrete Column
Yes
47
Yes
48
Isotropic Strain Hard Bi-linear
Yes
49
Isotropic Strain Hard Ramberg
Yes
50
Yes
51
Two-Four Hysteretic Damper
Yes
52
Schoettler-Restrepo
Yes
53
Rajesh Dhakal Steel
Yes
54
Brian Peng Concrete
Yes
55
Yes
56
Modified SINA
Yes
57
Revised TAKEDA Hysteresis
Yes
58
Shape Memory Alloy
Yes
59
Yes
60
IBARRA Pinching
Yes
61
Yes
62
IBARRA Bi-linear
Yes
63
Yes

IHYST
Hysteresis Rule
ITYPE = 1,2 or 4
Elastic
Yes
Elasto-Plastic
Yes
Bi-linear
Yes
Ramberg-Osgood
Yes
Takeda
Yes
Yes
Kivell
Yes
Origin-Centered
Yes
SINA
Yes
Stewart
Yes
10
Degrading Bi-linear
Yes
11
Clough
Yes
12
Q-HYST
Yes
13
Muto
Yes
14
Fukada
Yes
15
Bi-linear Elastic
Yes
16
Non-Linear Elastic
Yes
17
Degrading Elastic
Yes
18
Ring-Spring
Yes
19
Hertzian Contact
Yes
20
Keshavarzian
Yes
21
Widodo Foundation
Yes
22
Li-Xinrong Column
No
23
Bouc
Yes
24
Remennikov
No
25
Takeda with slip
Yes
26
Yes
27
Peak Oriented
Yes
28
Yes
29
Yes
30
Elastomeric Spring
Yes
31
Composite Section
No
32
Yes
33
Yes
34
Yes
35
Yes
36
Yes
37
Yes
38
Yes
39
Dodd-Restrepo Steel
Yes
40
Yes
41
Pyke Ramberg-Osgood
Yes
42
HERA-SHJ
No
43
Resetting Origin
Yes
10

IHYST
Hysteresis Rule
ITYPE = 1,2 or 4
44
Pampanin
Yes
45
Yes
46
Yes
47
Yes
48
Isotropic Strain Hard. Bi-lineaqr
Yes
49
Yes
50
Yes
51
Yes
52
Schoettler-Restrepo
Yes
53
Rajesh Dhakal Steel
Yes
54
Brian Peng Concrete
Yes
55
Yes
56
Modified SINA
Yes
57
Yes
58
Shape Memory Alloy
Yes
59
Yes
60
IBARRA Pinching
Yes
61
Yes
62
IBARRA Bi-linear
Yes
63
Yes
11
Use of Hysteresis Rules for Foundation members in RUAUM OKO-2D and RUAUM OKO-3D
IHYST
Hysteresis Rule
ITYPE = 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5
Elastic
Yes
Elasto-Plastic
Yes
Bi-linear
Yes
Ramberg-Osgood
Yes
Takeda
Yes
No
Kivell
No
Origin-Centered
No
SINA
Yes
Stewart
No
10
Degrading Bi-linear
Yes
11
Clough
Yes
12
Q-HYST
Yes
13
Muto
Yes
14
Fukada
Yes
15
Bi-linear Elastic
Yes
16
Non-Linear Elastic
No
17
Degrading Elastic
No
18
Ring-Spring
No
19
Hertzian Contact
No
20
Keshavarzian
Yes
21
Widodo Foundation
Yes
22
Li-Xinrong Column
No
23
Bouc
Yes
24
Remennikov
No
25
Takeda with slip
No
26
Yes
27
Peak Oriented
No
28
Yes
29
No
30
Elastomeric Spring
No
31
Composite Section
No
32
Yes
33
No
34
Yes
35
Yes
36
Yes
37
Yes
38
Yes
39
Dodd-Restrepo Steel
No
40
Yes
41
Pyke Ramberg-Osgood
Yes
42
HERA-SHJ
No
43
Resetting Origin
No
12
Use of Hysteresis Rules for Foundation members in RUAUM OKO-2D and RUAUM OKO-3D
IHYST
Hysteresis Rule
ITYPE = 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5
44
Pampanin
Yes
45
Yes
46
Yes
47
Yes
48
Yes
49
Yes
50
Yes
51
No
52
Schoettler-Restrepo
No
53
Rajesh Dhakal Steel
No
54
Brian Peng Concrete
No
55
No
56
Modified SINA
Yes
57
Yes
58
Shape Memory Alloy
No
59
Yes
60
IBARRA Pinching
Yes
61
Yes
62
IBARRA Bi-linear
Yes
63
Yes
13
Use of Strength Degradation and Damage Indices in RUAUM OKO-2D and RUAUM OKO-3D
IHYST
Hysteresis Rule
Strength Degradation
Damage Indices
Elastic
No
No
Elasto-Plastic
Yes
Yes
Bi-linear
Yes
Yes
Ramberg-Osgood
Yes
Yes
Takeda
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Kivell
Yes
Yes
Origin-Centered
Yes
Yes
SINA
Yes
Yes
Stewart
Yes
Yes
10
Degrading Bi-linear
Yes
Yes
11
Clough
Yes
Yes
12
Q-HYST
Yes
Yes
13
Muto
Yes
Yes
14
Fukada
Yes
Yes
15
Bi-linear Elastic
No
No
16
Non-Linear Elastic
No
No
17
Degrading Elastic
No
No
18
Ring-Spring
No
No
19
Hertzian Contact
No
No
20
Keshavarzian
Yes
Yes
21
Widodo Foundation
No
Yes
22
Li-Xinrong Column
No
Yes
23
Bouc
No*
Yes
24
Remennikov
No
Yes
25
Takeda with slip
Yes
Yes
26
Yes
Yes
27
Peak Oriented
Yes
Yes
28
No*
Yes
29
No
Yes
30
Elastomeric Spring
No
No
31
Composite Section
Yes
Yes
32
Yes
Yes
33
No
Yes
34
Yes
Yes
35
No
No
36
Yes
Yes
37
No
No
38
Yes
Yes
39
Dodd-Restrepo Steel
No
Yes
40
Bounded ramberg-Osgood
Yes
Yes
41
Pyke Ramberg-Osgood
Yes
Yes
42
HERA-SHJ
Yes
No
43
Resetting Origin
No
No
14
Use of Strength Degradation and Damage Indices in RUAUM OKO-2D and RUAUM OKO-3D
IHYST
Hysteresis Rule
Strength Degradation
Damage Indices
44
Pampanin
No
No
45
Yes
Yes
46
Yes
Yes
47
Yes
No
48
No
Yes
49
No
Yes
50
Yes
Yes
51
No
No
52
Schoettler-Restrepo
No
No
53
Rajesh Dhakal Steel
No
No
54
Brian Peng Concrete
No
No
55
No
No
56
Modified SINA
Yes
Yes
57
Yes
Yes
58
Shape Memory Alloy
Yes
No
59
Yes
Yes
60
IBARRA Pinching
No
Yes
61
No
Yes
62
IBARRA Bi-linear
No
Yes
63
No
Yes
15
Notes on notation for hysteresis rules:

In all of the diagram s associated with the hysteresis rules the following notation is used.
F is the force or m om ent in the m em ber.
d is the deform ation or curvature in the m em ber.
K 0 is the initial elastic stiffness, i.e. the EI of a flexural beam or beam colum n, the AE/L for the axial
stiffness of a beam or beam colum n, or the stiffness K of a spring m em ber.
F y is the yield force or m om ent.
r is the bi-linear factor or Ram berg-Osgood factor.
: is the ductility where : = d / d y where, in general, the yield displacem ent d y = F y / K 0
Som e of these rules require further data which is described in the following pages.
Notes on the preceding tables:
If a hysteresis rule is selected and the rule is not allowed for that m em ber then an error m essage is
printed in the output for the section properties and the analysis will be term inated.
Yes* im plies that the hysteresis rule is now allowed for colum n m em bers. However, the effects on the
sm all-cycle hysteresis loops of the yield m om ents varying with the changes in the axial force in the
m em ber have not been studied.
If both Strength Degradation and Dam age Indices are selected then the effects of Strength Degradation
on the com puted Dam age Indices is uncertain and a warning is printed after reading the m em ber
properties.
If Strength Reduction or Dam age Indices are not allowed for the specified Hysteresis Rule and they are
specified in the input data, the data is read and then the control param eters ILOS and/or IDAM G are
reset to zero. W arnings of these re-settings are printed in the output.
No*. The Bouc and Matsushim a Hysteresis rules have their own strength degradation capability.
Dam age indices for the m asonry strut hysteresis only outputs the hysteretic work done.
For the Ruaum oko (2D) version Spring m em ber ITYPE=2 is tri-linear hysteresis only. If ITYPE=3 then
the SINA hysteresis is used for the transverse (local y) direction.
For the Ruaum oko (2D) version the Fram e m em ber ITYPE=7, the four hinge beam has the allowable
hysteresis table that follow the sam e rules as that for the variable flexibility beam .
16
DEGRADING STIFFNESS param eters

IHYST = 0
Linear Elastic. - No further data required.
Linear Elastic Hysteresis
17
IHYST = 1 Elasto-Plastic Hysteresis. - No further data required.

Note: This rule is not available for Variable Flexibility Beam Mem bers.
Elasto-Plastic Hysteresis
18
IHYST = 2
Bi-Linear Inelastic. - No further data required.
Bi-Linear Hysteresis
19
IHYST = 3 RAMBERG-OSGOOD Hysteresis [Kaldjian 1967] - No further data required.

Note:
The bi-linear factor in the section data is used as the Ram berg-Osgood factor r and m ust be
greater than or equal to 1.0
Ramberg-Osgood Hysteresis
20
It m ust be noted that the Ram berg-Osgood loop works well when large cycle loops are exercised but an offset of the forces can occur in som e sm all cycles as is shown in the diagram above. In 1984 the Ram bergOsgood hysteresis loop in Ruaum oko was m odified to bound the forces within an envelope obtained by the
loops from the m axim um and m inim um displacem ents. In the year 2000 the Ram berg-Osgood loop reverted
to its original definition and the bounded version was m oved to IHYST = 40.
21
IHYST = 4 Modified TAKEDA Hysteresis [Otani 1974].

Modified Takeda rule.
ALFA BETA NF KKK
ALFA
BETA
NF
KKK
Note:
Unloading stiffness
Reloading stiffness
Reloading stiffness power factor
=1; Unloading as in DRAIN-2D
=2; Unloading as by Emori and
(0.0 # ALFA # 0.5)

(0.0 # BETA # 0.6)
(NF $ 1)
F
F
I
I
Schnobrich
Increasing ALFA decreases the unloading stiffness and increasing BETA increases the reloading
stiffness. The power factor NF is usually taken as 1.0
M odified Takeda Hysteresis
22
IHYST = 5 Bi-linear with Slackness Hysteresis.

The bi-linear with slackness m odel can be used to represent diagonal braced system s where yield in in one
direction m ay stretch the m em bers leading to slackness in the bracing system . The m odel allows for either
yield in com pression, in say a cross-braced system , or for a sim ple elastic buckling in com pression which
would be m ore appropriate in a single brace m em ber.
Bi-linear with Slackness rule.
GAP+ GAP- IM ODE RCOM P C EPS0 ILOG
GAP+
GAPIM ODE
RCOM P
C
EPS0
ILOG
Initial slackness, positive direction.

( > 0.0)
Initial slackness, negative direction
( < 0.0)
= 0; Default case, norm al rule holds
= 1; Bi-linear elastic buckling in com pression.
= 2; Bi-linear Elastic in Tension and Com pression
Bi-linear Factor r in Com pression
Strain-Rate Constant (if # 0.0 Strain-rate effects are ignored)
Quasi-static Strain-rate
(if # 0.0 then C = 0.0)
= 0; Natural Logarithm s are used for Strain-rate effects
= 1; Base 10 Logarithm s are used for Strain-rate effects
F
F
I
F
F
F
I
Notes:
1
Concrete and Steel Beam -colum n sections require GAP+ = - GAP-.
2
If no value is prescribed for RCOM P, i.e. there are less than four item s on the line or RCOM P is the
word DEFAULT or D then the bi-linear factor in com pression is the sam e as that for tension.
3
For the SPRING m em bers the hysteresis data is the sam e for all actions. If different properties are
desired in the different actions then separate m em bers should be used for the different actions. The
default bi-linear factor is that for the force com ponents.
4
If the strain rate constant C is non zero then the positive and negative yield forces are m ultiplied by the
factor
where
is the current strain rate and
is the quasi-static strain rate EPS0.
Bi-Linear w ith Slackness Hysteresis
23
HYST = 6 KIVELL Degrading Stiffness [Kivell 1981].

The pinching m odel of Kivell was designed to represent the behaviour of the nails in steel nail-plates
connecting tim ber m em bers together at the joints. The assum ed cubic unloading-reloading curve is
represented by three straight lines.
Kivell Degrading rule.
ALFA
ALFA
Unloading stiffness (0.0 # ALFA # 0.4)
Kivell Degrading Hysteresis
24
IHYST = 7 Origin-Centered Bi-linear Hysteresis - No further data is required,

On unloading and on subsequent reloading the path is on a line passing through the origin.
Origin-Centred Hysteresis
25
IHYST = 8
SINA Degrading Tri-linear Hysteresis. [Saiidi 1979].
SINA Degrading Tri-linear rule.

ALFA BETA FCR(i)+ FCR(i)- FCC(i)
ALFA
BETA
FCR(i)+
FCR(i)FCC(i)
Bi-linear factor (positive cracking to yield)

Bi-linear factor (negative cracking to yield)
Cracking m om ent or force at i
Crack closing m om ent or force at i
( > 0.0)
( < 0.0)
( > 0.0)
F
F
F
F
F
Notes:
1.
The i refers to the different actions on the m em ber, see the m em ber data descriptions for the num ber of
actions and which action they refer to.
2.
Concrete and Steel Beam -colum n sections require sym m etry in m om ents and thus
FCR(i)- = - FCR(i)+ etc. and that ALFA = BETA
SINA Degrading Tri-linear Hysteresis
26
IHYST = 9
W ayne Stewart Degrading Stiffness Hysteresis. [Stewart 1984].
This very general rule was initially developed by W ayne Stewart for the representation of tim ber fram ed
structural walls sheathed in plywood nailed to the fram ework. The m odel allows for initial slackness as well as
subsequent degradation of the stiffness as the nails enlarged the holes and withdrew them selves from the
fram ework.
Stewart Degrading with slackness rule.
FU FI PTRI PUNL GAP+ GAP- BETA ALPHA LOOP
FU
FI
PTRI
PUNL
GAP+
GAPBETA
ALPHA
LOOP
Ultim ate force or m om ent

(>
Intercept force or m om ent
(>
Tri-linear factor beyond ultim ate force or m om ent
Unloading stiffness factor
(>
Initial slackness, positive axis
(>
Initial slackness, negative axis
(<
Beta or Softening factor
($
Reloading or Pinch power factor
(#
=0
Loop as defined
=1
Modified loop
0.0)
0.0)
1.0)
0.0)
0.0)
1.0)
1.0)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
I
Notes:
Concrete and Steel Beam -colum n sections require GAP+ = - GAP- and that all other
com ponents m aintain sym m etry about the zero force or m om ent axis
This rule is not available for the Variable Flexibility or 4-Hinge Beam m em bers.
M odified loop;
Mem ber section yield values are taken as Fu+ and Fu- and the Fu on this line is taken as Fy+ and Fy-.
This m odification allows the use of strength degradation. In the original m odel strength degradation
affects only the cracking m om ents Fy and not Fu. Also the PTRI (read as part of this data line) and r
(read as part of the m em ber section data) are interchanged.
W ayne Stew art Degrading Hysteresis
27
Operation of W ayne Stew art Hysteresis rule

Note: Vos = Fi etc.
28
W ayne Stewart used the following hysteresis values in his plywood wall exam ples [Stewart 1984].
FU
FI
PTRI
PUNL
BETA
ALPHA
Exam ple:
= 1.5 tim es yield force or m om ent

= 0.25 tim es yield force or m om ent
= 0.0
= 1.45
= 1.09
= 0.38
The diagram below shows the use of the m odified W ayne-Stewart hysteresis loop to m odel a pre1970 reinforced concrete colum n hinge where plain round longitudinal reinforcem ent bars are
used [Liu,2001]. The two loops com pare the observed experim ental loop with that com puted using
the program HYSTERES using the following param eters
Section Stiffness properties

K0
=
51.1 kN/m m
R
=
0.001
FY+
=
+58.4 kN
FY=
-58.4 kN
IHYST=9 Stiffness Degradation param eters (see preceding pages)
FRC (i.e. FU)
=
27.6 kN
FI
=
6.0 kN
PTRI
=
0.14
PUNL
=
1.1
GAP+
=
0.0
GAP=
0.0
BETA
=
1.2
ALPHA
=
0.8
LOOP
=
1
There is no strength degradation applied in this exam ple.
29
IHYST = 10
Degrading Bi-linear Hysteresis. [Otani 1981].
This is sim ilar to the Bi-linear rule except that the stiffness degrades with increasing inelastic deform ation.
Degrading Bi-linear rule.
ALFA
ALFA
Degrading Bi-linear Rule
30
IHYST = 11
CLOUGH Degrading Hysteresis. [Otani 1981] - No further data is required.
This rule was the first degrading stiffness rules to represent reinforced concrete m em bers. The rule is the
sam e as the m odified TAKEDA rule with the param eters ALFA and BETA both equal to 0.0.
Clough Degrading Stiffness Hysteresis
31
IHYST = 12
Q-HYST Degrading Stiffness Hysteresis. [Saiidi 1979].
This rule is the sam e as the Modified Takeda rule with the param eter BETA set to 0.0 and unloading as per
Em ori and Schnobrich.
Q-HYST Degrading rule.
ALFA
ALFA
Note:

This rule is not available for the Variable Flexibility and 4-Hinge Beam Mem bers.
Q-HYST Degrading Stiffness Hysteresis
32
IHYST = 13
MUTO Degrading Tri-linear Hysteresis. [Muto 1973].
After cracking the m odel is an Origin-Centered rule. After yield is reached the m odel becom e a Bi-linear
hysteresis with the equivalent elastic stiffness equal to the secant stiffness to the yield point.
Muto Degrading Tri-linear rule.
ALFA FCR(i)+ FCR(i)-
ALFA
FCR(i)+
FCR(i)-
Bi-linear factor (cracking to yield)

( > 0.0)
( < 0.0)
F
F
F
Notes:
1.
2.
Concrete and Steel Beam -colum n sections require sym m etry in m om ents and therefore
FCR(i)- = - FCR(i)+ etc.
M uto Degrading Tri-linear Hysteresis
33
IHYST = 14
FUKADA Degrading Tri-linear Hysteresis. [Fukada 1969].
Fukada Degrading Tri-linear rule.

ALFA BETA FCR(i)+ FCR(i)-
ALFA
BETA
FCR(i)+
FCR(i)-
Bi-linear factor (cracking to yield)

Unloading Stiffness factor (see Takeda ALFA)
Cracking m om ent or force at i ( > 0.0)
Cracking m om ent or force at i ( < 0.0)
F
F
F
F
Notes:
1.
2.
Concrete and Steel Beam -colum n sections require sym m etry in m om ents and thus
FCR(i)- = - FCR(i)+ etc.
Fukada Degrading Tri-linear Hysteresis
34
IHYST = 15
Bi-linear Elastic Hysteresis. - No further data is required.
This rule is sim ilar to the Bi-linear hysteresis except that the rule unloads elastically down the sam e path which
m eans that no hysteretic energy is dissipated..
Bi-linear Elastic Rule
35
IHYST = 16
Non-linear Elastic Hysteresis - No further data is required.
This non-linear elastic m odel represents the non-linear behaviour of face-loaded m asonry wall units.
No hysteretic energy is dissipated.
Non-linear Elastic Rule (URM )
36
IHYST = 17
Degrading Elastic Rule. - No further data is required.
The degradation of the elastic stiffness is proportional to the am ount of equivalent ductility. This equivalent
ductility is equal to the displacem ent divided by the nom inal yield deform ation.
Degrading Elastic Rule
37
IHYST = 18
Ring-Spring Hysteresis. [Hill 1994]
This device can be used as a seism ic energy dissipation device. The default m odel operates in the com pressive
force - com pressive displacem ent quadrant of the force-displacem ent plot.
Ring-Spring
RSTEEP RLOW ER DXINIT
RSTEEP
RLOW ER
DXINIT
KTYPE
KLOOP
Note:
1.
2.
3.
KTYPE KLOOP
Unloading Steep Stiffness factor (usually greater than 1.0)

Unloading Lower Stiffness factor (usually less than the Bi-linear factor)
Initial Displacem ent
= 0 ; Uni-directional,
= 1 ; Bi-directional
= 0 ; New Definition,
= 1 ; Original Definition.
F
F
F
I
I
This rule is norm ally only available for the Spring Mem bers. In this case do not supply yield data as the
yield point is defined by DXINIT, see below.
The rule m ay be used for the flexural com ponents of the Giberson one-com ponent beam option of the
FRAME m em bers when it would norm ally be expected to be used in the bi-directional m ode. It m ay also
be used for the axial com ponent of the Giberson beam m em bers provided the beam has no flexural
stiffness i.e. EI is zero, representing a truss-like action. In both of these cases the appropriate yield
m om ents or yield forces m ust be provided with dum m y non-zero values (the actual yield values are
com puted internally by the hysteresis rule but non-zero yield forces or m om ents are required in order that
the m em ber is treated as non-linear).
W hen initial pre-stress (FRAME m em bers) or pre-load (SPRING m em bers) forces are applied to the Unidirectional Ring-spring (KTYPE = 0) they m ust be com pressive (i.e. negative) forces.
Ring-Spring Hysteresis
38
IHYST = 19
Hertzian Contact Spring Hysteresis Rule. [Davis 1992]
The Hertzian contact spring is useful for m odelling the contact between im pacting structures. It really m odels
contact between spheres but this seem s to be used in wider applications. It is only available for the SPRING
m em bers and the CONTACT m em bers.
Hertzian Contact Spring
M PP M PN
M PP
M PN
PFP
PFN
GAP+
GAP-
PFP PFN
GAP+ GAP-
Stiffness Multiplier for Positive Displacem ent

Stiffness Multiplier for Negative Displacem ent
Power factor for Positive Displacem ent
Power factor for Negative Displacem ent
Initial slackness in Positive direction ($ 0.0)
Initial slackness in Negative direction (# 0.0)
Hertzian Contact Spring
39
F
F
F
F
F
F
IHYST = 20
MEHRAN KESHAVARZIAN Degrading and Pinching Hysteresis. [Keshavarzian 1984]
Mehran Keshavarian Degrading and Pinching rule.

ALFA
ALFA
Note:
Unloading stiffness (0.0 # ALFA # 0.5) (see Takeda)

This rule is not available for the Variable Flexibility and 4-Hinge Beam Mem bers.
M ehran Keshavarian Hysteresis
40
IHYST = 21
W IDODO Foundation Com pliance Model.[W idodo 1995]
These non-linear elastic rules are designed to m odel foundation com pliance springs including the m odelling of
a wall footing that can suffer partial or tip uplift. This is only appropriate to SPRING m em bers, see section 12..
W idodo Foundation Compliance.
A(i) P(i) Q(i)
A(i)
P(i)
Q(i)
Multiplier for i th Com ponent

Power Factor for First part of i th Com ponent
Power Factor for Second Part of i th Com ponent
F
F
F
Notes:
1.
The i refers to the different actions on the m em ber, see the m em ber data descriptions for the num ber
of actions and which action they refer to.
2.
This rule is not available for the Variable Flexibility Beam m em bers.
W idodo Foundation Com pliance
41
IHYST = 22
Li XINRONG Reinforced Concrete Column Hysteresis. [Li Xinrong 1994]
This rule is only available for the Reinforced Concrete colum n option for the FRAME m em bers, see section 11.
The degrading rule m odifies the stiffness of the m em ber to allow for the effects due to variation of the axial force
acting in the colum n.
Li Xinrong Degrading Reinforced Concrete Column.
FPC RHO PB U ALFA BETA PINCH
FPC
RHO
PB
U
ALFA
BETA
PINCH
Concrete Com pressive Strength f'c

( < 0.0)
Percentage Longitudinal Steel content
Yield Mom ent - Axial Force Diagram
Balance Axial Force
Unloading Coefficient
(0.7 to 1.0)
(Li Xinrong used 0.9)
Factor for unloading
(0.5 to 1.0)
(Li Xinrong used 0.9)
Factor used in relocation of unloading point
(0.8)
Pinching Factor
(0.7 to 0.9)
Li Xinrong Reinforced Concrete Column Hysteresis
42
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
IHYST = 23
BOUC Hysteresis Rule. [W en 1976]
This very general param etric hysteresis rule gives a sm ooth transition of the change of stiffness as the
deform ation of the m em ber changes. It has been used to represent lead-rubber bridge bearings or energy
dissipators [Bessasson 1992] and has been used for the analysis of inelastic buildings subjected to random
vibration [Baber 1981].
Bouc Degrading Stiffness.
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 N D3 D4 D5 M ODE INIT
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
N
D3
D4
D5
M ODE
Loop Fatness param eter

( 0.1 to 0.9)
Loop Pinching param eter
(-0.9 to 0.9)
Stiffness param eter
(usually 1.0)
Degradation param eter
(usually 1.0)
Strength param eter
(usually 1.0)
Power Factor, Controls Abruptness
(1 to 3, usually
Strength Degradation param eter
(0.0 to 0.1)
Loop Size Degradation
(0.0 to 0.2)
Stiffness Degradation
(0.0 to 0.2)
= 0 Constantinou Version
= 1 Baber and W en Version
= 0 Norm al
= 1 Bi-linear until first unloading after yielding
INIT
Note:
1)
(0.0 no degradation)
F
F
F
F
F
I
F
F
F
This rule is not available for the Beam -Colum n Mem bers
Bouc Hysteresis Versions

Baber and W en
Constantinou
where and are the displacem ent velocity,

is the elastic stiffness, is the bi-linear factor and
is the yield
displacem ent.
is the yield force and
is the change in displacem ent. Q is the force in the spring and F is
the current stiffness factor. The tangent stiffness is
.
and
are the Bouc hysteresis control
param eters,
is the power factor.
43
The Bouc rule is controller by the param eter , which in RUAUMOKO is initially 0.0 and is integrated step-by-step
as in the above equations. The rule is such that at the static analysis
which m eans that the initial
stiffness is the bi-linear stiffness and the force in the mem ber is proportional to the bi-linear stiffness and the
displacem ent. To over com e som e of these effects an option is to force the rule to be bi-linear until reversal after
the first yield. A result is that there is a m arked reduction in m em ber force at the change of rule. further work is
being done to fully understand the im plications of the use of this hysteresis.
Bouc Hysteresis Rule
44
IHYST = 24
REMENNIKOV Steel Brace Mem ber Hysteresis.
Represents the out-of-plane buckling of a steel brace m em ber.

REMENNIKOV Steel Brace rule.
Iminor Sminor k ALFA BETA THETA0 E1 E2 E3 E4 N SHAPE
Iminor
Sminor
k
ALFA
BETA
THETA0
E1
E2
E3
E4
N
SHAPE
Second Mom ent of Area about Minor axis

Plastic Section Modulus about Minor axis
Effective Length Param eter
(L eff = kL)
Strain Hardening Alpha
(1.0 # " # 1.5)
Beta factor
($ > 1.0) recom m ended range 1.2 to 1.4
Initial out-of-straightness (length units)
Effective m odulus e1
(>0.0)
(>0.0)
(>0.0)
= 0; ALFA above used for strain hardening effects.
= 1; Built-in strain hardening rule and ALFA is reset to 1.0
= 1; Flanged section such as an I section.
= 2; Circular hollow section
= 3; RHS or SHS section
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
I
I
Notes:
1.
This hysteresis is available only for the Giberson One-com ponent beam and the Steel beam -colum n
options of the FRAME m em ber type. (see Section 11a)
2.
The m em ber only perm its this hysteresis in the axial component. The m em ber is assum ed to be bi-linear
in flexure (provided the yield m om ents are non-zero in sections 11e or 11g).
3.
The beam or beam -colum n cross-section area and the axial yield forces in section 11e or the yield
interaction forces and m om ents in section 11g m ust be supplied.
4.
It is recom m ended that Iteration on Residuals, say M AXIT = 3 and FTEST = 0.001, be used with this rule
(see section 5).
5.
It is recom m ended that a sm all tim e step be used so that the transitions within the rule m ay be followed.
Steel Brace M ember Hysteresis
45
Definition of Dif
46
Idealization Curves for Tangent M odulus History
Tangent M odulus Axial Force Relationship
Analytical Axial Force Plastic Hinge Rotation Curve
47
IHYST = 25
TAKEDA with SLIP Hysteresis. [Kabeyasawa 1983]
This rule allows slip when the deform ation reloads in the m em ber strong direction.
TAKEDA with SLIP rule.
ALFA BETA1 BETA2 FC(i) RC(i)
ALFA
BETA1
BETA2
FC(i)
RC(i)
Unloading Degradation param eter (see Takeda ALFA)

Slipping stiffness param eter
Re-loading stiffness param eter
Cracking Force for Com ponent i
Cracking Displacem ent for Com ponent i
(0.0 # ALFA # 1.0)
( > 0.0)
( > 0.0)
F
F
F
F
F
Notes:
1.
2.
The initial elastic stiffness supplied with the section properties is the secant stiffness passing through the
origin and the yield points on the m em ber hysteresis curve.
3.
The yield points in the negative direction for com ponent i is at ( -FC(i), -RC(i) )
4.
Slip only occurs when re-loading towards the stronger direction.
Takeda with Slip Hysteresis
48
The following exam ple show the use of the Takeda with Slip hysteresis loop to m odel the behaviour of a pre-1970
reinforced concrete beam which is reinforced with plain round bar reinforcem ent [Liu, 2001]. The loops show the
observed experim ental loop and the m atching loop from the program HYSTERES using the loop param eters
provided below.
Section Property param eters

K0
=
10.4 kN/m m
R
=
0.05
YP+
=
+93.4 kN
YP=
-61.4 kN
IHYST=25 Stiffness Degradation param eters (see previous page)
ALFA =
0.2
BETA1 =
1.2
BETA2 =
1.5
FC
=
26.9 kN
RC
=
-0.65 m m
Strength Degradation param eters
ILOS =
1
DUCT1 =
3
DUCT2 =
8
RDUCT=
0.3
DUCT3 =
10
49
IHYST = 26
AL-BERMANI Bounding-surface Hysteresis. [Zhu, 1995]
This rule allows for the Bauschinger effects in steel m em bers by using a bounding surface rather than the m ore
often used but m ore com plicated Ram berg-Osgood functions.
Bounding Surface rule.
ALFA BETA
ALFA
BETA
Positive ALFA (0.0<ALFA<0.9)

Negative BETA (0.0<BETA<0.9)
F
F
Notes:
1.
The bi-linear factor p m ust be greater then 0.001. (see section 11c or section 12a)
This lim itation on p should prevent m athem atical difficulties with the logarithm ic and exponential
functions.
2
The use of this rule in Concrete and Steel Beam colum n m em bers will require sym m etry in the actions
at each end, i.e. ALFA = BETA etc.
Bounding-Surface Hysteresis
50
IHYST = 27
PEAK Oriented Hysteresis. - No further data is required.
This rule is sim ilar to the Origin Centered rule except that on unloading the force-displacem ent relationship m oves
along a line to the m axim um force-displacem ent point in the opposite direction. If yield has not occurred in that
direction the opposite yield point is used as the target.
Peak Oriented Hysteresis
51
IHYST = 28
MATSUSHIMA Strength Reduction Hysteresis. [Matsushim a 1969]
This rule represents the behaviour of short reinforced concrete colum ns failing in shear. The rule uses basically
a bi-linear hysteresis but that the elastic stiffness and strength degrade every tim e unloading takes place from
the post-yield part of the bi-linear force displacem ent curve.
Matsushima rule.
A B
A
B
Stiffness Multiplier A
Strength Multiplier B
(0.0 < A < 1.0)

(0.0 < B < 1.0)
F
F
Notes:
1.
A and B are raised to then power N where N is the num ber of tim es the system unloads from the bi-linear
force-displacem ent hysteresis back-bone.
M atsushima Degrading Hysteresis
52
IHYST = 29
KATO Degrading Shear Model. [Kato 1983]
Represents the behaviour of a reinforced concrete m em ber failing in shear. A tri-linear skeleton curve with a
falling bi-linear part is used.
Kato Shear rule.
PTRI ALFA BETA GAM M A FU(i)+ FU(i)-
PTRI
ALFA
BETA
GAM M A
FU(i)+
FU(i)-
Tri-linear Factor
Unloading Degrading Factor
Slip Stiffness Factor
Slip Length Factor
Positive FU at com ponent i
Negative FU at com ponent i
(m ust be less than or equal to zero)

(0 < ALFA < 1) (see Takeda)
(0 # BETA < 1)
(0 # GAM M A < 1)
(>0.0)
(<0.0)
F
F
F
F
F
F
Notes:
1.
2.
The bi-linear factor p m ust be less than 0.0 and less than the tri-linear factor PTRI. (see section 11c or
section 12a)
3.
The actions FU should less than the appropriate yield actions FY.
4.
The use of this rule in Concrete m em bers will require sym m etry in the actions at each end, i.e. FU(i)+
= -FU(i)- etc.
5.
For reinforced concrete m em bers failing in shear the recom m ended values are ALFA = 0.4, BETA = 0.6
and GAM M A = 0.95.
6.
For reinforced concrete m em bers flexure dom inated m em bers the recom m ended values are ALFA =
0.2, BETA = 0.0 and GAM M A = 0.0.
KATO Shear Hysteresis
53
IHYST = 30
Elastom eric Spring Dam per Hysteresis. [Pekcan 1995]
Represents a double-acting elastom eric spring which has resistance due to both displacem ent and velocity. The
stiffness properties are basically bi-linear elastic.
Elastomeric Spring Damper rule.
C
DM AX ALFA
C
DM AX
ALFA
Dam per Constant

Maxim um Dam per Stroke
Velocity Exponent
($0.0)
($0.0)
(>0.0)
F
F
F
Notes:
1.
The force F D in the elastom eric dam per is given by
2.
3.
where the d is the displacem ent of the spring and where K 0 is the initial stiffness of the device and is the
longitudinal spring stiffness of the m em ber. The stiffness rK 0 is the stiffness after the prestress F y is
overcom e where r is the bi-linear factor for the spring m em ber. The prestress force F y is taken as the
positive longitudinal yield force of the m em ber and if the prestress is zero the spring stiffness is taken
as constant equal to rK 0.
If DM AX is zero then the ratio of d to d max is taken as 1.0. This has the effect of taking the exponent $
in the reference paper as zero.
The exponent ALFA was taken as 0.2 in the reference.
Elastom eric Spring Damper
54
IHYST = 31
Com posite Section. - Modified SINA Hysteresis.
This rule allows for the m odelling of com posite concrete-steel beam s or concrete T beam s where the behaviour
is different in the positive and negative flexural actions.
Composite Section rule.
BETA FCR(i) FCC(i)
BETA
FCR(i)
FCC(i)
Stiffness Factor Cracking to Yield in Negative direction

Cracking Force in Negative direction at com ponent i
Cracking Closing Force at com ponent i
(ALFA < 1.0)

(FRC(i) < 0.0)
(FCC(i) < 0.0)
F
F
F
Notes:
1.
2.
The post cracking stiffness factor BETA m ust be greater than the bi-linear factor r (see m em ber
properties sections)
Composite Section Hysteresis
55
IHYST = 32
Different Positive and Negative Stiffness. Modified Bi-linear Hysteresis.
This rule allows for different stiffnesses in the positive and negative directions. The basic hysteresis rule is a
m odification of the degrading Bi-linear rule.
Different Positive and Negative Stiffness rule.
ALFA BETA
ALFA
BETA
Negative stiffness factor of the positive stiffness

Unloading Degrading Factor, see TAKEDA ALFA
Different Positive-Negative Stiffness Hysteresis
56
(ALFA > 0.1)

(0.0 < BETA < 0.9)
F
F
IHYST = 33
Masonry Strut Hysteresis (Crisafulli 1997).
This rule allows for the m odelling of m asonry panels in fram ed structures. If the strut m odel is used with the
spring m em bers then only the longitudinal stiffness is specified for the strut m em ber and two struts are required
to m odel each panel, one strut across each diagonal of the panel. The m asonry strut hysteresis is also used for
the Masonry Panel Elem ent where four struts represent the panel together with a shear spring..
Masonry Strut Hysteresis rule.
Stress-strain relationship
FC FT UC UUL UCL EM O GUN ARE
FC
FT
UC
UUL
UCL
EM O
GUN
ARE
Com pressive strength (stress units)

Tensile strength (stress units)
Strain at FC
Ultim ate strain
Closing strain
Initial m asonry m odulus
Stiffness unloading factor
Strain reloading factor
(FC < 0.0)

(FT > 0.0)
(UC < 0.0)
(UUL < 0.0) (UUL # 1.5 UC)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
(EM O $ 2 FC/UC)
(GUN $ 1.0)
(ARE > 0.0)
Strut data
AREA1 AREA2 R1 R2 IENV
AREA1 Initial strut cross-sectional area

(AREA1 > 0.0)
AREA2 Final strut cross-sectional area
(AREA2 # AREA1)
R1
Displacem ent at 1
(R1 < 0.0)
R2
Displacem ent at 2
(R2 # R1)
IENV
= 0 ; Sargin stress-strain envelope descending branch
= 1 ; Parabolic stress-strain envelope descending branch
57
F
F
F
F
I
M asonry Strut Strength Envelope
M asonry Strut Hysteresis
58
Notes:
FC
The com pressive strength f 'm2 is the m ain param eter controlling the resistance of the strut. It m ust be
noted that FC does not represent the standard com pressive stress of m asonry but should be adopted
taking into account the inclination of the com pressive principal stresses and the m ode of failure expected
in the m asonry panel. See Crisafulli 1997.
FT
Tensile strength f't represents the tensile strength of the m asonry or the bond strength of the panel-fram e
interface, whichever is sm allest. The consideration of the tensile strength has been introduced in the
m odel in order to gain generality. However, results obtained from different exam ples indicate that the
tensile strength, which is generally m uch sm aller than the com pressive strength, has no significant
influence on the overall response. Therefore, in the absence of m ore detailed inform ation, the tensile
strength can be assum ed to be zero.
UC
The strain at m axim um stress g'm usually varies between -0.002 and -0.005 and its m ain effect on the
overall response of the infilled fram e is the m odification of the secant stiffness of the ascending branch
of the stress-strain curve.
UUL
The ultim ate strain g u is used to control the descending branch of the stress-strain relationship. W hen
a large value is adopted for, exam ple g u = 20 g'm , a sm ooth decrease of the com pressive stress is
obtained.
UCL
The closing strain g cl defines the lim it strain at which the cracks partially close and com pressive stresses
can be developed. Values of the closing strain ranging between 0 and 0.003 lead to results which agree
adequately with experim ental data. If a large negative value is adopted, for exam ple g cl = g u , this effect
is not considered in the analysis.
EM O
The elastic m odulus E mo represents the initial slope of the stress-strain curve and its value can exhibit
a large variation. Various expressions have been proposed for the evaluation of the elastic m odulus of
m asonry. It is worth noting, however, that these expressions usually define the secant m odulus at a
stress level between 1/3 and 2/3 of the m axim um com pressive stress. In order to obtain an adequate
ascending branch of the strength envelope it is assum ed that E mo $ 2 f' m2 / g'm .
GUN
The unloading stiffness factor ( un controls the slope of the unloading branch. It is assum ed to be greater
than or equal to 1.0 and usually ranges from 1.5 to 2.5.
ARE
The reloading strain factor " re defines the point where the reloading curves reach the strength envelope.
The calibration of the hysteretic m odel for the axial behaviour of m asonry showed that good results are
obtained using values ranging between 0.2 and 0.4. However, higher values, for exam ple 1.5, are
required to m odel adequately the cyclic response of the infilled fram es. This is because other sources
of nonlinear behaviour, such as sliding shear, need to be indirectly considered in the response of the
m asonry struts.
Four param eters are required to represent the cross-sectional area of the m asonry strut. These are the initial area
A ms1 = AREA1 and final area A ms2 = AREA2 and the axial displacem ents at which the cross-sectional area
changes, ) R1 = R1 and ) R2 = R2. In a sim plified m odel, it can be assum ed that AREA1 and AREA2 are the
sam e using a low value of the strut area to avoid an excessive increase in the axial strength. In a m ore refined
analysis, a higher value of the initial area can be adopted, whereas the final area can be reduced by about 10%
to 30%. The displacem ent R1 and R2 can be estim ated as g'm d m/5 and g'm d m (where d m is the length of the
m asonry strut) respectively, at least until m ore precise inform ation becom es available. Several em pirical
expressions, which are described in section 6.2.1.3 of the reference, have been proposed for the evaluation of
the equivalent width of the m asonry strut, whose value norm ally ranges from 0.1 to 0.25 of the diagonal length
of the infill panel.
IENV
The descending branch of the stress-strain curve is usually m odelled with a parabola instead of the curve
associated with Sargin's equation in order to obtain a better control of the response of the strut after the
m axim um stress has been reached.
59
IHYST = 34
Hyperbolic Hysteresis (no further data required)

(Konduor and Zelansko (1963))
(also Duncan and Chang (1970))
This rule has been popular in representing the shear stressshear strain relationships in soils subjected to
earthquake excitation.
60
IHYST = 35
Degrading Bilinear with Gap Hysteresis
This hysteresis was initially developed to m odel a strain-hardening behaviour which changed with increasing cycle
num ber. The m em bers were used in parallel with a m em ber having a m ore conventional hysteretic behaviour
such as Bi-linear or Ram berg-Osgood. The total m em ber force was taken as the sum of the two num ber forces.
Degrading Bi-linear with Gap
GAP+ GAP PUN
GAP+
GAP
PUN
Initial gap in positive direction

Initial gap in negative direction
($ 0.0)
(# 0.0)
($ 1.0)
Degrading Bi-linear W ith Gap Hysteresis
61
F
F
F
IHYST = 36
Bi-linear with Different +/ stiffness hysteresis
The rule is to represent actions which exhibit different stiffnesses under positive or negative forces or m om ents.
This m ay be typical of reinforced concrete T sections for exam ple.
Bi-linear with +/ stiffness
ALFA BETA GAM M A IOP
ALFA
BETA
GAM M A
IOP
Positive stiffness is ALFA * nom inal stiffness

ALFA $ 0.1
Negative stiffness is BETA * nom inal stiffness
BETA $ 0.1
Unloading degradation factor
see Takeda (IHYST=4) ALFA 0.5 $ GAMMA $ 0.0
= 0 ; Bi-linear factor is the sam e in both directions
= 1 ; Positive bi-linear factor = ALFA * bi-linear factor
Negative bi-linear factor = BETA * bi-linear factor
Bi-linear w ith Differing Positive and Negative Stiffness Hysteresis
62
F
F
F
I
IHYST = 37
Non-linear Elastic Power Rule
This rule is sim ilar to the Bi-linear Elastic Hysteresis, IHYST = 15 except that it avoids the problem s with the
sudden change of stiffness on unloading encountered due to the lack of energy dissipation in these non-linear
elastic hysteresis rules.
Non-linear Elastic Power Rule
PFP(i) PFN(i)
PFP(I)
PFN(i)
Power factor in positive direction for com ponent i

Power factor in negative direction for com ponent i
(0.01 # PFP # 3.0)

(0.01 # PFN # 3.0)
F
F
Notes:
1.
1.
Norm ally PFP and PFN are less than 1.0
Non-linear Elastic Pow er Rule
63
IHYST = 38
Revised Origin Centred Bi-linear Hysteresis (No further data is required)
On unloading the path is back to the origin. In reloading the path follows the previous unloading path on that side
of the origin.
Revised Origin-Centred Bi-linear Hysteresis
64
IHYST = 39
Dodd-Restrepo Steel Hysteresis Rule
This hysteresis rule is designed to allow for the Bauschinger effects in the steel hysteresis.
Dodd-Restrepo Steel Rule
ESH Esu Fsu OmegaF
ESH
Esu
Fsu
OmegaF
Deform ation (curvature) at initiation of strain hardening

Deform ation (curvature) at peak load
Force (m om ent) at peak load
Bauschinger Effect Factor (0.6 < Om egaF < 1.3)
(Default value = 1.0)
F
F
F
F
Reference:
Dodd, L.L. and Restrepo-Posada, J.I. Model for Predicting Cyclic Behaviour of Reinforcing Steel. J. Structural
Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 121, No. 3, Mar. 1995, pp 433445.
Dodd-Restrepo Steel Hysteresis Rule
65
Plot of Displacement History
Plot of Com puted and Experimental Force Histories
66
IHYST = 40.
Bounded Ram berg-Osgood Hysteresis. No extra data required.
This loop is sim ilar to that for IHYST = 3 except that bounds have been applied to the forces so that off-sets to
the forces do not occur during sm all cycles of displacem ent.
67
IHYST = 41.
Pyke m odification to the Ram berg-Osgood Hysteresis. No extra data required.
This loop is sim ilar to that for IHYST = 3 except that the sm all cycle behaviour has been m odified to prevent offsets on the force in these sm all cycles. These loops were initially used to m odel the behaviour of soils.The sm all
loops indicate a greater rate of change of force with increasing displacem ent i.e. a greater curvature in the plots.
68
IHYST = 42.
HERA - SHJ (Sliding Hinge Joint) Hysteresis.
This loop developed by the Heavy Engineering Research Association (New Zealand) is to represent the
behaviour of a sliding m om ent connection between steel beam s with a concrete slab above them and connected
to at the joints to steel colum ns.
HERA-SHJ Hysteresis Rule

Cspp Cspn Ru Tdp Tdn Ispr
Cspp
Cspn
Ru
Tdp
Tdn
Ispr
Positive Mom ent Intercept

(>
Negative Mom ent Intercept
(<
(>
Positive Design Theta
(>
Negative Design Theta
(<
= 0;
W ithout Belleville Springs
= 1;
W ith Belleville Springs
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
69
)
)
)
)
)
F
F
F
F
F
I
70
IHYST = 43
Resettable Actuator Hysteresis. No extra data required.
This hysteresis is to represent the behaviour of a sem i-active dam per m em ber [Hunt, 2003]. The force is
proportional to the displacem ent until a saturation force is attained, Fy+ or Fy- (the yield forces for the
m em ber) when the system appears to show a perfectly plastic response. On any reversal of displacem ent the
force is autom atically reset to zero and the origin is m oved to the existing displacem ent and the system will
then behave as an elastic m em ber until either saturation is achieved or the displacem ent again changes sign.
71
IHYST = 44
Pam panin Reinforced Concrete Beam -Colum n Joint Hysteresis.
Pampanin Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joint rule.

IOP
IOP
AlfaS1
AlfaS2
AlfaU1
AlfaU2
DeltaF
Beta
AlfaS1
AlfaS2
AlfaU1
AlfaU2
DeltaF
Beta
=1;
Option 1 - Reloading Power Factor
=2;
Option 2 - Reloading Slip Factor
Slip Stiffness Power Factor
As1
Option 1- Reloading Power Factor
As2
Option 2- Reloading Slip Factor
Xi
Initial Unloading Power Factor
Au1
Final Unloading Power Factor
Au2
Unloading Force Factor (%)
Df
Reloading Factor
Beta
Pam panin Hysteresis IOP=0
72
I
( 1.5 #
( 0.5 #
( 1.0 #
(-1.0 #
( 0.3 #
( 20 #
(-1.0 #
As1
As2
Xi
Au1
Au2
DeltaF
Beta
# 3.0)
# 1.0)
# 1.5)
# 0.0)
# 1.0)
# 50)
# 0.0)
F
F
F
F
F
F
Pam panin Hysteresis IOP=1
73
IHYST = 45
Degrading Stiffness RAMBERG-OSGOOD Hysteresis.
Degrading Stiffness Ramberg-Osgood rule.

IOP
ALFA
BETA
GAM M A
RESID
IOP
=1;
Original Ram berg-Osgood hysteresis
=2;
Lim ited Ram berg-Osgood hysteresis
=3;
Pyke Ram berg-Osgood hysteresis
ALFA
% stiffness degradation per cycle
BETA
Ductility where stiffness starts to degrade with ductility
If BETA=0.0 then there is NO degradation with ductility.
GAM M A
Ductility where stiffness stops degrading with ductility
RESID Residual Stiffness when degrading with Ductility (RESID $ 0.50)
Note:
(see IHYST= 3)
(see IHYST=40)
(see IHYST=41)
(0.0 # ALFA # 10)
(BETA $ 1.0 or = 0.0)
(GAM M A > BETA)
F
F
F
F
The bi-linear factor in the section data is used as the Ram berg-Osgood factor r and m ust be greater
than or equal to 1.0
74
IHYST = 46
DEAN SAUNDERS Reinforced Concrete Colum n Hysteresis.
This hysteresis is to represent the behaviour of Older Reinforced Concrete Colum ns where plain round
reinforcem ent is used.
DEAN SAUNDERS Reinforced Concrete Column rule.

DY+
DY-
Funl+
Funl-
ALFA
BETA
IOP
DY+
DYFunl+
FunlALFA
BETA
IOP
Positive Yield Deform ation.

Must be greater than (Yield Action)/Stiffness.
Negative Yield Deform ation.
Must be less than (Yield Action)/Stiffness.
Positive Threshold Action.
Must be less than Positive Yield Action.
Negative Threshold Action.
Must be greater than Negative Yield Action.
Unloading stiffness degradation factor
(0.0 # ALFA # 0.5)
Reloading Factor
(BETA $ 1.0)
=0;
Threshold actions reduce with strength degradation.
=1;
Threshold actions rem ain constant when yield actions degrade.
Notes: 1.
There is a 4 point Bezier curve fitted between the point (Funl+,(Funl+)/STIFF) and (YP,DY+)
with the initial slope STIFF and the final slope r*STIFF.
On unloading the rule is origin centered when the action is less than Funl+. W hen the action
is greater than Funl+ the unloading stiffness Ku degrades with the factor ALFA as observed
in the Degrading Bi-Linear Hysteresis (IHYST = 10).
The behaviour in the negative Action-Deform ation quadrant is identical to that in the positive
Action-Deform ation quadrant.
The param eter BETA only com es into action if the deform ation in the other quadrant has
exceeded the yield deform ation.
2.
3.
4.
Dean Saunders Hysteresis Rule

75
F
F
F
F
F
F
I
Exam ple of Dean Saunders Hysteresis

This exam ple show the behaviour when strength degradation is also applied. It com pares experim ental results
with com putational results.
In this exam ple

Fy+
Ko
"
Iop
=289 kNm
=46.3 kNm /m m
=0.01
=1
Fy)y+
$
=-250kNm
=11.35m m
=1.25
Funl
)yr
=65kNm ,
=-11.35m m
=0.01
W ith the exception of strength degradation, which is progressive in the m odel, the results agree quite well for the
overall response of the observed hysteresis. The current lim itation for the proposed hysteresis rule is that strength
degradation as calculated in Ruaum oko is com puted outside the hysteresis rule. This results in the reloading line
converging to the previously stored force and m axim um displacem ent coordinate before degrading down the
ductility degradation slope. To elim inate this lim itation the rule will need to include a local strength degradation
feature that degrades the reloading line based on cycle num ber and starts from the threshold capacity.
Reference:
Saunders, D.B. Seismic Performance of Pre 1970's Non-Ductile Reinforced Concrete W affle
Slab Frame Structures Constructed with Plain Round Reinforcing Steel. Ph.D Thesis,
Departm ent of Civil Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. 2004,
p184+appendices.
76
IHYST = 47
Multi-Linear Elastic Hysteresis.
Multi-Linear Elastic rule.

N
N
F1
D1
F2
D2
F3
D3
Note:
F1
D1
F2
D2
F3
D3
Num ber of segm ents beyond Bi-linear

Fraction of stiffness in first segm ent beyond Bi-linear
Multiplier on Yield Displacem ent where F1 applies
Fraction of stiffness in second segm ent beyond Bi-linear
Fraction of stiffness in third segm ent beyond Bi-linear
(1 # N # 3)
(D1 $ 1.05)
(D2 $ 1.05*D1)
(D3 $ 1.05*D2)
The F1, F2 and F3 factors should not be less than 0.0 for single degree of freedom system s.
M ulti-linear Elastic Hysteresis
77
I
F
F
F
F
F
F
IHYST = 48
Kinem atic/Isotropic Strain Hardening Bi-Linear Hysteresis.
Kinematic/Isotropic Strain Hardening Bi-Linear rule.

ALFA
ALFA
BETA
Note:
BETA
Stiffness Degrading Factor

(See IHYST=10)
Isotropic Hardening Factor
If BETA=0.0 then there is NO Isotropic Strain Hardening.
If BETA=1.0 then there is Full Isotropic Strain Hardening.
(0.0 # ALFA # 0.5)

(0.0 # BETA # 1.0)
The bi-linear factor r in the section data must be greater than 0.0 if Kinem atic or Isotropic strain
hardening is to occur
78
F
F
IHYST = 49
Kinem atic/Isotropic Strain Hardening RAMBERG-OSGOOD Hysteresis.
Kinematic/Isotropic Strain Hardening Ramberg-Osgood rule.

ALFA
ALFA
BETA
IOP
Note:
BETA
IOP
Ram berg-Osgood m ultiplier

(0.0 # ALFA)
If ALFA=0.0 then ALFA is taken as 1.0 (Default value)
Isotropic Hardening Factor
(0.0 # BETA # 1.0)
If BETA=0.0 then there is NO Isotropic Strain Hardening.
If BETA=1.0 then there is Full Isotropic Strain Hardening.
=1;
Original Ram berg-Osgood hysteresis
(see IHYST= 3)
=2;
Lim ited Ram berg-Osgood hysteresis
(see IHYST=40)
=3;
Pyke Ram berg-Osgood hysteresis
(see IHYST=41)
F
F
The bi-linear factor in the properties section data is used as the Ram berg-Osgood factor r and m ust
be greater than or equal to 1.0
79
IHYST = 50
Flag-Shaped Bi-Linear Hysteresis.
Flag-shaped Bi-Linear rule.

BETA1
BETA1
BETA2
BETAi
Note:
BETA2 ... BETAi
(i = 1 to N)
(0.0 # BETA1 # 1.0)

(0.0 # BETA2 # 1.0)
(0.0 # BETAi # 1.0)
Flag Height Action 1

Flag Height Action 2
Flag Height Action i
If BETA=0.0 then the loop is Bi-linear elastic.

If BETA=1.0 then the loop on unloading returns to the origin
N is the num ber of actions requiring data for the m em ber. See Spring or Fram e m em ber data.
Flag-Shaped Bi-linear Hysteresis
80
F
F
F
IHYST = 51
Two-Four Hysteretic Dam per
Two-Four Hysteretic Damper rule.

BETAi
BETA
DELTA
DELTAi
(i = 1 to N)
Initial Sticking Force1

(0.0 # BETA)
Change Tim e from linear to sticking force, Seconds
DELTA=0 im plies instantaneous change
Tw o-Four Hysteresis
81
F
F
IHYST = 52
SCHOETTLER-RESTREPO Reinforced Concrete Colum n Hysteresis. (2 lines of data)
This hysteresis is to represent the behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beam s

SCHOETTLER-RESTREPO Reinforced Concrete Beam rule. Line 1
Kneg
Rneg
Fcr+
Fcr-
Rho+ Rho- Dult+ Dult- IOP
Kneg
Rneg
Fcr+
FcrRho+
RhoDult+
DultIOP
Ratio of negative (com pressive) stiffness to positive stiffness.

Bi-linear Factor in negative direction.
Ratio of positive Cracking Strength to Yield strength.
Ratio of negative Cracking Strength to Yield strength.
Secant Stiffness Factor to Positive Yield.
Secant Stiffness Factor to Negative Yield.
Ultim ate deform ation factor. Positive direction.
Ultim ate deform ation factor. Negative direction.
=0; For use as reinforce concrete mem ber
=1; For use as a concrete strut
Notes: 1.
2.
3.
The positive stiffness is that provided in the section properties.

The positive bi-linear factor is that provided in the section properties.
The cracking strengths are taken as fractions of the positive and negative yield strengths
provided under yield forces and m om ents in the section properties.
The Rho*Stiffness is the secant stiffness to the yield point.
The ultim ate deform ations are input as a m ultiplier of the respective yield displacem ent
and m ust be greater than 1.0..
Pinch m ust be greater than 0.0, if 0.0 is supplied then Pinch is reset to 1.0
4.
5.
6.
(Kneg > 0.0)

(Rneg > 0.0)
(Fcr+ < 1.0)
(Fcr- < 1.0)
(Rho+ < 1.0)
(Rho- < 1.0)
(Dult+ > 1.0)
(Dult- > 1.0)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
I
SCHOETTLER-RESTREPO Reinforced Concrete Beam rule. Line 2
Alpha
Alpha
Beta
Pinch
Kappa+
Kappa-
Beta
Pinch
Kappa+
Kappa-
Fresid
Dfactor

(0.0 < Alpha < 0.9)
F
Reloading stiffness factor
.
(0.0 < Beta < 5.0)
F
Pinching factor
(0.0 < Pinch < 1.0)
F
Kappa factor. Positive direction
.
(0.0 < Kappa < 10.0)
F
Kappa factor. Negative direction
.
(0.0 < Kappa < 10.0)
F
(Only supplied if IOP on line 1 above is 1, otherwise takes sam e value as Kappa+)
Residual Force factor (ratio of Cracking strength)
(0.0 < Fresid < 1.0)
F
Bauschinger Effect Flag.
(Dfactor = 0)
I
Fresid
Dfactor
Notes: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
See IHYST = 4 Modified Takeda Hysteresis with the Em ori and Schnobrich unloading
option for use of factor Alpha.
The Kappa Factor controls the rate of strength degradation.
The Fresid is the fraction of the Cracking strength at residual strength after degradation
has finished
The Bauschinger effect Dfactor param eter is reserved for future use.
Note Kappa- only supplied if IOP = 1
Figure 1: Backbone Curve
Figure 2: Uncracked Yielded States

83
Figure 3: Cracked Yielded States
Figure 4: Yielded Yielded States

84
Figure 5: Yielded Yielded States with pinching
85
IHYST = 53
DHAKAL Steel Hysteresis.
This hysteresis is to represent the behaviour of Reinforcing Steel

DHAKAL Reinforcing Steel rule. Line 1
IHARD
IHARD
IBCKL
FYAV
eHARD1
FU
eU
FHARD2
eHARD2
RATIO
EBLKT
IBCKL
FYAV eHARD1 FU eU
FHARD2 eHARD2 RATIO
EBLKT
=1;
Parabolic from initial hardening stiffness
(Mander et.al. 1984)
=2:
Parabolic from interm ediate point
(Rodriguez et al 1999)
=3;
Bilinear from interm ediate point
(Dhakal 2002)
=1;
Buckling included
(Dhakal and Maekawa 2001)
=0;
Buckling is neglected
(Tension envelope is used for com pression)
Average Tensile Yield Strength, Multiplier on Yield Strength
(Default= 1.0)
Strain at the start of strain hardening, Multiplier of Yield Strain
(Default= 10.0)
Ultim ate tensile strength Multiplier of Yield Strength
(Default= 1.5)
Strain at the ultim ate point, Multiplier of Yield Strain
(Default = 1 0.0*eHARD1)
Stress at interm ediate point in hardening zone, Multiplier of Yield action
(Default= FY+0.75(FU-FY))
or if (IHARD = 1) the 2nd Strain Hardening Stiffness Factor ESH2
Strain at interm ediate point in hardening zone, Ratio of Yield Strain
(Default = eHARD1+0.5(eU-eHARD1))
Buckling length to bar diam eter ratio
(Used if IBCKL=1)
Buckling length (if 0.0 taken as elem ent length)
(Used if IBCKL=1)
Dhakal Reinforcing Steel Hysteresis Loop
86
I
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
IBCKL = 0
Dhakal Reinforcing Steel Hysteresis Loop
87
IHYST = 54
BRIAN PENG Concrete Hysteresis.
This hysteresis is to represent the behaviour of Concrete

BRIAN PENG Concrete rule. Line 1
TLIM IT
TLIM IT
CLIM IT
BETA
Fbo
L
TFACTOR
CFACTOR
eTT
CLIM IT
BETA Fbo L TFACTOR
CFACTOR
eTT
Lim it to calculate eTL

(Strain at start of contact stress effect) (Default = 0.0025)
F
Lim it to calculate eCL (Strain at end of stress contact effect)
(Default = 0.005)F
Strain Rate factor
(Static = 1.5 to 2.0; Dynam ic = 1.0)
(Default = 2.0)
F
Residual Com pressive Bond Strength
(Default = 0.2)
F
(Default = -0.2*FT where FT is tensile strength)
Length factor
( = 1.0 for stress-strain)
(Default =1.0)
F
Factor for eTL
(m ultiplying factor to m agnify eTL)
(Default =1.0)
F
Factor for eCL
(m ultiplying factor to m agnify eCL)
(Default =1.0)
F
Tensile Concrete Strain for Contact Stress Effect
(Default = Ft/KC)
F
Brian Peng Concrete Hysteresis Loop
88
Effect of varying Tlimit and Climit
Effect of varying Beta
89
Effect of Varying Fbo
Effect of varying Tfactor and Cfactor
90
IHYST = 55
Resettable Air-Cylinder Sem i-Active Dam per.
This hysteresis is to represent the behaviour of a sem i-active resettable control device.
Resettable Air-cylinder Semi-Active Damper. data
IOPT AREA COEFF GAM M A FreeD+ FreeD-
IOPT
AREA
COEFF
GAM M A
FreeD+
FreeDFstiff
Friction+
Friction-
Fstiff
Friction+
Friction-
= 1:
1-2-3-4 quadrant action
(see figures below)
= 2;
2-4
quadrant action
(see figures below)
= 3;
1-3
quadrant action
(see figures below)
= 4;
1-2-3-4 quadrant action
(see figures below, also see IHYST = 43)
= 5;
2-4
quadrant action
(see figures below, also see IHYST = 51)
= 6;
1-3
quadrant action
(see figures below)
Area of piston
Gas Coefficient
(i.e. Atm ospheric constant for air = 100000 N/m 2 )
Power Factor
(i.e. Air = 1.4)
(Default =1.4)
Free Length
Positive direction
Free Length
Negative direction
Friction Stiffness factor (tim es nom inal m em ber stiffness)
(Default =20.0)
Friction lim it force
Positive direction
Friction lim it force
Negative direction
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Notes: For IOPT = 1, 2 or 3 the behaviour of the resettable device follows an isentropic com pressible gas law
where
Pressure*Volum e gamma = Constant
i.e.
For IOPT = 4, 5 or 6
W here Ko is the m em bers nom inal stiffness (see section properties data).
For IOPT = 2 or 5 Force = 0.0 if the displacem ent and the velocity have the sam e signs.
For IOPT = 3 or 6 Force = 0.0 if the displacem ent and the velocity have opposing signs. d reset is set to
zero
In all cases, on reversal of direction of displacem ent the force is set to zero and the displacem ent resets.
If both friction force lim its are equal to zero then Fstiff is set to zero and there is no friction.
If Fstiff is less than or equal to zero then there is no friction The friction follows the standard Elastoplastic hystersis rule (see IHYST=1).
The yield actions (forces or m om ents) specified for the loop are taken as lim iting actions for the loop.
This m eans that the force (m om ent) cannot be greater than YP or less than YN. These m ust be supplied
as non-zero values if the loop is to operate.
For IOPT = 1, 2 or 3 the displacem ent cannot be greater or equal to FreeD+ or be less than or equal
FreeD-. If these values are reached or exceeded the analysis will term inate with an error m essage.
For IOPT = 4, 5, or 6 there are no displacem ent lim its.
91
92
93
94
Resettable Air-cylinder Semi-active (1-4) Device Loop

Behaviour with air only, no friction
95
IHYST = 56
Modified SINA Degrading Tri-linear Hysteresis. [Saiidi 1979].
Modified SINA Degrading Tri-linear rule. One line for each action requiring data.
ALFA
ALFA
BETA
GAM M A
DELTA
PHI
FCRP
FCRN
FCCP
FCCN
IOP
PM AX
PM IN
BETA
GAM M A
DELTA
PHI
FCRP
FCRN
FCCP
FCCN
IOP
PM AX

(0.2 # ALFA
# 0.9)
(0.2 # BETA
# 0.9)
Unloading power factor
(0.0 # GAM M A # 0.5)
Pinching Factor
(0.0 # DELTA # 0.8)
Ratio of Com pression to Tensile Stiffness
(0.1 # PHI
#10.0)
If PHI = 0.0 then PHI reset to 1.0
Cracking action as ratio of Positive Yield
(0.3 # FCRP
# 0.9)
Cracking action as ratio of Negative Yield
(0.3 # FCRN
# 0.9)
Crack closing action as ratio of Positive Yield
(0.1 # FCCP
# 0.7)
Crack closing action as ratio of Negative Yield
(0.1 # FCCN
# 0.7)
=0; Cracking and yield deform ations set at static analysis
=1; Cracking and yield deform ations set at first cracking
=2; Cracking and yield deform ations set at first yield or when axial force falls
outside range of PM IN to PM AX
Maxim um (Most tensile) axial force to set deform ation lim its.
Minim um (Most com pressive) axial force to set deform ation lim its.
PM IN
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
I
F
F
Notes:
1.
One com plete line is required for each non-linear action, i.e. 2 lines for Fram e m em bers in Ruaumoko2d
and 4 lines for Fram e m em bers in Ruaumoko3D
2.
Sym m etric Concrete and Steel Beam -colum n sections require sym m etry in m om ents and thus
FCRP = FCRN etc. and that ALFA = BETA
3.
The tri-linear factor is the bi-linear factor supplied as part of the basic m em ber section data and is the
sam e in both positive and negative directions.
4.
If the yield forces vary as a result of axial force-m om ent interaction or because of strength degradation
the stiffness in each of the positive and negative directions are adjusted to retain the sam e cracking and
yield deform ations.
5.
IOP is only relevant to colum ns or where the yield actions are determ ined from and interaction diagram
and hence m ay vary from call to call.
96
M odified SINA Hysteresis
97
IHYST = 57
Revised TAKEDA Degrading Tri-linear Hysteresis. [Saiidi 1979].
Revised TAKEDA Degrading Tri-linear rule. One line for each action requiring data.
ALFA
ALFA
BETA
GAM M A
DELTA
PHI
FCRP
FCRN
IOP
PM AX
PM IN
BETA
GAM M A
DELTA
PHI
FCRP
FCRN
IOP
PM AX
PM IN

(0.2 # ALFA
# 0.9)
(0.2 # BETA
# 0.9)
(0.0 # GAM M A # 0.5)
Reloading Intersection Factor
(-0.1# DELTA # 0.5)
(0.1 # PHI
#10.0)
(0.3 # FCRP
# 0.9)
(0.3 # FCRN
# 0.9)
=2; Cracking and yield deform ations set at first yield or when axial force falls
outside range of PM IN to PM AX
Maxim um (Most tensile) axial force to set deform ation lim its.
Minim um (Most com pressive) axial force to set deform ation lim its.
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
I
F
F
Notes:
1.
One com plete line is required for each non-linear action, i.e. 2 lines for Fram e m em bers and 3 lines for
Spring m em bers in Ruaumoko2d and 4 lines for Fram e m em bers and 6 lines for Spring m em bers in
Ruaumoko3D
2.
FCRP = FCRN etc. and that ALFA = BETA
3.
The tri-linear factor is the bi-linear factor supplied as part of the basic m em ber section data and is the
sam e in both positive and negative directions.
4.
the stiffness in each of the positive and negative directions are adjusted to retain the sam e cracking
and yield deform ations.
5.
IOP is only relevant to colum ns or where the yield actions are determ ined from and interaction
diagram and hence m ay vary from call to call.
98
99
IHYST = 58
Shape-Mem ory-Alloy Flag Hysteresis.
Shape-Memory-Alloy Flag-shaped rule. One line for each action requiring data.
ALFA
ALFA
BETA
DELTA
PSI
PHI
IOP
JOP
KOP
BETA
DELTA
PSI
PHI
IOP
JOP
KOP
Fraction of Yield at Unloading Path intersection

(0.1 # ALFA
# 0.9)
Stiffness Factor at Stiffening Path
(Default BETA = 1.0)
(m ust be larger than Bi-linear factor (see Section input data)
Multiplier of Yield Deform ation where Stiffening starts
(2.0 # DELTA)
Ratio of Yield Deform ation to Rupture Deform ation
(PSI = 0.0 or PSI > 2.0)
If PSI = 0.0 then no deform ation lim it
Ratio of Yield Action to Rupture Action
(PHI = 0.0 or PHI > 2.0)
If PHI = 0.0 then no Action lim it
=0; Flag-Shaped Loop in both Positive and Negative Directions
=1; Flag-Shaped Loop in Positive Direction and Elastic in Negative Direction
=2; Flag-Shaped Loop in Negative Direction and Elastic in Positive Direction
=0; If the deform ation or action lim its are reached the analysis will be term inated
=1; If the deform ation or action lim its are reached the analysis will continue but the
action and stiffness will be set to zero.
F
F
F
F
F
I
I
I
Notes:
1.
Spring m em bers in Ruaumoko2d and 4 lines for Fram e m em bers and 6 lines for Spring m em bers in
Ruaumoko3D
2.
In the direction where the Hysteresis Action is Elastic only (see IOP above) the yield action in that
direction has no effect.
3.
and yield deform ations. This will only happen once the yield deform ations have been set, see JOP
above
4.
If both PSI and PHI are zero then there is no limit on forces or deform ations in the m odel. Norm ally
only one of PSI or PHI is set to provide the lim itation. If both are prescribed then the first to occur will
term inate the action of the m em ber.
5.
If the lim its set by PHI or PSI are reached then the stiffness and actions are set to zero. If KOP is zero
the analysis will be term inated.
6.
JOP is only relevant to colum ns or where the yield actions are determ ined from an interaction diagram
100
SM A Flag-shape. IOP=0
SM A Flag-shape IOP=1. IOP=2 similar
101
IHYST = 59
Ram berg-Osgood with Alpha. - No further data required
Notes:
1.
The Bi-linear factor in the section data is used as the Ram berg-Osgood factor r and m ust be greater
than or equal to 1.0.
2.
The factor " is a function of the Ram berg-Osgood factor r where
3.
The hysteresis bounds are set up on the sam e form as for the Pyke version of the Ram berg-Osgood
hysteresis m odel. See IHYST = 41.
Ramberg-Osgood with Alpha Hysteresis
102
IHYST = 60
IBARRA with Pinching Hysteresis. [Ibarra 2005].
IBARRA with Pinching rule. One line for each action requiring data.
ALFA GAM M A DELTA THETA PHI FC+ FC- FCC+ FCC- FRES+ FRES- DM AX+ DM AXDRES+ DRES- IOP
ALFA
GAM M A
DELTA
THETA
PHI
FC+
FCFCC+
FCCFRES+
FRESDM AX+
DM AXDRES+
DRESIOP
Bi-linear factor cracking to yield

(0.2 # ALFA
# 0.9)
(0.0 # GAM M A # 0.5)
(See Takeda ALFA power factor)
Fraction of extrem e axis crossing to give end of pinching
(0.1 # DELTA # 0.8)
Strength Degrading Factor
(0.0 # THETA # 0.3)
(0.1 # PHI
#10.0)
(0.3 # FC+
# 0.9)
(0.3 # FC# 0.9)
Cracking Closing action as ratio of Positive Yield (0.1 # FCC+
# 0.7)
Cracking Closing action as ratio of Negative Yield (0.1 # FCC# 0.7)
Residual action as ratio of Positive Yield
(0.01# FRES+ # 0.5)
Residual action as ratio of Negative Yield
(0.01# FRES- # 0.5)
Ductility at Maxim um Strength-Positive
(1.1 # DM AX+ #30.0)
Ductility at Maxim um Strength-Negative
(1.1 # DM AX- #30.0)
Ductility at Residual Strength-Positive
(2.0 # DRES+ #30.0)
(2.0 # DRES- #30.0)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
I
Notes:
1.
Spring m em bers in Ruaumoko2D and 4 lines for Fram e m em bers and 6 lines for Spring m em bers in
Ruaumoko3D
2.
FC+ = FC- etc.
3.
The tri-linear factor is the bi-linear factor r supplied as part of the basic m em ber section data and is
the sam e in both positive and negative directions. The value of r m ust be less than Alpha supplied
above.
4.
5.
IOP is only relevant to colum ns or where the yield actions are determ ined from an interaction diagram
6.
This rule is still under development
103
IBARRA hysteresis back-bone
IBARRA w ith Pinching Hysteresis
104
IBARRA w ith Pinching Hysteresis

M odification w hen reloading deformation is to right of break point
105
IHYST = 61
IBARRA Peak-Oriented Hysteresis. [Ibarra 2005].
IBARRA Peak-Oriented rule. One line for each action requiring data
ALFA GAM M A DELTA THETA PHI FC+ FC- FRES+ FRES- DM AX+ DM AX- DRES+ DRESIOP
ALFA
GAM M A
DELTA
THETA
PHI
FC+
FCFRES+
FRESDM AX+
DM AXDRES+
DRESIOP

(0.2 # ALFA
# 0.9)
(0.0 # GAM M A # 0.5)
Reloading intersection on plastic path
(-0.2 # DELTA # 0.5)
(0.0 # THETA # 0.3)
(0.1 # PHI
#10.0)
(0.3 # FC+
# 0.9)
(0.3 # FC# 0.9)
(0.01# FRES+ # 0.5)
(0.01# FRES- # 0.5)
(1.1 # DM AX+ #30.0)
(1.1 # DM AX- #30.0)
(2.0 # DRES+ #30.0)
(2.0 # DRES- #30.0)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
I
Notes:
1.
Ruaumoko3D
2.
FC+ = FC- etc.
3.
above..
4.
5.
6.
106
IBARRA Peak-Oriented Hysteresis
107
IHYST = 62
IBARRA Bi-linear Hysteresis. [Ibarra 2005].
IBARRA Bi-linear rule. One line for each action requiring data.
ALFA GAM M A THETA PHI FC+ FC- FRES+ FRES- DM AX+ DM AX- DRES+ DRES- IOP
ALFA
GAM M A
THETA
PHI
FC+
FCFRES+
FRESDM AX+
DM AXDRES+
DRESIOP

(0.2 # ALFA
# 0.9)
(0.0 # GAM M A # 0.5)
(0.0 # THETA # 0.3)
(0.1 # PHI
#10.0)
(0.3 # FC+
# 0.9)
(0.3 # FC# 0.9)
(0.01# FRES+ # 0.5)
(0.01# FRES- # 0.5)
(1.1 # DM AX+ #30.0)
(1.1 # DM AX- #30.0)
(2.0 # DRES+ #30.0)
Ductility at Residual Strength-Negative
(2.0 # DRES- #30.0)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
I
Notes:
1.
Ruaumoko3D
2.
FC+ = FC- etc.
3.
above.
4.
5.
6.
108
IBARRA Bi-linear Hysteresis
109
IHYST = 63
Bi-linear Elastic with Gap.
Bi-linear Elastic with Gap rule. One line for each action requiring data.
GAP+
GAP+
GAP+
Note:.
GAP-
(0.0 # GAP+)
(0.0 $ GAP-)
Gap in positive direction.

Gap in positive direction.
F
F
Ruaumoko3D
Bi-Linear Elastic with Gap Hysteresis
110
M EM ORANDA
111
M EM ORANDA
112

Ruaumoko Appendices

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Ruaumoko Appendices

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

See

Available from: Athol Carr

Department of Civil Engineering

COMPUTER PROGRAM LIBRARY

APPENDIX A - STRENGTH DEGRADATION

Copyright \ Athol J. Carr, University of Canterbury, 1981-2007. All Rights reserved.

DUCT1 DUCT2 RDUCT DUCT3 RCYC

Ductility at which degradation begins

Strength Reduction Variation

Revised TAKEDA hysteresis

Takeda with slip

Kato Degrading Shear

Different +/- Stiffness

Bi-linear Differing +/- Stiffness

Non-linear Elastic Power

Revised Origin Centred

Dean Saunders Conc. Column

Isotropic Strain Hard. Bi-linear

Isotropic Strain Hard. Ramberg

Two-Four Hystertic damper

Rajesh Dhakal Steel

Brian Peng Concrete

Revised TAKEDA hysteresis

Shape Memory Alloy

Ramberg-Osgood with Alpha

Bi-linear Elastic with Gap

Use of Hysteresis Rules for Spring members in RUAUM OKO-2D

Takeda with slip

Kato Degrading Shear

Different +/- Stiffness

Masonry Strut Hysteresis

Degrading Bi-linear Hysteresis

Bi-linear Differing +/- Stiffness

Non-linear Elastic Power

Revised Origin Centred

Use of Hysteresis Rules for Spring members in RUAUM OKO-2D

Dean Saunders Concrete Column

Isotropic Strain Hard Bi-linear

Isotropic Strain Hard Ramberg

Two-Four Hysteretic Damper

Rajesh Dhakal Steel

Brian Peng Concrete

Revised TAKEDA Hysteresis

Shape Memory Alloy

Ramberg-Osgood with Alpha

Bi-linear Elastic with Gap

Use of Hysteresis Rules for Spring members in RUAUM OKO-3D

Takeda with slip

Kato Degrading Shear

Different +/- Stiffness

Masonry Strut Hysteresis

Degrading Bi-linear Hysteresis

Bi-linear Differing +/- Stiffness

Non-linear Elastic Power

Revised Origin Centred

Use of Hysteresis Rules for Spring members in RUAUM OKO-3D

Dean Saunders Concrete Column

Isotropic Strain Hard. Bi-lineaqr

Isotropic Strain Hard. Ramberg

Two-Four Hysteretic Damper

Rajesh Dhakal Steel

Brian Peng Concrete

Revised TAKEDA Hysteresis

Shape Memory Alloy