Capital Structure
Terminologies
Capitalization
Capital
Structure
Financial
Structure
Capitaliza
tion
Total
amount of
(in )
issued by a
company
Balance
Sheet
Current Liabilities
Current Assets
Debt
Preference Shares
Fixed Assets
Equity Shares
Retained Earnings
Balance
Sheet
Current Liabilities
Current Assets
Debt
Capital
Struct
ure
(%
mix)
Preference Shares
Fixed Assets
Equity Shares
Retained Earnings
Balance
Sheet
Current Liabilities
Financ
ial
Struct
ure
(%
Current Assets
Debt
Preference Shares
Fixed Assets
Equity Shares
Retained Earnings
What does it
Conclude !!
Capital Structure =
Financial
Current
Structure
liabilities
Equity Share
Capital
+ Retained
Earnings
Debt +
Preference
Foundation
Share
Debt
Horizontal
Vertical
Pyramid
Shaped
Inverte
d
Pyrami
Ind
ris icato
kp
ro
of
th rofl f
ef e
rm
s
a
s
Act
a
g
a
n
ma
t
n
e
m
e
tool
Reflects
the
firms
strategy
If EBIT < financial break even point, then debt and preference
share capital should be reduced in capitalization.
(algebraically):
(X-I1) (1-T) PD
S1
= (X-I2) (1-T)- PD
S2
Graphically :
i
Equ y
t
EPS (Rs.)
b
De
Indifference point
Optimal Capital
Structure
Financial Risk
Sales
Operating () Variable costs
Debt causes
Leverage
financial risk !
Contribution
() Fixed costs
EBIT / Profit
Financial leverage
measures Financial
risk.
() Interest expense
Financial
EBT
Leverage () Taxes
EAT
(-) Preference dividend
Earnings available for
equity Shareholders
Equity.
Higher Floatation Cost.
PURPOSE OF STUDY
VALUE OF FIRM
1. NET INCOME
APPROACH
ASSUMPTIONS:
IMPLICATIONS
INCREASE IN FIRMS
PROPORTION
OF CHEAP
DEBT
VALUE
INCREASES
SOURCE OF FUNDS INCREASE
CONT
DECREASE LEVERAGE
FINANCIAL
PROPORTION
IN OF
FIRMSVALUE
DEBTIS
FINANCING
REDUCED DECREASES
Calculation
of
FIRM
V=S+D
Where, V= Total market value of a firm
S= Market value of equity shares
Earnings available to equity shareholders (NI)
Equity Capitalization Rate
D = market value of debt
And, Overall Cost of Capital (Weighted Average Cost of Capital)
K0 =
EBIT
Solution
Particulars
Rs
Rs
80,000
80,000
(16000)
(24000)
64000
10%
56,000
10%
6,40,000
5,60,000
2,00,000
3,00,000
8,40,000
8,60,000
(80,000/8,40,000)
X100
=9.52%.
(80,000/8,60,0
00)X100
=9.30%
Net income
Less interest on 8% debentures of
Rs .2,00,000/3,00,000
Earnings available to equity shareholders
Equity capitalization rate
IMPLICATIONS
Solution
PARTICULARS
Net operating income
Overall cost of capital (Ko)
Market value of the firm=
EBIT/Ko (100000x100/10)
RS
RS
1,00,000
1,00,000
10%
10%
10,00,000
10,00,000
10,00,000
(5,00,000)
10,00,000
(7,50,000)
5,00,000
2,50,000
(1,00,000-30,000) x (1,00,000-45000) x
100
100
10,00,000-5,00,000
10,00,0007,50,000
=14%.
=22%
3. Traditional approach
Implications:
BUT
INCREASED USE OF DEBT
..
Compute:
Market value of Firm, Value of shares, and Average
cost of Capital
Particulars
Rs.
2,00,000
Total investment
10,00,000
10%
11%
13%
Solution
(a) No debt
(b) Rs 4,00,000 5%
debentures
2,00,000
2,00,000
2,00,000
(20,000)
(36,000)
2,00,000
1,80,000
1,64,000
10%
11%
13%
20,00,000
16,36,363
12,61,538
4,00,000
6,00,000
20,00,000
20,36,363
18,61,538
2,00,000/20,00,000X100
2,00,000/20,36,363X100
2,00,000/18,61,538
=10%
=9.8%
X100
eq. Sh.Holders
Eq. Capitalization rate
Market value of
shares
Market value of debt
Market value of firm
Average cost of
Capital =EBIT/v
=10.7%
Implications
Cost of capital not influenced
by changes in capital structure
Implication:
Features of a Optimal
Capital Mix
Optimum capital structure is also
referred as appropriate capital
structure and sound capital structure
Capacity of a FIRM
Possible use of LEVERAGE
FLEXIBLE
Avoid Business RISK
MINIMISE the cost of Financing and
MAXIMISE earning per share
Equity(Rs.
10 per
share)
Plan I
Plan II
Plan III
Plan IV
5,00,000
2,50,000
2,50,000
2,50,000
8%
Preference
Shares
Debt (8%
Debenture)
2,50,000
5,00,000
5,00,000
1,00,000
2,50,000
1,50,000
5,00,000
5,00,000
Plan I
Plan II
Plan III
Plan IV
1,00,000
1,00,000
1,00,000
1,00,000
20,000
12,000
1,00,000
80,000
88,000
50,000
50,000
40,000
44,000
50,000
50,000
40,000
44,000
NIL
20,000
NIL
8,000
Earning
50,000
available for
eq.Shareholde
rs (A)
30,000
40,000
36,000
No. of
Equity
Shares(B)
25,000
25,000
25,000
EBIT
Less:
Interest on
Debentures 1,00,000
EBT
Less: Tax
@50%
Earning
after
Interest and
Tax
Less:
Preference
Dividend
50,000
PRINCIPLES OF CAPITAL
STRUCTURE
CAPITAL GEARING
HOW TO CALCULATE
Formula of capital
gearing ratio:[Capital Gearing Ratio
= Equity Share Capital /
Fixed Interest Bearing
Funds]
EXAMPLE
1992
EQUITY
5,00,000
SHARE
CAPITAL
RESERVES
3,00,OOO
AND
SURPLUSES
LONG TERM 2,50,000
LOANS
6%
2,50,000
1993
4,00,000
2,00,000
3,00,000
4,00,000
CALCULATION
Capital Gearing Ratio
1992 = (500,000 + 300,000) / (250,000 +
250,000)
= 8 : 5 (Low Gear)
1993 = (400,000 + 200,000) / (300,000
+400,000)
=6 : 7 (High Gear)
It may be noted that gearing is an inverse ratio to
the equity share capital.
Highly Geared------------Low Equity Share Capital
Low Geared---------------High Equity Share Capital
SIGNIFICANCE
Capital gearing ratio is important to
the company and the prospective
investors. It must be carefully
planned as it affects the company's
capacity to maintain a uniform
dividend
policy
during
difficult
trading periods. It reveals the
suitability
of
company's
capitalization.
1.)
According to modifed
pecking order theory,
o Order of preference for raising funds arises
because of asymmetric information between
market and firm.
o Firm may prefer internal funds and then raising
of debt as compared to issue of new equity share
capital.
Manisha
Joshi
BY