Chapter 6:

Network Layer
Introduction to Networks v5.1
Instructor Name: Touch Ra
23,April 2016

6.0 Introduction
6.1 Network Layer Protocols
6.2 Routing
6.3 Routers
6.4 Configure a Cisco Router
6.5 Summary

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

End to End Transport processes

Addressing end devices
Encapsulation
Routing
De-encapsulating

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

10

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

11

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

12

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

13

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

14

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

15

 Version = 0100
DS = Packet Priority
TTL = Limits life of

Packet
Protocol = Upper

layer protocol such

as TCP
Source IP Address =

source of packet
Destination IP

Address =
destination of packet

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

16

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

17

 IP address depletion
Internet routing table expansion
Lack of end-to-end connectivity

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

18

 Increased address space

Improved packet handling
Eliminates the need for NAT

340 undecillion IPv6 addresses

4 billion IPv4 addresses

4,000,000,000

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

vs.

340,000,000,000,000,000,000,00
0,000,000,000,000,000

Cisco Public

19

IPv6 has a
simplified
header

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

20

IPv6 has a
simplified
header

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

21

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

22

 Version = 0110
Traffic Class =

Priority
Flow Label = same

flow will receive

same handling
Payload Length =

same as total
length
Next Header =

Layer 4 Protocol
Hop Limit =

Replaces TTL field

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

23

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

24

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

25

 Itself

Local

Host

Remote

Host

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

26

 Routes traffic to other networks

Has a local IP address in the same address range as other hosts on the

network
Can take data in and forward data out

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

27

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

28

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

29

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

30

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

31

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

32

Route source Identifies how the network was learned by the router.
Destination network Identifies the destination network and how it was learned.
Outgoing interface Identifies the exit interface to use to forward a packet
toward the final destination.
2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

33

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

34

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

35

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

36

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

37

Routers require:
Central processing units (CPUs)
Operating systems (OSs)

Memory consisting of:

Random-access memory (RAM)
Read-only memory (ROM)
Nonvolatile random-access memory (NVRAM)
Flash
The Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS) is the system software

used for most Cisco devices regardless of the size and type of the
device.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

38

RAM uses the following applications and processes:

IOS and running-config
Routing table
ARP cache
Packet buffering

ROM stores the following:

Bootup information that provides the startup instructions
Power-on self-test (POST) that tests all the hardware components
Limited IOS to provide a backup version of the IOS.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

39

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

40

Double-wide eHWIC slots

eHWIC 0

AUX
port

Console
RJ45
Two 4 GB flash card slots

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Console
USB Type B

LAN
interfaces

USB
Ports

Cisco Public

41

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

42

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

43

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

44

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

45

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

46

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

47

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

48

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

49

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

50

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

51

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

52

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

53

 show ip route -

Displays the contents of

the IPv4 routing table
stored in RAM.

show interfaces -

Displays statistics for all

interfaces on the device.

show ip interface -

Displays the IPv4

statistics for all interfaces
on a router.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

54

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

55

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

56

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

57

 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

58

Thank you.