DAFTAR ISI

PERNYATAAN ....................................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... vi
INTISARI.............................................................................................................. vii
DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................ viii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................. xi
DAFTAR TABEL................................................................................................. xiv
BAB 1

PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................ 1

1.1

Latar Belakang .......................................................................................... 1

1.2

Perumusan Masalah .................................................................................. 2

1.3

Tujuan Penelitian ...................................................................................... 3

1.4

Pembatasan Masalah ................................................................................. 3

1.5

Manfaat Penelitian .................................................................................... 4

BAB 2

TINJAUAN PUSTAKA DAN LANDASAN TEORI .......................... 5

2.1

Tinjauan Pustaka ....................................................................................... 5

2.2

Landasan Teori .......................................................................................... 7

2.2.1

Solar Cell ......................................................................................... 7

2.2.1.1 Pengertian ..................................................................................... 7

2.2.1.2 Prinsip Kerja solar cell ................................................................. 7
2.2.1.3 Karakteristik solar cell ................................................................ 15
2.2.1.4 Pengaruh Intensitas matahari Terhadap Daya Solar cell ............ 17
2.2.1.5 Pengaruh Temperatur Terhadap Daya solar cell ........................ 18
2.2.1.6. Jenis dan Tipe Solar Cell ........................................................... 18
2.2.2

Mikrokontroler .............................................................................. 19

2.2.2.1. Pengertian Mikrokontroler ....................................................... 19

2.2.2.2. Mikrokontroler ATMEGA16 ................................................... 20
2.2.2.3. Peta Memori ATMEGA16 ....................................................... 24
2.2.3

Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) .................................................. 26

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2.2.4

Motor DC....................................................................................... 29

2.2.4.1. Pengertian Motor DC ............................................................... 29

2.2.4.2. Prinsip Dasar Motor DC ........................................................... 30
2.2.4.3. Torsi Motor DC ......................................................................... 35
2.2.4.4. Prinsip Arah Putaran Motor DC ................................................ 35
2.2.4.5. Motor DC Magnet Permanen ................................................... 36
2.2.5

Regulator Tegangan ....................................................................... 37

2.2.6

Penguat sinyal ................................................................................ 38

2.2.7

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) ....................................................... 39

2.2.8

BASCOM (Basic Compiler).......................................................... 40

2.2.8.1 Langkah awal penulisan program ............................................... 40

2.2.8.2 Konfigurasi dasar Port ................................................................ 41
2.2.8.3 Variabel & Tipe Data................................................................... 42
2.2.8.4 Operator .................................................................................... 44
2.2.8.5 Perulangan/Looping .................................................................. 46
2.3

Hipotesis ................................................................................................. 48

BAB 3
3.1

METODE PENELITIAN ................................................................... 49

Alat dan Bahan ........................................................................................ 49

3.1.1

Solar Cell ....................................................................................... 49

3.1.2

Sistem Minimum ATMega 16 ....................................................... 49

3.1.3

Actuator (Motor) ........................................................................... 49

3.1.4

Sensor LDR ................................................................................... 50

3.1.5

Display (LCD) ............................................................................... 50

3.1.6

Buzer.............................................................................................. 50

3.2

Langkah Langkah................................................................................. 50

3.2.1

Fungsi Alat..................................................................................... 50

3.2.2

Cara Kerja ...................................................................................... 50

3.2.2.1 Operasi Manual ........................................................................... 51

3.2.2.2 Operasi Auto ............................................................................... 52
3.2.3

Diagram Blok Sistem .................................................................... 52

3.2.4

Perancangan Perangkat Keras (Hardware).................................... 58

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3.2.5

Perancangan Perangkat Lunak (Software) .................................... 65

3.2.6

Realisasi Alat ................................................................................. 72

3.2.6.1 Realisasi Perangkat Keras Mekanik ............................................ 73

3.2.6.2 Realisasi Rangkaian Elektronik .................................................. 73
3.2.6.3 Realisasi Perangkat Lunak .......................................................... 76
BAB 4

PENGUJIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ................................................ 77

4.1

Pengujian dan Analisa Regulator 9 Volt dan 5 Volt DC .......................... 77

4.2

Pengujian dan Analisa Sistim minimum ATMega 16 ............................. 79

4.3

Pengujian dan Analisa LCD 16x2 ........................................................... 81

4.4

Pengujian Sensor LDR ............................................................................ 83

4.5

Pengujian dan Analisa Motor DC ........................................................... 84

4.6

Pengujian dan Analisa Solar Cell ........................................................... 87

4.6.1

Pengujian dan analisa Karakteristik Solar cell .............................. 87

4.6.2

Pengujian dan analisa Keluaran solar cell dalam waktu satu hari . 89

4.6.3

Pengujian dan analisa Keluaran solar cell dalam waktu satu hari

dengan menerapkan sistem Solar Tracker. .................................................. 94

BAB 5

KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ........................................................ 105

5.1

Kesimpulan ........................................................................................... 105

5.2

Saran ..................................................................................................... 105

DAFTAR PUSTAKA .......................................................................................... 106

LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................................ 107

DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1

Solar tracker satusumbu .............................................................................. 5

Gambar 2.2

Poros mengangguk ke kiri-kanan dan depan belakang (kiri) dan

poros berputar dan mengangguk (kanan) ............................................................................ 7

Gambar 2.3

Semikonduktor jenis p dan n sebelum disambung. ..................................... 9

Gambar 2.4

Semikonduktor jenis p dan n setelah disambung. ....................................... 10

Gambar 2.5

Daerah deplesi ............................................................................................. 10

Gambar 2.6

Timbul medan Listrik Internal ..................................................................... 11

Gambar 2.7

Matahari

menyinari

semikonduktor

bagian

atas

lapisan

semikonduktor ..................................................................................................................... 12
Gambar 2.8

Fotogenerasi elektron-hole (electron-hole photogeneration) ...................... 13

Gambar 2.9

Medan listrik yang dihasilkan dialirkan ke beban (lampu) ......................... 14

Gambar 2.10 Prinsip kerja solar cell ................................................................................. 14

Gambar 2.11 Grafik arus tegangan pada sel surya ............................................................ 15
Gambar 2.12 karakteristik kurva V-I terhadap perubahan Irradiance .............................. 17
Gambar 2.13 karakteristik kurva V-I terhadap perubahan temperature ............................ 18
Gambar 2.14 Mikrokontroler ATMEGA16 ....................................................................... 21
Gambar 2.15 Konfigurasi pin ATMEGA16 kemasan 40-Pin ............................................ 21
Gambar 2.16 Peta Memory ............................................................................................... 25
Gambar 2.17 Peta Data Memory ....................................................................................... 26
Gambar 2.18 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) ................................................................ 28
Gambar 2.19 Grafik hubungan antara resistansi dan iluminasi......................................... 29
Gambar 2.20 Motor D.C Sederhana .................................................................................. 30
Gambar 2.21 Medan magnet yang membawa arus mengelilingi konduktor ..................... 31
Gambar 2.22 Kaidah tangan kanan ................................................................................... 31
Gambar 2.23 Medan magnet yang membawa arus mengelilingi konduktor ..................... 32
Gambar 2.24 Medan magnet mengelilingi konduktor dan diantara kutub ........................ 32
Gambar 2.25 Reaksi garis fluks ........................................................................................ 33
Gambar 2.26 Prinsip kerja motor dc ................................................................................. 34
Gambar 2.27 Rangkaian regulator..................................................................................... 38

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Gambar 2.28 Penguat Sinyal LDR .................................................................................... 38

Gambar 2.29 Main Windows BASCOM AVR .................................................................. 40
Gambar 3.1

Diagram Blok Sistem .................................................................................. 53

Gambar 3.2

Rangkaian keseluruhan interkoneksi solar tracker ...................................... 54

Gambar 3.3

Interkoneksi Buzzer denganATMega 16 ..................................................... 57

Gambar 3.4

Interkoneksi ATMega16 dengan LCD ......................................................... 57

Gambar 3.5

Interkoneksi L298 dengan mikrokontroler .................................................. 59

Gambar 3.6

Proto type mekanik Solar Tracker ............................................................... 60

Gambar 3.7

Rangkaian Regulator 9 Volt dan 5 Volt DC ................................................. 62

Gambar 3.8

Sistem Minimum mikrokontroler ATMega 16 ............................................ 63

Gambar 3.9

Driver LCD .................................................................................................. 64

Gambar 3.10 Rangkaian pengkondisi Sinyal LDR ......................................................... 64

Gambar 3.11a Flow chart program Penjejak Matahari bagian Motor ................................ 66
Gambar 3.11b Flow chart program Penjejak Matahari bagian Penggerak.......................... 67
Gambar 3.12 Realisasi Solar Tracker ................................................................................ 73
Gambar 3.13 Realisasi Solar Cell...................................................................................... 73
Gambar 3.14 Realisasi Regulator 9 VDC ......................................................................... 74
Gambar 3.15 Realisasi Regulator 5 VDC ......................................................................... 74
Gambar 3.16 Realisasi Sistim Minimum ATMega 16 ....................................................... 75
Gambar 3.17 Driver L298 ................................................................................................. 75
Gambar 3.18 Rangkaian LCD 16x2 .................................................................................. 75
Gambar 3.19 Rangkaian Sensor LDR ............................................................................... 76
Gambar 4.1

Rangkaian Regulator 9 Volt dan 5 Volt DC ................................................. 77

Gambar 4.2

Rangkaian Led Pengujian Port Mikrokontroler .......................................... 79

Gambar 4.3

Hasil Pengujian LCD ................................................................................... 82

Gambar 4.4

Rangkaian Pengujian Sensor LDR .............................................................. 83

Gambar 4.5

Rangkaian pengujian motor ......................................................................... 85

Gambar 4.6

Rangkaian Pengukuran Karakteristik solar cell .......................................... 87

Gambar 4.7a Grafik karakteristik Solar Cell (I vs R) ....................................................... 88

Gambar 4.7b Grafik karakteristik Solar Cell (V vs R) ...................................................... 89
Gambar 4.8

Rangkaian Pengukuran solar cell tidak berbeban ........................................ 90

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Gambar 4.9

RangkaianPengukuran Solar cell Berbeban ................................................ 90

Gambar 4.10 Grafik tegangan keluaran solar cell terhadap waktu tanpa beban ............... 91
Gambar 4.11 Grafik tegangan keluaran solar cell terhadap waktu berbeban .................... 92
Gambar 4.12 Grafik arus keluaran solar cell terhadap waktu berbeban ........................... 93
Gambar4.13 Rangkaian

Pengukuran

solar

sell

tidak

berbeban

dengan

menerapkan solar tracker ................................................................................................... 95

Gambar 4.14 Rangkaian Pengukuran Solar cell Berbeban dengan menerapkan
solar tracker

..................................................................................................................... 95

Gambar 4.15 Grafik tegangan keluaran solar cell tanpa beban terhadap waktu
dengan menerapkan solar tracker ....................................................................................... 96
Gambar 4.16 Grafik perbandingan keluaran solar sel tanpa beban, tanpa dan
dengan solar tracker ........................................................................................................... 97
Gambar 4.17 Grafik tegangan keluaran solar cell berbeban terhadap waktu
dengan menerapkan solar tracker ....................................................................................... 98
Gambar 4.18 Grafik arus keluaran solar cell berbeban terhadap waktu dengan
menerapkan solar tracker ................................................................................................... 98
Gambar 4.19 Perbandingan tegangan keluaran solar cell berbeban dengan dan
tanpa solar tracker ............................................................................................................... 99
Gambar 4.20 Rangkaian Pengujian Intensitas radiasi ....................................................... 100
Gambar 4.21 Grafik Efisiensi Sollar Cell tanpa solar Tracker .......................................... 102
Gambar 4.22 Grafik Efisiensi Sollar Cell dengan menerapkan Solar Tracker .................. 103
Gambar 4.23 Grafik Perbandingan Efisiensi Sollar Cell dengan Solar Tracker dan
tanpa Solar Tracker ............................................................................................................. 104

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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1

Deskripsi pin ATMEGA16 ............................................................................... 22

Tabel 2.2

Konfigurasi pin LCD ........................................................................................ 39

Tabel 2.3

Operator Pembanding ....................................................................................... 45

Tabel 2.4

Operator Aritmatik ........................................................................................... 45

Tabel 2.5

Operator Logika ............................................................................................... 46

Tabel 3.1

Koneksi Push Button dengan ATMega16 ........................................................ 55

Tabel 3.2

Koneksi Push On / Offdengan ATMega16 ....................................................... 56

Tabel 3.3

Koneksi LDR dengan ATMega16 .................................................................... 56

Tabel 3.4

Alamat Input Port Mikrokontroler ................................................................... 65

Tabel 3.5

Alamat Output Port Mikrokontroler ................................................................. 66

Tabel 4.1

Tabel hasil pengukuran tegangan output dan arus output IC Regulator

L7809 dan L7805 ................................................................................................................ 78

Tabel 4.2

Hasil Pengujian Tegangan Port ATMega16...................................................... 81

Tabel 4.3

Hasil pengujian output Sensor LDR ................................................................ 84

Tabel 4.4

Hasil Pengujiand aya motor ............................................................................. 85

Tabel 4.5

Hasil Pengukuran karakteristik solar cell ......................................................... 88

Tabel 4.6

Hasil pengukuran keluaran solar cell tanpa beban dari jam 06.00-

17.30

.......................................................................................................................... 91

Tabel 4.7

Hasil pengukuran keluaran solar cell berbeban dari jam 06.00-17.30 ............. 92

Tabel 4.8

Hasil pengukuran keluaran solar cell tanpa bebandari jam 06.00-17.30

dengan menerapkan solar tracker ........................................................................................ 96

Tabel 4.9

Hasil pengukuran keluaran solar cell berbeban dari jam 06.00-17.30

dengan menerapkan solar tracker ........................................................................................ 97

Tabel 4.10 Irradiance cahaya matahari dalam satu hari ..................................................... 100
Tabel 4.11 Efisiensi solar cell tanpa solar tracker .............................................................. 101
Tabel 4.12 Efisiensi solar cell dengan menerapkan solar tracker ..................................... 103

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