Flow Routing
Q
t
Procedure to
determine the
flow hydrograph
at a point on a
watershed from a
known hydrograph
upstream
As the hydrograph
travels, it
attenuates
gets delayed
t
Q
Q
t
2
Distributed/hydraulic
Flow is calculated as a function of space
and time throughout the system
Governed by continuity and momentum
equations
4
Hydrologic Routing
Discharge
I (t )
Inflow
Discharge
Transfer
Function
I (t ) Inflow
Q (t )
Outflow
Q (t ) Outflow
Downstream hydrograph
Upstream
hydrograph
Input, output, and storage are related by continuity
equation:
dS
I (t ) Q (t ) Q and S are
dt
unknown
S f (I ,
dI
dQ
, , Q,
, )
dt
dt
2. Muskingum method
Storage is linear function of I and Q
S and Q relationships
dS
I (t ) Q(t )
dt
Inflow
I j 1
Outflow
S j 1
( j 1) t
( j 1) t
Sj
jt
j t
dS
Ij
Q j 1
Qj
S j 1 S j
t
jt
( j 1) t
Time
t
2 S j 1
Storage
Idt
Qdt
I j 1 I j
2
Q j 1 Q j
Q j 1 I j 1 I j
Unknown
Sj
9
Time
2S j
Known
S j 1
2S
Q, and Q
t
Storage-outflow function
Qj
Given
Inflow hydrograph
Q and H relationship
Steps
1. Develop Q versus Q+ 2S/t
relationship using Q/H relationship
2 S j 1
2S j
2. Compute Q+ 2S/t using Q j 1 I j 1 I j Q j
t
t
3. Use the relationship developed in step
1 to get Q
10
Ex. 8.2.1
Given I(t)
Given
Q/H
Elevation H Discharge Q
(ft)
(cfs)
0
0
0.5
3
1
8
1.5
17
2
30
2.5
43
3
60
3.5
78
4
97
4.5
117
5
137
5.5
156
6
173
6.5
190
7
205
7.5
218
8
231
8.5
242
9
253
9.5
264
10
275
12
Step 2
Compute Q+ 2S/t using
2 S j 1
t
Q j 1 I j 1 I j
2S j
t
Qj
2S 2
2S1
Q2 I 2 I1
Q1
2S 2
2 S1
Q2 I 2 I1
Q1 0 60 60
13
Step 3
Use the relationship between 2S/t + Q
versus Q to compute Q
2S 2
Q2 60
14
Qj
2 S j 1
2S j
t
Q j 2Q j
15
Q j 1 I j 1 I j
2S j
t
Qj
Storage (acre-ft)
10.0
Outflow
hydrograp
h
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
Time (minutes)
400
350
Inflow
Discharge (cfs)
300
250
200
150
Outflow
100
50
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
TIme (minutes)
16
140
160
180
200
220
Q/H relationships
http://www.wsi.nrcs.usda.gov/products/W2Q/H&H/Tools_Models/Sites
.html
17 an NRCS Reservoir
Program for Routing Flow through
Latihan
Storage
Indication
Head
Elev (m) (m)
1070
0
Q (m3s)
0
Storage
(m3)
T (hr)
0
1071
17 1,000,000
1072
48.08 2,000,000
1073
88.33 3,000,000
1074
136.00 4,000,000
1075
190.07 5,000,000
1076
249.85 6,000,000
Inflow
I1+I2
17
20
50
100
130
150
140
110
90
10
70
11
50
12
30
13
20
14
17
15
17 18
2S/dt+
2S/dt-O O
Outflow
538.56
17
S Prism KQ
S Wedge KX ( I Q )
Advancing
Flood
Wave
I>Q
S KQ KX ( I Q)
S K [ XI (1 X )Q]
I Q
Q
Receding
Flood
Wave
Q>I
QI
I
I j 1 I j
2
Q j 1 Q j
2
Combine:
Q j 1 C1 I j 1 C 2 I j C3Q j
t 2 KX
2 K (1 X ) t
t 2 KX
C2
2 K (1 X ) t
2 K (1 X ) t
C3
2 K (1 X ) t
C1
Muskingum - Example
Given:
Inflow hydrograph
K = 2.3 hr, X = 0.15, t =
1 hour, Initial Q = 85 cfs
Find:
Outflow hydrograph using
Muskingum routing
method
t 2 KX
1 2 * 2.3 * 0.15
0.0631
2 K (1 X ) t 2 * 2.3(1 0.15) 1
t 2 KX
1 2 * 2.3 * 0.15
C2
0.3442
2 K (1 X ) t 2 * 2.3(1 0.15) 1
2 K (1 X ) t 2 * 2.3 * (1 0.15) 1
C3
0.5927
2 K (1 X ) t
2 * 2.3(1 0.15) 1
C1
21
Discharge (cfs)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Time (hr)
22