Introduction:

Research is a scientific process. It is called as scientific because the research are variable. It is a systematic
search for answers to questions about facts and relationship between facts. The systematic method has an
order and follows an acceptable procedure for conducting research in every field and more so in the field of
nursing is demand of the day.
Definition of Research
1. The development of knowledge about health and the promotion of health over the full size span, care of
persons with health problems and disabilities and nursing research enhance the ability of individuals to
response effectively to actual or potential health problems.
- American Nurses Association, 1982
2. Nursing research is concerned with systematic study and assessment of NSG problems or phenomena
finding ways to improve NSG practice and patient cares through creative studies, initiating and evaluating
change and taking actions to make new knowledge useful in nursing.
- Vreciand
3. Scientific Process that validates and refers existing knowledge and generate new knowledge that directly
and indirectly influence nursing practice.
4. Nursing research in a process in which the researcher scientifically collects data to be used in the clinical
administrative or instructional area in order to find solution to nursing problems, evaluates nursing practices,
procedures, policies or curriculum assess the needs of patients, students or staff.
- Polet, A. Hungler.
5. A systematic study of problems in patient care.
- Diers
6. A systematic detailed attempt to dissolver or confirm touch facts that relate to a specific problem to
improve the practice and profession of nursing.
Abdellah.
7. A systematic search for knowledge about issues of importance to nursing.
- Polit and Hungler.
8. A study of the problem in practice relating to the effect of nursing.
- - Henderson.
9. Nursing Research in the terms used to describe the evidence used to support nursing practice.
Characteristics of research.:
- Research is always directed towards the assignment of a problem.
- Research is always based on empirical and observational evidence.
- Research involves precise observation and accurate description.
- Research emphasize to the development of theories and principles and generalization.
- Research is characterized by systematic, objectives and logical procedure.
- Research it marked by patients, courage and unhurried activities.
- Research requires that the researcher has full experience of the problem being studied.
- Research is replicable
- Research uses systematic method of problem solving.
- In research the factors which are not under study are controlled.
- Research requires full skill of writing report
The purpose of nursing research.
Nursing research in the systematic inquiry in the phenomena of interest in nursing science, namely the
adaptation of individuals and groups to actual or potential health problems, the environment that influence
health in humans and the theoretic interventions that affect the consequents of illness and promote health.
1. Identification:
Qualitative research of ten conducts a study to examine phenomena about which little is known. In some
cases so little is known that the phenomena has yet to be clearly identified or named or has been
inadequately defined or conceptualized. The in depth probing nature or qualitative research is well shifted to
the task of answering such questions as what is this phenomena? And what is its name.
In quantitative research by contrast the researcher begins with phenomenon that has been previously
studied or defined sometimes in a qualitative study. Thus in quantitative research, identification typically
precedes the inquiry.
2. Description: the main objective of many nursing research studies is the description and elucidation of
phenomena relating to the nursing profession. The researcher who conducts a description investigation

observes, counts, describe and classifies when Phenomena that nurse researchers have been interested in
describing are varied they include topics such as stress and copping in patients, pain management
adaptation processes, health beliefs, rehabilitations success and time patterns of temperature reading.
3. Exploration: Exploratory research begins with some phenomenon of interest; but rather than simply
observing and describing the phenomenon, exploratory research is aimed at investigating the full nature of
the phenomenon, the manner in which it is manifested and the other factors with which it is related. For e.g.
a descriptive quantities study of patients preoperative stress might seek to document the degree of stress
patients experience before surgery and the percentage of patients who actually experience it. An exploratory
study might ask the following. what factors are related to a patients stress level? Is a patients stress related
to behavior of the nursing staff? Does a patients behavior of change in relation to the level of stress
experienced.
4. Explanation :
The goals of explanatory research are to understand the underpinnings of specific natural phenomena and to
explain systematic relationship among phenomena. Explanatory research is often linked to theories which
represent a method of deriving, organizing and integrating ideas about the manner in which phenomena are
interrelated where as descriptive research provides new information and exploratory research promising in
sign explanatory research attempts to offer understanding of the underlying causes or full nature of a
phenomenon.
5. Prediction and Control:
Without current level of knowledge technology and theoretical progress there are numerous problem that
defy absolute comprehension and explanation yet it is frequently possible to make predications and control
phenomenas based on finding from research user in the observe of complete understanding.
Through prediction one can estimate the probability of a specific outcome in a given situation, with
predictive knowledge nurses could anticipate the effect that nursing interventions would have a patient and
families.
If one can predict the out come of a situation the next step is to control or manipulate the situation to
produce the described outcome.
Scope of research
- It promotes scientific and legal thinking
- Operational it is involved in solving operational problems e.g.
Industries, factor
- It is also used as an aim to economic policy and gained its importance in government and has gained its
importance in government and business
- It facilitates the decision of policy making
- It studies the economic and social structure of nation and gives a detailed account of the change taking
place in society
- It helps in predicting future development
- It studies the motivation underlying the consumer behavior
- It helps social scientists in studying social relationship and seeking answers for various social problems
- It helps in the attainment of high position in social structure
- It helps in development of new ideas and insight and for analysis, for generation of new advancement of a
profession
- It is a measure or means of attaing live hood for professionals
Types of Research Studies:
1. Fundamental or Basic Research: Fundamental research here means research of a scientific nature which
has practically no connection. It is absolutely remote in nature as for as social science research is concerned.
Fundamental or basic research is primarily intended to find out certain basic principles viz; John Robinsons
imperfect competition theory in economics, Maslows, Hierarchy of needs theory in motivation.
2. Applied Research: Applied research already stated in the application of aavailable scientific methods in
social science research which helps to contradict alter or modify any existing theory or theories and help to
formulate policy, applied research, they more concerned with actual life. It also suggests remedial measure
to alleviate social problem. E.g. of applied research may be
a) John Horsemans Descriptions without punishment theory.
b) Clayton Alderfers: existence relatedness and growth theory which contraindicated Maslows hierarchy of
needs theory.
3. Descriptive research: Descriptive research is usually a fact finding approach generalizing across section
study of the present situation for e.g. a study on problems of industrial relation in India with an inter

displinary approach it is classified under conclusive research.

4. Historical Research: Resistor is the research is the research on past social forces which have shaped the
present for e.g. To study the present state of Indian labor we may research on the part historical forces.
5. Formulations or exploratory research: Formulation or exploratory research helps us investigate any
problem with suitable hypothesis. This research on social science in particularly important for clarification of
any concept and throwing new light for further research an principle of developing hypothesis and its testing
with statistical tools.
6. Ex post facto Research: Ex post facto research is an empirical enquiry for situation that have already
occurred for e.g., market failure for any companys product if studied or researched later may be categorized
as export facto research. Apart from this declaration or slow rate of growth in national income when studied
to formulate the future polices on this account is classified an ex-port facto research
7. Experimental research; Although experimental research in primarily possible in areas of physical science
with the help of hypothesis, may also be carried out in social science if such research enable us to quantity
the findings to apply the statistical and mathematical tools and to measure the results thus qualified. It is
also classified under conclusive research.
8. Case study approach: Study approach to social science research is particularly initiated at the micro level
e.g. study of a particular industrial unit or units study some banking limits etc, may be categorized as a case
study. This type of study is intensive in nature and data complication requires exhaustive study of the units
with at most sincerity.
Other Classification:
I. Type of Quantitative Research.
1. Descriptive Research
2. Correlation Research
3. Quasi experiment Research.
4. Experimental Research.
II. Types of Qualitative Research
1. Phenomenological Research
2. Grounded Theory Research
3. Ethnographical Research
4. Historical Research.
III. Outcome Research:
Types of Quantities Research:
Descriptive Research
Descriptive Research is the exploration and description of Phenomena in real life situation it provides an
accurate amount of characteristics of Particular individuals situation or groups, through descriptive studies,
researcher discover new meaning describe what exists, determines the frequency with which something
occurs and categorize. The outcome of descriptive research includes the description of concepts,
identification of relationships and development of hypothesis that provide a basis for future quantities
research.
Correlation Research:
Correlation, research involves the systematic investigation of relationship between or among variables. To do
this the researcher measures the selected variables. To do this, the researcher measures the selected
variable in a sample and then use correlation statistics to determine the relationships among the variable
using correlation analysis, the researcher is able to determine the degree or strength and type (positive or
negative) of a relationship between two variables. The strength of a relationship varies ranging from 1
(perfect -ve correlation) to +ve (perfect +ve correlation) with O indication no relationships.
Quasi Experimental Research:
The purpose of quasi experimental research is to examine casual relationship or to determine the affect of
one variable an another. It involves implementing a treatment and examining the effect of this treatment
using selected methods of measure quasi experimental studies differ from experimental studies by the level
of control achieved by researchers.
Experimental Research:
Experimental research is and objective systematic highly controlled investigation for the purpose of
predicting and controlling phenomena in nursing practice. In an experimental study, causality between the
independent and the dependent variables is examine under highly controlled conditions experimental

research is considered the most powerful quantitative method because of the rigorous control of variables.
The three main characteristics of experimental studies are
1. Controlled manipulation of at least one treatment variable (Independent variable).
2. Exposure of some of the subjects to the treatment (experimental group) and no exposure of the remaining
subjects control group and
3. Random assignment of subjects to either the control or experimental group in an experimental studies in
strengthened by random selection of subjects and the conduct of the study in a lab or research facility.
Qualitative Research:
1. Phenomenological Research:
Phenomenology is both a philosophy and a research method. The philosophical position taken by
phenomenological researchers are very different from the positions that are common in nursing culture and
research tradition.
2. Grounded theory Research:
Grounded theory research is an inductive technique that emerged from the discipline of sociology, the term
grounded means that the theory that developed from the research has its soon in the data from which it was
derived.
3) Ethnographic Research:
Ethnographic research was developed by anthropologist as a mechanism for studying culture. The world
ethnography means portrait of people many nurses involved in this type of research obtained their
doctoral preparation in anthropology and have used anthropological technique to examine cultural issues of
interest in nursing.
4) Historical Research:
Historical research examines events of the part many histories believes that the greatest values of historical
knowledge is increased self understanding in addition historical acknowledge provides nurses with an
increased understanding of their profession.
SUMMARY :
Research is a scientific process, it is systematic method has an order and follows an acceptable procedure for
conducting research in every field and more so in the field of nursing is demand of the day.
Nursing Research is a systematic study of the problems of patient care.
The Research purpose in nursing can be further described in several ways in such as identification.
Description, exploration, explanation, prediction and control.
The main characteristics of Research is always directed towards the solution of a problem and based on
empirical and observational evidence.
CONCLUSION:
Introducing to Nursing Research is concerned with types with a systematic study of problems related
problem. Research is always directed towards the observational evidence. In NSG Research it maintains
identified and define the elements composing the problem and inters relationship among elements. Analysis
and interpretation and Synthesis of the collected facts along with previously known fact and theories are
judged to be relevant to the problems observation and evaluation of the out comes of action are followed as
warranted by modification of course of action.