BLOOD
BLOOD
Erythrocytes
Concentration of Hgb
Ultrastructure of RBCs
Hereditary spherocytosis/elliptocytosis
Membrane skeleton:
Blood Platelets
Thrombocytes/thromboplastids
Minute, anucleate, colorless corpuscles
Function in clotting of blood at sites of
injury to blood vessels
Protect against excessive blood loss
Thin biconcave discs 2-3 u in diameter
Round or ovoid (flat), fusiform (profile)
150-350 T/cumm of blood
Membrane-bound granules:
Alpha granules: contain
Platelet factor IV: counteracts heparin
Von Willebrand factor: GP which
facilitates adhesion of platelets to vessel
wall
Platelet derived growth factor: fibroblast
proliferation
Thrombospondin: GP involved in platelet
aggregation in blood clotting
Function of Platelets
ADP:
Concurrent:
Tissue thromboplastin released by injured
endothelial cells: series of reactions that
convert prothrombin to thrombin
Thrombin: catalyzes conversion of fibrinogen
to fibrin that polymerizes to form a meshwork
of fibrils
Fibrils bind to receptors on platelet
membrane: platelets bind together and
entrapping RBCs in fibrin meshwork to form a
blood clot
Platelet
PDGF:
Leukocytes
Nucleated
Colorless in the fresh state
Spherical in the bloodstream
Pleomorphic ameboid cells in tissues or in
vitro
Granular or nongranular
Granular: eosinophils, basophils,
neutrophils
Nongranular: lymphocytes, monocytes
5-9 T/cumm
Neutrophil
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte
Immune phagocytosis
IgG, C3b: coat bacteria, increase efficient
phagocytosis
Nonspecific phagocytosis
Synthesize
leukotrienes (LTs)
From arachidonic acid
LTB4: promotes adhesion of
neutrophils to endothelium and
emigration into tissues;
chemoattractant for eosinophils,
monocytes
LTC4, LTD4, LTE4: increase
permeability of post- capillary
Eosinophil
Granules
contain:
Aryl sulfatase, betaglucoronidase, acid phosphatase,
histaminase, ribonuclease
3 cationic proteins: major basic
protein (MBP), eosinophil cationic
protein (ECP), eosinophil-derived
neurotoxin: allergic reactions,
parasites
Damage control in allergic
reactions
Basophil
Lymphocyte
2nd most numerous class of leukocytes
7-12 u in dm in blood smears
Nucleus: deeply staining, slightly indented
Thin rim of clear blue cytoplasm
No specific granules, few small azurophil
granules
Large, medium, small: diameter, amount of
cytoplasm
2 types of small lymphocytes: B and T
Plasma cells
T-lymphocytes
Regulate activity of B-lymphocytes
Helper T cells: provide additional stimulus for
antibody production
Suppressor T cells: depress antibody production
Monocyte
Spherical, 9-12 u in diameter in suspension,
17 u in dried blood smears
Larger, more cytoplasm than a large
lymphocyte
Cytoplasm: pale blue-gray tint, few azurophil
granules
Nucleus eccentric and round or reniform
Circulate in blood for 1-2 days before
migrating
Differentiate into tissue macrophages