Vol:42 2010-06-25
I. INTRODUCTION
cage faults are the third most important failure
cause in induction motors. These failures are motivated by
a combination of internal and external stresses, acting together
with the natural aging process of the motor [1].
Rotor cage faults can be a serious problem when induction
motors have to perform hard duty cycles. If they do not
initially cause an induction motor to fail, they can impair
motor performance, lead to motor malfunction, and cause
serious mechanical damage to stator windings if left
undetected. Moreover, an induction motor with broken rotor
bars cannot operate in dangerous environments due to sparking
at the fault site [1]. For these reasons, a substantial amount of
research has been devoted to this topic in the past decades, in
order to create new condition monitoring techniques for
electrical machine drives, with new methods being developed
and implemented in commercial products for this purpose [2][3].
The research and development of newer and alternative
diagnostic techniques is continuous, however, since condition
monitoring and fault diagnosis systems should always suit new
specific electric motor drive applications [2], [3].
OTOR
i Rk 1
i Rk
i Rk +1
Lb , Rb
Rotor
i bN
i R1
i b1
1034
A. Stator inductance
The expression of mmf a phase "a" is given by the
following:
1 2 0
RL
N 2r e
M rr =
(9)
th
Fm () =
2N si a
cos()
p
(1)
M rk ( k 1) = M rk ( k +1) = M rr L b
Bs () =
20 N si a
cos()
ep
(2)
Bk
(N r 1) 0
sp =
4 0 N RL
ia
ep
2
s
2
Nr e
4 0 Ns2 RL
Lsp =
=
ia
ep 2
ir
ir
(3)
sp
0
Nre
irk
Nr
Le
Nr
i b ( k 1)
i r ( k +1)
i r ( k 1)
i rk
i ek
R b( k 1) , L b ( k 1)
Re
(6)
1
i bk
Nr
R bk , L bk
Le
Nr
M snrk = M sr cos(pr n
2
+ ka)
3
(11)
where:
(7)
a=p
L rr = L rp + 2L b + 2L e
(k+1)a
Re
(5)
B. Rotor inductance
N 1 2
L rp = r 2 0
RL
Nr
e
ka
(4)
L
Ms = - s
2
2
N
ir
Ls = Lsp + Lsf
(10)
(8)
4 0 N s Rl
a
2
and M sr =
sin( )
2
Nr
ep
2
1035
[ L]
d [ I]
dt
= [ V ] - [ R ][ I]
(12)
R rdd
R RF =
R rqd
where:
Lsc
3
2 Msr
Rs
Lscr
Nr Msr
2
Lrc
3 Msr
2
0
Lrc
Rs
0
0
0
Nr M
2 sr r
Nr Msrr
2
Rr
0
0
L rc = L rp M rr +
0 ,
Le
Nr Msr
2
0
0
Rr
0
R rdd = 2R b (1 cos(a ) ) + 2
+
0 ,
Re
R rqd
R rqq
R bk
R bk
R bk
R bk
0
0
0
0
0
2
(1 cos(a ) ) Rbfk (1 cos(2k 1)a )
Nr
k
Re
+ 2.R b (1 cos(a) )
Nr
1)a )
2.Le
+ 2.Le (1 cos(a) )
Nr
2
(1 cos(a ) ) Rbfk sin(2k 1)a
Nr
k
2
=
(1 cos(a ) ) Rbfk sin(2k 1)a
Nr
k
R
= 2.R b (1 cos(a ) ) + 2 e
Nr
[ R F ] = 0
0
2
Nr
Re
Nr
R rdq =
and
Rr = 2
(14)
Lsc
Lscr
R rdq
R rqq
Rs
Lscr
R =
0
Lscr
Rs
0
0
Nr
Msr r
2
Nr
Msrr
2
R rdd
R rqd
0
R rdq
R rqq
R e
d
1
= ( Ce Cr )
J
dt
with: =
(15)
d
dt
[R RF ]N N = [R R ]N N + [R F ]N N
R
3
Ce = p.N r .Msr ( Ids .Iqr Iqs .Idr )
2
(13)
1036
(16)
V5(DF,AC)
V3(010)
V2(110)
V3(DF,DC)
3
V1(100)
V4(011)
V0,7 (000)
dt s
(17)
V6(101)
V5(001)
s s0 + Vs dt
(18)
Cflx
Cclp
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
1
1
V2
V3
V4
V5
V6
V1
1
0
V7
V0
V7
V0
V7
V0
1
-1
V6
V1
V2
V3
V4
V5
0
1
V3
V4
V5
V6
V7
V2
0
0
V0
V7
V0
V7
V0
V7
0
-1
V5
V6
V1
V2
V3
V4
8
100
6
4
2
0
-2
-50
-4
-6
-100
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
-8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
time (s)
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
time (s)
25
1.5
20
1
(19)
15
10
Ce = k s r = k s r sin sr
Torque (N.m)
Speed (rd/s)
50
V6(AF,DC)
Vs = R s .is +
V2(AF,AC)
5
0
-5
0.5
-0.5
-10
-1
-15
-20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
time (s)
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
-1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
1037
2.5
1000
2
500
Tourque (Nm)
Speed (rpm)
1.5
-500
0
wr
wr ref
-1000
0
0.5
1.5
2
2.5
time (s)
3.5
-0.5
4.5
15
0.5
1.5
2
2.5
time (s)
3.5
4.5
10
0.5
-10
1.5
a)
-10
-20
-20
-30
-30
-40
-40
b)
-0.5
(40.00 -28.20)
(45.93 -27.32)
-5
0.5
1.5
2
2.5
time (s)
3.5
-1.5
-1.5
4.5
-1
-0.5
0
Flux alpha (wb)
0.5
1.5
ia (dB)
-10
ia (dB)
-1
-50
-60
-70
-70
-80
f defect = (1 2.n.g ) f s ,
-10
(a)
(1+2.s).fs
ia (dB )
-40
-50
(1+4.s).fs
(1-4.s).fs
-70
-80
-90
-100
10
20
30
40
50
60
Frequence (Hz)
70
80
90
100
(b)
-10
(1-2.s).fs
-20
(1+2.s).fs
(1-2.s).fs
-30
-90
10
80
-10
(38.94 -24.85)
40
50
Frequency (Hz)
60
70
80
d)
(37.93 -25.89)
(52.00 -24.51)
-30
-40
ia (dB )
ia (dB )
30
-20
(50.05 -24.18)
-30
(55.56 -46.60)
(33.09 -52.16)
-50
-70
20
-40
(59.04 -46.06)
(31.09 -52.80)
-50
-60
(61.03 -65.11)
(65.92 -67.71)
(27.92 -71.20)
-70
(24.50 -76.05)
-80
20
30
40
50
Frequency (Hz)
60
70
80
-90
10
20
30
40
50
Frequency (Hz)
60
70
80
We note that the lines due to defect invisible for weak slips
(figure 8.a) and less visible with average slip (figure 8.b). So it
is difficult to detect the defect of broken bars with weak load.
On the other hand, for nominal loads (figure 8.c, d), the lines
are visible. We have shown by spectral analysis and
monitoring the evolution of characteristic frequencies of a
defect present in the stator current could deduce the state of
the machine. Indeed, through its control of the speed control of
induction machine, we know the speed of mechanical rotation,
slip estimate and can therefore easily locate the characteristic
frequencies of the lines due to default.
V. CONCLUSION
(1+2.s).fs
-30
ia (dB )
-40
(1+4.s).fs
-50
(1-4.s).fs
-40
(1+4.s).fs
(1-4.s).fs
-50
-60
-60
(1+6.s).fs
-70
(1+6.s).fs
(1-6.s).fs
-80
-70
(1-6.s).fs
-80
-90
-100
70
(c)
-10
-20
60
-80
-20
-60
40
50
Frequency (Hz)
-20
(20)
(1-2.s).fs
30
-60
n = 1, 2,..
-30
20
-90
10
-10
-80
-90
10
ia (dB )
-50
-60
10
20
30
40
50
60
Frequence (Hz)
70
80
90
100
-90
10
20
30
40
50
60
Frequence (Hz)
70
80
90
100
1038
TABLE II
SIMULATION FREQUENCIES AND MAGNITUDES OF THE STATOR CURRENT SPECTRUM:
a) One broken bars b) Spaced two broken bars c) Adjacent two broken bars
s=7.84 %
s=7.95 %
s=8 %
calculated f(Hz)
f cal=(1-6s)fs
27.009
f cal=(1-4s)fs
35.006
f cal=(1-2s)fs
43.003
deduced f (Hz)
Magnitude (dB)
27.000
-81.094
33.927
-62.947
42.999
-30.622
calculated f(Hz)
deduced f (Hz)
Magnitude (dB)
calculated f(Hz)
deduced f (Hz)
Magnitude (dB)
26.673
25.477
-80.555
26.489
26.001
-75.586
34.782
33.970
-57.599
34.659
33.968
-52.619
42.891
42.495
-29.369
42.829
42.478
-27.093
[9]
APPENDIX
For the simulated induction motor
Pn Output power
Vs Stator voltage
fs Stator frequency
p Pole number
Rs Stator resistance
Rr Rotor resistance
Rb Rotor bar resistance
Re Resistance of end ring segment
Lb0 Rotor bar inductance
Le inductance of end ring
Lsf Leakage inductance of stator
Msr Mutual inductance
Ns Number of turns per stator phase
Nr Number of rotor bars
L Length of the rotor
e Air-gap mean diameter
1.1 kW
220 V
50 Hz
1
7.58
6.3
0.15 m
0.15 m
0.1 H
0.1 H
26.5 mH
46.42 mH
160
16
65 mm
2.5 mm
0.0054 kg m
J Inertia moment
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
f cal=(1+2s)fs
58.548
f cal=(1+4s)fs
66.993
f cal=(1+6s)fs
74.990
58.991
-28.986
66.994
-55.554
74.992
-81.429
59.109
58.990
-27.125
59.170
58.962
-24.632
67.218
68.030
-50.962
67.340
67.940
-46.598
75.327
75.996
-72.944
75.510
76.003
-67.946
1039