9-5-2016

CLASS WORK-1

CLASSES IXB,C&F

TISSUES

Topics covered-( Introduction, Meristematic tissue, Simple Permanent Tissue)

1. Tissue: Tissue is defined as a group of cells which have the same origin and
structure and perform a similar function. These cells are held together by a
cementing substance
Features that Differentiate Plants and Animal Tissues
Plant Tissue
Animal Tissue
Most of the plant tissues are supportive
which provide them with structural strength
as plants are stationary or fixed, most of
these tissues are dead

Animals move around in search of food,

water and shelter, they consume more
energy as compared to plants, so most of
the tissue they contain are made up of
living cells.

Some plant tissues have the capacity to They dont have any such tissue
divide and redivide through out their life

The growth in plants is limited to certain The growth in animals is uniform so there
regions so they are classified as is no demarcation of dividing and nonmeristematic and permanent tissues
diving tissues
Organization of plant tissues is simple

Organization of animal tissues is complex

with the development of more specialized
and localized organs and organ systems

2.

Characteristic features of meristematic tissues

These are composed of living cells which have the ability to divide and redivide
The cell wall is thin and made up of cellulose
Inter cellular spaces are absent due to compact arrangement of cells
Each cell has a large prominent nucleus and dense cytoplasm
The cells lack vacuoles (do not store reserve food material) as their basic
function is to divide
3. Types of Meristematic tissues
Depending upon their location in the plant body they are of 3 types
Apical Meristem:
Location - It is present at the growing tips of stem and root. Apical meristem are also
found at apices of the leaves.

Function Helps to increase the length of the stem and the root. It results in an
increase in the height of the plants
Lateral Meristem:
Location - It is present in lateral sides of plant body (cambium). Found beneath the
barks of trees as cork cambium and in vascular bundles of dicot roots & stem
(vascular cambium)
Function It results in an increase in diameter and girth (thickness) of stems and roots.
Intercalary Meristem:
Location - It is present at the base of leaves or base or internodes of twigs
Function It brings about an increase in the length of an organ such as leaves and
internodes

L.S of shoot apex showing

location of meristem
4. Differences between Simple permanent tissue and complex permanent tissues
Simple Permanent Tissues
Complex Permanent Tissue
These are the tissues which are made up These are the tissues which are made up
of one type of cells.
of many different types of cells which
individually perform different functions but
collectively perform a common function
They are of three types
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Scleren chyma

They are of two types

Xylem
Phloem

5. Differences between Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma

S.No PARAMETERS
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
1

Location

Parenchyma is
present in non-woody
or soft parts all the
plants organs (stems,
leaves, roots,
Flowers & Fruits)

It is located in leaf
stalks, just below
the epidermis of
leaves

Cell wall

Cell wall is thin and

made up of cellulose

Cell wall unevenly

thickened at
corners (made up
of pectin and
cellulose)

Nature

Cells are living

Vacuole

Nucleus is present
hence they are living
cells
Single large central
vacuole present

Intercellular
spaces

Cells have large

intercellular spaces

very less or no
intercellular
spaces

Function

.Act as a packing
tissue.
Provide support to
plants.
It stores food.
The parenchyma of
stem and root also
stores nutrients and
water.

Provides flexibility
and allows easy
bending in various
parts of the plant
(leaf and stem)
Manufacture sugar

Vacuoles present
and are small

and starch when

they contain
chlorophyll

Found is stems,
roots, around
vascular bundles,
in the veins of the
leaves and in the
hard covering of
seeds and nuts.
Cell walls evenly
thickened due to
deposition of a
chemical
substance lignin.(
such cell walls are
called lignified)
Nucleus absent,
cells are dead
Vacuoles are
absent

Cells are
closely
packed
without
intercellular
spaces
Provides
mechanical
strength and
protection to the
plant parts and
make them hard
and stiff
Are responsible for
grittiness in seeds
& nuts

Chlorophyll containing parenchyma tissue is called chlorenchyma.

They can perform photosynthesis.

Some times in parenchyma tissues there are large air cavities in between the
cells as seen in aquatic plants. This special parenchyma tissue is called
aerenchyma and its function is to provide buoyancy to aquatic plants to help
them float and exchange of gases.
Class Work-1(Tissue)
(ANSWERS)

1. What is differentiation?
Ans Some of the cells formed by the meristematic tissues take up specific roles and
lose the ability to divide. There cells of meristematic tissues differentiate to form
different types of permanent tissues. The developmental process by which cells
derived from meristematic tissue take up a permanent shape, size and function is
called differentiation
2. How are plant tissues classified?

3. With help of a labelled diagram show the three types of meristem?

4. Differentiate between
a) Meristematic tissue and Permanent tissue

1
2
3
4
5

Merestimatic Tissue
The cells are small and
undifferentiated
Cells have the ability to divide and
redivide regularly
Cell wall is thin
Cells are living
Provides growth to plants

b) Parenchyma and Collenchyma

Parenchyma
1
Composed of thin walled living cells
2
3

Distributed in almost all the parts of

the plant body
Store food, help in photosynthesis
and is a packaging tissue

Permanent Tissue
Cells are variable in shape and size and
are fully differentiated
They lose the ability to divide and take
up specific functions
Cell wall may be thin or thick
Cells may be living or dead
Provides protection, support, conduction,
Photosynthesis,storage etc.

Collenchyma
Composed of cells which are living but
unevenly thickened at corners
It occurs mostly in the aerial parts of the
plant(leaf stalk)
Provides mechanical strength, flexibility
to plant parts

1
2
3
4
5

c) Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma

Collenchyma
Consists of Living cells
Cell wall made up of cellulose and
pectin.
Cells contains cytoplasm
Cell lumen is wide
Provide mechanical support and
flexibility to the plant

Sclerenchyma
Consist of dead cells
Cell wall made up of lignin
Cells are empty
Cell lumen is narrow
Chiefly a mechanical tissue providing
protection

d) Parenchyma and Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma(on the basis of cell wall)

(H.W)
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
1
Cell wall made of cellulose
Cell wall made of
Cell wall made of lignin
pectin and cellulose
Cell wall is thin
Cell wall unevenly
Cell wall evenly thickened
thickened at the
corners
.6. Which plant tissue provides both mechanical strength as well as fiexibility?
Ans
7. What chemical substance is deposited in the secondary wall of sclerenchyma?
Ans
8.Name the plant tissue which show the following features?
a) made up of living cells showing thickening; provide mechanical support to the
plant.
Ans
b) made up of dead cells showing thickening; provide mechanical support to the
plant; are made of one type of cells.
Ans
c) made up of living cells containing green coloured chloroplasts, possesses
intercellular space.
Ans
9 Water hyacinth floats on water surface. Explain.
Ans Water hyacinth has spongy leaf stalk or petiole which enclose a lot of air in its
aerenchyma. Air makes the plant lighter than water so that it is able to float on
The surface of water.

10. How are simple tissues different from complex tissue in plant
Simple Permanent Tissues

Complex Permanent Tissue

11. Give reasons.

a) Intercellular spaces are absent in sclerenchymatous tissue.
Ans They have lignin deposition in their walls. This makes the cell walls thick to provide
Mechanical support
b) We get a crunchy and granular feeling when we chew pear fruit.
Ans Pear fruit has stonecells/sclereids cells
c) It is difficult to pull out the husk of coconut.
Ans Husk of coconut is made up of sclerenchyma fibres which are closely packed
SE