FRUIT
GARDEN
CHERRY
ORCHARD
IN
SPRING.
The
"Couu^ry
Life"
Li'BRARY.
THE
FRUIT
GARDEN
BY
GEORGE
BUNYARD,
V.M.H.
AND
OWEN
THOMAS,
SECOND
LONDON:
PUBLISHED
LIFE," Ltd.,
TAVISTOCK
GEORGE
W.C.
NEWNES,
;
fsf CHARLES
V.M.H.
EDITION
AT
THE
OFFICES
COVENT
STREET,
Ltd., SOUTHAMPTON
SCRIBNER'S
^"
SONS,
OF
"COUNTRY
STREET,
NEW
W.C.
GARDEN,
YORK.
STRAND
MCMVI
IMP
11^
A
^
s^
PREFACE
It
been
has
"
Garden
but
in
has
has
fruit
of
had
this
trees
of
revision
practically
the
by
by
"
the
and
student.
be
in
The
and
that
Britain.
February
1906.
all
it
wider
In
view
by
County
and
will
give
of
still
in
be
that
whether
further
"
in
this
The
the
reach
slight
remains
the
to
amateur
information
able
valu-
equally
in
efforts
the
Councils,
fruit,
the
book
found
gardening
confident
within
the
of
culture
written
be
cheaper
Some
experience
should
of
growers
will
of
the
appeals
plainly
and
practical
feel
authors
by
and
of
invaluable,
welcomed
market,
and
"
The
it
but
culture
lines.
on
placing
Garden
contains,
glass.
teaching
found
made,
concise
fruit
prohibitive.
been
amateur,
announce
book
of
was
Fruit
the
to
finest
price
grower
under
schools
The
it
professional
the
be
of
diagrams
secondary
will
has
able
object
the
higher
same.
out-of-doors,
towards
with
contents
reason
faithful
the
the
to
sound
on
Fruit
"The
extending
practice
be
to
admittedly
the
in
its
glad
help
greatest
influence
very
that
assurances
the
directing
published,
the
gardener
are
whom
to
of
proved
in
work,
yet
those
and
and
therefore,
of
receive
to
considerable
country,
authors,
edition
only
not
also
this
gratifying
very
EDITION
SECOND
TO
fruit
culture
directed
now
and
elementary
Fruit
of
hands
cheaper
for
home
impetus
to
"
Garden
every
edition
or
fruit
will
for
culture
the
PREFACE
In
this
its
recognition
home
to
of
and
of
in
Britain
abroad
for
for
which
the
There
are
waking
of
its
fruit
of
or
important
thought
by
up-to-date
the
Garden
the
at
time,
present
successful
No
that
the
in
trustworthy
professional
have
gardener
guide
who
the
been
to
the
devotes
either
in
is
anxious
to
production
life
it
to
make
of
the
of
and
bringing
that
fruit
the
at
"
was
practical
in
hope
services
spared
his
aid
the
in
lishing
estab-
information
thoroughly
inquiries
for
phases
their
in
comprehensive
various
place
schools
valuable
It
instance,
considerations,
that
render
issue.
authors
efforts
and
question
for
numerous
annually,
these
by
possibilities
Press
experts
the
and
slowly
are
the
ways
in
horticultural
practical experience
public.
"
with
sent
home,
we
and
several
orchards,
other
wealth
at
that
subject
in
Impressed
and
the
the
planted
old
cultivators
doors.
our
subject
are
the
by
dealing
useful,
prove
trees
renovating
authors
to
and
fruit
matter.
worJc,
movement
life-long
of
the
would,
manner,
may
in
of
largely
intelligence
the
well
as
kingdom
the
optional
an
of
at
manifest
is
received
continually
this
now
quite
grown
importance
of
meet
produce
and
share
to
so
the
upon
tinent,
Con-
the
can
Landowners
their
ready
are
This
acres
new
this
the
is
culture
be
can
throughout
signs
development.
hundreds
are
which
to
of
deprived
country
reflection
fruit-growers.
from
depend
to
own
brought
altogether
have
our
serious
markets
both
up,
is
British
best
when
fruit
fail
should
been
has
of
the
received
years
value
which
we
abroad,
articles
Its
America,
That
thereby
are
late
importations
excellence,
enterprise
of
only
deserves.
and
from
such
has
enormous
demand.
supplies
fruit
on
the
Colonies,
increasing
upon
culture
importance
by
us
our
the
fruit
country
EDITION
FIRST
TO
The
their
culture
disposal
Fruit
fruit, both
work,
and
to
to
viii
PREFACE
the
help
of
been
in
engage
in
experts
secured,
have
and
various
their
gardening
methods
Islands
the
they
chapters
appear
names
has
fruit-growing
above
several
The
recreation.
of
branches
special
in
their
those
practised
at
and
fruits,
their
fruit
Thomas
should
promise
obtained.
It
"c.,
trees,
"
is
for
to
Son
be
Messrs.
"
Mackenzie
Sons
;
for
and
the
Bunyard's
outline
Peter
Kay,
of
drawings
fruits
to
numerous
been
selected
illustrating
"
various
Limited
Sons,
Limited
;
and
members
James
of
Thos.
Walker
;
Mr.
George
family.
Hearty
The
Rochford
Joseph
of
Moncur,
"
than
helpful.
Veitch
James
advantage
the
have
found
those
results
that
which
opportunity
the
better
to
of
each
take
to
hoped
also
will
value,
indebted
Rivers
Rochford
able
lead
to
illustrations,
teaching
much
are
be
Channel
the
in
authorities
competent
cultivators
photographic
for
primarily
We
it
present
sketches
and
France,
may
if
advice
by
that
order
America,
in
described
also
are
countries,
of
as
contributed.
The
of
who
amateurs
many
thanks
Garden),
also
are
who
has
due
rendered
to
Mr.
valuable
H.
H.
Thomas
(sub-editor
assistance.
GEORGE
OWEN
BUNYARD.
THOMAS.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
I
PAGE
THE
APPLE
I
...
....
CHAPTER
THE
II
APRICOT
.
23
CHAPTER
THE
BARBERRY
BLACKBERRIES
III
FRUITS
ALLIED
AND
CHECKER
TREE
30
IV
CHAPTER
THE
CHERRY
CRAB
THE
CHAPTER
RED,
WHITE,
BLACK
AND
46
CURRANTS
.
TREES
FRUIT
IN
THE
-59
VIII
CHAPTER
GOOSEBERRY
MEDLAR
...
CHAPTER
MELON
THE
51
...
POTS
.
-70
IX
.80
MULBERRY
.
CHAPTER
THE
VII
CHAPTER
THE
FIG
.
THE
VI
CHAPTER
THE
32
...
NUT
90
....
.
XI
CHAPTER
THE
PEACH
AND
NECTARINE
.
...
94.
viii
CONTENTS
PACE
XII
CHAPTER
THE
.116
PEAR
.
...
CHAPTER
THE
XIII
141
PINEAPPLE
XIV
CHAPTER
THE
PLUM
THE
QUINCE
CHAPTER
THE
XV
162
RASPBERRY
....
XVI
CHAPTER
THE
IJI
STRAWBERRY
167
...
.
XVII
CHAPTER
THE
TOMATO
...
XVIII
CHAPTER
FRUITS
TROPICAL
AND
HOW
TO
THEM
GROW
CHAPTER
THE
FRUIT
TREES
FLOWERING
AS
TREES
PLANTING
TREES
FRUIT
ERECT
252
XXI
XXII
FRUIT-HOUSE
261
XXIII
STORAGE
265
CHAPTER
PROPAGATION
217
255
CHAPTER
FRUIT
....
XX
CHAPTER
TO
CHAPTER
205
XIX
CHAPTER
HOW
...
VINE
.
I93
OF
FRUIT
TREES
.
XXIV
270
CONTENTS
ix
PACE
CHAPTER
WHOLE-FRUIT
XXV
PRESERVATION
279
.
CHAPTER
AND
INSECTS
INJURIOUS
DISEASES
XXVI
AFFECTING
FRUIT
282
TREES
....
CHAPTER
OF
CONSTRUCTION
XXVII
FRUIT-HOUSES
294
.
CHAPTER
FRUIT
IN
CULTURE
XXVIII
AMERICA
305
.
CHAPTER
FRUIT
CULTURE
XXIX
FRANCE
IN
.327
CHAPTER
FRUIT
CULTURE
IN
THE
CHANNEL
XXX
384
ISLANDS
.
OUTLINE
DRAWINGS
OF
FRUIT
397
INDEX
,
INDEX
TO
497
ILLUSTRATIONS
...
.502
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
Throughout
this
familiar
be
work
In
necessary.
letter
The
fruit
the
the
and
one,
that
the
terms
authors
and
of
which
it is
variety
be
to
deem
fruits
the
enclosed
are
placed
for
not
are
explanation
first
for
cooking
to
the
is
given
letter
The
brackets.
suitable
is
which
some
name
in
suitable
used
be
may
therefore
lists
synonyms
against
indicates
EXPLANATIONS
possible
reader
descriptions
generally accepted
signifies that
it is
general
the
to
AND
table
dessert.
or
(kitchen)
purposes
important
factor
only.
In
this
fruit
those
late
this
not
are
greasy
one's
set
surfaces
variability
The
make
instance,
entirely
1898
it has
1900,
Midlands
shown
are
that
the
and
made
from
fruits
in
allowed
in
the
happily
situated
more
or
gathering
then
the
develops.
the
best
case
of
gives
fruit
than
the
way
on
the
paler
colour
tints
side,
All
for
that
been
which
most
primrose
whether
for
in
colour,
crimson,
Palace
have
pale
bronze,
have
words,
orange,
the
"c.,
scarlet,
as
less
entirely
The
months.
at
be
must
fruits
few
the
stated
counties
some
our
Kent
in
be
discount
of
have
other
from
or
fruits
in
descriptions
considerable
stored
be
those
colour
which
the
Again,
For
of
it should
thinned,
not
tree
should
like
to
and
exhibition
a
the
Another
colour
named.
districts.
have
they
green
sunny
subject
of
Crystal
the
at
difficulty in
form,
fails
of
so
given
are
degree.
green.
quite scarlet,
favoured
after
to
exhibitions
suitable
of
seasons,
some
and
smooth
badly cultivated,
more
in
but
first
cause
characteristic
this
is
shining
remarkable
cheeks
with
the
those
pronounced
colour
with
possible condition,
appearance
less
fruit
typical specimens,
from
their
of
in
or
rough
be
to
has
almost
as
is said
position
and
a
Seedling, frequently
the
connection
colour
ground
been
alter
In
usually pale.
the
Hereford
is the
to
when
perfectly
Scarlet
while
from
apples
us
North
often
colour
russet
that
texture
skin
smooth
skin
harshness.
or
the
netted
almost
been
terms
fruits
Pippin,
the
affect
thin
hardy
the
and
Cockle's
with
covered
to
because
like
apple
an
in
the
russet
of
one
ence
refer-
in
somewhat
apples, although
indicates
such
enable
to
is used
have
earlier
the
fruit
often
as
greasy
dry
is
an
stored,
upon
word
the
hand
from
free
colour
difference,
great
the
term
when
or
surface
is
substance
The
handling
by
are
of
identification,
their
harsh
skin
and
tree
The
it.
when
felt
be
the
developed
from
A
edge
can
whose
fruits
free
on
the
on
often
more
appearance.
teeth
roughness
when
to
ones
is
not
fruits
alone.
means
either
which,
This
hardy
colour, markings,
this
by
fruits
surface.
some
to
identified
be
of
in
considerably
so
to
to
oily
varieties
determining
varies
time
of
appear,
may
be,
xii
INTRODUCTION
The
for
flesh of
time
any
those
firm
term
is different
of
each
The
period.
cooked,
apple
an
when
may
less
when
has
been
described
hereafter
be
fullyripe or
taken
apply
to
it has
tasted
fruits
those
to
stored
been
best
its
at
when
which,
or
semi-transparent, as, for instance, the
jelly-like
word
mealy refers to those which
cooking apple, VVellington. The
fall
are
in cooking, and
cook
into
a
pulp. Such
apples do not
creamy
Waltham
and
excellent
for
Abbey
dumplings, as e.g. Blenheim
Orange
flesh of a
have
those
like
snowwhich
refers to
term
Seedling. The
crystalline
ence
referwith
The
cookers.
term
dry,
rule, are good
a
; these, as
appearance
but
the flesh,indicates
fruits which
neither juicy nor
frequently
firm,
to
are
become
more
or
well-known
"
"
Winter
make
Queening.
and
of taste
opinion, is
entirely a matter
but
We
will
useful
the
used
be
terms
give
difficult,
as
a
probably
guide.
may
the
Rich
sweet
(King
or
following examples :
(Egremont Russet), sugary
of the
Pippins),spicy (D'Arcy Spice),aromatic
(Ross Nonpareil), dry (Winter
Queening).
It is premised that all good gardens have
fruit rooms
in which
to
proper
fruit
their
constructed
after
of
such
the manner
conserve
an
inexpensive
; one
effectual one
It must
and
elsewhere
all.
be evident
that detailed
is possible to
as
months
that
it is a
be able
to
keep fruit for ten
great advantage to
in perfect condition.
A
melting pear in March, a cooking apple for April
and
and
choice
dessert
fruit for the
a
same
periods are well worth
May use,
excellent
prices
strivingfor, to say nothing of storage in large quantities,when
be
obtained
for
in
the
the
fruits
that
the
markets
same
on
a
glut
during
may
would
be sold for next
We
is conwhat
state
to
sidered
picking season
nothing.
be
the best period for use
fruit.
In
soils this
of each
to
light,warm
To
estimate
flavour, which
is
earlier,while
be
may
connection
period
this
than
better
late fruits
we
when
Wherever
is
suitable
for
or
"
the
robust, causing
trees
a
the
weeping
orchard
tree
planted
gardens,
The
vary,
or
this will
Where
tree
gardener
be
of
be
fruits
land;
the
fruits
mentioned
have
in
on
be
in the
cattle
stamp
complete,
the
or
may
of
to
Crab
trees
or
refers
are
made
plantation on
the
keeps
no
very
Free
to
dise
Para-
the
on
it is because
fruiting spurs
growth, which
sheep
be
fruit
and
November.
cordons,"
habit
tree
matured
is
In
allowed.
to
form
cultivated
the
"
not
is
suitable
un-
Yet
a
in
cordon,
land.
By
stock, permanently
for planting in
trees
ground.
seen
from
the
sections
given
where
they
descriptions.
accorded
F.C.C.
for
"Paradise"
word
been
classed
robust
and
it refers
used,
later.
somewhat
into
between
where
standard
can
is
gaps
cultivated
on
well
trees
suitable
valuable
the
trees
be
may
development
"weeping"
orchards
may
is meant
grass
market
form
in
"
"not
wide
indicates
grown
skilful
"
on
it is stated
land
perfectly ripe
standards"
of
hands
that
its
too
for
cold
before
Where
stock.
the
remark
may
it is gathered
from
be
can
growth
fruit
recognition by
the
Royal
(first-class
certificate)or
of good quality. The
Horticultural
A.M.
year
(award
in
which
of
the
xiii
INTRODUCTION
Great
even
difficulty
hundred
one
really
given
useful
this
be
which
one
of
anxious
purposes
Any
remarks
fair
are
to
addition
in
not
shall
work
to
made,
become
bewilder
given
his
in
the
the
amateur
Great
small
or
but
worthy
have
lists
Short
grower.
new
any
apples
we
of
must
or
other
given,
are
lists
the
omitted,
is
Several
hundred,
information
the
Britain,
to
several
then
even
that
variety
variety.
one
intended
apples
of
for
been
special
guidance.
growth,
tree
of
proportion
is
old
good
standard
list
of
parts
really
a
the
for
all
to
No
it
As
omitted.
apply
to
peculiarity
are
be
to
in
number
the
limiting
fruits
other
and
comprehensive.
bids
culture,
had
in
experienced
been
varieties,
fruits
in
necessity
has
or
flower,
fruits
referred
or
foliage
to
may
is
be
mentioned
taken
as
so
normal.
where
no
I/)
t/5
"/5
FRUIT
THE
GARDEN
CHAPTER
THE
GEORGE
By
The
planting
Free
stock,
of
orchard
practicable
corn
crops
first
the
the
of
of
view
five
about
sufficient
which
grass,
around
in
that
of
be
regularly
be
protected
against
(I
high
and
If
off
from
the
during
growth
annually,
growth
is
the
before
kept
and
open
colour,
in
of
Pruning
Summer
induces
let
and
to
strong
secondary
the
which
should
and
sun
best
is
growth,
the
left
as
to
staves
about
have
made
less
but
which
out,
way
effects
and
the
the
fruit
of
apart.
foot
of
well-ripened
well
ripened
frost
be
of
for
of
centres
will
base,
foot
be
not
may
the
or
the
than
firm,
hard,
square
at
apart
wire-
sufficiently
either
feet
must
of
use
cradles
made
cross
from
this
by
or
are
i|^
thinned
In
tree,
must
trees
the
by
trees
shoots
well
air.
cases
diameter
space
the
with
suffer
may
which
from
top,
sappy
be
the
all
cattle
cradles
manured,
be
quality
better
be
years
should
and
round
the
at
In
the
in
trees
feet
and
weeds,
from
injury
These
should
few
they
boughs
the
to
apart
of
tied
and
just
boughs
or
fruit
orchard
of
eyes
except
shoots
circle
cracking.
of
cattle.
leave
to
grass
soil
the
stakes
feet
winter,
reason
same
and
preferable
taken
from
boughs
by
course
be
is
bud
four
to
central
plant
to
necessary
possibility
horses
useless
This
to
tree
back
with
out
needed,
be
but
pruned
shape.
the
pruned
remove
carried
cup
of
will
pruning
to
often
free
prevent
the
mesh),
3J
to
and
must
tree
upright
the
is
care
to
-inch
keep
to
triangular,
It
each
hoed
netting
branches,
the
case
base
the
growth
shoots
inner
little
or
land,
be
not
be
outside
the
on
the
should
or
ever
When-
cultivated
should
bowl
assume
Planting.
on
trees
Crab
the
upon
arable
in
The
pruning
shoots
keeping
other.
each
cross
and
the
years'
regulate
to
branches
and
outwards,
pointing
after
the
best
are
chapter
trees
them.
subsequent
cutting
making
always
by
and
the
in
with
grown
planting,
which
trees,
orchard
plant
to
be
apple
recommended
as
is best
not
year
attained
out
it
must
BUNYARD
standard
is carried
APPLE
the
good
the
trees
size
well.
until
has
early August,
to
be
removed
starting
as
whereas,
sooner
when
only
per-
THE
GARDEN
FRUIT
Pruning
the
Apple
(Summer)
APPLE
THE
formed
fruit
the
at
The
spurs.
March.
the
named,
time
winter
below
buds
pruning
be
may
swell
done
in
and
lay
foundation
the
weather
open
of
October
from
method
of planting should
be observed,
garden trees the same
soil
for
is
rich
fruit
enough
quite
no
ordinary garden
trees, they need
fresh
Most
of
the
stock ;
manure.
garden trees
apple are }ipon the Paradise
be below
therefore, when
planted, the junction of the stock and scion should
to
but
With
as
the
soil.
Trees
Paradise
the
on
and
preferably in
The
leading
make
for
February.
cordon
of
shoots
and
spurs,
stock
lateral
the
such
be
may
Either
pyramid
should
trees
shoots
of
bush
or
be
not
first
the
pruned
trees
shortened
should
espalier trees
after
year
be
not
planting,
be
may
unless
formed.
they
fail
pruned
to
back
the
of the
proceeding might check
regular formation
but
after
leaders
the
be
a
year'sgrowth
regulated,
;
may
the lower
branches
foot longer than
to
the upper
the
cut
taking care
a
as
ones,
If the
allowed
branches
extend
to
are
beyond the
sap naturallyrises.
upper
lower
the
latter
die
back.
shoots
the
ones
or
Any
long
ill-placed
on
may
laterals
be
shortened
in
within
four
buds
of
their
to
or
August
may
eyes
a
as
season,
lateral
tiers of branches
"
"
bases.
In
and
wood
this
should
cases
As
year.
little
fruit
soon
as
elsewhere.
of
the
trees
should
need
be
be
to
the
once
operation
form
any
garden
When
regularly,this
portion
of
trees
very
given
are
produce
only
no
first
fruit the
to
much
carry
of
abundance
produce an
Instructions
root-pruned.
formed
have
trees
be
not
allowed
be
fruit
repeated, and, as
at
for, if
once,
spurs
gross
for
and
precaution,
following
The
be entirelylost.
be
dry, the crop may
largesttrees must
with
root
judgment, but after two
prunings they generally bear
fruitful
satisfactorily.Old fruitless trees that have been closelypruned become
allowed
when
the boughs are
well thinned
and
themselves
the trees
extend
to
with, of course,
slightregulation.
a
spring should
operated upon
trees
Characteristic
blossom
between
somewhat
bud
a
spur
Growths.
in the
and
the
be
Pruning
root-pruned
A.
this is
centre
wood
shoot,
buds
in the
prominent
must
stubby shoot, and
not
Short
stubby
fruitful
growth,
and
spur,
extending
axils, and
(Summer)
Apple
the
beyond
by
terminated
the
a
a
leaves
noi
must
few
be
disposed
pruned.
inches
conspicuous
; the
bud,
almost
B.
leavesoften
in
are
a
circle, with
intermediate
Growth
blossom
bud
this
neither
in summer
winter,
Short
c.
nor
stubby growth,
pruned
bold
bud
but not
with
leaves
pointed, not
imperfected
; this is an
disposed in a circle, and the terminal
blossom
it will (most likely)produce
buds
the following
be
and
not
shortened,
must
some
as
spur,
five points long, and
side
shoot
than
A
or
requiring either pinching in summer
D.
more
summer.
basal
counting small
shortening in winter, or both ; (a) point of stopping at third good leaf (6); not
bud
into
characteristic
not
started
fore
with
these
leaves
growths ; {d) basal
growth, there{c). e. Branch
of necessity) to originate a new
branch
available
for cutting down
termed
to (in case
latent, and
;
suitable
for retaining to
form
shoot
incipient spurs ; (/) short
(e) short stubby growths
spurs
; (g) a
intermediate
fruit is borne
the following summer
with
bud
which
blossom
at
on
; (A) a growth
apex,
spur
in some
varieties
of apple,
between
and
shoot, terminated
by a fruit bud ; common
a spur
a growing
either
be
that must
be shortened
for obvious
or
and
to
pinched in summer
not
reasons
; [i]side shoots
for
in winter, or
shortened
furnishing the tree with
required
filling vacant
or
both, unless
space,
of branch
foot
branches
which
be
least
must
at
one
apart ; {j) point of pinching ; (k) continuation
intact in case
of wall or espalier tree, or pinched at (/)if a bush
or
pyi-amid tree.
growth, trained
Pinching
Shoots.
Shoot
Side
at second
stopping ; (m) point of first pinching (see shoot D. );
op
f.
Shoot
second
be
leaf.
after
to
(o) sub-laterals
pinching;
stopped, if
G.
(n) laterals stopped to one
The
but
after early part of September;
object
not
leaf, as shown,
[p] buds plump.
to
one
necessary
the
of stopping
is to make
buds
starting into growth.
develop without
is
short
be
THE
GARDEN
FRUIT
Pruning
the
Apple
(Winter)
APPLE
THE
The
Paradise
particular
Stock.
Much
5
arisen
has
misconception
with
regard
to
this
for
French
variety was
trees
grafted upon
or
Dutch, and the
generally used, and
virtues
recently
finer
be
to
Bush
1900.
cleaner
fruit, but
stock, and
They
them
condemned
apple
they
as
and
Crab
caused
that
upon
bear
fruit
moreover,
Especially is
on
Paradise
the
is small
and
this
the
comparatively
the
in
case
sells
stock
stocks
five
some
Leafless
that
return
good
so
only produce
not
before
years
be
can
season
it is
freely,because
trees
the
on
from
obtained
then
the
fruit
while
handsome,
orchard
from
trees
orchard
fruit
unsaleable.
Pruning
Characteristic
above
Association
Crab
the
bare.
trees
are
produce freelywhen
least
in
for
to
at
fiftyyears,
keep
good bearing
that
stock
is below
the
the junction of scion and
depended upon
provided they are planted so
soil ; eventually they give double
trees.
the
trees
Herefordshire
the
often
be
may
by
Growths.
h.
(Winter)
Apple
the
Fruitful
spur;
(?)
blossom
bud
from
which
fruit
is
shoot
terminated
forming future spurs for bearing. I. Short
by a fruit bud ; (j)
blossom
bud
buds
in following summer;
lilielyto form
(k) point of pruning if desired
spurs
shoot
for furnishing
the
time.
to originate a growing
tree
bearing for some
; this, of course,
prevents
extension
bud
of bearing in some
by a blossom
a
growth terminated
peculiar mode
J. An
; [v) fruit bud,
varieties.
An
in following summer
into
incipient spur ; {w) terminal
K.
bud, probably developing
a
bud
blossom
Short
vrith wood
buds
usually forming
L.
stubby shoot
; (x) side buds
spurs.
; {y) buds
in following summer
buds
called
remaining
usually developing
commonly
dormant,
spurs
; (2) basal
Side
from
latent.
shoot
of winter
not
M.
a branch
pinched in summer
pruning, the object
; (a) point
formation.
Branch
with characteristic
branches, and induce
N.
being to keep growths near
growths
spur
basal
with
blossom
bud
bud;
[c) incipient spurs ; (rf)perfected spur
at
(page 2 E, Leafless) ; {J})
;
apex
intermediate
shoot
between
(e)short stubby shoot usually forming spurs in following summer
; (/) short
terminated
and
shortened
buds
to
two
by a fruit bud ; {g) side shoots
a
growth
; (A) continuation
spur
for originating growths
furnish
for
with
branches
of branch
to
to
tree
point desired
growth shortened
shoots
desired
shoot
so
growth left
; (?) continuation
bearing or filling vacant
; (/') side
; if not
spaces
side shoot, winter
A pinched
intact,
o.
pruned (page 2 G, Leafless); (^) bud started, and not desirable
in following season
bud, not
pruning bud
plump, and likelyto form
as
a
; (m) basal
; (/) buds
spurs
Branch
in very
desirable
the
latent.
next
P.
state
spring, but remaining
usually starting into growth
side shoot
having in previous year (n^) formed
(n a, not shortened) ; () a shortened
; {0) spiu*s ;
spurs
Three
shoot
and
\p)continuation
2=two
years' old wood.
Q.
3=three
years' old
year,
year,
; i=one
bud
blossom
buds
that
fruited
wood
having formed
; {s) spur
(n as far as g) \ (q) basal
; (r) spurs
side
buds
developed into incipient spurs ; {t) short shoot having formed
and
two
previous summer
produced
buds
blossom
has
fruited
shortening
shortened
blossom
and
and
when
desired
side
buds
three
incipient
developed
to
spurs
keep
spurs
formed
having
with
wood
[y) growth
shoots
;
spurs
two
this is
common
(a)
with
branch
near
bud
this
and
is best
between
spur
three
incipient
done
after
the
and
R.
which
shoot
;
spurs
fruit is
with
fruit buds
of branch
Extremity
usually developing into spurs the following
of bearing with
varieties, and with most
some
spurs.
buds
mode
intermediate
shoot
blossom
(z*)points of
gathered ; {w]
at
season
points ; (x]
; (a) two
when
the
trees
THE
APPLE
THE
It
on
is very
wall,
and
when
AS
apple
rarely that
but
there
such
trees
are
promoted
are
occasions
which
and
culture
of
apple
the
to
would
be
hold
given,
seen
ever
the
highest
excellence
out
There
west
the
roof
These
trees
such
of
following, plenty
slated
were
trained
were
roofs
exist
in
wall
many
Scottish,
be
wish
who
plant
had
to
few
inconvenience,
like
recourse
grow
cordon
existing
that
it
finest
the
trees
trees
where
but
the
to
anything
in
had
must
between
spaces
without
doubt,
should
quality
better
unfavourable
be
to
are
conditions
doors,
would
the
Conway.
and
many
no
on
of
In
so
exhibition, a
climatic
vacant
two
or
aspect,
grown
near
shed,
are
cordon
were
Bodnant,
of
by
walls.
their
on
favoured
are
position
culture,
of
larger,of
be
of
method
this
appearance.
if these
for
or
more
those
even
that
apples
for dessert
either
good condition,
to
dessert
best
our
to
prove
dignity
the
to
justify
apples
the
WALLS
ON
CORDON
is shown,
favour
GARDEN
FRUIT
can
have
apples
Wales,
garden in North
tall standards
planted against the wall
This
roof.
is a plan worth
the
over
and
return
at
gardens,
present give no
be
of
best.
shed
The
in
whatever.
The
on
following
wall
devoted
dessert
them
to
varieties
:
would
well
repay
the
for any
grower
space
of Bath,
Irish Peach,
Pearmain,
Kerry Pippin, Lady
Sudeley, Worcester
Beauty
Pippin, Ribston
Pippin, Cox's
ton,
Pomona,
Mother, WashingJames
Grieve, Cox's
Orange
County,
AUington
Pippin, Gascoigne's Scarlet, Scarlet
Nonpareil, King of Tompkin's
Pendu
Plat
also
for
suitable
are
Pippin, Court
(all the above
Rosemary
Russet, Team's
Allen's
lasting,
Everof the
Russet, Adam's
exhibition) ; King
Pippins, Brownlee's
Pearmain,
Sturmer
Mabbott's
Pearmain, Blenheim
Orange,
Pippin.
following varieties,although
The
exhibition
indispensable for
strictlydessert, are
not
White
Alexander,
Astrachan,
Emperor
Peasgood's
Nonsuch,
Transparent,
The
Queen, Golden
Oldenburg,
Noble, Bismarck,
Beauty of Kent, William's
Calville Blanche.!
Wonder,
Favourite, Newton
Red
of
Duchess
The
pots
of
beautiful
last-named
glass,but
under
may
and
be
delicious
apple
planted against
succeeds
warm
best
wall
when
with
in
grown
fair prospect
success.
The
Hundred
Best
Apples
T.
Skin, slightly rough and
dry ; ground
colour, bright yellow
with
striped deeper red, spotted and
patched
russet
; flesh, tender,
basin
in starry
and
russet
rich, first-class ;
; flavoicr, sweet
; stalk, set
A
moderate.
November
to
January ; growth,
compact,
pretty, high-coloured
season,
It is often more
dessert
variety, worthy of a place in a select collection.
pointed than the
fertility.
figure. Of average
K.
netted
with
thin
Skin, smooth
greenish
yellow
Alfriston,
; colour, pale
under
the
skin ; flesh, tender, juicy ; flavotir, sweet
and
pleasant ;
russet, flecks of green
Adam's
with
Pearmain,
coppery
greenish white
red,
t/1
til
THE
January
season,
a
to
fine orchard
time
does
tree
and
;
a
and
growth, sturdy
pyramid on
fertile
Fruits
gravelly soil.
Of average
fertility.
Everlasting,
T., F.C.C.
well
they shrivel.
March
APPLE
the
must
on
compact,
Paradise
large drooping
stock ; keeps
be
the
left
on
tree
well
foliage.
sound
into
for
Forms
a
long
November
or
Allen's
Skin, rough;
ground
colour, greenish
igoi.
with thin brown
red on
side ; flesh, tender, yellowish
yellow covered
russet, coppery
sunny
brisk, aromatic, first-class ; season,
tinged with green
April to May ; growth,
; flavour,
Forms
the
Paradise
full of spurs.
is a useful
trees
neat
stock, and
on
stout, upright, very
Fruit should
be left on
the trees
late as November
as
to be
garden variety in any form.
perfect. A regular bearer.
Pippin
Allinxjton
(South Lincolnshire
\Z"j\.Skin,
slightly
Pippin), T., F.C.C.
rough ; ground colour, yellow to primrose with scarlet flush, striped with deeper scarlet
and
with
russet
lent,
slight russet
pale primrose ; flavour, rich, excelspots ; flesh, firm, very
Reinette
November
to February
resembling Golden
free, twiggy,
; season,
; growth,
and
full of fruit-spurs. Makes
orchard
is most
neat
desirable
the
a
standard, and
on
in any
Paradise
stock
form.
It bears
too
so
freely that it will require thinning, but not
much
It is one
of the most
the fruits become
fruits
beautiful
too
or
large for dessert.
and
in 1896 has
It is in
although
only introduced
already become
popular.
grown,
Cox's
be
of the
considered
finest
season
longer than
Orange
as
one
Pippin, and
may
sorts
the
sent
out.
stalk, and
Trees
often
bear
when
one
old.
year
The
fruit
is sometimes
swollen
near
conical.
Annie
T. or K., F.C.C.
1866.
Elizabeth,
5y^z',smooth, shining; ground colour, bright
round
the
with salmon
red and
yellow suffused
striped with deeper red, faint russet
;
eye
flesh,very firm, crisp, and juicy, yellowish white ; stalk, very
short, frequently knobby ;
and
aromatic
Aavour, sweet
March-April
sturdy, upright, bold ; large
; season,
; growth,
the sea, and
the fruit does
Late
fall in windy weather.
in the
foliage. Succeeds
near
not
it is fit for dessert.
season
Fertility moderate.
Red
Winter
Baumann's
Reinette,
T., F.C.C.
\%^'i.Skin,
rough ; ground
with
rich bronzy
red ; flesh, white, half
almost
colour, bright orange
entirely covered
December
tender
in thin
basin
russet
to
January ;
; season,
; stalk, set
; flavour, sweet
orchard
Forms
bears
neat
a
growth, sturdy, irregular, full of spurs.
tree, and
regularly
Suitable
and
for liberal
for all
to
thinning of the fruits.
so
as
profusely, so much
pay
The
Paradise
fruits are
beautiful
forms
of garden
the
stock.
trees
a
on
colour, and
for
market
culture
bush
One
best
of the
trees
on
keep late.
firm, it
so
; being
very
certificate was
reaches
market
in good condition.
The
R.H.S.
granted to it as a market
fruit.
in places ;
of
T., F.C.C.
1887.
Skin, rough, sometimes
Bath,
russety
and
white
with
crimson
cheek
bright
colour,
yellow
ground
pale
spots, very
pretty ; flesh,
of
white
middle
end
to
melting, greenish
pleasantly acid ; season,
July,
; flavour,
orchard
Forms
full of spurs.
succeeds
neat
a
on
tree, and
August ; growth, compact,
form
of training.
Paradise
to any
Ripens with Gladstone, and is
stock, and is amenable
for dessert
thus
valuable
It pays
for liberal
of the earliest July fruits,and
one
purposes.
the best
and
is so bright that it fetches
its colour
prices in the market.
treatment,
Seward
of Worcester),
K.
Kent
Beauty
or
of
T., A.M.
(Countess of Warwick,
and
1800.
about
colour, greenish yellow
Skin, smooth
dry ; ground
igoi
; introduced
with
brownish
covered
bright red ; flesh,tender, and
nearly white ;
red, striped with
basin
and slightly aromatic
November
stalk, set in silvery russet
; season,
; flavour, sweet
A
to January
vigorous and spreading, apt to droop ; foliage, large and curled.
; growth,
soils under
the Paradise
is superb
on
garden culture
on
warm
stock, but
variety which
soils.
Fertility moderate.
loses quality in cold or uncongenial
and
T.
Belle
Skin, smooth
or
Pontoise,
K., F.C.C.
; ground
greasy
1902.
with
flecked
darker
with
bronzy crimson, striped and
colour, greenish yellow shaded
basin
wide
crimson
\\ inches
white, juicy ; stalk, set in russet
;
; fl^sh, tender,
very
December
to
April ; growth,
vigorous ; foliage
flavour, pleasantly sub-acid
; season,
sometimes
some
large, and
always handlarge. A grand variety for all purposes,
very
very
and
Fertility excellent.
regular in outline.
Beauty
THE
GARDEN
FRUIT
;
1%%7.Skin,
smootli, slightly greasy
K., F.C.C.
brilliant
red
deeper red, sometimes
striped with
pale yellow, carmine
basin
crimson
primrose, juicy ; stalk, set in starry russet
; flavow,
; flesk, crisp, pale
leaves
rather
October
sub-acid
spreading,
to
growth,
very
pleasantly
January ;
; season,
of the
the
end
of culture, and
at
A
for
all methods
valuable
downy.
fruit, suitable
from
the
for market
be
sold
fit for dessert
the smaller
are
examples
season
; it can
to
perfect
fails
thinning
remarkable
trees.
to
requires
get
never
freely
Fertility
;
;
crop
(Prince Bismarck),
Bismarck
ground
colour,
fruit.
Orange
; growtd
(Woodstock
Pippin), K., T.
Skin, rough and uneven
flushed
in patches
and
russet
dots, frequently striped and
yellow with
russet
in starry
with
brownish
red ; flesh, tender, yellowish white, mealy ; stalk, set
rich
and
full ; season,
November
vigorous,
to
basin
February ; growth,
; flavour,
The
fruit for general use.
and
The
best
large
deep green.
spreading ; foliage broad
and
take
conical
splendid for dumplings
tarts, while
a
form, are
more
examples, which
amenable
Best
to
the
smaller
for
dessert.
esteemed
garden
as
a
standard, but
are
be
the
branches
should
culture
when
too
closely cut.
not
duly root-pruned, though
has
the
tree
gained size and age.
Fertility abundant,
though not before
T.
Braddick's
Nonpareil,
Skin, slightly rough;
ground
colour, deep yellow
round
the
round
the fruit and
with
the
set
over
ring of russet
patches of russet
eye,
October
with
and
aromatic
stalk
to
specks ; flavour, sweet
; season,
green
; flesh, white
culture.
full
of
One
the
best
of
for
December
growth,
garden
compact,
very
;
spurs.
the
Sometimes
fruit is
the
Can
ring round
always be recognised by the russet
eye.
cordons.
shown
in the figure. Forms
fruitful
flatter than
good.
Fertility
pretty
Bramley's
slightly greasy
K., F.C.C.
Seedling,
1883.
Skin, smooth,
; ground
faint red streaks
red ; flesh, firm, juicy,
shading to brownish
colour, dull yellow with
white
with greenish spots and
streaks
by a knob
; flavour,
; stalk, frequently terminated
sub-acid
December
able
valuA
to
April ; growth, sturdy, robust, spreading.
very
; season,
and
Its growth
fruit for orchard
market
is very
culture.
free, and
consequently
do not
fruit until they are
bear
about
The
branches
orchard
old.
trees
ten
require
years
the
formed
bears
tree
once
carefully regulating and
pruning, but when
fruit-spurs are
The
fruit is of good size and
constantly.
keeps soundly, generally irregular, but often
in the figure.
flatter than
shown
The
It forms
foliage is very large, flat,and rounded.
the
does
fertile bushes
Paradise
its vigorous
itself to
lend
on
stock, but
not
growth
severe
pruning or set training.
T.
Brownlee's
suffused
with
Skin,
Russet,
colour, pale green
rough ; ground
all over,
side ; flesh, crisp, cream-coloured
russet
russet
faintly brown
on
; flavour, very
November
rich ; season,
and
full of foliage.
to
January ; growth, upright, compact
very
culture. Fertility
fruit is in its season
of the best
This
dessert
for garden
sorts
one
The
fruit should
but
be
moderate
before
it is ripe, or
it
not
regular.
gathered
This
culture
for its
shrivels, loses its fine flavour, and becomes
tough.
variety is worth
beautiful
blossom
alone.
In
the
spring it is most
striking, the flowers
being highly
Blenheim
colour, golden
coloured.
Calville
Blanche
Calville), K.
(White
specks ; flesh, tender and
few
black
spots and
APPLE
THE
with
markings
growth, neat
rosy
;
should
be
olive
Rouge
flushed
green
spicy
flavour,
and
in every
grown
Calville
garden
the
on
aromatic
unusually
upright.
Paradise
; season,
beautiful
October
to
ember
Dec-
stock.
colour,
Skin, smooth
; ground
firm and
flesh, very
pale green
;
late
A
for very
twiggy, spreading.
grand sort
use,
wall.
its late
When
at
fully developed fit for dessert
(Red
D'Hiver
with
and
rather
compact,
blood
deep
Calville),K.,
red
and
A.M.
crimson
season,
of
worthy
constant.
Chelmsford
slightly greasy
Wonder,
1891.
Skin, smooth,
K., F.C.C.
; ground
colour, pale lemon, pale bronze, with flecks of red ; flesh, very firm, juicy, pale primrose
colour
December
sub-acid
to
February ; growth, upright,
; flavour, pleasantly
; season,
for orchard
Valuable
culture, for instance, where
Wellington cankers.
Keeps
compact.
the
stock.
firm
Paradise
the last, a valuable
for garden
to
sort
trees
on
Fertility
excellent.
T.
colour, bright orange,
Pearmain,
Skin, rough and
dry ; ground
russet
on
side, pale fruits
silvery specks and
patches, dull crimson
sunny
faintly striped only ; flesh, crisp, pale primrose, green
markings ; stalk, set in a
are
rich
and
November
basin
slightly russet
pleasantly sub-acid
; flavour,
; season,
green
A
orchard
December
full of spurs.
to
neat
a
bearer, forms
great
compact,
; growth,
for dessert
when
for market
Introduced
tree.
proved suitable
sale, but it has
grown
of the fruits are
stalk
Paradise
and
the
stock.
Some
at the
tree
knobby
as
on
a garden
in clusters, and
It bears
requires thinning freely.
egg-shaped.
Claygate
greenish yellow,
Skin, rough ; groundcolour,
Pearmain,
T., A.M.
1901.
with
covered
with
russet
a
dots, often
bronzy
patches of silvery cinnamon,
russet, and
in
thin
basin
with
cheek
set
russet
stalk,
markings
half-tender,
flesh,
;
green
creamy,
;
;
spreading,
rich, first-class ; season,
January to March
flavour, very
compact,
; growth,
Ribston
of the
is one
underneath.
Resembles
Leaves
Pippin, and
twiggy.
downy
in
form.
and
excellent
suitable
culture
Most
best.
for
Fertility
regular.
garden
any
very
and
often
much
fruits are
side, and
The
uneven
always
irregfular.
higher on one
T.
Pippin
Cockle's
colour, orange
ground
Skin,
(Nutmeg),
usually smooth
;
thin
cinnamon
and
russet
primrose ;
spotted with
yellow, netted
; flesh, crisp, pale
November
and
to
February ; growth,
piquant ; season,
compact
flavour, rich, sweet,
it
the fruit is of a russet
In
and
colour, but in some
ordinary seasons
twiggy.
years
culture
form
in any
for
the
best
of the
is often
One
garden
on
entirely green.
Fruit
orchard
standard.
small
requires thinning as it bears
Paradise
a
stock, forms
in the
than
fruit is often more
and
The
in clusters
of three
pointed and smaller
more.
Christmas
with
marked
figure.
Cornish
orange,
sweet,
fruit
produced
bronzy
rich, and
gardens,
T.
(Gilliflower),
Gilliflower
and
where
aromatic
at
ends
it is best
; season,
October
of branches.
as
darker
standard
Its
or
colour, pale
Skin, rough and dry ; ground
; flavour,
; flesh, tough, cream-coloured
and
slender,
to January
; growth, pendulous
entitles
it to
a
high flavour
place in good
hard
pruned
half-standard, and if somewhat
red
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
10
it
that
sweet
fruit is so
The
shy bearer.
a
fruit
The
Foliage small.
ripeness.
approaches
is often
swollen
at the
egg-shaped.
stalk, and almost
T. ; introduced
Cox's
Orange
Pippin,
\Z^/^.Skin, sKghtly rough ; groundcolour,
side ; flesh, tender, creamrich orange,
scarlet
the
on
bronzy red, sometimes
sunny
and
basin ; flavour,
pleasant ; season,
coloured
rich, sweet
stalk, set in russet
;
theUndoubtedly
but
forms
November
readily.
to
twiggy,
free,
April ; growth,
spurs
it becomes
requires
best
very
its
dessert
season
aspects
than
this
soils
it forms
smaller
for
fruits
Cox's
yellow
and
in
neat
a
are
more
the
Scotland
culture
orchard
white
covered
with
carmine
it
fruit roorn
the
;
largely upon
long it will keep depends
in
trees
and
placing
by
by gathering at several pickings,
sort
it requires a wall.
Bearing freely, there is no better
Paradise
stock ; in congenial
(not cold)
bush
as
a
on
characteristic
One
spots show
K.,
figure is made
The
tree.
globular.
(Pomona),
Pomona
T.
under
red, streaked
November
the
of
from
this
fruit is that
skin.
and
; ground
greasy
deeper red ; flesh, very
and
pleasant ;
; flavour, sweet
for
fully ripened, excellent
Skin,
crystalline
branches
How
apple.
lengthened
market
examples,
grown
and
be
may
various
it is
to
colour, bright
smooth
tender,
with
does
the
fruit.
Succeeds
season,
well
white
October
dessert.
in cool
The
soils.
distinct.
The
blossom
is snow
white, very
Fertility first-class and constant.
5/Jz,
D'Arcy
Spice
Pippin), T., A.M.
Spice, Baddow
(Spring Ribston, Essex
slightly rough ; ground
colour, pea
netted, and
spotted with thfn russet
; flesh,
green,
and
with
pleasant ; season,
melting, white
markings
highly aromatic
; flavour,
green
there
its native
of Essex
slow.
In
are
large
to
County
February
May
very
; growth,
orchards
be best
trees
to
of this tree, but it would
early
to
graft on established
get an
be grown
should
It forms
stock, and
return.
pyramids on the Paradise
sturdy bushes
or
it as
market
in all gardens
for a late supply ; its appearance
condemns
sort.
a
Waterloo
Devonshire
(Seek
Farther, Striped Quarrenden,
no
Quarrenden
and
Skin, smooth
[of market]), T.
dry, but greasy
Pippin, Sack
Apple, Quarantine
with rich blood
almost
when
stored
entirely covered
colour, pale yellow, but
; ground
skin
and
brisk
red
under
the
sometimes
white,
; flavour,
; flesh, crisp, very
rosy
moderate.
Forms
to
fresh, juicy ; season,
September
piquant when
August
; growth,
orchard
the
Paradise
stock produce
neat
splendid fruit.
a
standard, and garden trees
on
for
has
in the
it is known
Valuable
the
where
market,
a
as
table, and
high value
"
Succeeds
in all forms.
Quarantine."
Oldenburg
Duchess
of
(Borovitsky, Russian, Summer
Peach), K., T.Skin,
smooth
streaked
and
and
colour, pale primrose,
dry ; ground
striped with
bright
handsome
crimson,
crystalline ; flavour, briskly acid, but
; flesh, crisp, brisk, and
very
for most
much
not
too
so
to
palates ; season,
August
September
upright,
; growth,
A
fine apple for home
Carries
fine
vigorous, but not so twiggy as many.
use.
a
very
bloom
like a peach, is very
in cold
fails to bear.
It
hardy, succeeds
soils,and
never
sells
because
of its beauty, but
it is apt to bruise
fairly well in the market
on
long
The
shoots
of this variety are
journeys.
deep brown.
very
smooth
Duke
T.
of
Devonshire,
Skin,
colour, greenish yellow, with
; ground
black
the eye
and
stalk
dots and
white
patches of russet, especially round
; flesh, tender,
and
with
aromatic
March
sweet
markings
to
May ; growth,
; flavour,
; season,
green
rather
the best.
Ranks
with
Makes
spreading and free.
a
good standard, is suitable
The
for garden
culture.
fruit retains
its flavour
the
to
be
not
last, must
gathered
early.
trees.
Fertility satisfactory and regular on established
ECKLINVILLE
K.
after storing ; ground
SEEDLING,
Skin, smooth, shining, greasy
colour, greenish primrose with black
flush ; flesh, melting,
dots, rarely with a crimson
white, and crystalline ; flavour, pleasantly acid ; season,
to October
September
; growth,
orchard
standard.
This
is one
of the
vigorous, sturdy, and stout, forming a flat-headed
fails to bear
best
seldom
The
is full of fruit
early kitchen
apples, and
a
heavy crop.
tree
It is a
and
first-class variety to graft the
weaker
grand in all forms.
dessert
spurs,
apples upon.
"^
Q
ft;
O
o
v-'i
CORDON
Jl'l'LE
TREES
IN
HEREFORDSHIRE
NURSERY.
THE
12
Grenadier
greenish
yellow
trees
of
end
seaso7t,
and
handsome
valuable
most
splendid
Codlin,
shading
September
bearer,
never
GARDEN
FRUIT
seldom
1883. Skin, smooth,
; colour, pale
greasy
acid ;
well
pale yellow ; flesh, soft, cooks
; flavour, briskly
orchard
fine
and
October
free, compact
; forms
; growth,
stock.
Paradise
the
bushes
market
for garden
on
or
purposes
A
good,
of the Codlins.
the
best
fails to crop,
considered
K., F.C.C.
to
fruit.
and
Hambling's
dry; colour, creamy
Seedling,
K., F.C.C.
1893.
Skin, smooth
and
faint
round
the
russet
yellow with
tinge of lirown, and
; flesh, tender, crisp
eye
sub-acid
in
colour
basin
set
;
pleasantly
juicy, pale primrose
; flavour,
; stalk,
green
late apples,
best
and
free.
of
the
One
March
December
to
sturdy
season,
; growth,
very
and
well.
is not fertile till it gains size and
firm
The
tree
age,
heavy and
; it cooks
very
It forms
should
tree.
Fertility
be hard
a
grand orchard
not
pruned as a garden tree.
excellent
established.
when
Quoining),
Crimson
Stubbard,
(Crimson
Quoining, Red
Queening
with
side
crimson
on
ground
colour,
yellow,
deep
Skin, smooth
sunny
orange
;
splashes of red ; flesh, tender and very white ; stalk, enlarged at entry, set in red basin ;
and
October
when
flavour
stored ; season,
and
pleasant, loses
flavour, aromatic
market
it a useful
renders
full
Its
colour
of
November
bright
growth,
irregular,
spurs.
;
for long.
be stored
is much
liked
its peculiar flavour
not
by some
apple, and
; it must
Paradise
stock.
the
and
It forms
orchard
tree
tree
on
garden
a
a
compact
pretty
Hereford
T.
Fertility excellent.
Pearmain
Hormead
1885.
(Arundel Pearmain), K., T., A.M.
1900
; introduced
white
with green
russet
bright
spotted
firm,
yellow,
faintly
flesh,
Skin, smooth
colour,
;
;
December
basin
to
May ;
stripes ; stalk, set in russet
; flavour, slightly acid
; season,
is useful in any
fails to bear.
Tree
and
growth, compact
sturdy. A variety that seldom
than
conical
the
late.
often more
form.
The
fruits keep quite firm
They are
very
and
abundant.
figure, and of regular outline.
Fertility constant
Pearmain
T.
Hubbard's
colour,
(Russet
Pearmain),
Skin, smooth
; ground
with
with
faint crimson, marked
irregular russet
greenish yellow suffused
patches and
in a green
basin
rich and
dots
; flavour, very
; flesh, tender, greenish white
; stalk, set
A valuable
for culture
full ; season,
December
sort
on
to
January ; growth, compact.
the
Paradise
stock
in any
form.
if stored
colour
(Early Crofton), T.
Skin, rough, greasy
; ground
flushed
with
dotted
white
bronzy
red, and
greenish yellow striped and
; flesh, soft,
rich ; season,
early August ; growth,
melting, greenish ; flavour, spicy and
pendent ;
be little pruned.
It is best
should
to
bearing at the end of slender branches, therefore
let this and
all early apples fall by themselves
The
fruits are
straw
a
mulching.
upon
often flatter and
more
irregular than the figure.
A.M.
1897.
Skin, smooth, greasy
Grieve,
colour, bright primrose
James
; grou7id
and
and
tender
striped deeper red, with white
patches of russet
spots
; flesh, very
and
basin ; flavour,
sweet
melting, and
nearly white ; stalk, set in faintly russet
and
moderate
and
rather
October
September
pleasant ; season,
upright. An
; growth,
of
introduction
from
Scotland
be
described
an
value, it may
great
as
early Cox's
in the north, forming
is very
The
valuable
tree
Orange Pippin.
healthy and succeeds
a
varieties.
Best
addition
the
Paradise
to
our
stock.
a
garden tree on
as
early autumn
Fertility excellent.
Kerry
T.
with
brownish
Pippin,
Skin, smooth;
ground colour, dull yellow marked
cream-coloured
red, striped and
spotted with deeper red ; flesh, firm, dull and
; stalk,
and
frequently swollen
September
; flavour, first-rate
; season,
; growth,
vei'y
compact
Forms
the Paradise
is a favourite
neat
with
those
a
twiggy.
garden tree on
stock, and
who
like a
fruit.
Not
suitable
for a standard, and
sweet
small
for
crisp and
too
a
cordon.
Fruit sometimes
nearly round, often knobby at the stalk.
very
Keswick
K.
when
stored
Codlin,
Skin, rough and
greasy
; colour, pale greenish
and
yellow ; flesh, melting, white ; flavour, briskly acid ; season,
August
September
;
and
much
A
Isranched.
old
well-known
is valuable
for
growth,
fruit,which
compact
better
soils where
fruits do
cold
succeed
not
perfect its heavy
; requires thinning to
Irish
Peach
crops.
'?n
til
to
tq
to
tq
"-4
THE
King's
yellow
Pippin,
King
Prince's
of
with
z.-a" yxicy
April ; growth,
garden culture
moderate
on
and
Pippins
the
marked
with
; stalk,
; growth,
brownish
stock.
and
fine
Hall, Golden
T.
the
King
fruits
crimson
in
are
put
Tompkins
on
the
to
late
fruits.
Suitable
for
October
Winter
Pike's
Pearmain,
Pearmain,
ground
colour,
bright orange
;
side ; flesh, mealy
and
on
tender, pale
sunny
October
to
flavour, pleasantly sweet
; season,
full of spurs.
A favourite
market
apple and a
cold
soils,though reliable on the Paradise
on
There
are
a
seedlings of this variety
great many
Skin,
greenish basin ;
upright, compact,
very
and
bearer.
constant
Apt to canker
great
stock.
for all sorts
of training.
Suitable
and
in the country,
should
only the best forms
this sort
orchards
to
feed
heavily and
prune
set
addition
Fertility good.
(B^ayton
Pearmain),
red
compact.
Paradise
the
Pippin, Winter
primrose
January
when
13
1897.
T., A.M.
Skin, rough ; ground
colour, brownish
brownish
red
cheek
silvery russet
over
; flesh, tender, greenish
with
March
a
to
brisk, aromatic
tinge of acidity ; season,
; flavour,
Acre
splashed
orange
APPLE
smooth
be
cultivated.
liberally,which
It is the
treatment
custom
in
it well
Kent
repays
market.
County
and
(Tompkins),
T., K., A.M.
\":)oo. Skin, smooth
red
with
carmine
shining ; ground
colo^^r,deep yellow covered
side, striped
on
sunny
with
white
in an
basin
deeper carmine
; flesh, firm, creamy
; stalk, set
; flavour,
orange
rich ; season,
November
to
One
of
April ; growth, spreading ; foliage, dark green.
very
the
best
of
American
sorts
for
culture
in
Britain.
Fruit
from
trees
on
Paradise
stock
is
and
first-class in flavour.
standard
in the best
brilliantly coloured
May succeed
as
a
soils and
positions ; is worthy of a wall with a western
aspect.
Lady
T., K., F.C.C.
Henniker,
Skin, rough and harsh ; ground
colour, pale
1873.
red, striped with deeper shade ; flesh, firm and
mealy ; stalk, thin, set in
orange,
coppery
basin ; flavour,
rich and
vinous
December
russet
upright,
sweet,
; season,
; growth,
A first-class fruit for home
Makes
fine orchard
use.
a
compact
; foliage, large, downy.
of the
is one
dessert.
best sorts
for Christmas
tree, and
Fertility moderate.
Lady
Sudeley,
T., F.C.C.
1884.
Skin, rough ; groutid colour, pale orange
striped
with
red
deep red on
ground, frequently bright crimson; flesh, very
tender,
coppery
under
the skin ; flavour, unusually vinous
and
creamy-red
aromatic, highly perfumed
;
from
be
the
inclined
eaten
August and September, must
tree
season,
; growth,
compact,
The
in all forms, and
finest
autumnal
Succeeds
to
on
apple for dessert.
weep.
These
Paradise
stock
is remarkable
for its lovely fruits.
lose flavour
when
stored, as all
and
The
be
should
then
tree
early apples do.
closely pruned for a few
only
years,
the
Fertility first-class.
on
points of the shoots.
partiallycut back, as it bears
Skin
Albert
Lane's
Prince
1870.
(Prince Albert), K., F.C.C.
18S1, introduced
red
side
and
smooth
on
colour, primrose
splashed with
sunny
rosy
; ground
green,
deeper red ; flesh, crisp, greenish white ; stalk, set in a greenish basin ; flavour, briskly
with fruit-spurs. One
sub-acid
November
to April ; growth,
moderate, covered
; season,
last.
Bears
valuable
to the
most
of the
freely, and
apples, retaining its freshness
very
It does
make
old trees.
for grafting on
stout
not
a
being of pendent growth is valuable
The
branches
stock it bears
enormously.
standard, but as a plantation tree on the Paradise
It is grand
and
be thinned
cordon, or in fact in any
should
garden form.
as
a
kept open.
F.C.C.
Lord
Skin,
rough;
golden,
flushed,
groundcolour,
1865.
Burghley,
T.,
and
with
thin russet
whitish
and
slightly striped with deep bronzy red, covered
spots ;
basin
rich, and aromatic
greenish ; stalk, set in russet
flesh, firm and
; flavour, sweet,
;
fruit is of grand
The
and
March
flavour, and
February
compact.
season,
; growth,
stock
Paradise
it makes
the
best
late
On
of the
for garden
a
sorts
use.
one
pretty
cordon.
Fertility excellent.
Derby
Lord
Skin, smooth
(London
Major), K.
; colour, entirely bright yellow ;
and
pleasant ; season,
flesh,tender, crystalline ; stalk, set in a greenish basin ; flavour, sweet
One
of the
and
December
November
upright, sturdy ; foliage, large and downy.
; growth,
and
market
valuable
cooking quality, and when
most
fully ripe
garden fruits ; of excellent
in all forms
and
makes
Succeeds
fair for dessert.
espalier and
close, upright
a grand
fails to bear
it never
fine crop.
standard.
Fertility remarkable,
a
K.
introduced
Lord
GrOSVENOR,
1875.
Skin, harsh,
; colour, bright
;
greasy
THE
14
FRUIT
GARDEN
snow-white
briskly acid ; season,
yellow ; flesh, melting and
August
; flavour,
form.
in any
bearer
wonderful
a
September
upright,
; growth, sturdy and
compact,
three
Thin
reduced
if the crops
or
pickings
freely as it fruits in clusters
are
by two
; even
for
fruits will be very
the remaining
large. A market
apple of first quality,and valuable
all garden
purposes.
Lord
K.
pale primrose ; flesh,
Suffield,
Skin, smooth,
; colour, very
greasy
and
white
tember
early Sepmelting, snowy
August
pleasantly sub-acid
; flavour,
; season,
moderate.
orchard
tree
as
an
stony
Apt to canker
; requires a warm,
; growth,
immense
The
flowers
of the finest kitchen
the
soil ; one
Paradise
stock.
are
apples on
and
of a beautiful
pale pink colour.
A.M.
Mannington's
colour, pale green
ground
Pearmain,
Skin, rough;
1901.
marked
red
with
marked
with
striped deep
patches of russet, or brownish
spots and
in greenish
red ; flesh, tender
and
marked
with
melting, pale cream
; stalk, set
green
basin ;flavour, rich and
November
to
russet
February ; growth, compact
sugary
; season,
Paradise
Forms
orchard
the
and
neat
twiggy.
a
on
standard, and
garden tree
as
a
of training.
stock
it adapts itself to all forms
Fertility good.
with
M ARGIL,
T.
Skin, slightly rough; ground
colour, orange
yellow, covered
and
greenish
striped deep crimson
flesJi,
fairlytender,
patches of russet, flushed crimson
;
and
November
white ; stalk, frequently knobby
October
spicy ; season,
;
;flavour, rich and
old fruit of small
of the
A grand
growth, compact,
twiggy.
size,evidently one
parents
of Cox's
Grand
for garden
Paradise
in all forms,
and
stock
Pippin.
on
use
Orange
makes
standard.
and
a
Fertility abundant
regular.
compact
very
Mere
almost
de
Menage,
K., T.
Skin, smooth
colour, brownish
orange
; ground
with faint
covered
with deep bronzy
crimson
white
red, striped with dark
; fl^sh, tender,
smooth
swollen
and
sweet
markings ; stalk, set in brown
basin, often
; flavour,
green
December
aromatic
free
and
Forms
noble
and
a
spreading.
January
growth,
; season,
;
orchard
bears
old.
from
the
Fruits
Paradise
ten
trees
on
freely when
tree, and
years
stock
Not
suitable
for a cordon
are
large and handsome.
espalier, but best as a
or
very
free
bush.
Cooks
bakes
well
and
has
and
when
fine flavour;
slightly red-fleshed
a
The
cooked.
fruit is often
angular, and deeper than the figure. Fertility regular.
T.
Mother
Apple,
Skin, slightly rough ; ground
colour, bright yellow suffiised
with
with
crimson
the sunny
side ; flesh, tender, milk-white
with
on
red, marked
green
and
in a russet
basin
rich ;
markings ; stalk, often
ending in a knob
set
; flavour,
very
One
of the richest
flavoured
October; growth, compact
season,
; foliage, shining green.
in the north, where
it does
colour
not
so
apples in its season
brightly, it is yet of
; even
excellent
flavour.
Makes
close standard, and
of garden
trees
a
adapts itself to all forms
the
stock.
Paradise
The
fruit is often
oval
than
in the
on
Fertility excellent.
more
figure.
Mr.
Gladstone
(Jackson's Seedling), T., F.C.C.
1883. 5^2, slightly rough, greasy
when
dull red
ripe ; ground
colour, greenish yellow, with
marked
with
patches and
of deeper red ; fl^sh, tender, melting, greenish white
broad
streaks
knobby
; stalk, often
;
of July to end
middle
of August
flavour, very brisk, spicy, and pleasant ; season,
; growth,
and
Forms
orchard
twiggy.
a
neat
of garden
tree, and
adapts itself to all forms
compact
the
stock.
Paradise
The
fruit figured is rather
trees
small
has
on
knobbed
a
; it often
is pointed.
stalk, and
Fertility excellent.
Mrs.
and
Phillimore,
T., A.M.
1899. Skiji,dry and harsh
russet,
; colour, primrose
and
almost
covered
with
dull red ; flesh, greenish white, tender
short
stalk,
;
;flavour,
and
the
sweet
sweetest
pleasant, perhaps
November
apple grown
to
very
; season,
and
February
growth,
upright, short-jointed, forming fine cordons
compact,
;
garden
the
Paradise
stock.
trees
Very fertile,and
dessert
on
quite an addition
to winter
sorts.
Newton
Newton
Wonder
(Pearson's
Wonder,
Wonder),
Taylor's Newton
K.,
and
F.C.C.
1887.
Skill, smooth
dry; ground
colour, brownish
yellow with patches of
with black
dots
white
with
veins ;
russet, frequently crimson
; flesh, firm, greenish
green
basin
stalk, frequently swollen, set in a green
pleasantly sub-acid
; flavour,
; season,
November
to
May ; growth, vigorous, spreading, with bold
desirable
foliage. A most
late
sort
the
grand orchard
Paradise
trees, spreading bushes
or
pyramids on
; forms
canary
and
THE
stock
APPLE
15
makes
of extensive
suitable
cordon.
good espalier, but is not
a
as
a
Worthy
well
formed
and
fruits are
Quite pleasant to eat late in the season
of
; all the
size.
shown
knob.
good
often
flatter than
in the
the
without
They
are
figure and
This
is a variety far more
reliable
than
and
cooked.
Wellington,
equally good when
Fertility first-class.
;
culture.
Norman's
Pippin
very
Pott's
moderate.
all
smooth
and
Seedling,
K.Skin,
; colour, bright yellow
very
greasy
and
cooks
well ; flavour,
flesh, crisp, snowy,
slightly acid ; season,
August
Paradise
the
growth,
forming good trees
on
upright and
September;
very
compact,
fine apple for small
soils or if thickly planted.
A
in damp
stock, but is liable to canker
distinct in colour
Its large flowers
before
they open,
being of a deep
are
gardens.
very
over
cerise.
Reinette
Canada
du
(Canadian
Reinette), K.T., A.M.
Skin, rough;
1901.
all over
ground
colour, greenish yellow with patches and
; flesh, mealy,
spots of russet
basin ; flavour,
rich ; season,
tender, greenish primrose ; stalk, set in a russet
very
A
December
to March
good garden fruit ;
upright and spreading.
very
; growth,
very
its flavour.
it attains
cordons
large size, and
although apt to shrivel it retains
on
a
Fertility fair.
Red
Skin, slightly rough, greasy
(Early Red
Margaret, Margaret), T.
Juneating
crimson
with
dull
when
stored ; ground
colour, ochre
red, sometimes
yellow suffused
;
and
white ; flavour, sweet
aromatic, but brisk ;
flesh, tender, melting, pale greenish
end
of
and
twiggy.
Crops well
growth,
September;
August
compact,
very
season,
The
fruit is
Paradise
stock
other
and
the
trees
produce pretty fruits.
on
every
year,
shown
conical
in the figure.
than
often more
less
T.
colour, orange
RiBSTON
yellow, more
or
Skin, rough ; ground
Pippin,
side in a warm
red on
and
dotted
white, brownish
patches of russet
sunny
colour
but
with
rough russet
frequently entirely covered
;
; flssh, leathery, cream
season,
November
stalk, set in a greenish basin ; flavour, very highly developed, spicy ; season,
This
old favourite
is
underneath.
to February
spreading, leaves very downy
; growth,
less
Paradise
the
stock
worked
still in demand
for garden
trees
are
on
culture, and
covered
with
affected
by canker
it does
but
fruit
in
not
the
usually
shown
in the
Rosemary
as
pay
those
on
the
GARDEN
Crab
Suitable
stock.
seasons
characteristic.
all forms
of garden
fruit.
figure.
T.
Russet,
Skin, slightly rough
with
and
netted
russet
entirely covered
December
; season,
for
This
is a
Fertility moderate.
of 1 899-1 900
entirely
examples
were
many
The
fruit is not
always so irregular round
orchard
an
copper
aromatic
than
warm
russet
rosy
FRUIT
THE
March
to
very
free
the
trees,
valuable
from
the
eye
as
with
colour, yellow flushed
ground
and
rich
leathery
flavour,
flesh,
;
;
moderate,
growth,
forms
neat
orchard
stock.
the Paradise
in all forms
succeed
trees
on
regularly. Garden
faint
colour.
flowers
of
blush
The
a
are
large,
very
entirely
Nonpareil
Ross
(Carey Pippin), T.
Skin, rough ; colour, yellow, almost
nearly
and
of thin russet
hidden
by a coat
bronzy red, striped crimson
; flish, tender,
December
October
to
rich ; season,
white
and
;
mealy ; flavour, distinct, spicy, and
the Paradise
of the best
standard.
One
on
garden sorts
a
as
growth, twiggy, weeping
in all forms.
thinning, as the fruit
stock ; succeeds
Fertility first-class ; requires some
and
standard
bears
in clusters.
comes
ROUNDWAY
colour,
Magnum
pale
Bonum,
yellow,
canary
1864.
bronzy
January
December
to
flavour, rich and aromatic
; season,
of the
best
of
richest and
with large downy
foliage. One
fine bushes
the
Paradise
standards
and
on
large orchard
useful
for cordons
or
espaliers. The
so
growth, is not
When
often
immense
and
too
ripe they are
develop.
Its
for dessert.
be
used
in tarts, and
the
smaller
fruits can
or
splendid quality baked
small
for a
the
Large
good quality in a great measure
crop.
compensates
grower
fruits are
angular.
Victoria's
Graham's
Royal
at
Jubilee) ; introduced
Queen
(Bunyard's
Jubilee,
after
first jubilee, K.
harsh,
storing ; colour, bright golden ;
Skin, dry and
greasy
October
second-rate
to
February
?Hesh, tender, cream-coloured
;
season,
; flavour,
;
orchard
nut-brown.
Forms
vigorous, wood
a
growth,
sturdy and
tree, but
compact
market
Does
well
in
the
but
introduced
as
a
fruit, and,
Midlands,
slowly.
grows
it
blossoms
late
that
of its colour, sells well.
because
so
canker, and
Very free from
in clusters.
the fruits are
bears
produced
; requires thinning, as
every
year
and
Royal
Late
shining ; colour,
K., T., A.M.
Cooking,
1896.
Skin, smooth
cream-coloured
with
faint
firm
marked
and
x\x%%ei
yellow
flesh,
juicy,
; stalk,
;
orange
set
in
growth,
dessert
and
rich
favour,
greenish basin
;
free, rather
spreading.
Although
late
but
not
in the
Jubilee
Diamond
for
cordons.
season.
as
It
resembles
in
certificated
Fertility
pleasant
described
much
very
March
1901.
;
as
season,
a
both
Suitable
February
and
March
kitchen
average.
and
Skin, smooth
1883.
colour, dull
dry ; ground
red flecked
with
crimson
and
yellow, brownish
juicy, greenish white ; stalk,
; flesh, firm
in starry
basin
to
set
greenish russet
pleasantly aromatic
January
; flavour,
; season,
A
also
March
valuable
late cooking
useful
upright and
compact.
sort, and
; growth,
of its season.
Forms
the end
the
for dessert
Paradise
at
neat
a
upright garden tree on
orchard
standard.
much
Smaller
fruits are
stock, and a compact
Fertility excellent.
than
in the figure, and
shown
conical
sometimes
of uneven
The
flowers
more
shape.
soft pink, shaded
darker
beautiful
outside.
are
a
St. Edmund's
Pippin,
T., F.C.C.
1875.
Skin, rough; ground
colour, cinnamon
with
suffused
with
entirely covered
yellow almost
russet,
silvery russet
; jiesh,rather
rich ; season,
October
November
and
leathery, faint buff-coloured
; flavour,
very
;
and
full of
A
fine
growth,
russet
apple for autumn
use
compact
spurs.
very
; does
The
fruit
best
is sometimes
shown
in the
a
flatter than
garden tree.
as
larger and
figure.
and
Sanspareil,
T., K., F.C.C.
Skin, smooth
dry; ground
colour, lemon
1900.
flecks ; flesh, firm, juicy, pale creamred, with carmine
stripes and
yellow shaded
rosy
Sandringham,
THE
GARDEN
FRUIT
beneath.
Often
of
quality,and
dessert
one
of
the
somest
hand-
wide
the
bush
and
on
a
tree
large spreading orchard
stock.
Not
Paradise
suitable
for cordons.
Fertility moderate.
o' Gowrie),
Y^.Skin,
Tower
Glamis
very
of
(Bess Pool
[of Kent], Carse
dots ; flesh,
few
brown
and
smooth
slightly greasy
yellow, with
; colour, bright canary
and
brisk,
sweet
basin
yellowish white ; stalk, set in a green
firm, juicy, and
; flavour,
and
Foliage
from
December
spreading.
October
to
free,
growth,
stout,
;
season,
of culture.
for all methods
broad
and
valuable
A
bold.
sort
round, dark green,
very
weather.
fall
in
windy
known.
The
fruits do
bearers
One
of the
heaviest
readily
not
fruits grown.
Forms
fruit varies
considerably, and is often one-sided
figure.
red, striped
K.
Skin, smooth
colour, bright yellow, and salmon
Wagener,
; ground
and
carmine
red ; flesh, crisp and
juicy, whitish;
stalk, very deeply set ; flavour, spicy
full of spurs.
and
sturdy, and
quince-like ; season,
April to June ; growth, compact,
late
best
of our
One
America.
From
Foliage, bright green,
shining ; wood, nut-brown.
and
left on
the
till November,
be
tree
keep firm to the last.
garden sorts ; fruits can
hundred.
in a
is worthy
little known,
bearer
of note,
such
valuable
even
Although
a
Fertility remarkable.
rich
Waltham
Abbey
Seedling
K., T.
Skin, smooth
(Dr. Harvey),
; colour,
and
white
and
pleasant
rich,
season,
;
yellow ; flesh, very tender,
mealy ; flavour, sweet,
fruit tree,
orchard
November
and
A valuable
and
December
twiggy.
compact
; growth,
for
suitable
but
when
the tree
is a regular bearer
is of good size and
not
which
once
age,
fruit
dessert
the
garden
pruning
removes
fruit-spurs. A favourite
culture, as severe
"fall"
in cooking.
A splendid baking
does
with many.
not
sort, which
and
smooth
Warner's
King
dry ;
(D. T. Fish, Irish Giant,
King), K.Skin,
colour, greenish yellow, rarely with scarlet flush ; fl^sh, soft and white ; stalk, set in a
and
November
basin
sub-acid
October
vigorous,
russet
; growth,
; season,
; flavour,
scaled
and
has
This
is the largest apple grown,
spreading ; foliage, very large, reflexed.
and
stock
the
Paradise
A very
valuable
in Kent.
on
garden fruit for culture
33 ounces
fruit
market
As
it unfit for an
a
bush, but its vigour makes
as
espalier or cordon.
a free
should
well.
in cold soils,and
it sells freely ; it also cooks
The
is liable to canker
tree
Forms
be too
orchard
tree.
not
severely pruned.
a spreading
colour, pale
T., F.C.C.
slightly greasy
Wealthy,
1893.
Skin, smooth,
; ground
the base, where
the eye
with crimson, deepening
in colour
towards
striped round
orange
rich
and
it is striped with
dark
crimson
white
; flavour,
very
creamy
; flesh, tender,
size.
and
it
November
October
sweet
as
growth,
upright,
spreading
gets
; season,
;
of the
Valuable
for decoration
for its tender
flesh, and
one
alone, but esteemed
by many
few
that
succeed
well
for orchard
American
in Britain.
Not
sorts
suitable
culture,
well.
Cooks
and
more
This
Fertility excellent.
conical
than
in
shown
the
but
most
nearly
useful
always
on
hangs
the
Paradise
downwards,
stock
in
all
and
is
therefore
forms.
Fertility
most
highly
excellent.
coloured
The
fruit
round
the
stalk.
Wellington
K.
(Dumelow's
Seedling, Normanton
Skin, smooth
:
Wonder),
and
white
and
scarlet
with
crimson
dots
ground
colour, creamy
bronzy red, sometimes
black
stripes and
specks ; flesh, firm and juicy, greenish white ; stalk, slightly russet,
December
slightly acid ; season,
March
frequently swollen
to
pact,
com; flavour,
; growth,
rather
in size, shining bright green
weeping, twiggy.
Foliage, moderate
; shoots
much
marked
and
with
silver dots
The
best
is not
apple for cooking ; the tree
spots.
frosts.
From
quite hardy, and suffers during very severe
a
garden tree on the Paradise
fruit
is much
the
but
stock
Newton
and
Wonder
improved,
Bramley's Seedling are
culture.
Its market
Bears
well
preferable for orchard
repute, however, is high.
every
other
A
favourite
in the
kitchen, as the flesh becomes
great
nearly transparent
year.
has
when
and
cooked.
a
refreshing acid flavour
T.
White
covered
with
Nonpareil,
Skin, rough ; colour, greenish yellow, almost
dull cinnamon
white
and
russet
aromatic
sweet
; flesh, leathery, greenish
; flavour,
;
and
December
and
A valuable
January ; growth, neat
garden fruit for
season,
compact.
the
Paradise
stock ; bears
culture
on
freely in any form.
a;
Ci
ft;
ft;
(5
ft;
o
to
a;
to
S3
a,
THE
APPLE
19
Transparent
1895. 5/"z, dry and
(Early Transparent), K., T., A.M.
the
white, almost
near
colour, palest primrose ; flesh, crisp, very
transparent
suitable
for dessert
and
core
times
early August, somebriskly sub-acid
; flavour,
; season,
free.
Forms
the
middle
of July ; growth,
most
on
prolific trees
upright and
cordon.
Paradise
Good
fruit in clusters.
stock
as
a
Quite first-class for cooking.
; bears
when
Forms
quite young
standard, and bears
freely as to require
an
so
upright orchard
fruit.
Sometimes
sided
onethinning. Many
Very handsome.
more
prefer it as a dessert
in the figure.
and
shown
than
conical
Duck's
harsh
Winter
Bill). Skui, rough and
(Sussex
colour,
Queening
; ground
all over,
dull yellow with
often
crimson
striped with bright red, and
bronzy red cheek
dots
with patches of thin russet
dull greenish yellow ; flavour,
and
; flesh, mealy,
many
basin
in
rather
rich
and
set
a
greenish
pleasant
stalk,
February to April ;
sweet,
;
; season,
and
stock.
orchard
the Paradise
tree
a
prolific bush
on
growth, forms
a large spreading
beneath.
Foliage, shining, downy
Worcester
Skin; smooth
colour, orange
1875.
T., F.C.C.
Pearmain,
; ground
in
with
yellow, almost
entirely covered
deep crimson
; flesh, tender, whitish
; stalk, set
and
and
basin ; flavour,
russet
sweet
September
growth,
upright
pleasant ; season,
;
and
A
for orchards
Useful
apple, brilliant colour.
profitable market
compact.
very
bush
of dwarf
allows
beneath.
its upright
trees
plantations, as
being grown
growth
White
harsh
Finest
the
fruits
table
from
trees
for decoration.
in
produced
are
flowers
had
are
and
of this
are
Fruits
favourite
require
be
to
with
for
many
thinned,
shown
in
pointed than
quite white inside, salmon
more
distinct, being
very
It is
stock.
first-rate.
Sometimes
clusters.
variety
Paradise
the
on
Fertility
they
as
figure. The
pink and yellow
the
outside.
SELECTIONS
OF
Eight
APPLES
Best
FOR
Apples
PURPOSES
SPECIAL
Small
for
Gardens
Dessert.
Mr.
Gladstone
Lady
Sudeley
I
|
July, August
September
Cox's
Pippin
Orange
Pippin
Cockle's
Oct., Nov.
.
Christmas
....
Cooking.
Seedling
Stirling Castle
Pott's
The
above
....
Aug., Sept.
Bismarck
October
Lane's
Prince
Albert
.
in
are
any
form,
and
Nov., Dec.
January
require very
little
pruning.
Best
Apples
for
Gardens
Larger
Dessert.
Mr.
Gladstone
....
Devonshire
Quarrenden
Sudeley
Lady
Margil
King of the Pippins.
Cox's
Orange
Pippin
AUington
October
Old
November
Oct.,
Nov.
Ribston
Cockle's
December
Russet
.
Allen's
Pippin
Pippin
Nonpareil.
Sturmer
Mother
Egremont
Pippin
July, August
August
September
Pippin
Dec,
Jan.
Oct., Nov.
Christmas
Dec,
Everlasting
Jan.
January
February
March, April
FRUIT
THE
20
Best
Apples
Larger
for
GARDEN
Gardens
{continued)
Cooking.
Early White
Transparent
Pott's Seedling
Ecklinville
Seedling
Stirling Castle
Warner's
King
Lord
Derby
Blenheim
Orange
.
August
Aug., Sept.
October
October
November
Dec.
Nov.,
Bismarck
Apples
Profitable
(Grown
on
for
Apples
Paradise
Cordons
for
Stock
Market
as
Bushes)
Dessert.
of
Beauty
Bath
.
July, August
Red
Quarrenden
Lady Sudeley
Worcester
Yellow
Ingestrie
Duchess'
Pearmain
.
Favourite
.
King
of the
Pippins.
77
77
September
Sept., Oct.
September
Sept. to Oct.
October
Cox's
Orange
Pippin
Beauty of Barnack
AUington
Pippin
Gascoigne's Scarlet
.
Nov.,
Feb.
November
.
Dec,
Feb.
December
.
Christmas
Winter
Baumann's
Peamiain
Quarrenden.
Reinette
January
THE
Profitable
APPLE
Apples
21
Market
for
{continued)
Cooking.
(Grown
Orchard
as
Standards)
Dessert.
of
Beauty
Bath
Quarrenden
Duchess'
Favourite
.
Worcester
Pearmain
.
of the
King
Col.
Pippins.
Vaughan
Cox's
Orange
Pippin
AUington
Pippin
Blenheim
Orange
ling
Gascoigne's Scarlet Seed-
August
September
End
of Sept.
September
Devonshire
Nov.,
October
Dec,
Sept.,
Feb.
Jan.
Oct.
Cooking.
Lord
Grosvenor
Lord
SufiSeld
Aug., Sept.
Bismarck
Spire
King
Warner's
Tower
of
Wellington
October
Lord
November
Northern
Winter
...
Seedling.
APPLES
These
Barnack
Beaut
A.M.
Ben's
A.M.
Bramley's
Glamis
Derby
Abbey
Waltham
may
Nov.,
F^b.
OF
RECENT
Nov.,
Feb.
Jan.,
March
Seedling
Greening
Queening
Feb., April
INTRODUCTION
-A
November.
Y.-
Wonder
Newton
Orange
Grenadier
Golden
December
.
Blenheim
.
highly
to
be
coloured
usefuladditions.
fruit,
valuable
for
market
sale.
1899.
Red.
fruit, like
scarlet
late
Quarrenden
for
market
sale.
October.
1899.
BlELO
BoRADAWKA.
flavour,
and
Hill
Bow
Pippin.
Wonder.
Byford
Chas.
larger.
Ross.
F.C.C.
1899.
great
very
A
A
Duchess
of
Oldenbtirg,
but
of
sweeter
bearer.
THE
Early
Victoria.
FRUIT
Codlin
free-bearing
very
GARDEN
Wisbech,
from
Lord
resembling
Grosvenor.
Gold
Medal.
(which
Langley
A.M.
Codlin.
flat
large,
very
better
is
sort
found
in
Grenadier
see).
Beauty.
early
pretty,
with
fruit,
of
flavour
Mr.
Gladstone,
August.
1898.
Lord
Hindlip.
richly
flavoured
fruit,
dessert
Gilliflower
Cornish
after
(which
see),
and
of
like
Norfolk
weeping
habit.
Beauty.
fine
large
that
cross
is
promising.
most
Ontario.
A.M.
long-keeping
kitchen
Prince
scarlet
Edvi^ard.
Venus'
Pippin.
Williams'
market
like
fruit,
March
russety
Favourite.
little
free-bearing
Abbey
Waltham
known,
scarlet
fruit,
dull
A.M.
blotches.
in
local
red,
and
May
Beauty.
with
early
in
sound
Barnack
fruit
free-bearing
very
quite
apple,
Paroquet.
fruit.
yellow
1901.
June.
1899.
A.M.
A.M.
Torquay.
September
fruit.
Good
bearer.
A.M.
Winter
valuable
Quarrenden.
late
market
variety.
Apple,
red-coloured
deep
A.M.
The
November-December
1898.
Custard
(see
p.
207).
fruit.
where
should
possible,it
south-west, or even
will
it suffers
which
heavy
road
loves
it is
and
wall
position
with
planted
close.
frost
or, in
scrapings,leaf-mould,
without
drained,
latter
the
is the
the
saying
the
and
of
of
The
other.
the
the
in
border
soil
not
too
rubble,
mortar
these, clean
of
that
found
have
and
brick
any
any
that
nature
old
case,
absence
in
than
bloom
in
it goes
well
be
must
Where
position
this
in
when
soil, and
warm
it
aspect
east
wall
on
west
facing
against a
damage from
more
also
apricot
on
have
wall
thrive
not
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
24
river
sand
soil
or
particularlyto clayey
the
said
that
it
be
well
cultivated
that which
has
been
not
may
; generally,
that
to
well-cultivated
will
succeed
preference
in
soil,
giving
garden
apricot
any
of
Such
is the nature
is of a holding rather
than
of a light texture.
which
bear
the
trees
the soil in the
at
heavy crops
Royal Gardens
Frogmore, where
regularly.
the
had
have
As
all those
apricot, the
know
who
anything to do with
will
be
for
useful
greatest
trouble
weakness
it is
unaccountable
has
subject
been
reason
injury to
with
cut
to
believe
far
so
the
to
icnife,
or
to
ten
points
careful
strongest
remedy.
root-pruning must
shoots
at
which
in
no
remedy
satisfactoryand
attribute
many
nailing time,
an
it
to
dental
acci-
of
to
the
nine
cases
out
of
clearly
my
therefore
roots,
gross
first few
years, indeed, until
this fact
produced
for
not
In
its existence.
first,and
do
think
clusive
con-
frosts.
to
or
most
is
are
resorted
be
any
often
it
years
that die
Gross
the
to
its
has
for
mischief;
the
autumn
this
branches
hammer
the
branches,
trouble
know,
constitutional
unfortunate
main
its
of
severe
out
stamp
as
cause
it is
is the
is the
with
losing many
This, unfortunately, is
to
possibleto mitigate
root-pruning during the first few
it
refers
of
given
by bruising with
to
possible effectually
do
contend
to
Neither,
This
of
as
bark
the
soil.
the
to
has
one
way.
found.
been
yet
adding
mind
to
by
tree
is able
to
the
that
the
trees,
the
trees
but
sooner
meet,
disposed of
find a good
the
in
The
mind
in
you
can
that
cover
other
every
other
some
market.
instructions
followed.
bear
As
given
a
a
be
may
way,
young
wall
with
as
taken
out
well-trained
regardsplanting and
for
subsequent
the
of
treatment
treatment
as
only
tree
fruitful
and
costs
the
trees
planted
healthy trees
root-pruning
the
young
regards pruning
few
and
shillings,
better.
somewhere
of
this
for the
peach
When
else,or
tree
is somewhat
soon
age
first
season,
should
be
different
THE
from
be
that
and
in
advised
introduced
of
laying
of
case
peach,
indeed, the
instead
the
for the
the
in
be
formed
small
will
spur
becoming
As
too
the
will
spurs
will
it
be
and
which
be
of
of
branch,
three
or
become
the
the
and
to
from
and
the
year's growth,
on
have
to
to
to
to
Portion
their
spring.
the
time
branch,
will
growths
Branch
of
shoots
In
and
cut
inches
of
in
allowed.
be
prevent
resorted
should
spur
be
should
spurs
4
form
to
number
and
advised
buds
from
be
must
branches,
latter,as
The
on
goes
main
three
to
should
branches
of
branches.
time
will
main
the
back
main
as
each
growths
large
necessary
issue
shortened
whole
disbudding
numerous,
two
be
shoots
must
25
of
larger number
wholly composed
will
permanent,
added
to
by
be
rule, only
the
side
upper
will be
These
apart.
on
the
on
because
tree
peach, they
fruit-bearing
spurs along
APRICOT
acteristic
Char-
with
Growths
{a) Two-year-old
bearing
on
either
shoot
that
may
replacethem,
and
short
stubby
side
fruit ;
the
branch
with
continuation
{6) two-year-old
preceding
shoots,
or
spurs
buds
year's wood
for following
with
wood
fill vacant
to
in
spur
and
growth
spurs
fruit ; (c) fruits produced
with
forming
growths
season's
bud
space
at
{g)
()'
bearing;
; (/) side
apex
continuation
of
branch.
improved.
old spurs
sacrificed
filled
the
This
should
for
be
by nailing
Thinning
Fruits.
the
thinning must
abundantly ;
be
one
grow
injury as
but
they
on
are
second,
done
fruit
for
apricots
healthy apricot tree
to
fruit
any
two
the
when
if
not
each
preserving,
is
as
tree.
three
fruits
will
then
three
the
of
few
of the
will
the
crop
branches
the
in their
be
be
can
entirety.
size
the
left
heavy
be
first,soon
only
be
may
capable of bearing
thinning should
:
only
be much
desired,
are
its fruits
apricot, as a rule, sets
be sufficient,
but
if the
intention
is
The
occasions
much
well-developed
spur
this process
and
between
year'sshoots
the
by
caution,
otherwise
spaces
previous
If fine
freely, for
to
size of small
the
in the
vacant
in time
with
out
time,
Any
will
tree
carried
at
away
two.
or
tying
or
be
must
cut
year
of the
appearance
work
for
after
the
smallest
of hazel
out
nuts
fruits
should
without
all
not
are
be
(they are
crop.
fruit
of
crop
carried
full
at
once,
set, when
picked
then
the
useful
26
THE
for
tarts);
see
that
and
not
in about
Summer
Treatment.
GARDEN
fortnight'stime
left
are
more
FRUIT
the
on
As
trees
should
they
than
these
finallylooked
be
without
mature
can
to
over
injury.
does not
trouble,
give much
regardsthis,theapricot
has
been
if
carefully
especially disbudding
attended
heavily cropped the
to, for when
Stop
growth of foliage is not excessive.
the lateral growths at the sixth or seventh
tie in
leaf,and
long
these, so
wall
as
without
should
is
a
good crop
well-decayed manure
to
the
This
for
roots
feet
becoming
dry,
it will
but
heavy
manurial
fruit
by
from
the
help
trees
mature
of
means
down
washed
ingredients
the
the
to
should
Frequent waterings
rain.
by
roots
of
crop
wall.
border
develop and
materially to
very
the
from
the
only prevents
not
shortening whatever.
assured, a mulching
should
be applied
any
When
of
shoots
is any
portion of
laid
be
in and
there
furnish,
to
secured
terminal
nail the
or
while
dry weather
fruits are
the
as
swelling. As soon
soil
is
the
about
the
roots
gathered,
crop
should
be thoroughly watered, so
to
as
be
hot
given during
the
the
recoup
after
and
diluted
given.
than
wood
to
wood
two-year-old
;
;
(;')
on
more
spurs
(i) two-year-old
cut
lines
out, after bearing, at the cross
successional
shoot, as the finest apricots
are
two-year-old
on
produced
formation
back,
wood
on
often
necessary
encroaching
of the
side
one
preceding
branch
is
prevent
to
year's
shortened
nitrate
will
Two
of soda
be
of
found
in
the
of
of the
course
there
crop,
season
advantage
great
the
to
crossing and
tree
should
be
stableyard manure
three
or
light dressings of
Branch
energies of the
maturing a heavy
wasted
ordeal
the
look
trees.
duced
pro-
is very
branch
neighbouring
(/)
;
be
removed.
Should
there
be
to
ing
year's growth for the succeedany,
tion
continuayear's bearing ; {m) terminal
or
is the time
that
to
remove
August
so
it,
in for filling
growth ; {n) growth trained
the
shoots
have
the
advanremaining
well
vacant
furnishing tree, as
or
as
space,
may
for fruiting the following season
; the lower
of full exposure
for the
of the
rest
tage
^
shoots
side
of
of
on
one
branch
and
side
the
branches
there
-..,,.
shown
are
properly
pruned
and
have
a
rule
the
(unless
rainfall
Insect
insect
Red
attack
the
been
exceptionallyhot
well
once
and
watered
dry) not
Enemies.
pests
than
The
afterwards.
is necessary
suffers
little
as
apricot tree
truitmg,
after
to
the
trees
it is best
give
them
as
more
spider will
the
is
season
When,
SeaSOn.
trained.
other
hardy fruit tree,
any
sometimes
make
its appearance
are
carrying
sca/e
in
a
or
being
very
heavy
less
even
perhaps
its greatest
hot
crop,
seasons
or
from
enemy.
and
will
sufferingfrom
THE
of
insufficiency
Protecting
of
any
weather,
Where
lowered
had.
grower
believe
to
the
to
often
are
them
glass with
or
wall
the
cover
exposed to
imperative
is
board
its flowers
the
suggests
provision
does
expense
which
the
in
most
earliest
February
winterly
in order
of the
exist,I
not
the
to
secure
tiffanyblinds
in front
this
Where
go
end
the
here
cause
liberallyand
apricot being
expanding
they
protection to
coping of
be
to
The
roots.
be
The
trees,
when
usual
can
be
can
fruit
year
some
the
which
Blossom.
the
hardy
our
of the
season
27
will
harm
no
the
at
should
which
water,
result.
remedy, namely,
then
and
overhead
water
APRICOT
erection
of
trees,
should
these
bloom
to
ot
and
March,
and
inclement
a
full crop.
exists,
(on rollers)
better protection
no
recommend
not
the
I
entails,as
structures
in view
be
can
costing very
five
to
that
excepting
bloom
is
even
or
the
flowers
is best
rest
of
the
by
the
the
suspending
first
the
nets,
astonishing
and
flimsy
be taken
must
not
be distant at
they must
rough stakes
placing
by
secured
of the
injury,without
it is
simple
most
care
blossoms
without
and
wall,
The
place.
frost
of
degrees
seven
allow
to
least
how
material.
few
from
apricot withstand
protection of any kind
effectively
protected the
I ought to say that, in
them
to
inches
or
rest
from
the
wall
the
upon
trees
latter,and
for the
nets
this
to
upon.
It
glass
is
in
purpose
also
and
only
this
it has
for
on
limited
been
not
the
scale
for
country
UNDER
APRICOT
THE
that
after
the
much
so
is
not
as
so
been
hitherto
being,
reason
tree
has
apricot
the
dessert, the
sought
reason
that
GLASS
the
suppose,
peach and
amenable
to
grown
that
the
treatment
under
for
this
nectarine,
under
as
an
particularlywhen
grown
method
obtained
this
of
be
by
may
pot.
when
take
is
but
it
to
the
great care, especially
apricot,
cultivating
necessary
of air is then
to
free circulation
in bloom
the trees
absolutelynecessary
are
; a
is very injurious.
in the house
a
high
secure
a
good set of fruit
temperature
;
of when
the
is usually made
apricot is
A
use
glass-coveredwall or a house
the
in
this
when
treated
under
and
manner
quality,size, and
cover,
grown
of
One
of the fruits are
flavour
peculiarity the apricot must
greatly improved.
under
it can
noted
before
be successfullygrown
be
glass,viz. that the trees
The
late Mr.
be forced
in the early stages of growth.
Ewing, of
must
not
famous
of
his
then
devote
used
to
glass walls to
one
Bodorgan, Anglesea,
w
hen
the attempt
well ; but
not
at
first,
apricot culture, and succeeded
very
glass as
most
orchard-house
of
tree
other
our
in
made
in the
fruit
Fair
trees,
success
"
"
was
hardy
without
house,
and
heat, because
which, at the time
fire
of
of
the
year
condensed
when
the
moisture
trees
were
that
in
gathered
bloom
in
28
the
moist
blossoms
a
FRUIT
THE
flow
trees
climate
used
and
of
not
to
in
were
well.
bloom,
and
be
not
However,
hot-water
return
could
Anglesea
set
GARDEN
pipe, which
always
then
removed,
this
with
used
never
much
as
The
culture
beck
was
the
Duke
devoted
to
and
all times
then
air
as
Characteristic
Growth
Side
with
Shoots
Pinched
house
in the
(0)
,.,
at
day
do
in
Grace
his
great
can
for
fairly
house
not
fire heat
use
bloom,
in
are
the
least
be
was
The
conjunction with
be safelygiven,
should
should
flowers
Wel-
at
of this fruit
the
trees
that
remembering
the
the
only
much
of
system
remember
keep
when
except
doors.
where
cultivation
glassare
at
freely
of
culture.
apricot
points to
successful
cool
so
seen
of
seat
of the
glass-covered walls
important
under
this
Portland,
of
of
extent
out
be
to
once
Abbey,
the
the
bear
not
glassas it does
best example of
under
secured,
experience
my
it does
apricot
the
admitted.
be
afterwards
from
although
could
as
were
crops
by having
when
excepting
air
dry
Good
as
removed
was
difficulty
was
the
consequently
and
of
atmosphere
for
be
few
hours
dry, when
fertilised
the
being
by
.1,
A,
---^
'
'
?'
,,
wood
buds
(s)wood
buds
(t)blossom
by
buds.
the
Closing
but
of
a
month
improved
to
closing.
before
course,
before
it is
ripe
apricot
the
when
its culture
should
Varieties.
In
be
The
not
house
be had
three
ripe fruit can
way
of doors.
Quality and flavour are
is grown
under
glass that
in every
good garden.
for
following are recommended
noon,
after-
early,syringing,
too
this
out
the
in
house
or
weeks
so
two
or
much
devoted
included
culture
under
glass:
Moor
Frogmore Early, New
Large Early, Grosse Pkhe, Oullin's Early, Shipley's,
Park, Hemskerk, Large Early, Powell's Late, Large Red.
VARIETIES
GEORGE
By
Varieties
of
apricots in many
Breda.
Rather
closely
in many
spots
resemble
differ in growth
trees
apricot succeeds
cases
BUNYARD
as
standard
and
Tree
tree.
each
other, although
the
foliage.
hardy
and
good
bearer.
This
APRICOT
THE
Early
Moorpark.
variety
early
An
29
this
of
Fruit
apricot.
esteemed
rather
smaller
than
Moorpark
flavour
Frogmore
rich
Early.
and
sweet.
good
variety,
golden
pale
size
large
of
and
excellent
deep
orange,
juicy,
rich,
flavour.
Flavour
and
sweet
Grosse
with
PfecHE
darker
luscious.
Perhaps
(Large
colour,
the
F.C.C.
best
Peach).
handsome
and
large
with
sometimes
and
chocolate
of
variety
robust
and
Moorpark,
Syrian.
or
Fruit
small,
rather
but
and
Large
delicious
Early
growth
New
or
the
freely
very
sugary
of
one
very
marbled
and
sweet.
grown.
Hemskerk.
Kaisha
fruit,
Very
spots.
reliable.
most
produced.
Fruit
Early.
Large
rather
large,
in
pale
colour.
hardy
free
bearer
vigorous
of
Moorpark.
Fruit
juicy
and
rich,
OULLlN's
growth.
large,
very
and
of
Early
deep
is
It
golden
delicious
Peach.
is
flavour
The
sturdy.
first
the
with
orange,
flavour.
of
One
Fruit
small
new
large,
but
very
ripen.
to
mottlings.
darker
produced.
freely
melting,
Flesh
best.
the
fully
When
ripened
the
sweetest.
PRi;C0CE
Boulbon.
DE
free
and
variety,
early
quite
an
Growth
acquisition.
sturdy.
Shipley's
Blenheim.
or
An
variety,
excellent
large
and
handsome.
It
be
class
described
flavour,
as
and
an
early
the
Moorpark,
branches
as
of
Banana,
the
it
tree
The
ripens
are
twelve
less
(see
days
liable
to
p.
211).
before
premature
this.
decay
Fruit
than
best
may
of
first-
others.
CHAPTER
BARBERRY
THE
GEORGE
By
The
is
useful
only
has
intensely
an
delicious.
most
forms
form,
these
the
These
useful
of
making
and
garden
for
only
its
The
best
removed
in
every
August
season,
year's
the
selected
and
soil,
any
and
is
Barberry
the
sale.
for
fruits
variety
nurseries
tart
purple-
The
foliage.
FRUITS
year's supply,
and
little
but
require
plants
from
sturdy
lower
laid
down,
them
which
rows
valuable
are
in
cultivation,
in
care
feet
next
in
as
and
are
off
the
produce
year
then
can
they
cut
shoots
the
apart,
shoots
fruiting
growths
peg
buds,
in
The
style.
some
ALLIED
the
in
grow
fruit
in
scarlet
pretty
white-fruited
In
being
They
fresh
crop
will
fruits
soil.
left, espalier
and
is
striking
to
tarts.
obtained
are
and
strengthen
to
variety
ordinary
any
right
following
the
for
jam,
results
trained
being
give
jelly, and
or
the
interest.
AND
fruits
freely
grow
There
high.
of
other
autumn
[Berberis vulgaris)
BLACKBERRIES
the
the
in
use
The
red-fruited.
the
apples
with
seedlings only
best
is
purposes
mixed
feet
not
are
is valuable
Barberry
garden
but
Barberry
about
by seed,
propagated
leaved
but
BUNYARD
decorative
The
bush
strong
seedless
for
flavour,
For
useful.
most
are
Barberry
acid
III
be
produced
ends
after
strong-flowering
branches.
All
with
the
pruning
raspberries.
only
but
from
placed
feet
to
Parsley-Leaved
culture.
of
to
rich
Wild
the
the
repays
is
of
care
before
the
wild
acid
is
is
Lawton
is
and
American
positions,
This
sorts,
in
or
the
best
and
laciniatus
be
can
is
produced,
is Rubus
It
strongly,
grow
obtained
of
from
in
and
rule,
plants
point
is
of
for
it is
flavour
general
the
handsome,
British
freely,
seasons.
blackberries
the
as
be
can
flower
favourable
foliage
any
the
as
very
the
yearly,
fruiting wood,
stems
equal
not
and
hedgerow,
well
cultivation.
the
or
the
Whitewash
being
stems
white.
Bramble
The
fruit
{Rubus
is small
leiicodermis).
and
black,
and
This
ripens
blackberries.
King
Lucretia
and
few
freely
which
good
plant,
Early
The
also.
Blackcap,
handsome
old
the
away
The
apart.
in
large,
very
Blackberry,
Cumberland
is
feet
lo
colour
cut
all
Blackberry.
fruit
The
being
to
established
satisfactorily
fruit
is
necessary
When
large-fruited
large
suitable
resemble
American
for
the
culture
Dewberry.
American
variety
which
ripens
early.
variety.
in
damp,
boggy
land.
The
black
fruits
are
large
THE
LOGANBERRY.
THE
Wilson
Junior
The
winter
the
foliage
is
the
covered
fruits
berries
The
is
with
reddish
The
them.
black
and
in
in
freely
when
grows
the
autumn
velvety
birds
are
distinct
pleasant,
in
even
the
summer
have
cooked
freely.
very
beautiful,
and
spines
short
produced
are
and
sorts,
climber
strong
red,
small,
are
31
American
large
best
phoenicolasius)
thickly
are
conspicuous.
of
of
one
(Rubus
shoots
fond
very
is
Wineberry
BARBERRY
flavour.
The
Logan
red
handsome
berries,
between
When
The
for
used
This
Mahdi.
Fontenay
habit
and
of
during
of
latter
Logan
of
part
fruits
is
it
July
A.M.
need
the
valuable
early
This
Pyrus
leaves
In
and
It
October
these
jelly
good
Although
where
the
There
checker
fruit
is
tree
is
for
British
is
sold
is
rich
an
when
Raspberry
addition
to
and
is
In
ripens
fruit
the
superior
excellent,
de
Belle
fruits.
hardy
that
to
TREE
sub-acid
inch
species
it
fruiterers'
suckers,
berries.
they
ripen
They
turn
used
be
may
small
with
long,
inches
but
growth,
in
sycamore
about
they
as
the
green-coloured
dull
and
variety
from
and
across
of
with
unlike
not
flavour.
serving
in
tree
bunches
gathered,
are
Continental
raised
is
i|-
some
produces
pleasant
possess
make
smaller,
are
lobes.
pointed
large
1901.
Torminalis)
(P.
in
of
berry
is
flavour
between
flavour
The
August.
Logan
The
blackberry,
the
high
ripe.
cross
resembles
feet
12
supply
The
fully
CHECKER
the
be
of
and
ripe.
are
to
10
abundant
an
raspberry.
to
result
somewhat
and
the
reaching
gives
they
and
Blackberry,
foliage
berry.
before
the
Common
and
growth
the
the
the
dessert
novelty
shoots
it
and
blackberry
the
the
grower,
striking,
is
raspberries
resemble
hybrid
cooked.
vigorous
foliage
which
American
is
berry
Its
season.
for
brown,
russet
dessert,
or
they
meats.
is
not
much
the
beyond
known
Weald
of
Kent,
The
true
shops.
differing
but
is
from
not
an
the
easy
one
described.
subject
to
bud
or
graft.
IV
CHAPTER
CHERRY
THE
GEORGE
By
The
of
county
which
England,
he
it
says
stature
Flanders
Kent,
which
^1000,
let
at
Few
The
cottager
have
it in
He
as
extend
the
where
rather
of
soil, some
cherry,
The
hardy,
advantage
but
the
of
for
British
generally
in
stock
using
to
the
As
and
situation,
the
summer
chalk
of
light,
the
in
flower,
these
not
The
of
lime
or
attained
best.
The
loam,
or
the
in
when
clean.
and
crop,
sweet
advantage
frost
of
giving,
of
counties
the
thus
middle
capable
are
pears.
orchard
an
orchards.
no
may
pots,
the
to
early
marly
be
can
orchard
The
is
the
where
amateur
for
in
or
from
or
pyramid,
above
soil
fair
in
depth,
is present
culture
in
of
the
fruit.
all
grafting
cherry.
black
it has
somewhat
success
stone
any
and
foliage healthy
chalk
or
the
Midland
in
plantations
to
before
soil
where
rain
out
fruits
immunity
of
is strong,
gravel
of
used
wild
best
damp,
and
varieties.
South
and
the
keep
added
say,
may
stock
or
common
showers
be
must
we
or,
driving
succeeds
for
cherry.
the
bush,
recommended
as
hardy
regards
position,
from
particularly
more
acres
is stated
than
of
early May
late
few
As
elevated
but
in
tree
32
early days
land
good
wall,
planted
from
and
southern
the
an
of
those
form
or
espaliers,
on
fruit
return.
the
fence
favourable,
freedom
substratum
on
in
period
it in
glass, either
under
are
cash
trees,
cherry
the
resting
so
the
refer
remarks
which
better
drainage,
refresh
as
delicious
situation
advantage
the
only
in
may
early, mid-season,
succeeds
well
natural
good
the
cherry
thrives
and
and
average,
dessert
It
soil
as
have
against
well
this
by growing
the
an
of
in
accommodating
more
are
cordon
successfully
season
September
on
it
trees
garden
also,
forms
these
grow
may
fruit
single
at
as
sum,
sold
that
that
cherry
acre
little
his
fruit
by
and
Gerarde
as
orchard
cherry
into
restored
error,
an
English
our
of
produced
enormous
from
not
be
to
appears
account
an
1540
per
hardy
in
or
an
shilling
our
is
year
seems
one
of
standard,
the
This
which
Flanders,
from
it
brought
who
only
and
of
part
brought
was
period,
cherries
this
district
other
any
of
in
planted
which
cherry,
Saxon
the
VIIL,
of
than
quality
the
first
were
the
differeth
tree
There
in
which
in
Kent.
in
cherry
form."
in
or
lost
Henry
to
Sittingbourne
at
the
"
have
fruiterer
that
us
was
for
favourably
more
assure
Romans,
the
Harris,
planted
speaks
authors
by
country
Richard
in
Cassar
Some
celebrated
probability they
all
in
been
long
has
and
of which
visited.
this
Kent
produces,
it
BUNYARD
suitable
Mahaleb
cherry
Continental
for
stock
trees
upon
seedlings
all.
for
We
do
do
not
should
not
be
seem
find
cherries, although
the
to
be
great
any
it
suits
CHERRY
THE
Duke
the
Morello
and
restricted
or
repotted
pyramidal
Cordons
fot when
growth
cherries
liable
to
other
hand,
than
gum
grown
places,and
in
are
low,
budded
cherries
high
this
be
tree
may
the
do
And
stems
are
wild
not
in
cherry
on
any
case,
to
apt
find
we
that
cause
where
easilyinjured and
more
succeed
regularly
Mahaleb.
root-pruned
hard, this is
trees.
culture
pot
stock
cherry
the
on
be
for
hand,
the
On
named.
stock
the
on
FOR
be
comparatively few
choose
to
long
hundred
ORCHARDS
such
as
sorts, and
series of years, for the life of a standard
cherry
and
Kentish
in the
of the Flemish
case
except
have
we
purpose
profitableduring
will
the
on
sometimes
on
pruned
are
destroy the
budded
the
those
must
young
shoots
and
CHERRIES
For
trees
as
other
the
land.
treated
poorly
that
Cherries
liable to
the
Mahaleb.
be called after
are
very
in this way
have
been
names
needlesslymultiplied. Fruit well
differs
orchards
varieties
in starved,
considerably from the same
be
cultivated
when
injure or
when
where
we
ensues,
may
orchards
for
find
equally as good
are
trees
which
gumming,
may
local
trees,
small
and
free
On
admirably.
cherries
transplanted
or
33
years,
In planting a profitable
cherry orchard place
Dukes, and like sorts.
and
feet
each
of
the
varieties
at
trees
plant between
larger growing
36
apart,
Duke
either
a
Flemish, Morello, or May
variety; or, if the soil is suitable,a
plum, or one of the smaller growing sorts of apples.
The
Pruning.
trees
being planted according to the general directions
If the orchard
is in grass
be duly staked.
in
a
given
separate chapter, they must
should
cattle
be
intended
to
them, they
run
sheep or
land, and it is
among
be
allowed
to
cradled
from
them
to
one
injury,and then
grow
protect
year
While
hold this to be very important.
We
without
admitting
cutting back.
it to be true
that with very careful attention
planted,
they may be cut back when
free
allow
the
rule
better
far
trees
is
it
believe
to
one
year's
growth.
we
as
a general
Afterwards
established
before any
a
cutting back is done.
They then become
when
is essential ; but
well-disposed and
yearly pruning to shape the trees
formed, they may be left alone, merely removing
are
regulated head and branches
Reds, May
useless
any
require
attention
very
for
pruning.
years
to
to
as
a
Positions.
fields,
removing
liberal
trees
acting
of
six
or
black
sheep
or
of
to
that
And
cattle.
the
weeping
order
in
seasons
instead
almost
Rivers'
to
usual
the
Morello
and
cherries
class
will
need
habit
boughs
may
growth,
not
any
will
be
so
basin-shapedtree.
Various
hop
for five
Flemish
and
Bigarreau
planting ; but the
in reach
The
The
after
pointitiginwards
bud
desired
be
other.
each
cross
as
three
require attention
low
such
little
have
that
sorts
and
shoots
culture, and
grow
upon
too
the
a
we
In
cannot
freely,and
it is usual
Kent
hill of
hops
at
and
all recorfimend
they are
unripe wood, but
not
they
to
plant
orchard
planting a cherry.
only
make
this system,
liable
such
to
cherry
The
because
injury from
slender
growth
in
trees
hop requires
the
severe
cherry
frost
that, when
c
THE
34
FRUIT
GARDEN
afforded
and
removed,
the
protection
is
crop
The
be
can
will
as
Fruiting
(k) Continuation
annually
of
ripened
before
sound
tree.
Branch
branch
these,
well
form
showing
shoots
pruned
when
the
trees
are
Growths
natural
be
of
forking
extension
branches
if
and
side
(one-year-old)on
upon
{2)wood
benefit.
close
grass to grow
the surface
to
cleared
from
be
had
around
fruits
cultivator
are
most
It
as
old
Even
the
stems,
that
trees
will
fed
is
be
able
suitable,and
it robs
them
act
until
orchards
other
or
orchard
trees
of
rich
than
moisture
the
food,
allow
to
and
grass is
the trees
does
when
to
be
advisable
to
the
in
shortened
buds.
oil-cake
on
appeared
always
not
(a) blossom
kept
be
them,
to
must
injurious to
more
roots.
from
Varieties.
The
is
Nothing
shoot,
buds
grass
short
will
leading
and
when
Again,
Characteristic
with
side
(v)
the
winter,
the
determine
long
harm
much
grass
grand
is
return
out.
worn
to
will
rank
the
a
quite-
have
whether
as
few
varieties
possible..
as
early, mid-season,
accordingly. Generally,the
White
or
Heart
late
or
THE
Bigarreau
cherries
each
or
row
that
ripening
other,
to
save
as
as
thickly as
of
the
picking
from
Early
rows
wind
be
of
begin
can
removal
unnecessary
Duke, and
Flemish, May
shelter
should
set
35
profitable. Some
most
are
CHERRY
at
end
one
of tent,
Morello
sort,
one
of
orchard
the
ladders, and
useful
are
for
the
in
arranged
so
can
order
finish
at
of
the
The
accessories.
rows
they
their
and
other
short
in
exposed positions,where
largergrowing sorts.
the
is advisable
variety,however,
also
in
corners
be
planted
twice
Black
: Early
Rivers, Old Black
Heart, KnigMs
Early Black.
Heart.
Red
Ludwig^s
Bigarreau, Elton
:
May Duke.
Kent
Mid-Season.
White:
Black:
Black
Red:
Bigarreau.
Eagle.
Royal Duke.
Late.
White
Cleveland
de
:
Napoleon
Bigarreau,
Bigarreau,
Bigarreau
Mezel,
Black
Emperor
Francis,
Florence, Windsor.
:
Waterloo, Black
Tartarian, The Noble,
Red
Turkey Heart.
: Late
Duke, Flemish, Kentish, Morello.
"
N.B.
is but a general term, as
White
the colour
of these cherries
varies from
pink
to a dull crimson.
in contradistinction
white
cherries
as
to the
They are, however, known
White
Cherries.
Frogmore
Bigarreau,
"
black
and
red
varieties.
GARDEN
There
CHERRIES
under
: first,
successfullygrown
a
or
protection of wire-netting as bushes
pyramids, to be kept low
permanent
and
be planted 12
pruned, for instance, as dwarf
apple trees.
They should
feet
with
of
cherries
to
terminal
apprehended
In
making
between
each
and
latest
and
die from
should
insect
tree.
for
permanent
the
first
year,
Early.
*
Choisy,
Elton
this
stronger
included.
as
that
select
most
by
the
cherry
trees,
them
between
grown
and
the
is properly fixed
a
purpose,
Heart
or
As
well
as
these
other
vacancy
dessert,and
Duke
before
structure
be
can
in
the
protected area
should
Trees,
be
Placed
made
in
and
trouble
both
is well
it
filled
at
two
the
are
any
be
very
liable
have
to
by
once
years
without
need
be
secured.
bushes
pruned
causes,
no
variety should
varieties
being transplantedevery
removal
Bush
may
the land
be
or
earliest
to
a
gum
small
developed
will be
risk
planted
prepared
loss of crop
in November.
their
Order
of
Ripening
*Belle
d'Orle'ans;
de
d'Annonay,
*Guigne
Louvain,
*Gteigne
*
May.
Bigarreau, Baumann's
Early Rivers, *Ludwig's
de
Schreken,
Bigarreau
Bigarreau,
Black,
Early
Frogmore
*Knighfs
'''Belle
de
Werder's
*Reine
Black,
Hortense,
Duke
{Old),
*May
Wood,
Jaboulay
Governor
the
for
Early.
Very
so
trees
planting
but
Cherries
Bigarreau
be
filled
netting
for
attacks
of young
trees,
Such
reserve
stock
if the
the
is
space
the
suitable, with
is
covered
plantation
most
such
cherries
of
tree
this
is all the
selection
sorts
Some
once
grown,
from
birds
the
utilisingboth
garden
gum.
be
thus
can
the
are
When
bearing.
prune
leaders
old
strawberries
or
thus
years,
into full
come
less likely to
requisiteshape. When
fruit
until
be
can
years
form.
cup-shaped
eight
or
much
the
three
or
wire-netting,
It is advisable
and
these
gooseberries,currants,
six
some
the
two
in
disposed
permanent
bushes
in which
ways
Trees
apart.
branches
for
two
are
Heart.
*Black
^Kentish
Eagle,
Bigarreauj
Heart, *Royal Duke;
*
Oliva.
Ramon
Archduke,
Francis,
Red, * Emperor
*Nouvelle
* Cleveland
Royale, Bohemian
hapoldonj
*Bigarreau
Bigarreau;
* Giant
de Guben,
Noir
de
Hedelfingen,
de
Noir
Schmidt,
Noble,
Mezel, *The
Waterloo
Mid-Season.
Flemish
afid
hhT^.
Black, *De
*Late
Duke
Kentish
Ronalds.
*
Florence,
l^AT-EST.
de
Winkler.
Black
Those
is
doubt
no
west
aspect.
will
cherry
succeed
THOMAS
trees
the
trees
with
walls
on
on
grown
have
where
had
aspect.
any
Windsor,
had
we
they
and
regards size,appearance,
cherries,as
best
from
Provided
-"Guigne
WALLS
ON
OWEN
the
obtained
that
Morello,
Windsor,
desirable
most
are
TREES
By
There
asterisk
an
Margaret's,
St.
Tartarian,
with
marked
CHERRY
dessert
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
36
west,
south, southa
the
cultivation,
intelligent
At
the
Royal Gardens,
north
them
walls,
on
even
wall
with
had
seldom
of
advantage
the
failed
gleam
the
that
the
As
with
never
quality of
cherry will
various
such
to
prolong
of
trees
the
mid-season
Side
Pinched
Shoot
fifth
at
to
one
equally
leaf ;
'
system
has
adopt
to
old
small, and
good
marl
has
or
mortar
addition
to
is of
of
of lime
rubble.
if gross
as
such
to
in
branches
be
walls
on
it is desired
where
well.
as
the
the
peach
soil,with
the
On
the
land
is
added
mixing.
to
grow
and
heavy
very
clayey
two
whole
with
have
of
is turned
hand,
each
been
should
marly
watering
If
land
the
the
best
the
then
planting
barrow-loads
quantity
answer
proper
nature,
for
of
brick
over
the
is
burn
to
road
rubble
and
ings,
scrapbroken
mixed
land
be
add
light,
couple of barrow-loads
cartload
well
of soil,as
as
generally poor,
will
pear
somewhat
a
perfection.
condition
other
the
or
already stated,
good drainage and
have
When
lime.
may
when
manure
guard against
it will
a
excellent.
was
success
plant a number
north
wall, not
only late
best-flavoured
early and
varieties
be
dusting
this
weather,
with
applied ;
well-decayed manure
growth
In
sprinklingof fresh
should
liberal
the
to
refuse
burnt
of
hot
deal
clay,afterwards
the
in
to
As
cherry.
best.
cherry
mulching
cultivator
the
for
fact
well
prove
aspects,
the
As
(3) First
will
cherry season,
against
varieties, but
fruit
the
to
careful
not
to
recommend
1/
11
t;,j
?']
"'ill
i*^^
^.
.
.
an
u
"if
'
",
o
?J
'
"-j
?^'
tq
I
'
ft;
ifi\
fe;
L'
"
:-v-l'#^4v.i2UT
''^'"^'
THE
Form
fan
Tree.
The
CHERRY
best
form
of
37
training
for
wall
of
shape, and
of
the
afterwards
recommend
they
succeed
from
well
very
fan-trained
in this
but
way,
in my
opinion
better
results
are
obtained
I have
has
arrived, the
12
to
should
trees
feet
15
(fan-trained)
planted
and
of
the
over
it
must
short
be
lowing
fol-
the
satisfactory
forgotten that
should
occasional
in
from
standard
In
make
not
manure
and
roots
tall
between.
will
they
season
progress,
mulch
a
placed
be
with
apart,
be
applied
waterings
be
oftener
hot, dry weather,
given
syringe or the garden water-engine can
be
used
in
much
so
washing the trees
and
the
the
better
the
will
their
growth
be.
progress
As
rule,
the
cherry tree makes
first
after
planting is small, and scarcely
year
will be
the following
pruning
any
necessary
winter
be
for
liftingthe
root
the
The
strong
in
old
from
it should
ends
have
tree
of the
same
way
life of the
the
of the
the
have
six
more
will
have
a
up
branches.
Stopped
and
as
by
(/) Fruit
produced
side
of
from
blossom
buds
buds
formed
in
previous year ;
lowest
{g) spurs ; (A) shoot
pushed from
bud
of preceding
year's wood,
stopped at
fifth leaf; {i)point of shortening at winter
pruning.
at
wood
tree, for
made
to
Growth
Shortened
good growth,
When
symmetrical tree.
four
Year's
formed,
in
important one
during that year it
dispose so as to build
should
Preceding
is
an
tree
ally
occasion-
as
shoot
and
will
formed.
happen,
corrected
tree
which
it
that
case,
must
directed
young
should
but
is the
this
a-
six branches.
Every
year
and
After
this the
first
the
will add
cultivator
must
planted,
second
its quota
a
three-yearyear'sgrowth
until
the
centre
Future
the extreme
to
complete.
development will be confined
and
will
extend
time
as
branches,
these,
a
long way ; for the
goes on,
lives to be old, and, as a rule,the older it is the more
freelyit bears.
is
cherry tree
The
question of pruning
is
usually a
very
simple
matter,
for the
reason
that
the
growth is limited.
Spurback
the
in
the
is
current
cutting
pruning
form
the
branches
within
to
on
a
couple of buds of their
year'sshoots which
too
bases, to shortening the fruit-spurswhen
large and are too far
they become
from
and
also occasionallyto thinning out
the
the
wall,
fruit-spurson
away
tree
is such
that wood
persistent and regular cropper
and
this
consists
recommended,
system
38
THE
branches
when
they become,
end
same
be attained
may
shoots
the
out
in
Protecting
to
as
from
and
award
to
being
and
in
gladden the
long experience
I am
palm.
and
fruiter,
early
an
inclement
is
Blossom.
weather
of
often
do,
easier and
an
spring, which
the
my
the
they
as
shall
which
GARDEN
FRUIT
not
It is
of
heart
and
led
so
a
too
better
by disbudding or thinning
practisedas it ought to be.
way
commonly
with
man
the
between
race
to
make
these
early in
earlyspring that
is
and
cherry
strawberry
fruits of the
the first
hardy
scarcelyknow
remarks
by the fact of
and
bloom,
exposed to
I
results of observation
therefore
disastrous
so
The
crowded.
and
numerous
to
cherry
the
of
many
year,
which
to
the
frosty
our
hardy
fruits ;
becomes
tree
than
enough
severe,
bloom
(certainlyin
escapes
four
five)to provide an
of
out
seasons
blinds or other
ample crop
fruit,so
no
provision
way
In
I
the
is
wall
trees.
am
now
covering
speaking of
open
necessary.
the
not
so
same
immunity is not
enjoyed, and consequently full crops are
As regards thinning the fruit,I advise this to be carried
out
common.
sparingly,
and only resorted
when
the trees
to
are
bearing an extraordinary crop, and then
the
for
the crop
than
sake
of
the
from
rather
tree
only
inabilityto mature
any
ing,
in the
of mulchand
satisfactorily.With
intelligent treatment
generous
way
of
in
that
the
of
canvas
and
watering,
er-^
the
cherry
and
ripening
the
is
birds
trees
these
reach
way
is to
Spur
Elongated
become
(/)
Point
of
Crowded
and
shortening
at
winter
tops
of
others
rafters
at
the
must
to
distance
carry
the
pruning.
wall
the
long
net
cheap
so
if carefully
the
during
within
even
The
cottager.
fixinga
and
against
skeleton
best
a
wall
framework
of
stout
to
be
feet,and
feet
about
6 feet apart.
On
the
poles laths
be
from
so
dry state
they are
make
of
the
secure,
last
nets
purpose,
at
this
by
Growth
Annual
Herring
the
offered
that
of
of
for
walls
on
grown
now
in
winter,
In
cherry protection
is imperative, and when
rate, and
stored
every
Birds.
from
best
are
clean,
bearing
the
are
the
of
crops
easilyprovided.
are
of
case
from
immense
year.
Protection
the
keeping
capable
is
must
be
STANDARD
CHERRY
TREE
FIVE
YEARS
OLD
(UNPRUNED).
CHERRY
THE
without
the
labour
discomfort
the
fruit has
been
The
well
of
Cherry.
wall,
as
man's
fruit
This
bush
as
climate,as
to
(Derbyshire),where
as
net
time
each
net
left
be
may
the
fruit
the
over
is
gathered
until
trees
and
all the
gathered.
north
particular
the
removing
stooping ; the
Morello
on
not
of
39
the
the
in
it succeeded
conditions
part of
any
it is a sure
England.
and
heavy
for
well
culture
the
The
on
north
at
Chatsworth
of
Morello
causing
cropper,
w^ell in
wall
cherry thrives
hedge. It is
little trouble
as
favourable
un-
poor
and
paratively
com-
will thrive
and
no
expense,
ordinary garden soil. It is a
any
best
the
always finds a ready sale at remunerative
prices ; it makes
and
for
and
invaluable
is
cherry brandy,
preserved
puddings
confectioneryit
the cook
housewife
The
to
of pruning in the case
or
of
during winter.
system
the Morello
is different to that of the ordinary cherry, in that the
spur system
for that by which
is discarded
peaches are usually pruned, viz. leave the previous
the wall 3 inches
to
year's shoots their full length, and tie or nail them
apart all
The
the tree.
be trained
trees
must
over
fan-shaped.
fruit
that
CHERRY
THE
GLASS
UNDER
The
It
make
use
is also
of
at
it in
necessary
buoyant atmosphere
and
high temperature,
to
and
have
while
the
Still,when
time.
any
dull
cold
weather
sufficient
the
trees
to
in
are
keep
in
heat
fruits
up
the
bloom
are
the
pipes
;
but
formed,
it is
quite
safe
temperature.
necessary
maintain
to
a
dry and
avoid
at
that
time
of air,and
absence
an
good circulation
you
If
and
at
err
all,
must
on
err
flowers
the
round
of dampness
day.
night
you
rather
of
than
time
the
low
a
side
of a
high
the
flowering
during
temperature
those
similar
to
conditions
the
have
as
possible
in mind
as
to
bearing
one,
it is then
know
in bloom, and
the trees
when
we
are
prevailingout-of-doors
be
sure
have
bitterlycold
to
secure
maintained
pollen,artificial fertilisation
by drawing
should
temperature
formed
rabbit's
it may
the stones
when
63 degs.
sun-heat
after
tail
be
is
safe
always
when
the
bloom,
with
condition
to
Weak
often
Diseases.
gumming
ailments
only
The
canker.
weak
of
nitrate
by
of
these
to
shape
of
there
back
over
When
is
dry,
the
bloom
fruits
the
after
the
the
time
same
are
soil
no
cure
and
and
better
great
in which
to
part
of
a
so
the
former,
affected
the
near
the
The
stem
substitute
canker
may
previouslyrecommended
the
ceeding
pro-
affected,when
not
of
other
effectual
latter
the
the
or
one
most
with
tree
disease
tree, and
in
with
The
know.
furnish
branch.
the
invariablyattended
are
point
stoning period
with
good
the
when
the
as
a
say once
the
best,
stableyard is
are
cherry tree
is
opinion,
my
and
the
tree's
of
more
life,
stages
of canker, although the
latter,no
such
as
bruising,careless knife-cuts,
trees
far
so
it necessary,
or
water
is
of
cause
the
branch
the
usually appear,
healthier
distributed
valuable
cut
will
shoot
new
frosts.
very severe
ailments
is
is
house
in
are
seriouslyaffect
which
chief
thinks
guano
soda
is
and
trees
at
cowyard
of
grossness
than
often
doubt,
roots
grower
the
from
with
watering
The
and
the
at
the
as
water
manure
slightapplicationof
air of the
It
in winter.
approach a dust-dry condition, not even
of
60
clear
with
at
degs.
water
a temperature
give a good watering
afterwards
is first closed, and
just as the trees are coming into
occasional
an
is over,
results.
the
to
as
periodically
and
the
degs. Fahrenheit
52
to
when
While
to
is over
{i.e.
55 degs.until the stoning period
62
raised
it
be
to
when
or
again
formed),
may
with
6
it
rise
be kept, allowing
to
or
7 degs.
The
cherry requires careful watering, dislikes
house.
sodden
allowed
house
fortnight.
in order
fact that
the
to
afterwards
must
closingthe
be
never
48
from
raised
fruits have
in the
anything approaching
must
emphasise
to
blossoms.
the
over
kept
resorted
be
must
gradually be
this it
at
this
mention
only
with
low temperature,
plenty of air,
crop of fruit a moderately
but little
have
Should
the flowers
until the fruit is formed.
heavy
be
must
sometimes.
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
40
in the
is sometimes
be
large
is
and
cable.
appli-
remedy
affected
the
is to cut
to
out
only thing to do in this case
parts, and
the wounds
of
wash
a
scrupulously clean, using for this purpose
strong solution
affected
careful and timely attention
soft soap
and
With
in this way
soda.
tree
a
will continue
of
fruit
for
In
bear
the
of a
to
case
heavy crops
many
years.
follow
and
where
canker
where
is
tree
gumming,
gumming
usually
young
may
caused
of
growth, the best preventive is to lift and
by luxuriance
prune
first appearance
the
the
of gross
shoots ; in all probabilitythe
roots
on
one
the
luxuriance
of
effectual,as it will not
root-pruning will prove
only check
but
will
itself
is
make
the
w
hich
of
safe
antidote
tree
fertile,
to
more
a
growth,
one,
case
not
The
growth.
coarse
Insect
we
this
Enemies.
have
has
prune
shelter
to
a
the
contend
The
against
hold on
strong
affected
shoots
themselves
snugly
black
fly is
in the
cultivation
the
trees,
by cutting
beneath
the
the
the
most
of
first
them
leaves
thing
back
at
serious
the
6
the
and
cherry
to
or
do
7
stubborn
on
will
inches
extremities
walls.
be
enemy
Where
partiallyto
the
insects
of
the
shoots.
CHERRY
GOVERNOR
WOOD
GROWING
IN
POT.
THE
where
it is
points
of
next
to
the
CHERRY
impossible to
shoots
when
dislodge them.
oiF
cut
41
should
be
I need
scarcelysay
carefully collected
that
and
the
burnt
without
Varieties
Walls
for
Culture
and
Under
Glass
White
Monstrueux
Frogmore
Early Bigarreau, Bigarreau Heart
or
Heart, Bigarreau
Elton
Mezel, Bigarreau
Heart, Emperor
Napoleon,
Francis, Florence, Governor
de Louvain,
Belle
d Orleans,
Wood, May
Duke, Late
Duke, Guigne d'Atinonay, Guigne
Archduke, Waterloo
The
Heart,
Black, Early
Noble, St. Margaret's, Knighfs
Early
de Schreken, Gdant
de HedelRivers, Black
Tartarian, Bigarreau Jaboulay, Bigarreau
Heart.
fingen. Mammoth,
Bigarreau
de
Of
Morello
Cherries
Flemish
Red.
Kentish
Red,
THE
BEST
By
In
of
preparing
the
list of
useful
most
ripening period,
profitablecherry
their
and
It
taken
from
the
from
not
desirable
free
fruits have
as
thought
been
their
use
regard
as
best
to
choice
to
the
make
selection
duration
dessert
of
garden
the
fruits
of
been
to
two
trees, whether
figuredfrom
fruits grown
in
an
in
gardens,
standard
orchard
orchard
house
or
on
foliage,which
differ slightly
walls,
trees, and
upon
walls.
in
or
fore
thereThe
same.^
is the
form, however,
to
also
trees
young
of established
large
so
has
fruits.
leafage
The
orchards.
are
orchard
BUNYARD
only, having
distinct
and
fertility,
considered
was
being
GEORGE
cherries, it
and
CHERRIES
Archduke.
refreshing ;
red, rich, juicy, and
Fruit, large, shining, deep blood
Duke
and
freely in
leafy, fruits borne
foliage, resembles
May
upright, compact
; growth,
Duke.
fruit is similar
The
mid-season.
to Royal
clusters, good for pot culture
; season,
Fertility excellent.
Belle
almost
Choisy.
de
Fruit,
pinkish red, tender, juicy, and
transparent,
flat
and
thin
sweet
broad, roundish, heavily
stalk,
shining,
;
very
; foliage, deep
green,
notched
vigorous, drooping leaves far apart.
Fertility moderate.
; growth,
Belle
d'Orl^ans.
medium
size, pink, almost
Fruit,
transparent
; flesh, verytender, sweet,
rich, and
flimsy, oval
shape with
juicy ; foliage, pale yellowish green,
lance-like points ; glands, verj' large ; stipules, clasping the growth ; growth, moderate,
A
walls
fine cherry, suitable
and
leaves
for
drooping, few.
pot culture
; season,
very
early.
F'ertilitygood.
very
THE
42
BiGARREAU
Mezel.
DE
FRUIT
of
blood
with
red
patches
red, marbled
firm, rich flavour
; stone, long, flat,
very
foliage, deep green,
bluntly notched, oval shape ; glands,
upright ; fertility,
sturdy and
prominent
; growth,
very
is one
of the
large late sorts that sell at such high prices
Fruit,
side ; flesh,
flat on
one
orange,
and
pointed, adhering to flesh ;
three
to
one
excellent
at
the
end
Black
red
stipules, green,
; season,
of the
deep
primrose colour,
season.
Eagle.
stone, round
This
late.
GARDEN
Fruit,
and
deep
smooth
shining
flavour,
black,
rather
rich when
very
the
base
of the
flat
on
; flesh, pinkish
foliage, deep olive
but
tapering and
more
length; glands, \a.x%^,
tree, a fine variety for
one
fully ripe
side
at
stout
shoots,
large, broad, and
green,
very
pointed in the younger
growths, deeply notched;
stalk, of medium
red
vigorous and
spreading, forming a large orchard
; growth,
walls
rather
the main
later than
; fertility,first-rate
; season,
crop.
often
Black
Heart.
rather
irregular,
Fruit,
large, bluntly heart-shaped,
firm
colour
deep black-red, mottled, skin shining ; flesh, rich and
;
; stone, spoon-shaped
rather
thin ; foliage, dark
robust, but
stalk, long and
spoon-shaped
; growth,
green,
A very
fine variety.
spreading.
Fertility first-class.
Season, late mid-season.
and
Black
Tartarian.
handsome,
Fruit, extra
large, shining coal-black, very
mid-rib
late
the
stalk,
tree
depressed
on
foliage,
deep
hangs
broad,
;
;
green,
very
of
olive green
the
cane-like
this variety has
largest leaves
; stipules, green
; wood,
tall
orchard
forms
rather
vigorous,
a
upright,
large,
cherry ; growth,
stout,
any
very
in all forms.
It is one
late ; fertility,good.
of the finest for garden culture
tree
; season,
Cleveland
flushes
of
Bigarreau.
red
with
crimson,
deep
Fruit, brownish
and
sides ; flesh, dull
marbled
gold and yellow, flat on both
primrose ; stone, flattened
dark
chocolate
pointed, very fine flavour
deeply notched
;foliage, pale green,
; stalk, long,
the
shoots
colour
wide
red and
and
: glands
stipules brown, the leaves
are
apart
minent
prolate.
excellent
moderate,
spreading
fertility,
growth,
season,
;
;
;
side ;
Early
Rivers.
one
Fruit, bluntly heart-shaped, deep shining black, flat on
and
and
for
cherries
of
the
best
juicy
rich,
bearing
one
flesh, mulberry black, very
very
quality ; foliage, pale olive, rather thin, broadly oval and tapering to a sharp point ; glands,
brown
leaves
have
two
thinly disposed on the
or
three, reddish
long stalks, and are
; the
shoots
orchard
standard
be
weeping,
trees
to
pruned for five
growth,
require
severely
;
fails to
the
lower
branches
from
cattle.
It grows
to keep
never
freely and
years
very
It is suitable
from
its early season
makes
bear, and
high prices in the market.
very
for pot
other
form
for gardens
culture, growing on walls or in any
early ;
very
; season,
In use
a
fertility, excellent.
long time.
Elton
Heart.
red
blotches
and
Fruit,
pale yellow with
deep
pale rosy
flushes
flat
and
sometimes
crimson
small, somewhat
pointed ; flesh, firm,
; stone,
and
flavour
rich, sweet,
juicy, fruit is often very large ; foliage, pale green,
long ;
very
and
leaf-stalks
midrib
stipules, greenish white, wood
nut-brown,
pink ; growth,
very
orchard
for all garden
to
free, inclined
as
an
tree, valuable
weep
; season,
purposes
early ; fertility,excellent.
Early
Lyons
Bigarreau
or
Jaboulay.
/^r//, medium
size, a very
early
when
variety, of a purplish red colour
fully ripe ; foliage, deep olive, very large, spoonold
and
brown
and
trees
shaped
pointed on
on
long, wood
; stalk,
younger
very
As
the
buds
do
break
shining ; growth, very sparse,
weeping.
not
freely it is often of
awkward
growth ; best suited for wall culture.
Francis.
often
Emperor
with white
immense
Fruit, bright red marbled
; flesh,
crisp, very
juicy and
highly flavoured
small, bluntly pointed ; foliage,
; stone, very
leaf-stalk
flat, very
deep olive green,
large, deeply notched,
stout, of medium
length ;
robust
and
stipules,fringed, green
upright ; not yet proved
; glands, large, oval
; growth,
orchard
likely to be useful, invaluable
as
an
as
a
tree, but
garden tree, succeeding in
late.
all forms.
Season
Fertility good.
Flemish
Red.
Fruit, bright shining scarlet, with pale yellow and
deep carmine
the
in bunches
on
side, slightly flattened
on
one
side, produced
sunny
; flesh, primrose,
almost
transparent, crisp, very juicy, with rich acid flavour ; stone, small, often pulling out
and
with
stalk, the best cherry for cooking
preserving ; foliage, small, bright green,
dis
Co
i
It,
o
fe;
ft;
t/1
in
ft;
ftj
Kl
ft;
THE
posed
and
thinly over
freely
the
bears
outside
Season
Florence
43
This
growth, slender.
planted in orchards
larger fruited sorts ; most
variety
may
the
shelter
to
rows
fully ripe.
shoots
; trees
CHERRY
be
forms
close
compact
tree
often
for
used
are
5 feet apart, and
the fruit is
beautiful
objects when
late.
and
red
Fruit, bright shining
pale yellow, slightly flat on
flesh, primrose colour, crisp and juicy ; stone, small ; foliage, bright green,
long
and
lance-shaped, acutely pointed, short jointed and leafy ; stipules, prominent, greenish
brown
and
As
it forms
orchard
tree
upright.
long branches, with
an
; growth,
strong
few
side shoots.
On
of this variety ripening
realises
account
late it often
high
very
north
wall
prices in the market, but the tree is apt to gum
lose
and
its branches
a
; on
the
fruit attains great
size and
Season
latest.
keeps late.
Fertility very good.
Frogmore
Early
ings
net-markBigarreau.
reddish
Fruit,
colour, with
orange
and
flush
of deeper red \ flesh, firm, primrose colour, sweet
and
rich ; stone, spoona
oval
lined
and
side ; foliage, dark
shaped, indented
on
one
leathery, broadly
;
green,
of the finest for
three ; growth, free and
stipules, prominent ; glands, two
or
branching, one
and
orchard
Season
garden culture, bears freely in clusters.
early. Fertility remarkable.
Gi;ANT
firm
and
black
Hedelfingen.
DE
crisp, of
flesh,
Fruit, crimson
very
;
red
flesh ; foliage,
blood
to
a
colour, very rich flavour; stone, large, oval, often adhering
greenish brown, leaves
pale green,
oval-shaped, bluntly serrate
long, wood
; stalk, very
This
late.
and
free ; fertility, moderate
rather
grand
drooping ; growth, robust
; season,
side
one
Heart.
black
cherry
is
of
one
the
largest
and
best.
It
is
worthy
of culture
in
even
limited
collection.
handsome
and
soft
large ;
red, very
pale yellow and
wide
notched,
deeply
foliage,
pale
pleasant
green,
;
very
leaves
leaf-stalk short
moderate,
reddish
are
; growth,
apart, the terminal
; stipules, brown,
Orchard
in any
form, fruits very
freely in clusters.
a
good cherry for garden culture
Season
in some
soils are
well in the Midlands.
early.
trees
apt to gum
; does
in clusters, medium
GuiGNE
D'Annonay.
Fruit, shining black, round, produced
size ; flesh, charcoal
rich, and
altogether first-rate ; foliage, rather
black, flavour
very
than
white-fleshed
regularly
the
robust
Guignes, pale olive green,
more
longer and
for
forms
a
well-shaped
moderate,
tree, excellent
pointed and
bluntly serrate
; growth,
its
from
in clusters, and
in all forms.
This
culture
enormously
variety bears
garden
will
be a great gain as
early
and
an
valuable
it
is
hardy,
proving
precocity is most
very
;
Governor
Wood.
Fruit,
and
orchard
fruit also.
earliest.
Season
and
blotched
shaded
red, orange
carmine,
Fruit, dull
both
fully ripe it is bronzy red ; flesh, deep primrose,
sides, when
primrose, flat on
adhering slightly to flesh ; foliage,
crisp,juicy, and very rich flavour
; stone, heart-shaped,
size ; growth,
of medium
vigorous,
olive
glands,
pointed
oval,
sharply
long,
;
green,
is one
of the best and
most
profitable
This
tree.
branching, forming a shapely orchard
in all forms
It succeeds
as
a
orchards.
and
cherries
is the
glory of the Kent
grown,
mid-season.
Season
liable to gum
some.
as
is hardy
and
not
so
garden
tree, and
Kentish
Bigarreau.
and
Fertility excellent.
Kentish
Red.
bright
Fruit,
distinct
reddish
crimson,
in bunches;
fUsh,
bright green,
foliage,
;
and
stout
long ; growth,
produced
almost
flavour,
transparent
a
juicy,
footstalks
are
disposed wide apart on the branches,
small, and
is the favourite
cherry for
This
Season
late.
Fertility first-rate.
twiggy and weeping.
is quite a sweetrneat.
and
rich
distinct
has
flavour,
for
It
and
for
a
tarts
jam.
drying,
fertile wall
a
tree, fruiting
orchard
It makes
a
tree, a pretty pyramid, and
good small
and
later
and
is
as
free-bearmg
Flemish
The
larger
Morello.
the
of
the
after
style
tender,
as
the
with
and
Morello.
to
black, round, medmm
size, very
iv-KzV, blood-red
clusters ;
in
enormously
for eariy gatherings, bears
but
moderate,
compact
; growth,
sized, resembling that of the May Duke
foliage, medium
Season
early.
weeping.
Fertility excellent.
all over,
slightly mottled
; ^J/4,
Bigarreau.
Ludwig's
i^^a?V, large, bright red
side ;
lined
on
one
shaped,
and
blundy
rich,
sweet
juicy
firm, very
spoon
; stone,
Knight's
rich
Early
flavour, and
one
Black.
of
the
finest
THE
44
FRUIT
GARDEN
and
spreading, forming
large and thin, deeply notched
; growth, free
earliest.
An
excellent
Season
fruit,bearing
Fertility excellent.
and
of the best
enormously,
one
early white varieties.
acid
when
May
Duke.
dark
red
col 3ur
claret
not
Fruit, a rich
; flesh, tender,
and
and
smooth,
fully ripe, but sweet
flattened, parting
juicy when
ripe ; stone, round
flesh
the
closely disposed
freely from
bluntly oval, very numerous,
; foliage, deep
green,
short
leaf-stalk
upright, compact.
on
growths ; stipules, green,
stout, woody
; growth,
for an
reliable cherries
orchard
Succeeds
is one
of the most
early
an
as
standard, and
suitable
for
culture.
Season
while
its
makes
it
early.
walls,
on
growth
pot
crop
very
foliage, pale
a
fine
green,
orchard
tree.
Fertility
moderate.
black
when
fully ripe ; flesh, reddish
large, deep blood-red, almost
small, and pointed,
refreshing acidity ; stalk, long ; foliage, deep green,
rather
weeping ; season, late ; fertility,first-class.
thinly disposed on the stems
; growth,
orchard
It is usually grown
north
also
be
on
on
successfully cultivated
walls, but can
is dry.
into October
the autumn
if
and
when
the
standards
netted
fruit
will
pyramids
hang
;
BiGARREAU.
Napoleon
rich
carmine
on
yellow
red, shining, shaded
Fruit,
flat side ; flesh, crisp, firm, juicy, and
oval
rich and
sweet
extremely
; foliage, olive
; stone,
speckled, the
brownish,
broadly tapering ; stipules, clasping the shoots, wood
green,
terminal
and
red
leaves
brown
pact
comare
tinged with reddish
; growth,
; glands, greenish
One
of
when
when
but
developed.
forming a very
large spreading tree
young,
fruit ripens
the
finest
The
for orchard
or
garden culture, being hardy and a free-bearer.
MORELLO.
Fruit,
Fertility excellent.
four
sided
to
; flesh,
when
its stone
red, rather
acid, but juicy, rich, and
pleasant, firm, parting from
orange
and
notched
fully ripe ; foliage, large, like May
deeply
Duke, deep green
stout,
;
very
and
A fine garden
rather
Season
leafy.
growth, upright, compact,
variety in any form.
late.
Fertility good.
Old
Black
of
and
Heart.
irregular
Fruit,
bluntly heart-shaped,
shape
coloured
when
reddish
black, darker
fully ripe, skin shiny ; flesh, rich and refreshing ;
rather
stone, oval ; stalk, short ; foliage, pale green,
thin, leaf-stalk long ; glands, two
or
somewhat
tree.
a
three, prominent
vigorous, making
spreading
large and
; growth,
time
frosts
it often
and
at
Being
hardy
blooming
freely.
very
escapes
crops
very
More
for the orchard
than
succeeds
in any
suited
the garden, but
is specially
form, and
valuable
for cultivation.
Season
early. Fertility excellent.
Late
Duke.
Ronald's
Fruit,
large, bright red, almost
very
transparent
;
of rich
bearer
flavour, a great
flesh, pinkish yellow, very
tender, juicy, and
; foliage,
bright olive-green, broadly oval, shining; stipules, fringed^ green
; growth,
c"yca^a.zi and
The
its lateness, is very
tree.
a
fruit,from
twiggy, forms
valuable, more
pretty small
Season
than
culture.
latest.
suited for garden
orchard
Fertility excellent.
Royal
Duke.
Fruit, bright shining red, almost
red, flavour
transparent
;flesh, dull
the
flesh
crisp and
rich, with
refreshing acidity ; stone, smooth,
parting from
; foliage,
robust
and
broad
of the
One
erect
finest
deep green,
stout, and
compact.
; growth,
useful.
Duke
late, is very
cherries, and, as it ripens rather
Fertility abundant.
St.
Margaret's.
coal
Fruit,
large, of rich flavour, colour
black, shining,
very
sides
fruit is flattened
the
two
on
long ; foliage, large, dull olive-green,
; stalk, very
red-brown
shoots
curving upwards,
bluntly notched,
edges
hoary
beneath,
young
;
useful
for
and
late
cool
walls.
Season
latest.
robust, very
growth,
on
strong
crop
Fertility good.
The
Noble.
rich
crimson
sweet
black
Fruit, of very
flavour, colour
to
deep
red
crimson
flesh,
robust.
firm,
large, long, and
deeply-notched
;
; foliage,
; growth,
for its size and
The
This
fruits can
be
texture.
new
cherry is remarkable
kept in good
several
and
condition
days after gathering ; grand for orchard
garden culture.
Fertility
Season
late.
extraordinary.
Waterloo.
colour
roundish,
Fruit,
deep
crimson-red,
black
when
becoming
side ; flesh, sweet
and
on
one
rich ;
fully ripe, with minute
golden dots, flattened
very
small
and
smooth
stone, roundish, very
pale-green, large and drooping ;
; foliage, rather
just
after
the
which
Bigarreau,
Kent
Nouvelle
Royale.
Fruit,
it resembles.
deep
red
or
Season
black
red,
late.
three
ft;
o
01
ft;
ft;
n;
to
fc)
ft)
THE
It
IS
this latter
fruit does
character
crack
not
that
when
it
makes
CRAB
so
protected,
so
valuable
noble
upright, forms
orchard
a
for garden
culture.
Season, mid-season.
following
Black
Heart
Bigarreau
Schmidt,
Windsor,
cherries
Race.
Guben,
early sort,
firm
good
rich
showery
better
weather
when
dry
the
growth,
flavour, is valuable
de
Schreken, very
large
size, but lacking flavour
enormous
of
the
Cherries
Bigarreau
de
Koir
all
its superior
and, from
Fertility excellent.
also
are
in
orchards,
tree,
Other
The
in
it travels
and
rather
45
flavour
of
and
fine
flavour
Bigarreau
Bigarreau,
very
;
Noir
de
Bohemian
Black
large ;
mulberry
colour, a great bearer.
"
the
Of
soft-fleshed
de
Belle
St. Tronc, Duchesse
GuiGNES,"
de Palluau,
Empress
similar
Eugenie
those
described
are
de
to
Winkler
is quite distinct, a
Guigne
very
;
small-fruited, long-stalked variety that hangs into September
Oliva
and
Early
; Ramon
Purple
in size and
Guigne are
large fruits,like Morellos
and
earlier.
colour, but sweet
Of
the
MoRELLO
Class
Belle
:
Francoville, a late cooking, red variety ; Belle
a
late
very
American
of
sort
dull
de
Montreuil
and
Reine
the
Olivet, from
striped red fruit.
Hortense
Continent,
are
is the
Citron,
THE
Besides
their
further
value
as
and
latter
are
the
in any
use
as
for
ordinary garden
soil
The
between
cooking
cherry
Dukes
;
Cois
and
Morellos;
Carnation,
late
(see p. 205).
CRAB
ornamental
decorative
useful
following
intermediate
earliest
have
fruits,
trees
succeed
the
are
The
This
Dartmouth.
American
fruit is of large size for a
crab.
It is most
The
is of very
beautiful, being of a rich violet plum colour, shading to orange.
free
tree
growth.
crab
Downie.
This
its oval-shaped
scarlet
and
John
produces
yellow fruits as
fruits are
does.
It forms
The
about
inch long.
neat
freely as a gooseberry
tree.
a
one
The
A
small
crab
of a
black
Orange.
round
with
deep yellow colour, marked
dots
The
apple.
The
canary
The
fruit
tree
Siberian
best.
The
is one
of the
globular,
like a cherry in shape ; commonly
are
stalks, and
It forms
tree.
a thin, sparse-growing
is similar
Yellow
Siberian
the preceding, except
to
Scarlet
on
red
distinct.
; very
long
fruits
known
that
as
are
the
fruits
the
duced
pro-
cherry
are
of
colour.
yellow
The
bears
Transparent
The
flush.
coloured
above
stalks
Paradise
These
stock.
are
the
are
fruits),the
varieties.
the
small
best
sorts.
form
Scarlet
Mammoth,
garden
pretty
Fairy Crab,
crabs
Cheat's
and
trees
Siberian
(small,very
Transcendent
as
pyramids,
are
or
brightall
bushes
good
on
CHAPTER
RED
GEORGE
By
In
order
avoid
to
disturbance
manured
will
on
stem,
always
one
develop
be
shoots
the
basin-shaped
This
buds.
which
second
the
eyes,"
year
the
shoots
may
shoots
can
should
not
shortened
side
centres
of
When
the
be
removed
be
stripped
bushes
required
as
soon
be
being
kept
to
of
bush
in
length,
fruit
is
gathered,
flourish
all
in
soils
when
made
will
soil
the
where
it
keep
will
liquid
the
keep
is
cool
although
will
dry
or
ripen
to
leading
the
twiggy
the
branches
the
of
and
render
dry
them
less
copious
seasons
put
in
on
Watering
liable
the
to
rake.
coarse
large berries,
litter
strawy
has
basin-shaped
as
of
production.
manure.
frost
grown
In
production
long
of
season
with
when
with
be
may
the
fed
and
down
cordons.
as
favour
mulching
lengthen
healthy
or
time,
levelled
be
may
trellises,
and
Christmas
about
soil
in
manure
very
and
trees
in
the
well
walls
on
with
waterings
will
succeed
trained
bushes,
friable
surface
the
Currants
turned
lightly
be
buds
air
slender
any
freely
should
This
and
obtained,
and
shoots,
During
three
to
light
are
inch
the
size
for
three
to
season.
July
in
necessary
wanted
vigorous
the
admit
to
open
and
shape
as
shortened
if
shortened
of
top
eventually
not
produce
end
the
at
the
stake
or
away
planted
wood,
will
shoots
and
ones
inches
should
cut
nurserymen
foliage.
of
Currants
Culture.
back
cut
be
can
to
inner
better
newly
new
base, using
Any
remaining
shoots
the
annually
be
the
strengthen
again
form.
which
growths
new
foundation
the
the
by
soil
heavily
be
done
is
by
of
base
cup-shaped
desired
the
splashed
the
at
The
form
to
in
be
wood.
the
selected
will
must
the
outwards.
the
train
buds
this
usually prepared
are
consequent
should
occupy
earlier
the
and
planted
are
to
being
fruit
four
to
they
are
and
They
the
prevents
pointing
they
planted,
season.
back
cut
should
forming
"
be
after
these
ground
are
first
the
BUNYARD
about
the
bushes
which
should
bushes
digging
roots,
the
result
the
be
to
the
before
^hort
deep
of
CURRANTS
WHITE
AND
April
this
upon
attacks
and
of
red
spider.
In
the
case
usually
done
in
Pruning.
pruning
or
lateral
become
develop.
branches
is
shoots
masses
Standard
will
fruiting
trees
require
are
some
back
spurs,
fan
cordon,
August
pinched
are
of
of
and
best
support
to
fancy-trained
or
leading
the
three
will
they
46
on
is left
In
buds.
much
require
grafted
as
shoot
stocks
gain
size
this
currant
entire,
and
Ribes
are
the
the
side
the
way
thinning
of
trees,
and
as
branches
the
aureum.
heavily
berries
The
fruited,
RED
they
or
the
break
may
side
branches
off.
be
to
CURRANTS
WHITE
AND
stout
stake
feet taller
47
than
the
enable
will
tree
looped
up.
Red
required for
currants
early picking
very
planted
warm
on
such
and
hot
red
cause
late
be
may
For
very
trained
the
trees
otherwise
foliage in
of
mass
shaded
position
such
vent
pre-
may
of
ripening
proper
of
system
spur
followed,
pruning
situations
planted againstnorth
walls, and
the
face
by sursyringing,
spider.
picking,
should
will
they
assistance
some
mulching
as
with
but
aspect,
need
be
can
wall
the
wood.
White
currants
appreciated for
the
required
longest
for
Red
dessert
in
fruit
is
the
exhibition
bunches
should
be
and
clusters
be
selected,
thinned
late
Where
season.
*T?=r
much
are
the
develop fine
to
bushes
currant
berries.
in market
before
are
the
whole
is
bunch
Standard
Formed
by taking
all the
coloured.
in the
PROTECTING
soil.
shoots
and
continue
attained
BUSH
to
mising
bush
ravages
of frost
of
question
fruit
of birds
trees
and
ing
protectfrom
the
within
is
an
important
one
the
to
6 inches,
cutting
protection
afforded
or
The
not.
method
has
of
been
than
to
main
three
branch
inch
the
if
of
their
left hand
detached
weakly,
this
stem
may
bases,
or
to
of fruit.
remain
the
8 or
to
for
The
unti
the
back
to
are
two
inches,
The
ing
prunshoots
to
side
buds.
two
strong
bearing, and
pinched back
year,
to
too
; more
be
growths
then
fish
nets
currants,
gooseberries,and
to
on
reduce
gradually.
over
too
weak
old-
throwing
on
shortened
are
when
The
those
and
branches
;the third
in
pro-
bases,
shown.
all
has
These
pruned,
9 inches
cause
most
their
leading shoots
; the
is apt
to
with
spurs
or
shown
are
cut
leaf,
inches
head.
from
are
few
of
the
inches
off
cut
form
to
or
4
each
from
sparely furnished
the weight
support
them
feet ; then
an
on
selected
are
right hand
the
the
eflScient
fashioned
branches
to
consists
of
autumn
resulting shoots
forming, in the
the
effects
in
in length, removing
inserting this part
the
a stake, pinch
6 inches,
following spring
the
shoots
inches
18
to
12
lower
the
Bush
height
In
shortened
The
two
the
autumn.
FRUITS
from
Secure
side
cutting
buds
Cukkant
Red
straw-
berries
is
to
fruit
the
easilyreach
the
fruit is made
The
troublesome.
very
of
meshes
the
through
the
considerable
of
loss
time,
the
to
superior
consists
of
the
and
protected,
wire-netting
It is,of
stakes.
opening
an
fastened
allow
of
Ordinary
fish
enclosure
to
workers.
instead
of
use
found
in
the
beneath
be
At
(righthand)
base
spurs,
man
or
short
long
stubby
as
made
his way
can
In
the
as
years
in fact-
many
themselves,
trees
are
gooseberries
for
in
and
fruits
fruit-picking
despatch.
and
remain
frost
and
ease
currants
fruit
the
bloom,
the
when
and
net,
with
might
in
are
conveniently make
the
of
case
erection
be
plants from
the
birds
can
accomplished
the
Branch
of
admittance
the
they
from
ripe.
arrange
of the
corners
netting may
protects
spring when
about
to
too
is illustrated
suminer
the
wooden
the
of
as
the
Side
be
to
of
each
be
to
close-meshed
to
quite simple
course,
at
measurably
im-
framework,
of
covering
is then
of
just mentioned
plantation
the
completely encircling
fruits
bush
one
wooden
permanent
means
nothing
say
by tearing.
to
nets
to
carl
gathering
replaced
and
protecting
of
system
removed
required, which
is
done
damage
of
work
the
be
to
fruit
time
and
net,
Birds
desired.
be
to
have
nets
each
the
much
it leaves
protective, but
extent
some
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
48
wotild
Strawberry this,of course,
be practicable. Strawberry plants are
not
not
stopperwhei"ftlbushl'^bdn|fom^^
retained
inches
is full
and
bush
three
after they are
at
old,
9
; if the
years
growths,
or
to
not
pinched
be
; above
but
are
with
the
12
""'
when
sTdTshoot'lo^about
fiv^ToinT'^'
the
Supposing
elsewhere.
fish
netting
destroyed the
was
would
have
covering
not
used, this would
the strawberry plantation
have
to
plantation
and
work
to
been
In view
of the fact that
undertaking.
than three years, it would
be well always to make
use
place for more
the
"c.
the
to
cover
wire-netting
gooseberries,
leaving
currants,
THE
This
bushes
should
the
Therefore
base
currants.
that
the
of
the
in
rather
In
it is better
plant than
on
necessary
new
shoots
damp
or
shaded
order
to
secure
to
as
purchase
to
Strong, vigorous
so
stem,
shoots
can
be
is
not
offish
serious
in
one
netting,
CURRANT
BLACK
plants
old.
planted
is best
suffer, in
frame-
be transferred
as
will
be
contain
them
selected
no
with
with
then
the
be
the
the
than
more
branches
gooseberry
thrown
and
shoot
up
branches
years
starting from
and
from
two
red
near
that
and
white
the
soil,so
have
fruited
BLACK
be
cut
Black
out.
fruit will
be
of
berries.
small
richest
pig
currants
produced
or
cow
for
pay
than
The
CURRANTS
when
is
most
available
manure
pruning :
unpruned
simple. Feed
severe
they are
culture
49
(in
Kent
them
bear
they
mass
the
often
are
Winter
Currant)
(Red
Branch
fine
with
each year
fish-heads
and
sprats
Side
then
of
weight
greater
left
Pruned
[e] Leading
Side
(?)Summer
this
rake
rough
the
Late
does
lend
not
in
manure
down
keep
open.
to
about
be
can
grown
on
cordon-training,the
to
shortened
or
to
that
be
may
buds,
two
as
left
indicated
line.
weeds.
fruits
itself
entire,
by cross
lateral
below
after
buds
upper
shortened
to
two
that
Pruned
used). Dig
shortened
growth
from
pushed
growth
Summer
Currant)
(Red
Branch
walls,
north
old
soil in March
the
than
wood
but
then
feet
the
apart
black
if
in
currant
removed
be
cannot
with
annually.
The
be
to
the
resist the
black
Black
Naples
great
excellence.
materially
or
from
variety which
large and
This
Mammoth.
others, has
of
are
Currants
originated
in
Carter's
sweet.
East
Kent,
and
is
Champion
is
sidered
con-
same.
Giant
BOSKOOP
to
for
best
Black
(Carter's Champion).
The
berries
general use.
Baldwin's
the
Best
the
mite
currant
better
White
or
Other
three
and
than
are
other
(Maple,
Bud
sorts
than
the
Dutch
variety is a stronger
grower
seem
longer bunches, and its vigorous stems
Lee's
sorts.
Green
Prolific
F.C.C.
igo2.
A
dwarf-growing variety
Bud).
and Victoria, but
they do not differ
named.
The
Best
Red
Currants
Red
Scotch
The
[of Kent] (Moore's Seedling, Champagne
bunches
short
are
Knight's Early ; has an upright growth. The
other.
berries, Of bright colour, which
ripen before
any
THE
50
New
Dutch
habit.
The
Raby
(Late
Versaill.aise
of
Prolific,
Fertile,
La
Victoria,
May's
of
of
variety,
small
is
strong
large
extra
and
but
grower,
and
the
and
fleshy
shoots
of
sweet,
very
apt
are
deep
off
break
to
red
the
at
has
berries
valuable
are
trained
when
supported.
Prince
This
Albert.
is
freely
produced
late
in
the
sturdy
White
Dutch
(Grosse
stems
Best
reddish
are
are
and
Berries
medium
sized,
brown
with
colour,
white
well-flavoured
veins.
fruits.
White
The
good
Transparent
which
sort,
bunches
and
coloured,
orange
the
is
foliage
deeply
cut.
Currants
White
Blanche).
berries
The
grower.
The
season.
The
of
free
names.
many
The
base.
Most
colour.
berries.
variety
This
Comet).
Cherry).
crimson
deep
It
spreading
colour.
deep
Castle,
bunches
long
prolific
very
rich,
Houghton
freely
very
(Fay's
fruits
the
Dutch,
bearing
grower,
Defiance).
Red,
and
long,
are
Castle
spreading
La
(Chiswick
Red
bunches
GARDEN
FRUIT
contain
Berries
(Versailles).
nine
to
seven
of
transparent,
liberal
under
gives
culture
creamy-
large
crops
berries.
paler
the
than
variety.
above
Bunches
free
contain
bearer,
and
Shilling's
eight
a
to
berries
nine
handsome
very
Cut-Leaved
the
berries
handsome.
are
This
White.
There
Bunches
sweet.
very
are
several
best
in
section.
this
It
is
variety.
is
the
and
largest
other
Damson,
Eugenia,
of
fruit
varieties,
The
The
sparse
consist
but
(see
(see
grower
of
those
p.
p.
from
described
i6o).
215).
but
four
to
are
great
six
the
and
cropper,
berries
;
best.
very
CHAPTER
VI
THE
OWEN
By
The
industry
There
well
equally
and
are
orchards
thrives
that
the
and
trees,
allowed
to
would
It
is
of
useless
centre
of
of
has,
rarely
that
trees
Late
tree,
Only
small.
the
about
of
picked
earlier
half
acre
an
pathway
and
extent
are
as
of
age
following
:
is
"The
on
extent,
record
are
effect.
and
Tarring
that
the
branches
extend
almost
meet.
are
also
In
fig
have
gardens
old
Gardens,
local
as
Bishop
of
trees,
a
book,
garden,
not
old
over
the
many
the
those
as
Worthing,
The
that
path
of
quite
until
central
have
the
lightful
de-
such
to
large irregular
and
others.
fine
near
trees
and
are
over
so
it
yet
commences
interesting.
and
the
really
Tarring,
quaint
fruits
gathering
are
wood
than
crop
the
to
access
manure,
the
not
at
picturesque
an
sainted
gathered
with
These
Fig
is
then
side
walks
from
and
extremely
The
vigour.
extract
and
beyond
therefore
remarkable
full
when
some
appreciably
and
no
these
by
to
year,
rule,
fig gardens
The
either
surrounding
as
practically
fruit
unfruitful
or
not
are
the
receive
trees
in
younger
old
are
preventing
sometimes
planted
by
years
ground,
dead
produced
each
fruits
the
places they
some
the
great
the
show
It
by
August
their
conducive
more
are
damage
season.
on
unique
in
that
formed
in
so
is not
fig
fig
Sompting
of
gathering
others
the
season
receive
is obtained
fruit
in
the
bordered
is
fruit
course,
although
in
or
of
week
October,
middle
crop
of
crop
second
of
of
tree
the
They
eighty
to
of
reason
They
away.
considerable
do
one
by
gathering
ing
Worththis
here
are
through.
these
close
of
the
replaced
while
age,
quite
are
the
at
cut
seasons,
frosts
they
trees
about
are
of
majority
vigour
village
been
labour
little attention
inconvenient
be
trees
be
neighbourhood
much
the
years
how
essential
so
satisfactory
spring
when
to
some
hundred
learn
very
course,
the
average
over
to
otherwise
this,
an
branches
and
the
than
age,
to
Worthing,
visited
and
small
and
as
imagine
the
from
never
The
and
Worthing.
in
come
the
died
high
that
immediate
is obtained.
feet
20
remains
size,
around
have
one
would
have
the
the
and
centred
Market
who
in
is in
some
are
On
surprising
almost
aged
them
higher
grow
removal
also
of
considerably
are
less.
because
now
fact
of
be
to
that
Garden
Those
figs
of
supply
increased.
be
there
the
market
many
It
the
yet
gardens
cottage
said
coast
learn
to
well.
remarkably
irregular
groves,
in
but
open.
astonished
Even
chief
the
south
Covent
to
sent
in
grown
are
there.
tree
is
all
these
fig
attains
figs
green
upon
be
may
the
fig culture,
for
THOMAS
Britain
in
localities
suited
home-grown
culture
fig
of
other
are
FIG
an
beds
square
specimens
date
Chichester,
Sussex
back
Richard
Industries,"
to
the
de
year
la
will
1745.
Wych,
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
52
and
mass
Dense
excellent
dozen
2000
small
of
In
ones.
own
fruits
the
summer
which
fictitious
Portion
of
Showing
Branch
and
half-acre
the
proportions
the
assume
Growths
Characteristic
OF
it is
and
Mode
Bearing
then
previous summer
(each shoot
was
outdoors) of figs is produced,
(and only one
in August
be pinched
outdoors
or
September
year's shoots, which
; (/)current
may
forced
from
and
retained
for another
glass, and
February or earlier, will pro(ifunder
year
duce
of branch
second
a
crop) ; () previous summer's
(two-year-old) continuation
bearing
of
side
which
either
be
first crop
shoots
allowed
to
pinched to form
figs ; (v)
or
may
spurs,
admits
for furnishing
where
and
the
extend
the
with
which
tree
bearing wood,
on
space
of figs outdoors
is produced
of
first and
the
only crop
following season
; (w) extension
be trained
in full length, if space
be
branch
admits,
or
pinched where
growth, which
may
is limited, or when
is the
fruitful habit
and
desirable, as commonly
to
a
ensure
case,
space
first crop.
the swelling of the
assure
wood
{r) Three-year-old
stopped
ripening
of
forest.
thinned,
heat
but
and
in
valued
at
the
fifth
The
the
object
not
exposure
fluid
and
; [s) pinched
leaf),on these
trees
is
state.
luscious.
side
the
allowed
not
are
to
produce
to
the
Of
The
varieties
variety Ischia
grown.
the
branches
are
high, nor
grow
overshadowing foliage. They like
is put
manure
on
sparingly in spring
to
of
mass
The
sun.
several
brick-red
King
Turkey
of
shoots
first crop
The
be
the
grown,
is said
identical
Dean's
harvesting
or
White
in
with
hot
the
Marseilles
summers
historic
to
red
is the
ripen
most
to
fig which
Brown
garden at Winchester.
of
the
picking
figsbegins early in
ft;
li,
g
O
lii
AN
AVENUE
OF
FIG
TREES
IN
WORTHING
GARDEN.
THE
August
dozen
and
are
Far
Whereas
continues
of
realised.
to-day
This
with
met
supply
that
result.
of October.
end
curious
market
such
During
that
time
from
to
30
100
fruit
have
the
and
less than
nothing
far
so
it will
as
be
know
found
8d., and
unique
an
that
circumstance.
demand
increased
an
is often
more
has
largelyincreased
prices
With
with
content
are
is
other
every
been
53
growers
With
the
to
FIG
down
gone
as
fig, however,
the
fact
has
apparently is that the demand
considerably increased,but
years
the supply has not
done
so
ately,
proportionand
prices therefore,instead
of
falling,have gone up.
of late
Cultural
crop
in many
cultivation
for
Notes.
fig
the
of
certainly
due
are
successfullygrown
these
islands,but its
out-of-doors
in
the
its
to
position
succeed.
admirably
espalier
That
even
of
coast
counties
fruit
is beyond
pre-eminently a
and
it is useless
in
at
of
consequence
the
weather.
of
many
Sussex
goes
outside
a
walls
of
Where
than
which
tree
mile
wise
the
into
2|
from
drainage
feet
deep,
The
extent.
precaution
tree
this
the
against
is
to
planted) as
limited
space
side
continue
to
shoot
Whether
^""^
""
three
leaves
pinch
them
fifth
the
branch
^'"''
off
not
altogether
joint
(z) short
than
be
two
or
them,
quite
while
not
for
room
and
stubby
need
more
is
sixth
left intact
which
making
; if there
or
be
must
lateral,
or
unless
pinched
Wales,
small.
on
position of
the
the
garden
less than
was
seashore.
wall
should
positionfacing south or south-west
which
should
the
for
not
border,
provided
be
which
soil in
build
Britain
saying.
must
and
(Stopped),
Growth
ceIsional'beInch
such
are
I remember
Bangor.
fruited
fig was
Bodorgan, Anglesea
grown
of limited
is
at
Extension
An
grow
inland
the
Ample
given.
there
fig
line,
coast-
severity
greater
of North
coast
to
well
quarter
more
the
Flint
say from
also
how
the
try and
without
an
The
of
parts of Great
instance
may
or
distance
the
it
succeed
southern
our
to
That
positions in
besides
which
doubt.
great
any
in
standard
is
it outside
century.
will
it
as
the
on
extended
not
half
past
localityand
will
has
cultivation,I believe,
of knowledge
to
as
want
outdoor
an
be
can
parts
Failures
the
As
at
which
first when
it is
temporary
high
for
as
the
few
a
.
the
planted
wall
border
years
should
(say 4
so
in
tree
as
is
planted
not
to
confine
to
be
be
It
rich.
very
the wall
against
be
feet from
order
should
be
check
the
roots
of the
luxuriance
of
THE
54
FRUIT
GARDEN
early fruitfulness.
At
the
of
and
promote
to
Pruning.
After
the
fruit is
what
gathered
time
should
is necessary
It will consist
in
pruning
carried
out.
branches
out
where
be
ting
cut-
they
are
to
thick, leaving only enough
the
wood
with
tree
bearing
too
furnish
for the
leaves
ExTENsioN
Growth
(a) Point
off stopping
pinching
Leafless
(Pinched),
; (^)extension
(c)embryonic
of,
formed
fruits
current
season's
after
do.
out
as
recommended
Still,the
trees
above
and
The
fan
form
of
Protection.
which
is the
training
Success
cut
should
shoots
should
are
or
be
liable
be
been
pruning
to
properly regulated
deferred
more
has
winter
no
growths
,,
until
to
the
end
by
damage
of
frost.
best.
failure
or
is carried
work
This
little
the
will
'
and
nothmg,
off.
If
pruning
be
and
over
the
on
these
depends perhaps
than
out
other
detail
more
of
the
upon
in
way
There
culture.
any
in which
this can
be done
untie
the
and
branches
ways
; some
round
with
of
The
best
in
straw.
hay or
ropes
opinion, is
way,
my
the
with
border
of
bracken
fern or dry leaves
a
foot deep,
layer
one
are
different
many
bind
to
this
away.
tender
growth
the
half-
many
found
,.
will
there
looked
be
must
be
to
come
figs.
taken
carried
autumn
will
shoot
When
year'scrop.
next
fall in the
them
cover
and
quite
enough to
close
reach
wide.
These
against
the
weather
to
to
the
from
can
most
be
the
made
and
then
border
to
have
to
the
ridge
hurdles
of
the
of
straw
wall,
great
to
fern
or
and
fit
long
four
say
severe
the
stem,
feet
protection
and
on
bright
frosty
nights.
Culture
the
branches
Glass.
under
glass,one
to
extend
There
are
by planting the
to
almost
any
two
trees
limit
well-known
out
which
in
methods
of
growing
the
grower
may
be
able
to
fruit and
branches,
for future
I
but
is
crops.
do
The
three.
even
and
growth,
success
it is
failure
or
wood
the
of
perfect ripening
the
securing
time
same
also answers
excellently,
Covering the roof with bearing wood
rafter training
fruit is so good as when
the quality of the
of the year, somein the course
than
times
one
fig bears more
crop
of
the
The
the
shoots
first crop
is produced on
past year's
skill to produce.
Its
the crop
which
requires by far the most
of the preceding
condition
the
depends almost
entirelyupon
think
not
adopted.
the
at
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
56
and
Should
this be soft,green,
immature, the prospect of a first
year'sgrowth.
shoots
the
which
is produced on
nil.
The
second
worth
having is
crop,
crop
of the current
year's growth is,generally
speaking, a full crop, and easily
The
produced.
on
third
lateral
the
the
second
be taken
unless
produced
which
should
never
of
growths
produced
is
crop
the
shoots
and
crop,
under
very
is
would
advise
that
this
sacrificed
as
as
soon
by plucking the
perceived, thereby husbanding
strength of the tree for next
year.
is
it
the
There
the
the
shoot
I have
Fig
Tree
shoots
to
practised
Last
Thinning
its
sets
fruit,
dish
this
for
reason
of
any
our
natural, than
is
at
of March
end
Ventilation,
In
care.
March
hot
be
the
no
front
in
at
produced
house
of
case
and
towards
the
air should
the
the
this time
end
of
middle
matured
the
end
of
the
first
crop
given, except
the month,
as
the
year
fig
freely. I
reallygrand
is the
that
the
ception,
ex-
chief
in
of
the
winter
November
months
in
ripe figscan
so
little
be
had
in
be
of
The
to
first week
the
believe
many
well
fig stands
April.
especiallyin early spring, must
or
the
towards
admitted
house
be
can
or
be
can
hard-wooded
by starting a
for
the
It
other
any
The
overcropping.
trees.
which
crop
no
time,
is
fruit
find
as
exhibition
an
and
to
for
answers
Fruit.
sixth
by allowing
full length.
both
rule, most
that
figsat
of
its
to
them
the
as
safelysay
can
other
system
{August
the
at
the
grow
one
years, and
the other.
as
of figs ripe
[h) first crop
year's wood;
to
outdoors) ; (/) second
September
and
of figs,generally worthless
outdoors,
crop
but
should
be removed,
ripening in a forcing
house
figs, first and
only crop
; (k) embryonic
the following year.
generally outdoors
(g)
of the
leaf,and
seventh
managing the
is by
fig,one
of
ways
growth
stopping
of
two
are
summer
Branch
be
crop
fruit
for
have
expected
the
the
to
weather
it sometimes
cultivator's
be
ripe
should
time.
be
ful
thought-
the
end
the
of
ally
exception-
little
is,when
a
The temperature
a
day
can
easilybe regulated by
short
at
may
of
top ventilators
THE
alone.
the
More
fruit
than
in
air should
is
larger
dry one.
Fertilisation.
be
and
of
It is
FIG
admitted
not
to
easy
remain
to
appears
this time
the temperature
should
also
atmosphere
the
as
quality in
better
shows
rather
actual
young
it attains
for
signs
close
and
time
that
fruit
until
standstill
fruit
the
say
the
57
of
ripening, but
moist
atmosphere
fertilisation
takes
makes
its appearance
it
the size of a walnut.
about
observed
in
These
thinning
prunings
two
the
tying
branches
first
after the
growths as recommended
crop.
in
that
are
needed, excepting
winter, when
found
be
few
cut
to
trellis,it may
a
necessary
out
weak
are
all that
the
to
out.
more
THE
BEST
GEORGE
By
There
those
are
which
varies
so
Black
much
with
green
good
Fruit,
glass.
veins, and
figs; but
and
require
crops
only
very
The
the
dotted
most
distinct
it will
be
grower,
are
with
old
is noted
trees
and
immense,
golden specks.
best
to
restrict
list
to
foliage
Good
bear
of
our
The
special treatment.
no
very
free
fruits
BUNYARD
of
varieties
that
Ischia.
Brunsvs'ICK.
under
many
bear
VARIETIES
for
outside
abundantly,
dull
Foliage
very
chocolate
much
culture.
useless
colour,
divided.
for
ture
cul-
overlaid
Flavour
good.
bearer.
The
fruit
Grise.
constant
robust, a regular and
Growth,
of all, suitable
of the finest flavour, perhaps
the richest
only
colour, and
under
for culture
glass, either planted out or in pots.
free bearer
which
succeeds
Turkey
Brown
Growth, moderate, a very hardy and
when
fruit is blackish
is the most
reliable fig grown.
The
in all forms, and
ripe,with
of rich flavour.
veins, and
green
In all respects
Malta.
like Brown
Turkey, except in the shape of the fruits,which
and
of peg-top
shorter
shape ; flavour good.
are
Bianca.
Monaco
A
good
early variety for pot culture, flesh deep red, of
very
luscious
flavour, and very juicy.
BOURJASOTTE
is chocolate
58
THE
Negro
Largo.
rich
OSBORN's
for
outside
culture
the
Prolific.
Brown
This
flavour,
Turkey,
leaves
deeply
Reculer,
bear
white
St.
John's
flavour,
Pingo
or
is
fruit
of
culture
under
juicy
second
the
robust
very
Sepor.
Growth,
flavour.
moderate
Ischia
small,
Singleton.
or
free
very
white,
greenish
which
bearer
White
free-bearing,
and
Growth,
large
which
melting,
white,
for
suitable
juicy,
very
useful
sort,
and
strong
early
for
melting,
crops
vigorous
forcing
deliciously
and
ripe
fully
year
they
not
pale
fruits
hardy.
and
flesh
the
green,
Valuable
sweet.
delicious.
are
three-lobed
foliage,
fruit,
divided
much
then
forcing.
and
culture
pot
red,
salmon
dull
flesh
for
for
large
white
and
outside
culture.
Other
brown
early
very
translucent,
inside
The
well.
Very
/o/zo^^
grower,
when
three
produces
glass
under
Marseilles.
tinge
orange
These
stout.
force
nearly
brown,
suitable
sort,
twiggy
Neat
with
reddish
fruit,
free-bearing
valuable
and
and
produced.
freely
with
five-lobed.
large
flesh
the
and
is
crop
foliage,
qualities,
thin,
skin
the
colour,
that
sorts
often
black,
small,
foliage,
free-cropping
their
for
green
and
delicate
White
very
good
very
growing
violet
deep
small,
pleasant
of
variety
of
glass.
Violette
and
very
Growth,
Mel.
de
olive
tender
sweet,
very
fruit
Neat
Nagronne.
and
sweet
remarkable
are
pale
drop,
to
flavour,
free-bearing
outside,
hardy
Fruit,
identical,
appear
jointed,
short
as
and
and
alike.
be
to
appear
plum
Bordeaux,
de
they
like
bloom
apt
;
large.
very
culture,
pot
black
lobed.
Violette
freely
very
for
is
fruits
of
crop
chocolate
deep
described
be
may
valuable
foliage,
first
The
shining
Colour,
of
fruit.
large
abundant.
very
suitable
not
is
second
fine
very
the
but
GARDEN
FRUIT
varieties
good
fruits
late
does
green.
well
are
Madeline
All
outside
or
these
also.
UAgen,
Angelique,
are
suitable
large
late
green
only
for
fig
White
resembling
culture
Gourand
under
glass,
reddish
Rouge,
Marseilles
except
Nebian,
very
Madeline,
CHAPTER
FRUIT
TREES
By
In
advocating
this
mode
under
glass
general
within
it
plums
under
flavour
the
culture
failure.
If
crops
may
years
to
culture
small,
do
rather
of
hope
shaded
roof.
It
Light
is
the
less
or
in
not
so
that
for
have
three-quarter-span
fruit
to
trees,
On
house
trees
for
or
the
is
in
For
other
hand,
with
fruit
fruit
if
it is useless
the
back
trained
to
in
wall
trees,
One
on
in
this
therefore
of
of
way.
none
growing
the
the
house
any
of
only
then
many
manner
trained
culture,
think
most
private
this.
achieved
roof
the
in
possible
trees
be
can
fruits,
the
explain
best
the
often
own
trees
the
in
so
manner
to
easy
as
success
if
fruit
or
supply
make
trees
of
in
instance,
vines,
covered
is
successful
with
the
mode
large
not
their
successful
it
grown
that
factor
of
most
instance,
suppose
trees.
the
either
does
grow
the
object
Quality
to
culture
pot
extent
some
such,
essential
an
pot-grown
house.
the
in
To
pot
trees,
reasonable
trained
pot
doubt,
not
other
absolutely
with
covered
trees
is
why
to
by
by
prefer
and
an
which
it
but
takes
this
where
commended.
culture
it
requires
garden,
quantity,
who
that
what
astonishing
establishments
be
to
than
those
any
districts
practically
distinct,
and
of
instance,
some
is
one
private
the
most
rather
demonstrated
been
not
And
is
can
Beyond
space.
instances.
them,
for
In
nurseries
to
for
truth,
novel
if
better
connoisseur
apples,
is
dessert
much
the
much
If
paid
are
produced
nectarines,
of
To
it
plums
finest
bushes
as
with
fruit-growing
Again,
instance.
purchase
has
cannot
culture
pot
is
large
predominate
latter
the
small
gardens
if
that
It
air,
house
really
be
and
more
easily
being
flavour.
cold
and
and
the
or
point.
should
practised.
the
in
case
visit
said,
anything
to
is
walls
on
cherries,
Pippin
finest
the
absolutely
an
often
is
pots
for
should
than
is
than
case
in
so
in
or
and
cherries
Britisher
direction,
rather
former
pots
trees
culture
finish
in
It
markets,
our
dessert
secured.
this
fruit
best
grown
convert
in
superior
Ribston
more
culture
glass.
and
be
can
crops
open
under
ripened
Pippin,
of
in
fruit
and
pots
the
in
whether
trees,
older
peaches
pot
latest
out
fruit
three
even
The
conditions
Orange
the
be
of
lesson
in
of
that
supposed
the
to
peaches,
under
Again,
favourable
are
two
be
not
planted
crops
and
satisfactory.
Cox's
of
of
must
addition
an
early
very
months.
grown
trees,
rather
figs, nectarines,
as
permit
more
most
fruits,
pot
of
twelve
when
dessert
the
will
it
pots,
supersede
to
is
means
instance,
much
are
from
for
in
its
by
in
trees
It
POTS
HUDSON
intended
air.
open
structure
same
not
the
and
such,
the
in
or
IN
JAMES
fruit
of
is
treatment
system,
secured
culture
the
of
VII
any
front
is
pot
lean-to
may
6o
be
FRUIT
THE
filled with
but
roofed
they
To
is
plants
both
plants than
way
the fruit
let the
trees
e.g.
novel,
and
from
the
constant
The
the
trees,
Houses.
(strawberries
in
5 feet
be
may
pots
high
and
some
purposes,
of greater
houses
sides,and
and
the
to
decoration
alFords
in each
is often
i8
feet
shelves
feet
10
in
24
say,
The
them,
change
house
the
of
apex
This
house
roof.
to
arrange
For
for
the
high at
regulated as may be
A largehouse
division.
be
can
as
the
best
walk
the
respects
wide, 6 feet
many
feet
for
best
the
central
walk).
the
the
length
smaller
the
case
any
to
light and
with
wide,
at
also
of
above
high
it is better
centre.
In
desirable.
other
no
welcome
and
houses,
a
length being 30 feet for one
very convenient
in private gardens,
division is not
advisable
necessary,
without
that
house, but in
be secondary
maximum
about
walks
two
roof
put.
on
grown
largertrees,
width
feet
12
of
sides,and
the
for
is that
be
can
at
be
of
afford
these
this
by
same
and in many
ways
very distinct,
It is as
decorative
plants with
one
convenient
most
ones
size
other
mean
trees
much
foliageplants.
and
The
useful
may
form
This
span-roofed
are
ventilation.
trees
is
grow
the
with
not
Spanpot
but
successfully,
grown
and
everything else
There
of flowers
use
Best
fruit
pot
do
in the
considered,
them.
fruits upon
in
able,
avail-
space
behind.
trees
To
and
and
the
to
trees.
done,
flower,
in
be
ventilation.
which
to
use
ripe
the
should
first be
temperatures
be
can
courting failure.
trees
trained
the
regards watering,
as
according
for pot-grown
it
shade
to
as
best
the
in pots,
trees
pot
of
fruit
tall
so
commendable
not
mix
one
be
not
is occasioned
trees.
of
rows
however,
are,
is
stages
trouble
more
must
houses
upon
or
one
GARDEN
different
pipes
least
temperature
arranged
be
can
at
to
pipes
provide
if some
need
be
trees
staging is necessarv
raisingit can
;
with
inverted
done
possibleshould be conserved
flower-pots. All the rain water
best position for which
is under
the
beds
which
the trees
in tanks, the
upon
One
standard
stand.
size of roof glass should
be
used
always
say, 15 inches
the
sides,whereas
in the
the
central
No
bed.
largerit is better
for
at
around
two
by
inches
20
of
and
The
good quality.
side
the
end
and
should
found
to
adopted
in
rough
should
of
means
hung
the
in
nurseries
it prevents
at
be
and
in
cold
only
by
wooden
bottom
These
spring.
ventilators
21-inch
rather
These
than
the
at
Gunnersbury
the
currents
of
houses
need
air
rising lights,
of
means
shutters.
side
tilators
ven-
This
top.
is
is
Gardens, and
in
during
rushing
from
be
not
and
squares,
of
elaborate
struction,
con-
season,
small
of culture
system
flowering,
Thus
but
as
fruits
are
in
house
will
be
found
soon
growth
as
for
two
the
houses
may
be
close
trees
they
commences
useful.
very
kept
in
pots.
nectarines, peaches,
For
and
These
be
can
instance,
plums may
if
be
both
economy
obtained
in various
early forcing
gathered, and
is
the
placed wider
division
one
in
Under
together until
best
are
SuccEssioNAL
are
north
it is
sufficient
trees
embryo
trees
by
be
the
the
are
nor
little
above
ventilation
top
well
answer
weather
sides
ventilation
always
method
the
the
for the
space
when
and
ways
trees
be
well
apart.
until
essential, early
the
pot
after
the
fuel.
all the
fruits
hardened
of
ft,
00
^
^
SPECIMEN
PEACH
TREE
IN
POT.
62
THE
make
men
first
it
would
years
What
there
roots,
rather
should
annual
be
of
rule, we
depends
of
weakness,
should
roots
the
in
plant
good
As
the
former
soil
rammers
the
a
the
at
around
tree
roots
of
tub
take
A
used
so
tool
as
to
and
development
active
during
trees
that
the
above
the
pointed
developing
soil
by
that
of
No
contains
sand
addition
to
is
used,
of all
therein
deep.
If
well
soaked
in
but
old
at
get
It will
the
the
this
Gunnersbury
is
than
extent
These
two
in
be
soil).
is calcareous,and
make
fruits.
employed.
For
rubble
In
the
lime
artificial
cherries
well
it
broken
contains, a
manures
good
with
only
we
add
^mall
takes
this
its
in
it
the
mushroom
essential
doubt,
of
use
a
local
former
(at the
add
we
of
remedies
texture
old
up
with
pots,
sorts
make
mix
loam
food
We
bed
place, and
to
the
proportion
the
up
soil,
sharp-
in
trees
mixture
in
find
we
built
surface
of two
composed
some
districts,
no
local
the
top-dressing,
The
be
are
afterwards
soil should
alone.
hands
the
to
fruits
noticed
applying
fresh
the
when
be
soon
In
considerably;
other
mortar
bud
imperfect
great assistance
done
too
affords,
through
stone
to
one
this
to
finishing
In
be
be
inch
still drier,and
soil.
stem
certain
iron.
some
be
used
are
about
like
new
the
use
will
of this
say
must
soil affords
good
we
nuts.
the
varies
to
sizes of
ensue.
size of
use
we
known,
necessary
loam, which
itself would
These
is well
be
not
Banstead
the
soil that
The
room
pot and
three
is of
both
(loam, it
it would
the
become
roots
face.
sur-
this work.
for
too.
lightly disturbed
top-dressing
great advantage to all fruit
for the ensuing season.
fruits and growth
in
Soil.
the
of
the
the
or
roots
water,
potting, they
replace
use
upon
results
the
shows
possible ; by potting
as
The
in
hold
to
stick.
loam
of
Two
it
soil and
the
is useful
firm
as
and
growth
space
of the
rim
the
before
when
soil
fact,
As
to
between
teeth
encouraged.
time
will
are
for
the
leave
permeating
watering around
roots
is left
room
in
Top-dressing with
growth ; this work
developing, say
fast
in
least sufficient
at
mass,
largestroots.
the
is
roots
bud-dropping
Top-Dressing.
make
root
of
and
bottom,
short
two
the
to
the
into
put
instance
of
allow
freelyaround
passed
with
prune
to
care
be
to
dry at the
Neglect this,let
water.
first reduced
the
by
is
if it is decided
sufficient
sides,at
reducing the
to
all
at
are
plant
reduction
;
the
of
hands
The
manner
size, remove
same
required,
surface
is used.
pot
half-hearted
of fibrous
firmly the formation
the
seen
following season, both
off
year,
secured
be
plant
reduced.
are
fibrous
of
of
matter
used.
were
by
no
being
roots
the
succeeding
the
in
be
in
care
this work
should
soil and
repotting
the
manures
year
best
the
ensue
smaller
for the
when
knife
sharp
in
allowed
be
annual
in
but
if artificial
even
would
soil,both
guide
done
of the
pot
of fresh
deal
should
be
not
failure
repotted,
not
the
of
great
that
say
regular production,
growth, and this can
At
mass
largerpot
the vigour
upon
symptoms
to
give
the
exercise
not
were
stouter
repotting.
without
pot
it is
necessary
of
do
incurred,
is the
at
those
than
trees
risk
great
aimed
GARDEN
rule.
if the
be
system
larger
invariable
an
afterwards
season
FRUIT
this.
rate
soil.
in
ment
develop-
phosphates
of
artificial
DrT'ZTDc
rr
tj
\/
/"
lt
tt
r"^.'
-p
rr
'?Jl.\f^
TEACH
THOMAS
RIVERS
INTRODUCED
(ONE
UE
TEIE
VARIETIES).
BEST
OF
RECENTLY
TREES
FRUIT
with
manure
per
cent.
per
cent.,
the
soil,the analysisof
ammonia,
5 to 6 per cent.
of which
is added
manure
which,
in the
place a
handful
to
12
afford
to
which
aid
63
follows
as
and
is soluble
immediate
POTS
reads
bones
cent,
per
IN
nitrogen, 40
phosphates,
guano
potash, 2 to 3
the
development
to
of
50
37
This
cent.
per
to
to
32
the
stones,
of the
case
cherry, takes
of half-inch
bones
and
horn
shavings,just
these
as
used
are
in
borders.
Pots.
well
not
in
let
them
have
As
with
the
If broken
to
pots
are
be
to
extent,
with
Etc.
Watering,
use
the
ought
not
to
side
and
the
trees
place
suffer
to
the
is
exposure
wash
potting
order
in
the
the
prevent
in consequence
fair portion of
during
the
form
crock
only
drainage. Every
exit of
the
pot
water.
and
occasionally
October
require
dry.
When
from
which
shrivelling,
wood
slightestdegree.
easilydone.
We
for the
and
well
be
clinkers
potted early in
is fine
weather
much
tage
advan-
them
it is
plants well,
the
water
Trees
to
drainage.
those
or
them, and
being again used.
crushed
holes
ones,
cleanse
well
them
for
bottom
let
new,
before
so),then
valuable
as
thoroughly
crocks,
for
weakly
are
hours'
weather.
if the
pots
dirty, then
too
well
as
After
syringe,in
take
space
use
if
potting
the
to
provided
If
twenty-four
scarce
substitute
during
obvious.
also with
so
moderate
should
at
pots,
pots
good
very
least
desirable
most
are
crack
is very
previous
water
pots
sometimes
pot
strong
soaked
will
baked,
of
well-made
Strong,
have
known
ensuing
warm
this
to
Trees
season.
and
occur
potted
thus
foliage,
enforcing the need of syringing.
earlywill still retain a
should
all be housed, not. because
intended
for
in
November
trees
forcing
Early
Even
soil
too
wet.
becoming
they are tender, but in order to prevent the
still be used ; after forcing has commenced,
then, if fine and dry, the syringe may
buds
until
the
will be required at the roots
little water
swelling.
are
Trees
not
be guarded against is actual
What
has
dryness at the roots.
to
be
should
the
outside
all
winter
left
the
all can
be
forced
protected
at
pots
;
from
together,
water
the
by
frost,however,
and
can
buds
either
pass
are
upon
away
upon
the
covering
boards
or
of
stable
bricks, so
attention
require any more
freely. They will not
in
the
of
spring (unless it is to
point
expanding
until
guard
then
trees
are
peach and nectarine
against the depredations of birds). The
moved
into other
houses
placed in a cool house for flowering, and afterwards
with
remain
outside
and
The
us
apples
plums,
opportunity occurs.
as
pears,
The
to
under
keep off frost and wet.
shelter, just sufficient
a
temporary
forced
demands
do
not,
as
will, however,
stated
above,
increase
extremes
avoiding the two
fruits are
swelling quickly and
lies in
the
trees
as
need
much
water
for
The
growth progresses.
of
drought and excess
the
wood
is
active,
growth
of
time.
some
of
secret
moisture.
trees
will
Their
success
When
require
64
THE
careful
of
If
attention.
daily importance;
when
fruits
the
watering
and
of
use
former
market
good
some
it should
while
for
to
2-inch
the
term
meal
this
those
1 prefer that
of
there
of
the
manure
that
pot,
by
soot
Forcing,
many
is enough
cases
will
in
when
the
the
this
is
the
break
being
in
done.
if it is 5
even
of
these
and
inclined
am
occasioned, partially,
by
afterwards
be
lost,it can
ripening of the fruits by
too
Damping
the
is
is
the
this
floor between
which
the
earlier
correct
For
into
of
sense
artificial
other
pound,
com-
liquidmanure
small
the
centage
per-
tub,
manure
will
water
frequently
plants.
the
trees,
also
that
the
closing
when
in flower,
are
It is well
no
known
this
dropping
at
extent
some
trees
weather.
happen
temperature
to
pot).
fruit
pot,
fingersis ample
of
degs.
up
bag
the
less in cold
high
made
lo-inch
is added
lime
to
be
decidedly of
am
may
think
to
in
in the
bag,
troublesome,
less would
degs.
more
any
is needed.
to
least,to
In
case
any
the
dissolved
in
readily
manure
and
the
on
many
the
two
lo-inch
flower,
I
and
every
fairlygiven, as
used, it is hardly
in
given case.
any
plant
freelythan
so
suitable
to
once
liquid manure.
now
manure
this is beneficial
Etc.
habitats
native
are
nor
all
at
time
of 5
as
droppings,
latter in
are
thumb
all that
of
given
it is
as
more
horse
are
same
houses
done,
be
they
harm
worms
night temperature
at
that
at
from
be
artificial
provide
placing the
If
in
high
harm
rather
will
that,it may
the
soil
manure,
used
the
most
the
first month
For
give
to
by
an
may
afterwards
to
appear,
say
the analysis is
be
much
as
course,
Temperature,
temperatures
too
be
may
others
nectarines,
be
manure).
there
which
up
of
fruits
given alternatelywith
will
taken
the
be
can
analysisof
an
of
extracted
dislodgethem
are
is not,
remain.
to
as
stimulant
after
be
with
has
one
frequently it
and
soon
a
proved efficacy;
about
twice
(a 1 2-inch
pot holds
artificial
prefer a finely-ground
Bone
ample
is
soil.
matter
Rain
natural
while
reliable,
use
which
artificial
of
of
one
Without
know
to
is
watering
warm,
in the day
frequently twice
for
is preferable both
water
than
or
should
and
prefer
be.
possible
A
pinch
be
walnut
done
days
manure
As
of
artificial
an
fourteen
should
harmless.
size
is often
either
artificial
An
The
and
require water
Manures.
the
are
harm
application in
one
will
fully grown.
Other
plums
moderately (more
week.
is fine
weather
trees
almost
are
and
and
excessive
the
the
GARDEN
syringing.
Liquid
peaches,
FRUIT
the
few
the
If
night.
a
without
country
of
flower
a
weeks
weather
buds
little time
before
is
the
favourable.
is done
the
freelythrough a rose fixed upon
is
when
there
a
sufficient,especially
spout
artificial heat
in the
is no
heat
is used
pipes. When
a
slightsyringing just
before
nightfallwill be a safeguard against too dry an atmosphere during the
the fruits are
formed
and are
long nights. When
developing,the syringe is used
is
when
the
weather
and
mild.
much
Too
moisture
damp, dull,
freelyexcept
of
will
then
apt
to
water-can.
encourage
when
crack
In
dull
leaf rather
trees
weather
than
finallyswelling
this
fruit
if
growth.
syringed
too
The
Cardinal
freelyin
dull
Nectarine
weather
is
;
the
FRUIT
is obvious.
remedy
nightfall
woolly
After
than
skins
of
the
ashes
between
to
fresh
noticed
that
When
the
do
as
trained
Both
trees.
be reached
can
trees
keep
more
any
house
to
is closed
do
the
far
so
not
so
by
be
provided
lower
and
the
end
in the
pots.
much
from
surfaces
if necessary
September
of
foliage
frequently
the
be
the
of the
few
feet space
keeping
it will
rims
attacks
leaves
of
of the
the
trees
that
hand-picking
the
XL-All
use
when
also
be
may
does
Scale
concerned.
are
always
mealy bug. We
if
and
forcing,
again,
necessary,
later as
is required. Thrips
are
does
too
pot, and
worms.
potting
holes
suffer
upper
pot
as
for
each
assist in
for
and
expand,
with
will
the
dispensed
trouble, nor
their
plum.
freely,
and
syringe
Two
Until
to.
lifted
through
under
out
should
room
readilywith
more
nectarine
the
use
bricks
two
to
are
grown
fruit trees
Pot
with
holes
little
have
roots
towards
by
not
the
of the
atmosphere
is retained
as
are
properly attended
strongly. This
be
to
freely,but
Pests.
trees
pot
watering
moisture
possible to
soon
trees
drainage
a
drier
surfaces
not
As
border,
because
65
injuriousinsects.
the
garden
the
clean.
Insect
insects
the
is
POTS
need
smooth
temperature,
is used
and
with
Forcing.
pots is allowed
the
hose
infested
around
the
enable
the
in
pots
cinder
are
after
lower
plums,
or
by the
gathered, it
are
Trees
means
of
trees
all times
at
than
more
fruits
especiallyif
trees
nectarines
much
all the
The
Peach
do
IN
TREES
pletely
com-
not
cause
immediately
buds
the
the
destroyed by
about
are
same
remedy.
Canker.
I think
trees
pot-grown
also).
cherries,but very rarely. The
opinion, to the good effects of
fact,from
I consider
of the
the
choice
pot
culture,even
them
varieties
the
trees.
on
freedom
the
from
annual
of
under
are
the
case
points very
often
repotting. More
upon
netting
that
seen
late
and
growth,
than
the
the
my
not,
too
free
in
the
only.
screen
will
have
of
case
others, is attended
of
upon
clearly,in
no
forced
to
the
at
ripening,
trees, when
fruiters,when
autumn
of
chance
taking
that
shoots
(and, in
canker
canker
luxuriant
too
from
its appearance
Take
repotting, or
shortening
In
immune
occasionallymakes
outcome
growths
glass.
under
forced
late
almost
are
consequence.
fail in the open
or
off when
them
It
in
if carried
If
required,and
the
knife
pruning
Pruning.
cut
is the
this disease
use
we
diseases
other
time
of
these
are
are
not
starting
housed
spring, most
growth,
the
trees
of
the
easilykept within
sufficient
length they
are
of
year are
distant
if necessary.
leaves
few
it
afterwards
that
wood
so
may
current
Great
care
die back.
bounds.
are
When
the
shoots-
is taken
We
of
cut
close
to
the
the
at
any
shoots,
growing
E
66
THE
FRUIT
GARDEN
regulation of
Occasionally, some
this can
be done
the shoots
is necessary
by tying. A stake to a tree will, at
;
slender
stick only will be
in keeping
it erect
times, be an assistance
; again, a
leader
Lateral
needed
the
shoots
not
to
are
encouraged
straight.
except
keep
when
is
tree
to
a
replace any failures, or
being rapidlydeveloped.
Thinning
Fruit.
of fruits to be borne
The
number
by
Cropping,
the
and
the
nearly every
in
cuts
heal
case
over.
the
will
tree
forced
in
depend
ought
trees
2-inch
0-inch
pots
heads, in
13
has
borne
heavy
for
crop
its
size,and
so
eight
ripen
will
two
three
or
those
as
fifteen
to
to
consecutive
should
seasons
rule
Trees
in
Those
easily.
bushy
with
A
fruits.
twenty
forced.
not
fruits
As
pot.
trees, standards
Larger
fifteen
from
size of the
the
fruits
many
twelve
fruits.
to
14-inch pots,
or
from
carry
six
bear
may
vigour,
ripen quite
to
not
will
pots
its
upon
have
tree
that
by
rest
to
will
when
ripe
the
fruit with
mature
cause
its
Longevity
trees
of
The
avoid
century
Not
assistance
this.
With
of
scissors,so
the
little
practice
at
all
the
The
as
off
cut
to
this method
asked,
is often
question
will
"Do
not
pot
these
The
to
answer
practicallyuseless ?
of this
!
Confirmation
in fact, just the contrary
than
for more
a
Sawbridgeworth, where
quarter of a
tion.)
have
been
in
(See illustraexclusivelygrown
pots.
than
has
generally quite
leading to premature
decay,
"
become
soon
obtained
of
some
Pot
Trees.
the
die, or
soon
inquiriesis,"
can
readilybe
the
stalk,will
itself.
recommend
fruit
bruise.
It is
light crop
"
at
trees
culture, rather
opposite efi^ect.
The
culture
that
has
thus
in
Pots.
far been
apples.
In
detailed
the
case
will
of
apply
figsand
nectarines, peaches,
the
Citrus
different
somewhat
remarked
to
that
family, as
is
treatment
Grow
them
varieties,have a tendency to bear only partialcrops of fruit.
in pots, however,
illusion will be quickly dispelled. We
do
and
such
not
any
soil
these
surface
the
one
but, as a rule, carefullyremove
repot
season,
every
some
and
season
the
case
late
of
ones
some
repot
in
is
the
next.
November,
not
until
The
or
as
about
earliest
soon
as
forced
they
Christmas.
trees
have
None
are
ceased
of
potted in August,
in
to
fruit,which
these, however, is
and
the
left
POT
PEACH
TREE
(DR.
HOGG)
IN
FLOWER.
FRUIT
outside
the
during
wood.
the
The
fruits from
the
the
the
spring,about
most
sheltered
they
other
they
together
used, but
are
of
IN
in
sometimes
much
as
brought
under
place
lime
more
at
first
these
earlier.
week
possible
to
until
the
out
middle
quite sparingly.
season
rubble
is added.
when
is available
space
all
are
being
second
early
Figs in
succeed
of
medium
in the
April,
in
of doors
of
As
ripen
ripe
latest trees,
the
for late
work
to
produce
The
prolong
laid down
are
there
thoroughly
i
The
cover.
as
February, these
watered,
67
November
on
available,remaining
and
POTS
started
are
onwards,
end
spot
in its
stored
retarded
are
the
under
and
pots
the
hand,
placed upright
are
crops
trees
March
ist
on
but
winter,
early
TREES
that
watering,
is
besides
which
readilytaken
because
so
planted
many
borders
in
the
advantage
of.
varieties
more
plunging
The
pot
then
can
affords
material
be
culture
grown
of
rooting
figsis
than
when
mendable
com-
the
first
a
early
large area.
St. John's, which
with
is practically
variety in pots can
compare
identical
with
is grown,
the other
need
Pingo de Mel (where one
not
be). To
follow
St. John's nothing will
Brown
White
The
Marseilles.
and
Turkey
surpass
later sorts
will follow
these, such as BourjasotteGrise, BourjasotteNoire, Negro
Largo, Violette Sepor, Nehian, and D'Agen, the last-named
being the latest fig
White
The
Ischia,
quite a miniature
fig,is well worth growing in pots ;
grown.
it is most
and
of delicious
flavour.
prolific
The
Allied
Fruits.
All
these
be
treated
Orange,
Lemon, and
may
trees
are
forcing
and
trained
For
over
no
alike,
and
it
nectarine, and
may
other
rubble
be
taken
that
trees, will
soil
recommended
for
instances,except
such
that
as
more
peach,
lime
tion
deplored that the cultivauseful
of these
and ornamental
n
on-existent
is
in
trees
practically
fruiting
In no
this country.
cool
and
difficult
in
to
houses,
sense
are
they
they
grow
well fruited.
the
Continent
in
when
On
are
always admired
they are grown
firm potting
tubs of excessive
These
soil
size.
if
is
not
used,
are
good
necessary
taken
not
to
care
practised,and
neglect the watering.
Being evergreens
they
will
bear
much
for the
not
same
reason
only
dryness at the roots, while
occasional
Just the
Scarcely any pruning is needed.
repotting is advisable.
The
be checked
rob the weaker
that they do not
ones.
so
strong shoots should
be
insect
of
these
is
the
can
trees
easily
scale,which, however,
greatest
enemy
with
the XL-All
kept down
plant wash or insecticide,not the vaporizer.
Cardinal
Nectarines.
(Rivers') is beyond question the best first early
varietyfor pot culture, either for first earlyforcing or for ripening naturally. It
with
recommended
is not
a
properly
by the raisers for planting out-of-doors
;
under
trained
it safe to
tree
plant as a
prepared border, however, I consider
exactly similar
Napier under
glass. It is fullytwenty days earlier than Lord
of culture.
conditions
The
fruits "set"
by
freely,and their colour is denoted
It
is
later.
Rivers
about
ten
succeeds
the name.
Early
days
Cardinal, being
reliable
It
fruit
when
is
most
larger
ripe, and altogetheran excellent variety.
a
Advance
the
and
two
trees
started at the new
Lord
:
when
are
Napier
year.
or
mortar
should
the
be
added.
It is much
to
be
68
THE
first-rate varieties,the
former
GARDEN
FRUIT
the
better
of
known
the
two
if I
but
had
choose
I should
between
them
Dryden,
prefer the latter for pot culture.
Goldoni, Rivers'
Byron, Improved Downton,
Orange, Pine- Apple, Humboldt,
and
of
all of proved excellence
Newton, Spenser,Victoria,and Albert Victor,are
last-named
late
varieties.
the best
good quality; the two
are
reliable a peach for early
Until
Peaches.
had
have
not
so
recently,we
I am
convinced,
Nectarines
but
is among
now
forcing in pots as Cardinal
;
to
after
seasons'
two
It
ripens
in that
June
as
which
the
on
follows
whole
does
Rivers'
this,but
behind
days
is still
what
of
York).
infinitelybetter
Duchess
is
it
but
June,
freely,and,
sets
cropper,
Amsden
duced,
intro-
been
has
respect
favour, it
in its
more
is
in any sense
of the term.
Waterloo, Alexander, and Amsden
dropper
still be grown
if the trees
allowed
burst into growth
to
naturally,
are
HaWs
Duchess
succession
of Cornwall
I prefer to depend upon
to
Early,
can
but
of
after
this
(formerly called
Cornwall
"
bud
in
acquisition
an
days perhaps
it is a reliable
"
not
few
trial,that
variety Duchess
viz.,the
Then
it.
its buds
drop
not
have
we
is
better
well-known
such
Mignonne
Grosse
Early
much.
so
which
Early York,
only
is
cropper,
Dr.
as
few
Hogg, Crimson
Sea
Eagle, The
latest,
sorts
These
Plums.
culture
The
Not
did
earliest
and
latter
be
of
the
it
may
maintained
possible to
all of
which
forces
better
than
quality
these
plums
are
excellent
when
the
adaptabilityof
such
satisfactoryand
forced
be
can
middle
the
of
difficulty.The
best
as
the
easilyas
the
onwards,
May
for
plum
reliable
forcing
we
to
pot
results.
nectarine,
succession
find
to
be
and
Kirke's,
Jefferson,
recognised good quality. Early Prolificalso
Claude
and
of
earliest
planted
invaluable
an
from
any
Reine
mildew.)
to
obtain
varieties
for dessert
without
are
all liable
actuallytested
best dessert
ripe
being
at
I had
until
believe
had
not
are
Comte
du
of all
to
Hathem,
ripen
out-of-doors.
adjunct
to
as
pot
During
the
For
dessert.
plum
the
it is also
London
fruiting
of
season
in
pots
and
the
protection
Cherries.
reliable
were
now
data
best
that
to
birds
starting
work
adapted
the
from
In
to
earliest
and
to
insect
grow
hence
pests.
cherries
had
in
pots
find
for
forcing
we
we
by practice
After
several
have
seasons
we
object in view.
dessert cherry to ripen is Guigne d'Annonay, a black
upon,
the
to
out
which
had
no
sorts
proved
variety
SSti^
TYPICAL
POT
PEAR
TREE.
TREES
FRUIT
of
medium
size
earlier
than
varieties
fruits
the
fruit,
then
are
All
Schmidt,
de
and
Florence,
in
fruits
these
in
are
in
as
Duke
enable
possess
fertilise
to
one
Pears.
is
pots
These
the
do
is
of
not
enter
the
less
varieties
extensively
so
of
for
growing
the
as
of
any
varieties
recommended
varieties,
such,
of Tompkin's
King
Alexander,
not
and
desirable.
in
for
the
other
sorts,
pots
most
mental.
orna-
earliest
following
The
Glou
s,
fruits
pot
The
d'Automme,
Thompson
respect.
and
grown.
well.
keep
Fondante
of Jersey,
Bonne
are
Superjin,
Beurri
Morceau,
Doyenne
du
Durondeau.
of
case
instance,
County,
in
will
that
be
of
alone,
of
category
useful
very
should
sorts
those
satisfactory
Duchess,
As
nevertheless,
are,
dessert
the
as
Louise
Fienne,
Apples.
of
desirable
being
as
de
best
so
Pitmaston
Cornice,
are
the
not
are
Triomphe
They
preceding.
the
Only
The
purpose
this
in
degs.
45
abundance
the
that
favoured
into
to
40
trees
weather.
worst
account
on
of
the
when
from
very
clusively
con-
treatment
temperatures
that
range
have
same
the
means
in
worth
the
in
Francis,
cherries
of
I
This
given
will
houses
useful,
well
flowers
if
and
Bigarreau
Emperor
forcing
the
forced.
This
except
extremely
it
hard
difference
the
constant
in
Black
and
Guben,
de
the
order
in
next
attempted,
not
latest.
the
noted,
fail
peaches.
of
Noir
for
be
not
much
as
temperature
in
flowers
be
must
and
be
should
practically
be
vines
should
cherry
the
pollen
will
of
night
Ventilation
May
trees
should
those
the
flower
Fahr.
to
There
peaches.
as
the
that
Cherries
and
is
forcing
Bigarreau
Mezel,
It
Hedelfinger.
de
proved.
de
if
even
Napolion,
Monstrueux
otherwise),
(or
pots
Giant
included
be
Rivers
glass,
d'Orlians,
is
it
size
under
fruits
Belle
Bigarreau^
two
Early
naturally
outdoor
these
regards
flavour.
rich
days
ten
of
Bigarreau
Elton,
earliest
the
Early
should
added
following
Noir
of
flower
to
ripens
:
As
forcing.
and
juicy,
than
Frogmore
these
or
it
Rivers
Early
for
allowed
are
earlier
days
productiveness
reliable
very
trees
Wood^
Tartarian.
the
the
69
POTS
Schreken
more
black,
if
few
Governor
come
the
intensely
and
quality
de
former
splendidly
in
comes
excellent
of
Bigarreau
find
w^e
grand
and
either
IN
as
Mother
look
it
pears,
Ribston
is
better
Pippin,
Cox's
The
large
Apple.
extremely
well
upon
to
only
grow
Orange
fruits
the
Pippin,
of
Peasgood's
trees,
but
choice
the
IVashington,
Nonesuch,
for
quality
CHAPTER
VIII
GOOSEBERRY
THE
By
GEORGE
BUNYARD
This
flourishes
thrives
best
tempered
feeders,
the
if
February,
of
or
stable
manure
greatly
and
cool
and
and
damaged
Pruning.
If
Bush
Gooseberry
of
{/) Cutting
below
to
three
the
at
in
the
and
out
beds
to
originate
each
branch.
with
three
eight
vigorous
two
The
branches
branches
bush
;
so
that
shoots
be
to
started
lines
The
of
habit
the
to
prune
berries
goose-
of
growth,
should
be
inwards,
upwards,
otherwise
the
splashed
in
be
soil
resulting
shoots
basin
them
bushes
trained
;
so
to
to
to
form
make
a
bush,
with
up
the
cut
to
the
encourage
from
as
all
remove
back
not
cate
indi-
year
the
in
and
with
pointing
spoilt by
should
formed.
ultimately
but
branches
naturally strong,
ened,
back
buds,
weeping
from
growths
may
by
up
planted
are
cut
varieties
growing
lower
or
bud
being
object
dotted
the
shoot
be
splashed
to
four
or
outwards
marked
each
the
buds,
good
four
in
ing
leav-
bush
figured
dis-
be
berries
may
the
forming
thus
outside
a
deep
asunder,
row,
one-year-old
{cross lines)
{m)
pruning
about
fifth
upright
of
branches.
apart
foot
rows
every
6 inches
its
prevent
buds
inserted
are
many
the
12
base,
inches
of
fruits
soil
is best
three
pointing
removed
the
form
to
to
lo
bud
it
to
say,
of
case
sketch)
the
soil
the
be
should
cuttings
rows,
if
in
part
upper
in
autumn
for
(as
firmly
Insert
from
cut
ened
short-
top
spines
and
inches
four
or
left
of
height
is
cutting
all eyes
long,
shoot,
joint, the
the
that
so
inches
shoots,
well-ripened
strong,
transversely
Christmas
before
Foeming
and
thus
the
gooseberries
Cutting
from
dry spring
surface
and
by
will
March
in
during
will
of
mulching
the
moist,
quality
planted
are
rains.
heavy
Raising
soils
keep
Neither
cracking.
bushes
and
them,
before
and
size
applied
will
summer
ground
the
manure,
ground
the
sandy
benefit
of
fish
refuse,
cow
the
to
When
gravelly
fresh
and
into
both
fruits.
the
in
add
fish
as
well
dug
gross
very
by applications
pig
guano,
which,
are
is
and
dews,
heavy
benefit
manures,
meat
but
air
the
where
nights,
will
and
soils,
garden
Gooseberries
strongest
and
if
cool
by
rains.
frequent
all
in
districts
in
three
to
and
shape
shoots,
Should
shoots
should
pruning
the
buds.
base,
regularly disposed
this
form
useless
enough
good
weather.
wet
the
be
will
again
branches,
the
first
the
few
ting
cut-
be
short-
may
be
FRUIT
THE
72
berries
are
and
fruitful,
very
if at
GARDEN
the
July pruning
the
at
fourth
every
This
crops.
fill
of
for
trellises
be
planted
picking, and
fruits
and
in
the
syringing
keeping
by
soil
or
all
for
early
where
the
September,
late
as
the
North,
held, at
These
some
feeding
except
few
the
at
the
removed.
are
walls,
which
berry
goose-
enormous
obtained
by
frequently
dry weather,
moist
by covering it with
low-growing herb, and
When
manure.
should
are
in
trees
the
chickweed
liberal
forms
pretty
situations
and
are
exhibited.
are
pal-
or
these
gathered as
appreciated.
shows
fruits
case
some.
trouble-
are
of
north
on
Midlands
the
either
much
then
In
in
are
few
warm
also
be
may
are
walls
or
ing
plant-
"-shaped,
(toasting-fork)trained
mette
to
for
"
Fan-trained,
is used
and
if birds
easilynetted
be
can
wonderful
training
trellises
wire
pinched
are
bear
walls
on
spaces
against
shoots
they
form
vacant
they
side
leaf
of
This
liquid
with
roots
fruits
developing,
are
the
best
method
of
shaped
ones
ever,
culture, how-
moderate-sized
far
removing
Portion
Branch
of
to
Pruning
OF
year's growths
and
forming
spurs,
with
or
side
cut
on
shoots
about
to
spurs
retained
years'
bearing
three-year-old wood
leave
this
branches
where
crowding
and
cut
to
shoot
when
worn
by
out
from
those
been
it
cut
out
cut
out
to
where
becomes
bearing,
in
{v)
be
the
crop
and
also.
thus
sion
succes-
[x) point
them
with
to
drooping
the
on
tie
less
are
prevent
and
safer.
are
shoots,
latter,and
in
may
wealcened
the
buds.
Where
favour
of
are
numerous,
spoil
the
shape
dry
weather
bullfinches
pruning
the
of
birds
the
will
is best
select
young
the
trees
the
bushes
Upright-
attacked
dressing
syringed on
milk
new
and
of
the
up
November
buds
the
March.
early in
varieties
branch
might
plan
good
prune
growing
sorts
in
cooking
bullfinches
destroy
able
desir-
shoot.
buds,
for
Where
injure and
trees, it is
March
nent
Enemies.
sparrows
those
them
state.
green
Bird
and
of
portion
readily settle
growth
often
afford
to
must
short
it is
base
that
(w)
in order
(y) point
;
out
promising
has
years' wood
spurred in,
been
wood
for
growth
following
in
inch
fruit
some
two
on
have
an
two
on
to
be
shoots
(u) points
where
bearing
continuation
side
some
Branches
{i) One
summer
Method
Show
than
the
as
birds
prickly
very
of soot, lime,
the
and
protect
sparrows
deferred
most
and
in
trees
often
until
promireduce
THE
GOOSEBERRY
THE
We
have
those
and
second
the
Lancashire
smaller
as
divide
to
these
into
classes.
twro
esteemed
berries,which
are
comprises the large,handsome
section
fruits.
GOOSEBERRIES
small
with
Prize
right time
it best
thought
contains
BEST
73
Gooseberries,which
they
rule, however,
Both
be
may
for
used
excellent
are
lack
the
berries
commonly
if
and
(2)
Point
Shoot
of
stopping
Bearing
Fkuit
about
at
Lancashire
become
The
the
in
the
very large.
fruits of other
whites,
purposes
greens,
of selection
fifth
winter
to
{d) Point
leaf ;
form
fruits
colours
are
than
red
yellows merge
they are placed according
dark
Glenton
rich,
sweet
Green
with
white
Green
hairs, oval
Early
or
to
the
the
(Stopped)
in
from
Leafless
summer
of
(c)
at
berries
will
classification,
as
for
SMALL-FRUITED
Fruits
Green
Hairy.
GrowiA
upright
and
free
great
bearer.
veined,
mottled
white
; skin
Gage
Ihin
flavour
first-class.
Fruit
(Veitch's), A.M.
1896.
deep
thin ; flavour first-rate ; profuse bearer.
Growth
ROSEBERY.
free, spreading ; fruit deep olive
skin thin ; flavour very good.
Langley
flavour
by thinning
remaining
difficult
their
the
the
another
one
at
of
Spur,
pinched
called
green,
rather
are
into
Green
Greengage
and
young
and
Fruit
where
laterals
winter
when
sorts
the
flavour
gathered
rich, sweet
purposes,
Growth
A
first section
superior
for dessert
distinct
cooking
The
for their
green,
green,
with
white
shaded,
veins
skin
slightly hairy
FRUIT
THE
74
GARDEN
Red
Dobson's
Seedling.
light red
shaded
Ironmonger.
rich, and
Keen's
but
Seedling.
for
Red
and
compact
blood
red,
red
resembles
prickly ; fruit
very
blood
deep
fruit
Rough.
bottling
SiXSVEKR.
flavour
fruit
; very
ton,
Warring-
bright red
nearly smooth
; flavour
brisk.
Scotch
good
Growth
prickly
; very
bearer.
enormous
hangs
Champagne.
and
moderate
flavour good ; an
Growth
upright
bottling.
larger, and
Red
rich
for
good
Growth
Fruits
Growth
Growth
; flavour
rich
compact
compact
free
; very
fruit
bearer;
and
hairy
red, shaded,
hairy
small
brisk.
and
bearer
great
blood
fruit deep
good.
Warrington
(Aston Red).
Growth
compact
very
in
supply
late
for
late ; flavour
brisk ; good
and
shaded
walls
on
or
spots.
Fruits
Yellow
Yellow.
Champagne
den
GolClosely resembles
Drop (which see).
Drop.
Golden
upright
Growth
almost
fruit
oval-
transparent,
ripe
shaped, hairy. When
amber
colour.
bright
a
The
earliest to ripen.
Golden
Lion.
upright
Growth
almost
round,
fruit
smooth,
Ball.
Growth
Four
Bush,
Years
Old
upright ; fruits
shaded
yellow and orange,
almost
small
bronze, very
but delicious; j/^^Vzsmooth.
from
Cutting
Yellow
(/)
Pruned
main
all side
branches,
growths
spurred
and
not
of
in
bush
to
;
two
buds,
Growth
[g] branches
Golden
Golden
with
deep golden
1897.
white
veins
skin
thin
flavour
White
Bright
very
sweet
Cheshire
when
Whitesmith
Venus.
and
Growth
upright
excellent
very
Sulphur.
upright
Drop.
free
; very
Gem.
bearer.
like
Fruit
F.C.C.
Fruits
fruit
almost
transparent
upright
when
ripe
flavour
rich.
Lass
(White 'Stiuxtx).Growth
fully ripe showing seeds ; flavour
(Velvet White, Eagle, White
rich
and
Eagle,
fruit white
when
skin
thin.
sweet
or
Snowdrop).
young,
6^row/^
parent
trans-
strong.
GOOSEBERRY
THE
upright, thorny
downy.
of
; one
Columbus
earhest
the
(American).
This
pick
to
LARGE-FRUITED
II.
Beauty.
Bobby.
red
drooping
of
gardens.
our
and
Fruits
free
fruit
and
large, pink,
very
shaded
with
deep
bearer.
Growth
drooping ;
rich, brisk ; early.
flavour
Crown
imR%\.
Growth
good
; a
Whitesmith
the
fruit large,
(LANCASHIRE)
Red
red
be
to
quite first-class
;flavour
green
proved
has
75
Bob.
Clayton.
fruit pale
brownish
be
Growth
largest
Growth
Can
flavour.
of the
one
thin
very
blood
red, often
and
skin,
purple, with
broad
of the
veins
late.
Companion.
(on trees) ;
Dan's
veins
with
keeps
Duke
of
strong,
dull
fruit
red
veins
paler
keeps
well
Growth
and
erect
skin
(on trees) ;
late
Sutherland.
thick
Growth
flavour
; late.
grey
Lord
Derby.
thin ;
Growth
flavour
Lad.
Lancashire
drooping
London.
Growth
awkward
An
Napoleon
great
compact,
favourite
the
best
arching,
for
fruit
prickly
market
Requires support
grower.
red.
Great.
the
of
one
handsome,
red
deep
both
; rather
fruit
red, shaded
ripe ; bushes
deep
green
and
tender
in low
situations
very
handsome,
purplish
large, deep
very
sweet.
very
smooth
light red, almost
;
be planted 5 feet apart.
can
fruit
bearer
great
thick.
Mistake.
skin
Growth
skin
Growth
moderate
free ;
cropper
fruit
good, flavour.
of
Regent.
Rifleman.
Growth
Growth
Wonderful.
Fruits
White
veins
green
Alma.
thin
skin
flavour
Careless.
white
free
Freedom.
; fruit
creamy
white
with
fruit blotched
snow-white
and
pale
handsome
green,
sweet.
Growth
and
blotches
very
gooseberry
largest white
the
excellent.
flavour
Growth
drooping,
Grow//^
Antagonist.
with
free
veins,
Growth
slender
handsome
good
;
; of
bearer
; fruit
iinestflavour.
great
the
fruit long,
green,
veined
large,
white,
white
creamy
early
; skin
with
thin; rich
swteXflavour.
King
large.
of
Trumps.
Growth
moderate
fruit
dull
greenish
white
early
and
76
FRUIT
THE
Pruning
and
Training
GARDEN
Cordon
Gooseberries.
GOOSEBERRY
GOOSEBERRY
BRIGHT
IRONMONGER
VENUS
(reduced).
(uduudj.
STANDARD
GOOSEBERRY.
THE
78
Stockwell.
white
slender
; a
GARDEN
mid-season
good
very
variety, bright
with
green
veins.
Telegraph.
late
Growth
FRUIT
skin
Growth
thin
Thumper.
upright
Growth
fruit
ohve
handsome,
very
veined
green,
white
excellent.
flavour
moderate
drooping
and
sometimes
handsome,
fruit
has
tint.
red
good
Other
George
sorts
are
British
Yellow
Criterion.
Growth
drooping
spreading
Growth
Lancelot,
Sir
Overall,
Fruits
Growth
Catherina.
Drill.
Diadem,
Cheerful,
Oak,
Surprise.
Brown,
;
a
yellow, almost
transparent.
creamy
fruit bright orange
yellow, of very good flavour.
oval
fine
golden
fruit, roundish
deep
; flavour
good.
Gunner.
Resembles
Sheriff^
High
;
of
bearer
skin
thin.
A.M.
A.M.
fruit
was
good
very
deep yellow
to
bronze,
with
1901.
given.
early gooseberry, hairy,
rich
orange
to
with
red.
yellow, lightly dotted
fruit,making
top prices in the
thick.
; skin
market
vigorous
pick green,
Growth
earliest
the
great
Gunner, to which
a
moderate;
Growth
flavoured
first-class.
flavour
Keepsake.
One
free, erect,
best
of the
one
COBHAM.
yellow
Growth
paler veins
as
Keepsake.
Very similar to, if not the same,
free ; fruit rich
of the
(Veitch's). (Growth
golden yellow ; one
and
flavour.
F.C.C.
finest for beauty
i8g6.
bearer
Growth
and
Leader.
upright, a great
moderate,
deep
orange
; fruit
brownish
flavour, very
large.
; of good
green
with
Growth
bearer
Leveller.
free, an
enormous
drooping and
; fruit primrose
and
veins ; flavour rich ; skin thin ; early.
blotches
pale orange
Growth
Rancliffe.
Lord
upright ; fruit handsome,
pale yellow.
rich
Growth
moderate
stalk ; very
Marigold.
deep orange,
paler near
; fruit
Berry's
Kent.
Beauty
Langley
flavour.
Ringer.
netted,
Stella.
Other
to
free
Growth
shaded
and
good
and
upright
Growth
drooping
and
sorts
are
very
gooseberry,
yellow,
Broom
Two
One.
GuAVA,
The
(see p. 215).
Lemon,
The
(seep. 205).
The
Loquat,
Mango,
The
This
is also
fruit is very
when
delicious
trees, budded
branches
the
on
require
surface
of
the
highly
esteemed
into
made
whitethorn,
fair amount
ground
when
(see p. 215).
(see p. 210).
MEDLAR
THE
the
brown.
for dessert
when
are
of
in
condition
proper
for game.
a
jelly,cheese,
will grow
very hardy, and
thinning, and a mulching
or
the
fruits
are
as
formed
sauce
will
anywhere.
of
rich
repay
manure
the
it
The
The
on
grower.
FRUITING
BRANCHES
OP
THE
MEDLAR.
MEDLAR
THE
Mention
should
There
also
but
are
made
be
of
beauty
the
of
varieties
recognised
three
79
medlar
the
when
tree
flower.
in
Dutch
has
This
Monstrous.
or
made
form
to
until
room
The
The
has
tree
Christmas
ripen
to
Royal.
The
fruits
of
rule
bears
they
this
smaller
leaves,
but
as
This
Nottingham.
are
then
are
not
brisk,
and
in
place
October
produces
and
flowers,
of
out
not
on
lawn
left
and
in
it
cool
large
than
as
the
of
those
produced
the
tree
is
Medlar,
of
upright
The
growth,
Japanese
be
fruit
the
Dutch
the
fruits,
well-flavoured
and
has
tree
former.
and
they
are
freely
the
may
esteemed.
much
so
crops
small,
foliage
is
gathered
are
better
quite
has
and
habit,
fruits
The
arbour.
an
weeping
large
very
fruit.
finest
both
branches
(see
p.
215).
and
foliage
are
very
thin.
CHAPTER
IX
MELON
THE
The
natural
and
gourd,
food
in
takes
its
the
and
to
of
melon
culture
very
melons
many
the
acute
form
were
and
must,
in
respect
well
it
the
Miller
written
a
of
question
their
am
day
present
it
against
too,
of
only
late
of
render
years
writing
fit
that
admitted,
does
in
the
more
from
be
not
his
as
for
the
Roses.
of
melons
time.
let
the
present
80
us
the
It
hope
has
cultivation
generation
there
market,
and
the
more
the
of
of
much
the
of
are
who,
table."
or
mischief
condemnation
so
as
unworthy
than
that
been
singular
complaint
the
in
scathing
is
value,
now
were
entirely
country
dunghill
until
There
regards
no
house,
melons
were
is
this
its
Gerarde
Queen's
but
supply
of
the
time
deserve
the
who
fruit
for
but
In
"
into
account,
that
III.,
of
those
by
"
sorts
remarking
value
no
size,
afraid,
many
Miller
existed
has
too
being
expense,
complaint
by
and
enlarge
to
of
find
we
produced
trouble
the
evil
the
that
long standing,
That
this
that
Edward
of
Wars
the
during
cucumber,
fact
the
endeavouring
of
the
time
the
as
and,
introduced
the
Topography
some
The
royal gardens.
at
in
Tartary,
of
been
it
seen
British
"
native
Gerarde's
the
to
In
melons.
water
from
had
but
Gough's
early
as
and
price
taken
under-
appreciated
extensively.
have
flavour
a
be
never
in
grown
low
so
greatly
to
restricted
himself,
in
supposed
1520,
almost
been
is stated
appears
is
a.d.
year
be
affords
superior
at
will
with
to
may
shops
fruit
covered
are
fruits,
melon
England
as
confirming
too
It
well
as
this
grown
in
the
have
to
James's.
common
in
is
be
to
England
in
cheaply,
is of
then
our
it is cultivated
where
districts
exotic
our
Italy
appears
not
lost,
of
more
Indies,
whole
It
conditions
melon
water
English gardeners
to
from
Britain
the
from
artificial
under
The
East
obtained
inclined
dry,
grown
food.
of
which
esteemed
most
it is sold
as
article
an
melon,
rather
melon
and
glass frames,
be
can
country
Egypt
known
several
had
and
Upper
as
this
and,
pleasant
and
as
variety
is
the
to
large quantities,
unheated
it
extent.
any
China,
Egypt,
parts
in
compared
wholesome
but
the
important,
most
or
Cantaloupe
is
the
cucumber,
the
country
Cantaloupe
the
as
the
far
by
The
Rome,
near
of
in
in
fruits,
is
this
in
indigenous.
juicy,
imported
summer
imported
its culture
like
is
melon
the
luxury
called
flesh
or
population
in
country
the
that
St.
It
industrial
our
this
The
of
is
so
melting
not
glass.
it
town
Continent.
the
under
to
from
but
article
includes
belongs
melon
the
which
to
and
fruits,
of
marrow,
an
where
country
name
hardness,
to
as
{Cucurbitaceie)
kinds
vegetable
the
considered
whether
plants
of
different
widely
embraces
on
order
THOMAS
OWEN
By
less
in
nounced
pro-
written,
melon,
gardeners,
that
I do
5
u
a:
SI
2;
materials
rather
pipes
water
ought
when
6
used
are
occupy
FRUIT
THE
82
to
is
than
more
used,
are
that
say
planted out
7 inches
or
Soil.
and
if the
the
better.
best compost
The
It is often
be
which
be
to
turf should
recommended
be
that
by
cut
or
be
to
are
plants
young
and
house,
within
trained.
old
from
cut
large enough.
the
pasture-land,
loam
the
the
of
is turf
of
inches
with
plants
culture
marly,
roof
be
allow
to
to
If hot-
foot.
will
feet wide
settled
when
less than
rather
of the
the
these
wide,
high enough
inches
for melon
is inclined
land
deep
18
soil
the
feet
within
feet
should
trellis upon
of the
The
bed
border
be
and
feet,and
the
to
deep
feet
3J
GARDEN
strong,
of
organic manure
(e.g.horse droppings, cow
best.
The
alone
in my
is
loam
is the
opinion,
a
mistake, as of all materials
from
in
view
is
build
free
to
a
object to keep
healthy,strong plant,
gross and
up
the strain of perfectinga
under
plant that will not give way
growth
a
sappy
and
If the turf, or
of loose
other
soil available,is poor
heavy crop of fruits.
texture,
manure
the
firm
then
I should
and
marl.
advise
fermenting material
by treading. On
and
and
warm,
turves,
this
fairlyfirm.
made
become
addition
width
the
loam
of
apart, composed
the
Whole
In
the
the
of
course
manure
pieces
three
lost
has
some
about
four
or
of
its
used
planted. If hot-water
pipes are
in the
bottom
of the
fermenting material, then
bricks
water
pipes, place broken
deeply enough
to
with
the
be
may
layer of
foundation
whole
the
about
possibleto
early season
the
roof
seed
one
seeds
fruits
ripe
the
and
layer of
the
hot-
forming the
easilypermeate
turf
will
pipes
rest
pipes, finishing
the
valves.
the
of
which
upon
cover
the
required
in
January.
are
ist
December,
20th
from
regulated by
If
heat
later than
the
be
if
order
fail
plants
time.
be
not
to
the
early spring,the
occasionally
early in the new
have
weather
When
the
fall
the
grower
exercised.
The
make
to
fruit
cut
to
best
at
to
way
this
raise
small
be
grow,
85 degs.
at
for the
70
degs.
plants,and
Fahr.
more
at
night,
economical
80
degs. when
it will
temperature
the
seedlings are seen
temperature
below
in the
65 degs. Fahr., even
of
first,
fallingto
this
at
but
be
must
pots
and
up
to
sure
ground,
temperature
it is better
be
were
will
of which
above
is
The
start.
to
enable
if it
appear
allowed
keep
minimum,
found
house.
to
to
must
vigilance
have
enough
temperature
some
ripe,and
and
warm
would
young
should
melons
care
accommodate
to
in
sometimes
bed,
the
have
seedlings I
(large enough
in
the
great
earliest
the
for
be
can
not
sown
The
plants
young
of
instead
heat
bottom
it is
the
and
bed,
place
this
upon
soil.
the
rankness,
bed
them
placed 2 feet
of a walnut,
days, when
for
cow
make
size
the
or
placed on
be
be
year
is a
of
of
Seedlings.
be
them
crocks
bed
the
should
sown
the
of the
Raising
seeds
broken
of
horse
small
into
quantity of
should
field,
the
bed,
small
turf
small
from
cut
as
of the
broken
of
of
the
remain
house
early morning
which
also, to
should
cover
be
the
THE
house
with
winter
The
mats.
is of
importance
the
young
which
ofF without
the
young
found
it
hot
bed
fresh
litter
second
first
added
enough
to
be
stay.
Etc.
other
stem
inserted
of the
of
half
to
stick
mounds
and
;
of soil
if found
raise
to
as
too
or
soil of the
them
from
the
little
deep
ing
disturb-
be
seedling plant should
the plants must
around
time
to
time
the
in
the
inserted
few
not
and
without
be
must
soil,wide
of
soil
roots
after
when
The
fork
must
enemy
intact,and
surface
ascertain
to
warm
depth, and
persistent
placed
small
have
in
heat
therein
the
leaves,I
replunge
to
cut
be
be
grow.
seed
its
little mounds
hillock.
be
When
bottom
the
in
the
injure it
to
not
as
plants, so
plants may
that
small
in the
bed
hole
and
possible to
should
to
the
to
larger pot,
it is
weaker
encouraged
light during
as
as
soon
the
in addition
seedlings should
be
than
firm,and
the
Make
washed,
As
stronger,
disturbed
the
tiny plant to
After
planting,the
lower
made
the
raise
to
the
roots.
inch
from
be
order
to
be
to
the
allow
to
the
ought
the
February
already prepared for them.
is green
if there
plantlets carefullyto see
the
this
moment
seedlings
appear,
young
Planting,
to
it
be
plants.
beds
the
allowed
be
in
transfer
in
week
in
the
advantage
this,however,
an
seedlingsis
two
often
melon
determine
of the
83
glass should
roof
to
MELON
the
days
should
temperature
soil beneath
has
heat
enough
fly and
be
three
flowers
blooms, preferablyon
For
to
of
the
fact
the
fruit,"say,
the
small
time
if
blooms
three
fruits
the
female
ones,
possible,as if one
the
are
fertilised,
it
patient waiting,
together.
almost
of
the
down.
the
soil
width
makes
whether
again
must
stopped
at
of
on
be given
stopped too
from
main
the
formed
third
or
not,
the
form
the
tying
short
stem
and
leaf, and
in
on
all
along
shoots
pinched
sub-lateral
as
long
as
the
the
press
and
of
same
little
open
mound
of
the
final
bed, and
.soilfirmly
stopping laterals,
first lateral
instance, the
be
then
formed,
are
ridge
set
more
any
By
small
filled the
the
flowers
four
or
foundation
for
;
should
the
so
fruits
of
form
to
have
roots
result.
will
crop
at
before
develop
three
secure
until
fertilised
be
to
light
to
the
the
which
turves
be
the
in
should
allowed
are
that
as
added
made
special attention
"
plant
are
soon
draw
here
may
as
a
commonly understood
good
and
four
the
varieties,
large growing
fruits
two
As
must
its appearance
fruit has
a
be
blooms
chances
be
of the
not
plant
or
must
Attention
latter
on
occasionallybe
must
more
addition
male
the
from
is
what
secure
always possible
is
Culture.
General
soil
to
inexperienced,
the
of
order
in
pollen
with
these
dty day.
information
that
fertilise
and
on,
free
the
early in
female
with
into
back
pressed
closing the
the
subsided,
from
plants
position. By keeping
will
be
and
the
house
rapid,
afternoon, progress
growths, do
plants will quickly reach the trellis. In securing the young
young
be
tie them
not
not
too
tightly. If very early fruits are desired,the plants must
and
lateral
will
shoots
as
possible
as
soon
secure
stopped ;
naturally push out,
the
at
the
which
lateral
fourth
results
growth
that
leaf
should
con-
THE
84
tinues.
It
foregoing
growths
avoided,
barren
safe
are
and
rules
when
branch
be
As
supported.
bought for
be
never
more
to
be
the
the
reached
and
is
be
useless,
with
of
crop
perfect
should
they
egg
small
of
piece
answers
hen's
out
new
must
trellis covered
mature
cut
of
size
at
a
triflingcost, or
purpose
fruit and
tied to the trellis
to
have
to
sufficient
overcrowding
fail
the
but
matter,
provide
to
not
the
this
in
time
same
should
article
which
net
can
raffia
strong
placed
well.
very
is
early crop of melons, which
should
be
therefore
planted
so
plants
heavy as
crops
;
If it is decided
recommended
than
the distance
for earlyones.
2 feet apart,
for the
the
plants with single stems, as advised
early crop, they should
grow
allowed
stems
to
uninterruptedly
planted 2^ feet apart, and the main
grow
have
we
been
have
they
laterals
will
selection
four
or
of
fruits
growing
plants in
trellis
to
known
and
covered
the
in
their
each
is
providethe
alone.
shoots
and
the
singlestem
from
crops
system
the
Canker.
melon
One
The
complaint
would
found,
the
will
sound
greatest
them
one
to
room
and
better
of
sources
can
is
of
to
at
kind,
any
to
safeguard against
form
at
of the
is
the
and
of
on
sometimes
first
The
season.
Where
so.
results
profitable
possible to
trouble
from
three
secure
good
and
few
at
stem
When
the
the
stem)
part.
as
and
helps
has
to
yet
be
partialremedy.
the
cut
is
laterals
think
to
cut
away
disease
by
produce
perceived (and
thing
disease
too
to
best
If the
to
canker
canker
the
not
leaf.
fourth
once
affected
is
(where
often
he
plant to be grown
produce a healthy and
This, in my
opinion, is
to
one.
gross
Another
its base
anxious
cure
but
ripen,
to
of
care
the
the
and
at
about
are
and
preventives
recommended
object being
on
fruits
perfect
of
cultivation
the
labour
the
the
in
the
soft
them
mark
the
the
excellent
and
two,
not
brother-gardeners;
this disease.
formed.
slightblack
putting it dry
safe
first I
stem
stop
base
wounds
a
the
on
out
his
suggest
that
preference
remain,
indication
point
can
that
one
more
this it is
by
doubt
of
usually
plants rather severelyafter
for plenty of young
growth
the
make
to
in
are
crops
prune
surface
that
two
or
whole
season.
greatest
well
do
of
in
laterals
cement,
manures
plant
reason
who
deserve
remembered
closelywhich
the
third
and
of the
man
best
be
without
let
and
cropping,
in
plants
same
found
house
same
months.
the
the
no
fact
planting one
the
is
is the liability
of the stem
to
collapsejust as
bitter
disappointment all the
blastingwith
often
It
of
There
many
them
from
i.e.
until
full crop
of three
method
of melon-
secure
system,
fruit
common
it is also
I have
fruits.
next
produce
to
extend
to
adopted it is necessary
been
gathered in order
has
crop
order
meanwhile
the
"
in this way,
grown
from
be obtained
three, crops may
but
the
is
second
good,
always
crop
this system
will
years
ago
extension
"
them
allowing
by
made
Many
as
In
trellis.
the
which
be
may
of
all of
be
should
plant.
house,
was
melons
best
that
was
limit
the
formed, nearly
the
later
are
reached
have
first
the
considering
later
until
to
object being
At
have
useful
most
the
under
crossways
far
So
The
rule
plants to develop
the
fruits
the
fast
grower
laterals ; endeavour
necessary
as
and
the
or
soon
the
health.
superfluous
healthy foliagethat will help
fruits.
hard
follow,
to
plants in
the
keep
to
make
impossible to
is
GARDEN
FRUIT
to
is
not
apply
the
first
is Portland
arrested
by
the
THE
successive
first,
the
with
a
what
if
Watering.
stable
or
stem
channel
otherwise
would
lightand
heat
increased
and
the
always
and
let
that
care
of the
the
fruits is
from
time
the
of
crop
fruits
the
should
plant
should
For
Shading.
of
canker,
from
or
will
consist
of
be
or
no
they
roots
85,
Crops.
to
from
materials
need
garden.
old, and
Where
cause,
is
should
be
crop
be
of
had
successional
small
the
not
air
at
as
markets,
crop
towards
available, I
only
and
be
cannot
ripe
be
are
are
to
Take
appearance
will
time
any
is available
the
second
the
middle
more
limited
others
two
or
three
for the
and
extent
in
are,
for
the
end
the
end
melons
In
are
the
of
the
Channel
extensively
market
middle
of
this
summer,
one
soil.
other
country,
when
and
the
The
fresh
The
old
in
the
to
the
third
Where
plants from
where
the
English
are
only
they
generally as a
for
but
old
Melons
young
then
is
crop
ways
October.
grown
of
I have
all the
Islands,
believe,fairlyremunerative
in
as
of November.
prefer planting
leaves are
developed.
favourable,
as
as
out
and
in
culture
anticipate
in
attack
an
season,
clear
manure
out
Crop.
Market
late
so
to
valuable
in
the
mum
mini-
house
of
consequence
be given.
is better
had
but
the
to
much
time.
any
fresh
ample
be
closingthe
when
the
necessary
is
will
in
it
in
be
advances,
at
never
house
one
results
fairlygood qualityeven
Melon
between
fruits
cut.
ventilation
three
similarlybefore
soil
conditions
grown
given
distinguished
mentioned
treatment
in
way
should
shade
only
best
manure
new
houses
other
be
off the
summer
degs.
the
pots, when
The
the
secure
of fruits should
can
are
ripening
ripening
them
before
treatment
give
obtain
to
the
treat
the
must
The
one
melon,
quite possible
good crops
to
mentioned, but to accomplish this it is necessary
planting-time by having good-sized,strong plants ready as soon
materials
from
fruits
the
much
before
and
and
one,
water
during
ventilation
the
as
90
or
stems
When
have
crops
necessary
cool
to
or
other
it is
cleared,
fairlydry
manure
broken
ripe ; top
are
require much
not
the
some
Successional
the
the
effectual
until
given
are
front
subjected
do
Unless
As
subsequent
degs.,maximum
Melons
afternoon.
the
they
little
until
set
be
not
60
be
melons,
are
when
as
Ventilation.
and
earliest
of the
growth
impaired.
Temperatures
case
preserved,
are
the
of the temperature
an
showing
are
stalks
than
become
to
it be
be
of
extension
fully developed
cases
is better
case,
border
are
and
the
extreme
sets
for sap
be
cow
in
This
be
occasionally,and
alternatelywhile
the
an
as
sometimes
failure.
utter
they
house
perfect
so
With
plants must
the
of
not
of
disappointment
melon
is left in the
which,
crop
85
be given until
applicationsmust
almost
consist
entirely of cement.
will
stem
MELON
scarcely any
the
fire heat
is
86
FRUIT
THE
and
required to develop
important
handsome,
appearance,
for this purpose
do
there
culture
in
there
houses,
favourably placed,whose
melons.
own
This
months
summer
possesses
grower
of
the
size
the
If
necessary.
the
beyond
3 feet.
or
if
in
litter
as
stable
the
bed
soil put
leaf soil
are
allow
pots
leave
to
them
frame
good
with
sun
should
be
knows
how
high
afternoon,
a
of
quarter
registered,a
the
secure
made
little air
cultivator
the
to
about
will
heat
the
General
when
an
so
during
of
the
same
the
soil
be
must
the
must
be
know
desired, but
frame
until
in
the
light.
plunged in
be
for
necessary
and
day to
night
out
atmosphere,
or
be
must
frame
After
time
close
to
experience
few
is
leaves
the
small
given
to
80
sides
the
look
than
the
85
or
of the
grower
in the
is closed
corner
each
close
but
rise
may
four
of
surface,and
the
in
wide,
of each
Until, by experience,
after
feet
pots
come
heat
it,
upon
for beds
centre
placed in a convenient
is closed, and
if more
this
placed
three
plants, border
become
proper
be
have
they
before,
as
dimensions
confined
it must
the
will
little air
that
readmitted.
the
out
week
hours
(not otherwise),
tepid water.
will
of
frame,
frame
together
put
of
the
It
the
as
warm
so
the
and
these
firmly.
closing,the
temperature
of
extend
if for
recommended
frame.
When
and
bed
as
of
be
opened
and
2|
material,
fresh
leaves,
course
of soil in the
intact
kept
afternoon,
after
be,
the
with
should
middle
back
plants.
is sunny
soon
then
the
material
better
two
their
would-be
the
high
about
thumb-pot,
the
at
in
frame
mound
corner
the
the
permanent
the
the
across
be
the
thermometer
hour
be
small
Before
the
the
small
syringed with
frame
doing
feet
in
hot,
completed,
must
the
in
heat.
make
young
weather
time
grow
that
all
5
and
They
planting press
if the
in
degs.
in
out.
in
morning
to
turf
in
any
the
to
to
suppose
be
escape
becomes
little air
of
escape
fatal
prove
two
sown,
the
might
plant
in
previously placed
time
some
gases
it
this will
the
laid
of
round,
ferment,
to
is
the
The
heavy-
able
stableyard,mixed
should
do
by itself),
will
litter
and
necessary
will
it should
the
noxious
the
Immediately
given.
method
the
all
feet
from
put
when,
let
to
over
be
delighted to
be
is finished
large heap
of
Golden
than
or
least
at
bed
(if not,
temporarily
be
for
ordinary
obtainable
turned
the
and
frame
frame
varieties
better
most
are
Lockinge.
quite possible,and
and
simple. We
easy
only
consisting of
would
owners
one,
When
of
reliable
are
the
which
only
is
is
of
of
one
those
grow
which
know
not
Hero
Frames.
three
are
this connection
to
the
generally,I suppose
Taking
country
melon
for
gardens possessing ample accommodation
of
small
if
not
so
not
are
hundreds,
gardens,
scores,
Cold
in
is
netted, and
well
golden
and
croppers,
mind
in
bear
to
In
fruits.
the
mature
considerations
GARDEN
at
this
85 degs. are
days' close
observation
the
in
frame
obtained,
reference
order
must
to
be
thermometer.
Culture.
six
inches
The
young
high they
must
plants
be
will
make
stopped,
so
rapid
that
and
progress,
each
plant will
TYPICAL
NETTED
MELON.
THE
88
Gilbert's
Victory
Middlesex
FRUIT
Bath.
of
Hero.
An
fruit
GARDEN
variety
old
of sterling merit.
of
the
size, and
highest
medium
of
and
quality
flavour.
Dickson's
certainly
Exquisite.
of
one
E.\rl's
as
the
scarlet
In
varieties.
attractive
is the
appearance
these
firm
also
skin
white
FrOGMORE
Orange.
free
Hero
The
cropper,
Lockinge.
of
Countess.
It is
The
Lady.
legitimately
of
of
This
has
the
Well
will
of
serious
in
scarlet
the
advantage
disless
its much
colour, contrasting
green
white-flesh
earliest
the
it is
as
the
particularly.
varieties
of
one
of
unlike
the
handsome
most
is
not
condition
good
bright
yellow.
known
it deserves
as
to
quickly.
pink
in
well
so
matures
sorts.
Skin
best.
preceding.
the
and
green
and
popular
most
Not
white-fleshed
keep
is,
refreshing
of
flavour.
best.
tinge
medium
of
an
early variety this
exquisite flavour, and
among
that
than
Varieties
one
one
the
from
dull
and
that
as
netted.
luscious
more
suffers
scarlet,
As
melon,
classed
is
Still
Early.
small
melon
of
delicious
of
One
Davenham
be.
This
and
and
cropper,
Densely
sweet
so
satisfying
or
is
and
not
and
White-Flesh
melons,
free
flavour.
richer
generally
of the
golden appearance
prettilynetted.
the
small,
excellent
but
green-flesh
the
of
be
to
varieties,
so
the
with
the
are
variety
consider
flesh
respect,
compared
unfavourablywith
of
somewhat
named,
known.
new
white-flesh
or
one
as
Most
melon
neither
white,
promising
green-flesh
the
is well
melons
flavoured
Favourite.
The
either
This
best
the
in
It
the
for
the
still
but
flesh,
is of
long
time
be
may
flavour.
sweetest
Of
it is
after
ripe.
netted.
Queen.
British
and
best
Royal
for
good
This
Sovereign.
exhibition
or
also
has
faint
for
primrose
large, handsome
market
of
Syon.
variety
of
well
in
green
netted.
of
melon,
Award
purposes.
Scarlet-Flesh
Beauty
of
tinge
colour,
Rich
handsome.
most
the
delicious
of
Merit
flesh.
is
It
F.C.C.,
R.H.S.
flavour,
of
one
heavy
the
cropper,
R.H.S.
Varieties
medium
size, pleasing
and
appearance,
excellent
flavour.
Blenheim
Frogmore
flesh, of rich
GUNTON
Scarlet
the
Orange.
Still
flavour.
Scarlet.
Premier.
one
of the
handsome
Densely
netted.
Scarlet.
variety
new
very
well-known
of
in
best
melon
of
all
oval
respects.
with
shape,
deep
very
solid
promise.
general
favourite.
It
medium
size,
is without
doubt
among
best.
Read's
Scarlet
Flesh.
An
old
variety
of
way.
Monstera
deliciosa
(see
p.
214).
and
excellent
in
every
MULBERRY
THE
MULBERRY
THE
This
fruit
be
can
is
grown
trees
important
and
assistance
one
The
are
form
trees
the
the
fruits
the
are
also
fruit
of
best
weeping
a
and
full
and
After
pruned
shapely,
to
not
very
is
cut
after
of
into
is
it
much
damp,
kept
being
become
length,
suffers
tree
stem,
transplanting
in
their
roots
planting.
split
as
pleasant
damaged
or
the
as
up
great
for
form
handsome
developing
becomes
in
large,
and
as
variety
Russian
flavour.
the
is
variety
being
The
black
has
the
side
It
mulberry,
small
black
usual
closely
ripens
mulberry
the
fruits
mulberry
so
white
which
to
the
plant
to
prevents
mown
from
as
favourable
Under
is
but
appear,
the
pruned
house.
too
holes
districts
shoots
delicious.
is
not
fall.
the
cold
orchard
the
and
grass
they
flat,
large
and
frost,
grows.
trained
bush
pot
by
In
tree
walls,
south
bruising
The
garden.
size,
mulberry
the
naturally
trees
often
grass-land,
upon
ripe
hardy
upon
and
October.
and
are
soon
spurs,
after
year
covered
grown
conditions
round
Britain,
of
parts
heads.
stems
be
can
the
northern
the
open
good
carrot-like
placed
the
years,
branched
these
first
the
of
weather
in
except
in
trees
fleshy
dry
hay-band
the
two
or
round
In
for
the
out
them.
and,
purchased
be
can
lay
to
shorten
removal,
appreciated,
standard
upon
Mulberry
or
much
BUNYARD
GEORGE
By
it
89
August
ripen
to
is
mulberry
in
less
July,
CHAPTER
THE
GEORGE
By
Cob
filberts
and
nuts
received
When
tree.
require
from
NUT
Leader
shortened
shoot
(d)
side
down
above
to
Stem
beneath
12
to
the
be
15
bush
shoot
in
on
spur
to
lateral
or
long
to
summer
pruning
spur
inches
may
to
shortened
[k)
more
blossom
This
side
to
shoot
that
buds
in
shortened
the
stem
is
readily
tilled
catkins
[i] wood
provided
and
broken
with
flower
having
buds
been
kept
base
to
shoot
lower
has
bud,
wood
from
produced
in
energies
( /)
other
any
small
head
fruit
upon
Nut
shoot
catkins,
secure
have
trees
catkins
(c)
than
cutting
Cob
of
with
in
concentrate
high.
be
bud
spurred
wood
point,
pruned
Branch
pruned
two-year-old
these
nursery
wood
closely
and
pruning
more
the
PsuNED
(a)
BUNYARD
been
side
bud
broken
[e] one-year-old
down
at
{d)
wood
in
base
summer
(g)
shoots
buds.
in
order
free
from
that
the
weeds.
ground
They
TT-W
0^
:5
-J
?-J
:^
THE
are
planted
are
pruned
of
received, and
as
closely,to
the
future
shoot
is
basin-shaped
started
seen
these, spurs
trees
top, but
main
six
fruit
ones
broken
are
flower
sticks
The
catkins
and
should
long enough
female
warm
branches
with
the
feet
20
bent
in
from
which
for
summer
If
the
of
the
the
across
portion
produced,
are
have
branches
to
15
in
Kent
the
packing
bert
fil-
and
early
as
of
the
to
remain
tiny
crimson
the
on
weather
is advisable
stick
be
trees
produced.
are
From
out
old
minal
ter-
time
for
produced
are
When
boughs.
and
it
still,
will
shoots
taken
sold
cob
allowed
which
they
nuts
the
of
course
main
shoots
tion
founda-
that
so
in
shaped
twelve
which
ground.
are
parts
upper
be
form
cut
the
season.
the
fertilise the
to
flowers,
smaller
very
the
the
on
best
the
year
form
reserved
or
freely produced
are
February
one
to
remaining
either
next
of
old
annual
these
the
and
soft fruit of
nuts
boughs,
winter
for
grow
The
to
years
from
the
basket-making,
male
result.
given off,on
strong
of
to
out
100
of
out,
or
the
pack
the
in
allowed
back
cut
feet
Some
will
are
5|
number
when
91
vigorous shoots
annual
the
pruning, make
bud
pointing outwards
;
the
shoots
than
wands.
throw
from
shoots
managed,
more
being
branches
short
boughs
autumn
as
with
or
not
called
are
to
of
after
them
At
tree.
produced
head
well
are
make
NUT
is
to
tap
disperse
to
the
pollen.
At
the
winter
the
pruning
are
spurs
Growths
shortened.
In
and
following
natural
free
the
admission
July
being all
ripening
that
the
away
knife.
A
fresh
are
upper
this benefits
required);
It is found
wood.
bush
also.
and
At
careful
young
that
so
future
is
be
the
thus
severed
plants.
in
fresh
one
never
with
seen
a
better
In
pruning
will
old
buds
short
be
not
base
and
cut
in
winter
bud
bearing
in winter
to
shoot,
broken
and
succeed
trees.
sharp spade,
and
below
gross
ends
summer
the
broken
when
it
the
third
for
Suckers
if well
so
that
twig
next
from
rooted
are
fracture
be
may
and
there
off the
allows
would
should
shoots
is
may
thumb
assists in
which
with
an
be
sharp
abundance
signs
year's fruiting:
the
cut
surface
severed
shows
bud
from
line.
cross
central
in
down
(/) shoot
nuts,
or
shortened
above
to
always proceed
trees
shall
in
the
than
value.
no
the
need
blossom
formation
the
winter
pruner
wood
of
(/)
that
summer,
from
Closely
Winter
if time
the
on
exude, preventing
the
cut
or
the
to
sap
weaken
off
among
foliage is larger on
August,
or
shoots
twigs
sun
away
stronger
cuts
and
trees.
In
of
air
The
branches.
pruned
of
Shoot
in
summer;
spur
winter
in
the
Spurred
stronger growths
thinned, leaving the tree
all sides, allowing
regularly balanced
on
back
cut
from
Old
roots
should
be
reserved
of
age
he
worn-out
be
to
hoed
make
THE
92
Kent
is noted
of
system
for
pruning
FRUIT
its fine
and
nuts,
is carried
GARDEN
only
in
because
Where
out.
the
that
trees
naturally
and
small, and
county
wildly
the
treatment,
the
respond
and
to
grow
nuts
is almost
crop
They
vigorous
allowed
are
to
well
are
less.
worthliberal
for
repay
well
as
manuring
occasionally
pruner's labour.
as
for the
Filberts
White
The
nuts
of
are
richly flavoured.
soils,and a shy
The
red,
Shoot
from
i) From
blossom
handsome
shoots
short
mere
to
Duke
bearing
and
from
need
wood
nuts
shortened
; the
large
It is very
Hundreds
nut.
soils.
in
bunch.
It
is most
igoi.
and
This
threes
; of
is
is
hardy,
wide,
and
of tons
Bergem.
short
the
best
bearers.
handsome
very
and
large.
are
with
nut
are
very
thick
shell, and
usually
F.C.C.
is the
flat and
be
nuts
of
One
bunches
flavour.
This
rather
may
are
excellent
Lambert's.
or
husk
Nuts
being
winter
at
The
Cob
Kentish
very
fruits
Cob
(n)
which
buds
be
not
Edinburgh.
of
in twos
the
produced
is
variety, which
bunched
twelve
green.
This
Bud
buds
stubby
twigs
pruning.
short
skin
the
Shortened
Wood
damp
variety
a
shy
is quite
Frizzled.
or
has
very
flavour, but
fresh
Prolific
Growths
rich
very
When
often
in
the
very
is tender
Skinned.
is of
bearer.
but
It
The
shape, small
bearer.
Red
which
Kentish.
or
oval
grown
in Kent.
grown
with
in
thin shell and
borne
nuts
a
variety with roundish
very
flavour, and a free cropper.
thick
shell ;
round
with
Merveille
Bollwyller.
The
de
a
largest variety ; nut
flavour
A very
excellent
in a bunch.
two
nuts
sturdy grower.
; usually
Prize.
Webb's
This
is a variety of the Kentish
Cob, and generally produces larger
COSFORD
Cob.
of six
bunches
; of
excellent
and
handsome
more
bunches
than
the
Nut
latter.
similar
very
the
husk
is rather
longer.
Prolific.
Pearson's
Very
similar
to
Cob.
Cosford
WALNUTS
Walnut
climate
is
too
used
for
is
try and
to
of
trees
supplied from
good size,which
nurseries.
cold
to
pickling.
pass
For
The
ripen
this
strong
bear
walnut
the
nuts,
purpose
needle
well
will
these
the
in
grow
through
be
can
shell
from
eight
in all kinds
them.
not
On
of
in
picked
should
to
be
the
twelve
years,
soil ; where
a
green
hard ; a
Continent
state
good
are
the
and
test
walnuts
NUT
THE
93
are
washed,
they
and
keep
then
better
put
on
the
than
This
sulphur.
with
kiln
English
kills
the
and
germ,
thus
nuts.
W-COB-NUT
(o)
Terminal
it
The
is
is
very
be
warm
one
it
filling
variety
depended
walnut
French
large
summer
English
always
cannot
for
pruned
thin-shelled
The
nut
long
does
PRUNING,
after
catkins
bearing
growths
left
seed
TKEE
vacant
is
other
FOUR
growths
or
space,
YEARS
the
good
in,
spurred
are
furnishing
considered
OLD
though
some
with
branches.
tree
but
one,
as
this
be
may
is
raised
from
upon.
succeeds
not
in
ripen
well,
the
parts
warmer
and
the
edible
large.
Orange,
The
(see
p.
205).
of
part
England,
is
only
but
half
unless
formed.
the
The
XI
CHAPTER
THE
PEACH
AND
OWEN
By
Of
and
all
British-grown
the
nectarine.
fruits
The
History.
it
not
to
in
peach,
account,
time
we
be
may
he
the
introducing
and
I
the
House.
trees
first
The
which
be
can
earliest
the
kept
hearly
in
warm
of
roof
the
by
with
trellis
(upon
the
trellis
at
roof
light
is utilised
all
half-way
day.
up
and
the
uniform
for
The
the
in
of
In
this
at
better
trained)
of
feet
below
fruit,
favoured
case
are
by
the
the
which
the
angle
know
finer
Two
are
By
the
drum
planted
been
easily
that
One
is
the
fixing
to
all
method
to
are
grown
of
way
the
Flat-
and
be
can
methods
this
house
more
degs.
45
fruit
fully exposed
is
is
have
forcing
of
important
roof.
is
form
of
the
garden
for
It
is
regulated
be
and
practised.
many,
trees
which
in
does,
ones.
parts
in
must
and
crops
two
out-of-doors.
This
an
peaches
mystery,
recommend
wall.
honour
house
one.
about
country
position
structure
house
steeply pitched
the
would
back
pitch,
are
plan,
other
high
Good
production
roof.
the
trees
distance
the
of
certainly
but
certainty
which
steep
span-roofed
as
avoided.
houses,
ease
the
have
be
to
are
greater
reason
should
house
in flat-roofed
grown
light
the
span-roofed
three-quarter
much
as
winter
roofs
pitched
is
of
that
this
at
as
the
into
peach
on
is
VIII.,
practical.
walls
favourable
most
house
the
second,
524,
had
more
of
consider
to
size
The
the
little
be
considerable
in
to
and,
the
The
it.
to
required.
crops
of
admits
and
work
1557
year
Henry
1
year
have
may
involved
From
Whichever
country.
cultivation
out)
the
by
yellow
can
of
posed
sup-
record.
the
there
reign
in
1562,
the
in
red,
the
whoever
our
the
thing
grown,
given
supplies
the
by
be
to
are
of
planted
peach
of
part
and
points
are
subject
trees
and
peach,
historical
the
glass (the
The
the
white
that
is
but
sorts."
other
many
as
tree
and
peach,
published
early
certain,
authentic
fruits
as
from
year
no
red
king's gardener,
the
England,
divide
to
propose
first, under
into
it
from
pass
we
England
apricot
of
home
garden,
peaches
into
the
the
with
history.
for
peach
the
have
we
of
interesting
The
peach,
list
mentions
who
brought
native
my
the
Italy, by Wolf,
from
find
white
in
in
introduced
was
probably
and
of
it
that
introduced
peach
the
known
not
before
England
than
and
is
Persia.
of
in
the
it
ancient
very
indigenous
native
all
them
finding
Tusser,
Thomas
doubt
have
and
is
first
was
describes
"
of
esteemed
more
are
any,
it
cultivated
it
1597,
adding,
be
to
been
whence
Gerarde,
by
believed
have
and
whom
this
country
generally
is
boasts
which
to
GLASS
THOMAS
if
few,
peach
the
Although
UNDER
NECTARINE
sun
fix
the
and
trellis, reaching
against
the
back
THE
wall,
and
trees,
planted
trained
obstruct
the
obtain
to
in
the
house,
same
of
succession
devoted
a
considerations
are
with
force
greater
the
with
case
its way
glazed ; and
cultivator
the
to
regard
into
the
this
leads
fitted
badly
front
that
and
winter
to
in
to
me
early
plan
greater
number
of
furnish
to
to
does
ties
varie-
it.
A
longer
planting early,
by
attention
have
been
fact
that
beneath
the
remark
of
at
loss
Another
and
house
ever
in
worth
point
in
the
winter
cold
air
carefully
so
caused
by
noting
is the
fact
scarcelyever
now
is particularly
fuel
waste
ventilation
Top
forcing.
the
be
panes,
is
this
for months
together in
all,for generallytoo much
the
early spring
builder, and
ventilation
spring
required
the
to
admitted
winter
by good
spring, by
and
should
be regulated,becomes
of paramount
fixed
should
be
which
possible,ventilators
open
that
the panels can
always be opened on the side opposite to
In this way
is blowing.
air can
be admitted
which
the wind
without
the
at
cold
be provided
time
causing violent
draughts. Means, of course, must
same
It is only as
of plenty of air during summer.
for the admittance
regards the
of it in winter
and
cautious
to
early spring that I have felt called upon
use
give
with
force
of
and
this
other
fruit
word
to
equal
trees
warning,
warning applies
a
which
alone
and
fruit
than
and
ventilators.
air in winter
cultivators
is the
not
houses
warped
former
and
thought
not
cultivator
the
house
same
order
the
question by enterprising
builders,that
building of glass-housesfor fruit-growing purposes
guided by their experience and follow their advice.
bearing on the subject which
appeal more
directly
notice
point I would
ventilators
the
are
spring
finds
the
much
so
required
in
of
set
horticultural
first
The
and
from
years
low
enables
which
growing
are
another
the
be
than
better
Still,there
and
late
this
study of
contemplating
do
cannot
Of
the
to
cultivator
had
be
may
late varieties.
Ventilation.
trees
more
This
wall,
of
and
hip-roof,
wall.
back
opportunity
the
95
kept purposely
back
the
from
fruit
and
mid-season,
the
on
as
of
apex
trellis,
are
those
of fruits
a
crop
it also affords an
and
not,
from
light
the
as
low-front
the
on
far
as
up
NECTARINE
AND
PEACH
means
importance, and
either
at
side, so
as
well
to
the
as
that
say
peach
should
ends
should
face
face
due
all
out
be
must
again
that
to
the
of
taken
exception,
an
admit
sunny
little front
air for
and
summer
producing peaches
south
the early lean-to
houses,
;
mean
short
much.
too
temperature
not
when
morning,
warm,
I do
and
the
time,
Span-roofed
in
and
soil
of
mixed
soil has
inside
outside
wall
of
but
been
of
border
house
;
each
house.
of
new
cleared
good
soil
away
drainage
in
the
successful
To
do
border.
the
the
the
any
with
is that
item
important
An
removed,
consider
be
instance, to
lowering the
for
best
north
the
front
when
for
rule without
no
The
autumn.
the
on
contrary,
south.
the
similarlytreat
the
not
construction
the
is
peach
from
the
Border.
The
should
without
much
are
is
bloom,
done
be
can
houses
in
are
temperature
There
peach.
advantage
trees
if it
the
whenever
to
the
border
depth
should
of
be
cultivation
well
this
2
begin by
feet
9 feet
the
formation
of
the
the
to
depth mentioned,
drain
first,lay the main
the
ging
dig-
inches, and
wide, measuring
9
of
border.
the
(if
next
one
is poor,
be
used
Assuming
question
does
not
96
THE
alreadyexist) at
clay
or
the
sand
drainage
required. Artificial
no
of be
and
the
best
to
way
lower
border
the
should
of
planting
sacrifice
of
form
to
build
Soil.
turf
for
to
the
two
the
of
trees
with
hand, and
the
making
will
any
for the
The
of
first
and
border
of the
border
This
it should
border
add
wide
bricks,
broken
rapidly.
away
borders
I
system
but
the
at
first made
wall
In
the
they
is
be
front
out.
for
know
this
should
the
and
be
must
commencing
the
drainage, and
be parallel
they should
over
border
formed
of
fairlyheavy loam
long enough to destroy
stacked
of
be
of loam
be
be
couple
rich
the
high.
should
should
a
5 feet
feet
2^
large
or
two,
year
I recommend
carry
water
of
towards
inches
layer of
this
wide
house
at
cases,
bottom
least
spoken
most
down) is by
obliquely towards
The
it.
Under
kind.
success.
cartload
each
at
into
of
in
or
laid
been
has
chalk,
gravel
drain
provided
feet
or
of
main
feet apart,
covered
be
is
as
growth
longer ;
no
should
condemning
fruit
The
border,
the
land.
and
and
in
the
at
of the
pasture
roots,
of
walls
wall
The
old
material
feet
the
drain
bed
stiff
roots
be
sandstone
the
venient
con-
of
the
then
good
be
must
and
rough
border
the
turf
the
to
so
allow
to
of
of
be
of
some
prevent
must
would
neither
necessary,
bottom
pipes
should
consist
to
to
border
drain,
emptying
is a fall
formed, that there
permanent
wide
arched
the
The
young
remarkable
make
be
prove
at
consist
to
bottom
The
substratum
main
hesitation
no
5 feet
be
such
or
have
will
the
drain.
main
stones,
I
of
end
medium.
drainage, however,
this (afterthe main
secure
the
itself
empty
should
concrete
if it is found
will
other
should
subsoil
the
to
the
contrary,
is necessary
It
border.
If
necessary
undesirable
this
penetrating
the
deep.
If, on
concrete
the
level.
it w^ill be
from
no
of
base
lower
of
point
marl,
GARDEN
FRUIT
will
months
into
chopped
of
the
preparing
about
pieces
barrow-load
When
suffice.
from
cut
inches
grass
the
square,
road
very
that
do
to
walls.
turf
is
dry
the
the
few
back
them
front
the
will
a
be
wire
The
is
how
out
soil
be
must
border
will
We
for
the
find
to
namely,
it
suppose
ready
border
say,
should
border.
covered
By
in
two
trellis should
at
feet
been
planting
or
be
three
fixed
be
not
will
be
that
apart,
plant the
good
as
with
standard
years with
the back
them
and
fruitful
wall.
the
trees,
fill the
to
house
dwarf
trees.
The
suming
Pre-
can
be
had
between
trees
advised
together,
Previous
wires
mand.
com-
planted against
manner
trees
at
recommended,
trees
be
thing
next
space
as
trees
in the
should
nor
it friable.
fan-trained
dwarf
for
wet,
make
trained
tall standard
prepared
to
required
to
and
trellis,
the
when
prepared
if necessary
to
receive
the young
it is decided
advise
10
have
to
trees
front
I would
shillings,
wall,
must
moistened
many
that
wall and
back
the
for
wall
planting,
(not galvanised)
to
PEACH
TREES
ON
BACK
WALL
OF
GLASSHOUSE.
THE
98
from
planted
details
influence
adversely
is
tree
extent
be
of
about
of the
and
stem
be
trained
be fastened
or
less in
below
and
the
be
the
with
roots
hands,
After
work
proceeds.
disposed of, the
A*
treated
ig^
next
the
base
incline
pressure
for
the
it ; its
trees
roots
and
making
the
first
should
may
more
are
with
it firm
taken
be
of
layer
It is advisable
similarly.
press
that
tion
posi-
the
carefullycovered
first
be
extended
prepared
so
the
to
of the
to
same
that
found
and
be
centre
hole
trellis
of the
layer must
bottom
the
the
in the
the
which
to
roots
planter
the
in
7 inches,
in the
through
side
of
the
for
tree
It will
this.
above
not
the
lower
the
to
The
house.
soil
The
depth
enable
the
certain
time, there are
which, if neglected, will
formed
be
soil,and
Place
to
layers,therefore
soil,working it among
the
the
into
same
tree.
the
to
out
planted,
upwards.
roots
should
branches
to
well
roots
of the
ends
the
is
tree
the
of
should
be
the
of
size
work
large enough
or
square,
mound
small
the
taken
be
must
feet
length.
in which
welfare
future
the
planted
to
full
their
in
the
to
apart
itself is
observed
be
to
GARDEN
according
At
a
simple one.
the
out
carrying
feet
lO
in
planting
of
act
to
FRUIT
is
and
hand
in
place
to
the
as
roots
small
_^'("2_
fyi
"
'Q
"
from
"j
'
Characteristic
bud
wood
a
bud
blossom
with
^o
,
wood
bud
long,
thin
and
buds
blossom
(in centre)
pointed
short,
bold,
here
be
to
the
receive
any
Small
the
careful
ridge
to
i
-i
of
to
only
known
are
day
placed
sou
remaining;
part
there
where
until
water
^^
are
like
should
most
roots
soil in the
The
i
border
the
Stem.
i
IS, inside
the
around
and
rounded.
that
be,
ot
sp'''"gj and
good watering
where
trees
there
blossom
two
buds
the
water
tree
one
filtering
of
where
border
Cultivator
the
on
impress
roots
planting,and
^^^^'
double
and
bud
wood
bud
wood
its side;
at
(q)
bud;
each
instead
inches
place
takes
watering
the
18
about
stem
the
soil of
the
Give
^^^
O""
(/) Single
sure
roots.
no
when
it reaches
into
away
Buds
Wood
be
the
around
that
it,so
may
'
turf
of
ridge
are
roots
new
not
must
roots
no
formed
are
in
then
be
when
copious waterings may
sparinglyuntil summer,
The
down
tied
be
trees
given as the soil becomes
dry.
temporarily
may
young
the
to
trellis,but the final tying should not take place until early spring,just
before
will presume
We
that planting has been
growth commences.
completed,
the end
about
of October, which, in the case
of all stone
fruit trees, I consider
to
be
the
glassor
best
At
September
and
obtained
from
are
Pruning.
whether
be
of the
season
out-of-doors.
between
results
even
the
trees
back
are
year
the
to
be
left their
to
carry
time,
same
end
October
Towards
the
the
of
trees
February, or
and
middle
pruned
even
early November
of
or
November
not
that
be
may
for
trees
planted
with
either
work,
March,
planting.
into
the
is,if
grower
the
young
but
must
under
safety
the
best
decide
shoots
are
cut
or
full
this
out
fruit
yield of
left
unpruned
of the
or
tree, and
depends
more
of
lower
time
in
back
cutting
I would
near
for
As
pests.
of
out
same
search
for
shoots
in
the
also
Let
me
urge
for,
enemy,
irretrievable
the
anticipate its
shoots
The
well
be
rather
cases
the
at
invade
to
in
done
of
Blossom
Buds
the
(j^j
single ;(/) double;
credibly(k) triple all proinducing
an
Gishurst
blossom,
rid of
that
less free
as
ing
prun-
rule,destroy the
best
to
way
remove
effectuallygot
If
probable
this stage, it is
will
be
trees
at
the
therefore
growth,
improper
structions,
in-
the young
growths, the
solution
of tobacco
water.
wood
any
buds.
will,as
This
not
pound,
com-
printed
the
on
in winter.
upon
weak
Characteristic
their
its ravages
recommend
that
solution
insect
circumvent
recommended
them
supply
vigilant in
be
I would
is dormant
growth
buds
subject of
be
will
to
way
Therefore
than
weaker
while
back,
cut
growth, in nine
flydeveloping
it is allowed
once
with
and
This
from
ample
an
the
green
cultivators
to
damage
washed
years
into
best
visits.
being
tion
founda-
tree.
found
if
be
growth
introduce
force,
time.
shoot
cause
future
burst
be
the
by not
ing.
plant-
at
young
will
me
buds
will
trees
young
each
for
my, opinion,
the time of
in
ten,
of the
let
the
as
short
to
base
moment,
there
time.
the
at
soon
ten
length.
securing
thus
stem,
Here,
that
This
its
fruitingshoots
of
of the
shoots
early pruning,
of
out
cases
shoots
recommend
certainly half
the
nine
the
to
the
form
success
method
decidedly favour
this is the
that
the
is occasioned
is
its future
the
upon
considers
one
that
I should
two,
or
99
In the
subject is apparent.
much
is
difficulty experienced in keeping the basal
well furnished
branches
with
fruit-bearingshoots.
tree
of
first year
when
but
NECTARINE
AND
PEACH
THE
or
more
fly throughout
from
the
season.
Disbudding.
develop rapidly
branches,
they
half
are
the
The
Shoot
buds;
i{v)Extremity single wood
to double
buds
; (x) pruning
on
other
a
level
basal
blossom
with
buds
or
from
bud
bud,
the
a
one
must
fruit
to
successional
wood
be
wood
the
draw
shoot
basal
blossom
growth
sap
shoot
and
bud,
must
(y)
be
the
left
to
apical and
interval
of
basal
ten
ones
days
;
two
all
must
more
be
of
on
the
the
upper
intervening
shoots
the
apart
branch.
may
on
also, at
shoots,
be
crops
The
shoot
Leave
other
distances
side of
year.
preserved,so
be
secured.
equal
young
bear
terminal
branch.
same
the
following
must
first,three
derstand
clearlyun-
of
the
also
must
budding
dis-
commenced.
must
be
to
are
of fruit the
(a/)extremity single
; there
beyond
which
shoots
-Fruit)
Bear
the
(will
Shortened
as
long
inch
which
Summer
Preceding
of
Properly
soon
as
be
cultivator
back
cut-
young
and
an
must
will
Shoots
on
about
the
between
After
taken
an
away,
few
when
they
brush
or
first
the
flower-buds
are
after
year
General
the
of
waterings
to
season,
all the
let
me
of
the
and
;
peach
space
the
other
my
all
at
fibrous
border
readers
dry, and
roots
be
to
tree
inside
year
out-of-doors, and
I
remark,
bearing a good
of
to
never
crop
It
always
must
or
some
season
will
the
round
be
often
for
the
from
When
to
and
blossom
ietof
frui
'^'^
buds
^
are
""^^''
75
very
""""^
^^^^^^^
have
young
branches
encouraged
year'scrop of
gathered,the trees
and
as
lightand sun
fruit.
next
Second
When
before
no
pruning
growth
whole
be
or
short
noon
after-
sufficient
rise
temperature
for
must
the
retains
sun
four
in
house
time.
to
All
they
Stopped when
the
and
leaves,
five
will depend
for upon
them
progress,
is finished
and
the fruits (ifany) are
have
good
fortnight
the
trees
are
growing
syringed morning and
the
degS.
^^oots
the
the
formed
or
water
once
must
Year's
make
to
80
Or
of
least
at
days
ten
be
must
make
to
power
when
trees
most
distance
stem
enough
while
Underneath
desirable
where
stem,
Often
peach
their
of
the
in
once
border.
Removed
all
of
Therefore
over.
roots
watering
feet
freelythey
Buds
portant
im-
an
cultivation
are
feet of
need
4
week
with
what
here
first
water
manure
Shoot
two
the
soil about
will
Fruiting
tended
ex-
be
not
As
wet.
in
as
of
use
successful
for the
especiallywithin
are.
border,
the
have
receive
should
mention
may
in the
growth.
and
think,
success
let the
the
the
have
ridge
advise
not
watering,
this
the
part of
I do
there.
all prospects
and
root,
urge
the
the
should
fruits
few
watering, they
a
good soaking
for
in
ridged
which
camel-hair
coarse
active,
are
be
to
border,
to
be
glassor
under
Let
the
become
will
roots
months
autumn
dry at
year
tree-roots
advised
Speaking of
year.
this plays throughout
fruits,whether
peach.
the
the
be
flowers
the
a
bear
to
this prevents
that
reason
first
part
and
space
whole
given
one
every
of the
most
the
of
Throughout
water.
at
limited
hold
take
soon
the
When
dry
allowed
be
may
with
are
will
fertilise
to
when
if several
wood-buds
the
made
be
pollen
tree
young
planting,for
Treatment.
beyond
will
The
shoots
Among
should
distributing the
tail.
bottom
and
top
growth.
effort
an
by
open,
rabbit's
useless
with
tree
the
between
midway
the
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
lOO
will
be
planted,
and
it should
if these
necessary,
are
simply
summer
was
have,
of
wash
twelve
moderate
with
treatment
months
size
Gishurst
of the
carefully attended
well
compound
as
regards,
trees
to
after
and
as
directed,.
THE
practicallyno
strong
PEACH
winter
have
roots
AND
will
pruning
from
grown
lift the
be
surprised
and
tree
young
at
It
unceremoniously.
half-an-hour
to
crops.
Simply
season.
soil than
same
you
routine
year.
been
taken
If
least
at
and
the
horse
of
crops
time
will
it is
manure
Enlarging
of
the
that
the
of
and
feet
question
must
it will
and
found
arise
as
is in
of
out
certain
that
the
may
than
more
be
to
are
of
of
to
carry
fresh
end
the
restriction
in
to
room
year
the
are
tained
re-
mind
my
extension
to
Where
grow.
limited
and
extension
the
or
walls,
trees
further
border,
tion
addi-
third
house,
all the
for
good
have
the
turf
the
the
year
excepting
old
of
in
If
third
year,
the
pruning,
in
out
the
enlarged by
the
pursue.
trees
be
tree
ripen perfectly,
trees
bearing
in
second
trees
many
whether
let the
has
care
dressingof
top
down
At
hard
planted
young
the
first
the
if
each
fresh
grow
for
case
will
be
break
to
course
to
the
to
the
must
reached.
too
to
management
of
soil
matter
be
is
of
more
of soil.
house,
are
best
simply
varieties
of
is
replanted so
advised
as
Even
that
new
rather
these
beneficial
the
there
should
former.
how
are
the
number
the
like
trees
question. For
there is not
a
as
question of doubt
is preferable. By all means
system
is
do
to
Some
commenced
health
good
routine
roots
have
certainlyallow
much
adding
soil,adding
this
The
very
outside
the
to
become
(and
tree
In
soil.
be
probably
thing
roots
coarse
throughout
equal quantity
an
soil until
the
remove
it will
of
if the
trees
observed
do good to
astonishing
be
inside
border,
the
Border.
life will
tree's
the
flowers), I should
with
the
surface
secured
If
fruit
mixed
be
been
has
fruits.
same
best
advised.
lifted and
be
to
essential
most
After
must
fertilise the
to
the
case
before
is
of old.
treatment
dozen
a
as
trees
young
little of the
away
"set"
at
heavy
take
such
two
ducing
pro-
remove
of
the
Many
this method
year,
There
will be
every
and
out,
In
loi
may
back
cut
offending roots
is,however,
carry
with.
dealt
effectually
the
recommending
my
roots
gross
branches.
cut
It
necessary.
other
correspondingly strong
to
be
NECTARINE
there
is
nothing
space
grown
for it but to have recourse
to frequent lifting
or
root-pruning, thereby restricting
of the
without
the
annual
tree
growth
appreciably diminishing its fruitfruit of the first qualityand
in
producing capacity. On the other hand, where
abundance
be considered
is required,this fact should
at
planting time, and the
front
well
that
of the
tree
planted in the
trellis,
as
as
planted in the centre
of
centre
house.
The
difficult
to
wall,
back
the
other
find
Old
trees
under
offer
one
into
under
had
healthy
my
been
Trees.
fruitful
and
notice
lifted and
be
bad
It
the
allowed
altogether inimical
to
trouble
become
to
the
permanent
planted
of
occupants
else,or
somewhere
infrequently happens
not
It
health.
practical suggestions
two
as
upon
the
it is
not
for them.
Renovating
or
looked
be
must
trees
market
must
the
has
been
dry,
the
formation
to
as
In
condition.
of
best
the
was
roots
poor
fibrous
of
way
instance
the
border
or
needed
roots.
that
old-established
irrelevant,therefore, to
be
not
nearly every
the
at
soil
will
The
bringing
these
that
come
has
saturated
was
lime
best
or
it
conditions
thing
is
to
soil of
the
remove
In
FRUIT
THE
I02
doing
this many
soil has been
old
the
be
may
the
border
the
roots
useful
These
fibrous
be
must
them.
The
half
back
cut
border
new
will
only
soil
horse
treated
and
Fruit
; {a) growth
fruit,stopped ; {d) successional
place in following year of that
shoots
to
if the
work
the
sap
bearing shoot
fruiting.
now
the
to
after
or
this
fruitful
and
branches.
compact
more
frequently syringed
be
to
growth
as
soon
as
of
Training.
shoots, and
the
tree
treated
thus
for
and
commences,
ing
shorten-
furnish
to
tree
it is
branches
the
prune
performed
been
has
sort
long,partlybarren
again
of
take
to
advisable
rather
before
operation
root
severe
carefully
Either
result.
active,
sacrifice of the
great
no
will
is
been
has
be
thus
trees
or
growth
as
"Set"
is
attract
tree
soon
executed
crop
(2)Disbudded
as
of
should
loam
and
the
to
one
year.
afterwards
good mulching
manure
given
least
at
can
from
spring
be added
required.
as
ones.
beyond the
provide sufficient
for
Among
may
feet
will
This
Fresh
after
about
soil
new
Branch
stem.
useless
and
roots
young
roots.
Disbudded
tree
After
long, bare,
extend
should
formed
the
first recommended.
at
as
many
length that
their
of
carefullypreserved.
perfect, the border
drainage made
found
be
4 feet
or
be
must
the
soil,mixed
new
there
roots
and
away
with
least 3
at
and
found,
be
cleared
partly re-filled
within
to
will
GARDEN
must
weeks
some
afterwards.
Methods
Various
the
pruning
peach
wall, and
back
with
one
method
arranged transverselyin
This
of
larger
area
essentials
upon
in
of
these
Seeing
it has
system
tied
culture
where
in
for
the
theory
that
to
the
been
finds
which
some
fruit
years,
peach trees
by training branches
are
from
failed
some
fruits
slow
to
but
favour
following
is
train
to
trees
on
and
for
wall
over
have
think,
growers.
trees
tried
In
only, I
the
horizontally,as
this system
is adopted
also
year's shoots can
current
it.
the wall
the
When
season.
this
of the
some
sunlight directly
long time, and
advantage of a good thing.
known
take
recommend
cannot
of
to
larger
whether
scale,we
very limited
may,
enlist the practicalsympathy of
on
walls.
tree
on
pear
resorted
the
to, but
the
sacrifice
especiallyheat
been
in favour
from
question
to
the
at
advanced
obtained
are
it is
open
has
not
adopted
that it has
bear
of
systems
claim
the
obtained
method
public is
days
training and
occasionallypractised, I have so
various
that
disputed, but
This
fruits.
only
reasonably conclude
Another
the
be
utilitarian
that
are
I believe
house.
well
cannot
foliage and
the
the
principallyon
of it is based
surface.
glasswhich
the
trellis on
front
trellis and
the
viz.,with the curved
trellis covering the
whole
from
of the roof
base
to
trellis
double
of training the peach is upon
upright
a
two,
Another
summit.
under
tree
Of
have
method
this
of
glass-houses,
narrow
had
pathway
much
and
success
down
the
hi
THE
I04
will
growths
allowed.
be
may
surface
branch
cultivator
with
partialshade
of
then
well
as
fruit should
believe
As
foliage.
and
is
well
as
the
latter
this is
above
any
When
should
side
upper
easilyexposed
of
period
continue
Branch
of
admitted.
completed
cut
impression,
conditions
then
it is safe
of
harvesting, and
inexperienced a
word
before
is
the
fruit
sun.
fruits which
when
be
convey.
but
the
fruit
is
Handle
the
not
final
the
test
to
also
have
of
noticed
many
expose
temperature
temperature.
the
must
the
very
be
the
that
the
the
hand,
lightlyas
of
is
the
the
will
and
three
or
air
more
when
is
stoning
will
make
and
anxiety,
the
tree
For
no
usual
the
but
and
so
or
(single
disfiguredby
net
receive
to
the
to
week
place
in
the
the
ripe
any
indicate
touch.
not,
The
gathering
least unnecessary
its quality either as
is difficult
matter
to
ness,
approaching ripelast
the
stoning
fruit will
it does
on
more
temperature
and
over,
burned
being
instruction
of
Should
other
tree.
and
The
walnut,
knife
no
under
when
be
fortnight
ascertain
that
the
when
time
which
cause
fruit
suspended
be
been
around
ripeness.
ripe ; if,on
ripe peach
away
Never
test
the
of
a
fruit.
those
commences
is necessary.
is very
hot,
weather
prevent
appearance
is that
it,taking
fruit.
roof
general
ripen
to
real
ripe, if the
fruit
aside
experienced cultivator,gathering,
will
advice
and
wire
to
can
light.
size
stoning
the
fruit
about
hard
so
that
To
the
caution
should
net
may
of
quite
the
The
peach
Fruits.
to
only
provided.
Ripe
disposing of
thickness) upon
the
conclude
to
latter
the
the
to
To
is
stone
be
again
may
Treatment
if the
fruit,and
way
of
stiff twigs
and
slightly lowered
be
must
left
the
for
weeks, during
(J) Point
be
best
wire
removed
be
peach
the
fruit is about
Extension
an
and
over
should
the
branches
from
the
beneath
the
fruits is
fast,they
light.
to
place
not
under
better
trellis from
the
across
sunlight ;
the
to
The
the
to
accomplish
wood
Lateral
growing
fullyexposed
to
two
each
to
exposed
are
shoots
stronger
foot of
square
perfected every reasonable
in the
great desideratum
fruit
one
be
the
fruit develops
young
the stoning period of the
the
soon
of
some
grown
colour
Good
satisfied.
this the
GARDEN
On
crop.
be about
number
this
obtain
however,
soon,
will
well
be
to
excellent
an
There
will
and
peach,
too
provide
FRUIT
portion
be
must
must
pressure
touch
be
will
of
applied
then
the
deferred.
disfigure
exhibition
points from
an
or
the ripening fruits to a chance
of chill by unduly
of the
when
house, or place them
gathered in too
dessert
ing
lowerlow
THE
Packing
have
How
Fruit.
the
be
to
PEACH
sent
It is almost
distance
long
AND
best
a
subjected
journey from Windsor
to
was
which
test
was
as
severe
about
An
(/)Extension
shoot
or
continuation
or
off at
cut
winter
of
pruning,
great
as
six
branch,
just
it is very
dotted
lines
that
must
be
to
show
number
when
peaches
carefullypacked.
by detailingthe
of
years
this
could
wish, namely,
miles, yet I have
one
hundred
Extension
as
105
remark
to
they
endeavour
for
me
Balmoral,
to
rail
or
I will
to
accomplish this work
practised successfullyby
method
superfluous
road
by
NECTARINE
plan
the
no
Branch
the unripe
important
ened
point being shortretain
only wellcontinuation
growth
shoots
from
preceding
to
indicate
matured,
short-jointed wood
; the
in following
furnishing side shoots
summer
; (m) side
8 or
to
than
branch,
inches
year's extension
properly shortened
not
12
more
;
branch
on
previous year's extension
{) natural
cut
; {0) pinched
spur
spur
back
branch
fruit gathered ; {g) successional
cut
after
; (/) bearing
away
bearing shoot
The
properly shortened;
(r) point of cutting off a lateral.
numerals
refer
produced
the
to
of
age
of
the
branch
it will
be
noticed
that
fruit
the
is
the
preceding
year's growth, older
wood
being
retained
and
year's bearing shoots
the fruiting
extension,
only to provide next
is renewed
wood
annually.
Spurs, or short stubby shoots, are not advisable
trellis trees,
of
in the
wall
few
be
retained
or
a
case
the
though
on
may
extensions
for
then
On
bearing once,
cutting away.
bush,
pyramid, and
standard
of spurs
be allowed.
trees, a larger number
may
recollection
of
condition.
When
by
way
as
some
rail
receiving
travel
years,
to
peaches
the
he
varieties,such
late
wood
the
on
send
having
give
better
Alexander
as
have
skins
them
to
knows
grower
must
much
complaint
so
any
travel
careful
than
distance
should
he
be
has
For
arrived
having
send
to
consideration
Waterloo,
and
fruit
the
that
others.
and
thin
of
to
the
varieties
instance,
and
easily bruised
some
that
in
damaged
a
long
ripe peaches
the
early
others
it
is
he
grows,
American
introduced
of
possible
absolutely imwithout
their
suffering damage.
Again,
gathered before they are
quite ripe, say
io6
FRUIT
THE
least
at
and
if
for
thin
by
will
the
long
in
peaches
earlier
day
boards
as
when
packing
two
to
rest
quality
in
efi^ect.
begins
box,
packing,
and
This
much
prevents
There
destination.
is
the
large enough
of
from
paper
full, all
is
filled
the
the
making
of
of
the
caution
Branch
Point
cut
was
[u)
fruit
last
branch
when
fruit
away
successional
{v)
Numbers
fruit
that
gathered
bearing
give age
to
control
of
material,
hold
take
This
the
place.
in
with
boxes
of
too
only
fruit
fastened
of the
three
thus
ment
displace-
or
against using
of
ends
upon
slight
down,
box.
this, but
not
which
for
Here
work
out
of
he
do
much
may
can
be
used
I
is
degree
the
over
secured
them
subjected
are
only returning
well
may
packing.
un-
iron
packed
word
of
cause
by impressing
packages
and
over
with
again.
with
afraid,
of
on
despatch,
un-
railway
trouble
jurisdiction
those
the
returning
about
endless
and
power
am
it is
case
even
hands
the
at
say
the
the
to
in this
suffer
to
invariably, and,
they
usage
this
to
it is in
True,
the
When
provided.
employes.
importance
packing
rough
Non-attention
expense.
the
is
avoidably,
empties.
given
(the
casfe
to
practically impossible
and
gardener
strong
be
shaking
carefully
fruit
summer,
cut
shoot.
branch
after
away
gathered
bore
bearing
where
it
in
box
also
box,
oscillation
down
and
the
the
on
possibly
here
fastening
neatly
be
in
The
is.
sufficient
nailing
in
that
cannot
labour
used
ripe,
it
When
place
the
protect
very
must
into
half
;
to
as
box.
is put
firm
so
may
in
useless
causes
be
to
contents
nails
many
[t]
have
packing
lid
the
being
cut
wrapped
fruits
the
be
the
at
be
fruit
to
this
wrapping
wool
the
used
be
the
in
for
the
be
next
wool
when
will
pressure
word
should
wood
more
that
top,
happens
around
space
with
it
placed
and
of
the
first
to
boxes
is sufficient
should
wool
nectarine
or
tissue
Side
the
case
peach
wool
unless
injury,
which
of
for
graded,
be
should
envelop
to
sheet
the
wanted
be
base
the
wool
The
latter.
dessert
section.
one
wool
side
smooth
packing
labelled
of
usage
common
the
thickness
in
one
cotton
fruit, the
next
squares
it
rough
and
the
each
and
for
likely to
are
as
sections
choice
placed
be
can
boxes
others,
than
better
placed
well
and
to
in
confusion
nothing
the
square
these
of
provide
enough
fruit, if possible, should
third
around
Theee-Yeae-Old
fruits
of
packing
inches
answer
home,
at
for
prefer
each
also
wool,
wood
second
inches
boxes
smaller
sections
soft
sections
into
consumption
boxes
nectarines, apricots,
for
the
In
upon.
one
of
many
with
viz.,
sattie
and
pears,
as
divided
square,
The
for
The
earlier.
box,
the
three
or
filled
partially
of
intended
were
days
two
peach.
varieties
Before
they
inches
as
one
plums,
fruit
deep
accommodate
choicest
are
journey
those
are
if
than
GARDEN
in
but
and
of
the
authority
also
the
CULTURE
Whether
culture
the
adverse
they
under
be
only
of-doors
I think
it may
understood
is less
the
by
in the
given.
of
many
in
parts
many
to
against
trees
the
it will
be
the
to
manure
The
are
of
aspect
is
the
season
should
be
extending
earlier
upon
and
and
"c.
Nailing,
of these
wall,
wall
by
trellis
ripe
dwarf
wrapped
The
time
wires
be
distant
for
this
young
places
in
be
from
has
shoots.
is
the
training
-jJ^-inchin
the
been
wall
at
proved
The
The
old-fashioned
many
reasons,
modern
to
be
said
in
neatness,
and
Where
this
thickness
i^
many
objection I
and
10
instances
have
to
to
this
favoured
be
can
each
is
system
inimical
system
the
without
of
the
wall
the
method.
possibly despatch by
apart, and
should
wires
be
to
which
desired
not
to
after
adopted
fixed
when
inches
The
inches.
against
favour
secures
which
shoots
method
heads
lead
in winter.
wall
least
much
to
must
trees
and
way,
the
fix
position
the
the
how
Another
pliable
it in
instance,
do.
nailing
is
way
tied.
be
may
with
secure
trees
in
wall.
nails
doubt
will
mention
is
when
trees
be
old, should
years
fill the wall quickly ; if
to
more
to
no
to
each
in
useful
for
wall
on
the
wall
be
should
prove
between
here
trees
trellisingthe
of
in
should
branch
There
for
often
of the
three
in order
between
the
wall
height
trees,
between
to
The
of
the
over
system
saving
present
London
expense
grown
succeed
will
distance
fan-trained
feet
is
peach
positions will
the
by
appropriate
the
which
use
shreds.
of
use
such
to
go
varieties
The
fruits.
be
best
the
shreds.
to
the
is
some
be
to
cloth
with
wire
It will
fastened
permanently
still believe
to
the
in such
trees
tall standard
feet apart with
trees
the wall is only 9 feet high then
15
out-
round.
year
which
mid-season
12
be
occasion
no
regulated somewhat
12-foot
against a
all the
there
wall
south, although
south-west,
or
facing west
if
there
walls,
grown
the
the
planted
peach
the
appreciated by
is
border
salads
or
of the
may,
peach
for
border
the
where
culture
they
the
of
outside
recommended
for trees
under
trees
as
glass.
drained
the
natural
soil is fairlygood,
and
sufficiently
of loam
only to trench
aj feet deep, adding a barrowful
necessary
be
of
and
trees
to
are
planted,
a
farmyard
good dressing
young
border
the
that
generally, bearing in mind
heavy crops of vegetables
preparing
Provided
also
open
less
those
other
be
can
protection from
strong winds
counties, e.g. Worcester, Hereford, Berks, Surrey,
midland
of the
counties, they thrive well, and
be
With
most
regard
successfullygrown.
may
some
of Wales
the
that
importance
what
culture
the
to
the
known
drainage,be
for
the
to
where
coasts
inland
and
well
favourable, let
is
inefficient
not
or
around
gardeners. In all the counties
also
in
succeed
will
admirably, as they
many
west
our
Middlesex, Bucks,
climate
recommended
its
favourable
rule, be
as
the
soil and
is
of
will
the
on
will,
way
be safelyaffirmed
generation
past
district
that, if
and
107
OUT-OF-DOORS
certain
say
bad
as
overcome
glass.
the
need
conditions, such
can
than
in
out-of-doors
peach
I
interested,and
NECTARINE
WALLS
ON
climate
the
of
AND
PEACH
THE
be
the
the
should
galvanised,
bark
considerable
of
the
ex-
wall
the
to
wall
heat
have
pressed
hard
pruning
and
caused
be
lead
and
damage
enough
against
training to hold
is
and
way,
one
to
is
this
hard
usefulness.
is
if the
the
of
oscillation
of
full
all.
advantage
first
the
at
the
objects
successful
to
former
and
away
the
rolled
used
are
hasten
blinds,
danger
The
use
which
canvas
let
are
frost
from
wall.
the
to
down
feared,
is
When
frost.
The
down.
"c.,
carefullystored
method, and
satisfactory
well
are
are
fixed
dried
simple and
folds
three
or
practised,is to hang herring nets, two
At
wall.
the Royal Gardens, as I said before, most
blinds, but there
protected by glass copings and
another
Another
spring.
commonly
most
blinds
protection
protected
no
Windsor,
spring.
in
frost
from
advocate
French
salad, strawberries,
protect
maturity.
ready for
one
to
may
brackets
roller
fastened
wall
in
permanent
the
old
(not cloth),
the
heat
during
night
day so long as
up
from
ordinarilysevere
they effectuallyprotect the blossoms
any
the
taken
blinds
the glassprotection and
are
this danger is over
at
is
winter
The
list shreds
is the
lead
the
branches.
what
of
Many
this,
trees
the
the
relatingto
item
out-of-doors
The
wall's
heads
branches
through
of
the
lead
will
gumming
securely in position, then
If
shoots.
the
lead
into
the
cutting
season
by
friction
wood
in
winter,
enough against the
the
trees
the
and
foliageof the trees
through, thus effectuallyannulling
the
the
young
communicated
heat
the
them
occur
one
with
the
recommend,
the
important
nectarine
at
will
bark
and
of
pressed
not
to
the
Another
end
the
certainly secures
absorb,
nail
wall
from
neutralising
give, and
the
to
before
the
between
space
of air to
pass
the
may
full benefit
derive
not
current
wall
the
objection I
sun
cold
do
trees
the
by
allows
any
the
is that
perience
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
io8
had
and
will
five
on
but
that
years,
those well
it
culture
as
good
protected.
crops
This
does
General
Cultural
time
of
of
the
drawing
early attacks
January with
wall.
shoots
summer
Remarks.
is the
trees
and
flowering
attention
to
I would
a
weak
in
it
danger
again.
recommend
solution
favour
of
of
the
the
attacks
afterwards
of
the
of
general
more
that
green
I
the
and
be
must
without
health
black
be
washed
when
and
flyat
excused
affording immunity
trees
for
their
from
dormant
Gishurst
have
before
compound
being fastened
and
overcrowding
timely attention,
shoots
the
young
will form
these
in
the
should
as
protection,
successfullygrown
be
may
means
Disbudding
strictly
guarded against. When
lateral growths
are
ftilly
grown,
must
unprotected
on
in
encouragement
from
that
of
trees
much
immediately
As
by
prove
in
fruitfulness
the
not
the
produced
were
of
walls
course
all be
of
cut
in
to
the
the
out.
will
little
be
observed
do.
to
is the
branches, forming,
?will suppose
lowest
two
the
place
the
first
namely,
tree
be
to
of
w^ill be
thing
ground
equal distances
the
afterwards
will
branches
the
filled
be
the
then
to
and
space
branches
minor
by
We
bring
The
apart.
in
main
tree.
to
be
to
the
secure
horizontally,and
obliquely at
branches
main
foot
first
principle
of
framewrork
or
The
fan-shaped.
position and
in
place
to
the
training,
of
system
foundation
the
within
to
main
other
the
it wrere,
as
branches
the
between
Whatever
same,
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
no
much
so
as
the
in
conjunction
pear
plum,
the
or
the
with
main
the
positions upon
length, yet desirable
All
have
we
and
down,
do
to
the
of
crops
from
I
more
usual
where
have
fruit,and
to
AND
the
the
cut
spur
in
trees
the
back
will
open
of
trees
seen
young
fruits,and
TREES
IN
1899,
and
1900,
1901,
have
thirty
loaded
Nectarine
tying
it
OPEN
THE
within
is useful.
laid.
nectarines
and
nurseries
Pineapple
buds
are
its full
of
instead
useful
there
shoot
spur-pruning
that
permanently
of
have
to
three
to
that
happens
be
seasons
in
often
it is here
STANDARD
exceptionally hot
entirety,though
its
it is inconvenient
shoot
of the
It
method.
young
have
is
practisedin
stems
foundation
BUSH
During
to
it is seldom
but
miles
with
been
of
excellent
gathered
London.
beautiful
and
the same
with
Waterloo
and
other
peaches. The
subject
out
interesting one, and opens
a
question of importance to fruit growers,
been
whether
seriouslytried
by the selection
which, so far as I know, has never
suitable positions it is possible to make
of these fruits
of varieties and
the culture
The
is well
worth
in the
profitable one.
a
trying on
a
experiment
open
delicious
is
an
The
scale.
limited
Varieties.
against
them
suitable
most
Early.
Very
of
is their
the
for
Alexander,
varieties
above
chief
Early.
excellent
were
best
are
for small
in
quality and
suited
collections
for culture
have
an
of
on
good
size.
walls
and
asterisk
placed
Peaches
each
seen
following varieties
Those
glass.
under
fruits I have
The
is
Culture
under
Glass
Louise.
of
One
tree
Waterloo, Early Beatrice, Early
quite enough
to
collection, as earliness
plant in a small
recommendation.
*Duchess
of York, Amsden
June,
Early
Ascot, Grosse
Mignonne,
Dymond,
Condor.
Mid-Season.
Crimson
Galande,
Royal George, Stirling Castle, Bellegarde,
Noblesse, Goshawk,
Raymaekers.
Late.
Princess
Nectarine
Harrington,
of Wales, Gladstone,
Peach, Sea
The
Walburton
Admirable,
Salway.
Violette
Hdtive,
Peaches
Early.
*
Duchess
Condor,
for
Walls
Out-of-Doors
*Alexander,
Waterloo,
Early
Beatrice, Early
of York, Rivers'
Early
York, * Amsden
June, *Early
Hale^s
Early, Abec.
Eagle,
PEACH
THE
NECTARINE
AND
Mid-Season.
Crimson
*Royal
George,
Galande,
*
Dr.
'''Noblesse,Goshawk,
Hogg.
Dymond,
Raymaekers,
Late
Prince
of
Barrington,
of Wales, *Princess
The
Salway.
Admirable,
Peach, *Sea
Eagle, *Walburton
^Stirling
Wales,
Nectarines
Early.
Culture
for
iii
Castle, Bellegarde,
^Gladstone,
Nectarine
Glass
under
de
Cardinal, Prdcoce
Croncels, Early
Rivers, Lord
Napier, Rivers^ Early
Elruge.
Mid-Season.
Hardwicke
Pineapple, Violette Hdtive, Downton,
Seedling, Spenser,
Elruge.
Latest.
Victoria.
Dryden, Byron, Humboldt,
Stanwick
Orange,
Nectarines
Pricoce
Hdtive,
Dryden,
These
de Croncels, * Early
Rivers, *Lord
Napier, Rivers'
Early
Orange, * Violette
and
Stanwick
'^Hardwicke
*Elruge
Elruge, Downton,
Seedling, '''Spenser,
Byron, '''Huinboldt, Victoria.
Nectarines
of ripening.
are
placed in the order
PEACH
AND
NECTARINE
CULTURE
FOR
This
has
become
now
of
glass-housesbeing
the
growing demands
is an
industry which
this
1
end
80
long by
refer
the
found
Peaches.
Sea
Nectarines.
Lord
attention
of
Crimson
Late
Late
ripening :
:
Very Early
Napier, Stanwick
glands at
Alexander.
deep
and
blood
their
nectarines
should
be
meet
successful
erected.
admirably.
purpose
it
It
is
to
Those
not
sary
neces-
where
packing, as these subjects elsethe
principlesof good culture
are
same
The
or
private use.
following varieties
or
profitableto
for market.
grow
They
are
Cardinal, Early
Elruge, Elruge.
BEST
GEORGE
small,
whether
the
Rivers,
Late
Rivers'
Early Orange, Elruge.
Pineapple, Spenser, Victoria.
PEACHES
BUNYARD
difficult
if the
to
are
It is
necessary
name.
leaves
glands
Fruit
i-ed with
most
are
large or
are
bases, or
be
dimensions
To
acres
to
Gladstone.
Eagle,
blossoms
markets.
fruits
Amsden
By
Peaches
industry,many
June, Duchess
of York, Alexander,
Condor, Abec.
Galande, Royal George, Dymond,
Goshawk,
Large Early
Princess
rington,
of Wales, Prince
Devonian,
of Wales, Exquisite, Bar-
Early
THE
if the
the
reliable and
most
Very
Hogg,
:
GLASS
popular
these
on
cultivation
for commercial
are
order
Early : Dr.
Mignonne.
the
in the
arranged
Early
be
to
of
other
the
answer
matters
successful
of
conducted
large
of
and
culture
and
be
houses
full
fruits
London
the
should
to
the
to
feet wide
24
here
receive
whether
are
of
UNDER
MARKET
important
an
devoted
span-roofed
feet
to
Out-of-Doors
Walls
for
have
kidney-shaped
to
or
know
round
wanting.
suture
; stone
on
very
one
side
small.
flesh whitish
One
of
the
; skin
earliest
THE
112
to ripen.
Juicy and
refreshing,
glands round
large, pale
; flowers
Alexandra
Noblesse.
grown.
Fruits
Flowers
do
not
"
set"
but
This
indoors
from
are
freely.
GARDEN
FRUIT
It
rose,
not
with
so
richly flavoured
darker
the
is perhaps
pale primrose
is a good
grower.
as
F.C.C.
eye.
sweetest
colour,
Some
the
and
and
later
sorts.
Leaf
1883.
delicious
most
the
fruits
may
peach
skin
is very
thin.
have
soft pale
a
red next
the stone
small, round;
z\im; flesh primrose
colour, veined
; leaf glands
flowers large, palest blush.
differs from
Waterloo
This
Amsden
only in foliage; the flowers, however,
June.
than
forced.
The
have
of setting more
the merit
Waterloo,
fruit is sweeter
freely when
large, bright pale rose,
Leaf glands round
flat,and mottled
deep red in places.
; flowers
A.M.
with dark
1892.
downy.
; skin
eye
small
Harrington.
Fruit
pale yellow,
rough ; colour
large ; suture
very
; skin
the
red
with
and
mottled
slightly red near
stone
juicy,
white,
flesh
deep crimson
;
;
rather
late
fruit.
A
fine hardy,
flavour vinous, rich, and
Leaf glands
melting.
very
in all forms.
Excellent
round
large ; growth
vigorous and hardy.
; flowers
dark
with
Bellegarde.
Suture
primrose
regular, slightly depressed ; skin
rosy
walls
red
orchard-house
cheek
culture), on
(mottled with deeper red under
fully
open
ing,
it becomes
black
peeling freely ; flesh juicy, pale primrose, meltexposed
red, downy,
the
less
red
stone
delicious, very
rich, certainly one
near
or
more
; flavour
is sharply
end.
of the
free
We
stone
finest grown
stone
pointed at the stalk
; the
;
it is altoof others, because
gether
a
give rather
longer description of this grand peach than
confounded
with Violet
first-rate.
It must
be
not
Hative, English Galande,
or
C/i'O'ze'M vigorous, cropping
English Bellegarde.
ire.Ay ; foliage bold; leaf glands y^zy
small, dull flesh-colour.
small, round
; flowers
Condor.
Fruit
wide, with
deep blood
red,
edges rounded
downy
; skin
; suture
round
red ; free stone
white, whiter
primrose on shaded
side, speckled with
; flesh milk
rich
and
fruit is not
the
which
is small, firm ; flavour
almond-like, bitter when
stone,
culture.
A
Leaf glands
fully ripe.
hardy free-bearing variety, for mid-season
very
to round
kidney-shaped
large.
; flowers
all round
the fruit ; colour
Crimson
Galande.
Suture
and
greenish yellow shaded
crimson
with
mottled
deep crimson, shading to blackish
yellow, bright
\ flesh greenish
when
the
carmine
which
is small
near
fully ripe ; flavour brisk ; skin
stone,
; mealy
for main
is valuable
A
thick, peeling readily, downy.
large variety which
very
crop.
is
cultivated
for
the
markets.
round
and
Bears
freely,
largely
Leaf
glands
very
; flowers
red
bold.
small, salmon
; foliage
Duchess
CorIsiwall.
Suture
shallow
and broad
of
primrose on shaded
side,
; skin
blotched
with
red ; stone
of
small, free ; flesh juicy, melting, with a smack
striped and
is expected
be an
flavour.
nectarine
This
the early American
to
on
improvement
sorts.
"
well.
Forces
Leaf glands kidney-shaped
large, rose-coloured, and
set
; flowers
very
A.M.
freely.
1901.
fine
This
raised
York.
late peach
Divers
Duchess
Ketton
Hall
is
at
of
by Mr.
but
believe
it will prove
valuable
and
not
a
we
hardy variety of the
yet in commerce,
A. M.
Admirable
Late
race.
Leaf glands none^.
1893.
marked
side ; skin
DVMOND.
Sutttre
with
rich
on
one
greenish yellow, covered
side, soft and downy
bright yellow on sunny
; flesh melting, greenish white, bright carmine
small
and
brisk
red
the
nectarine-like.
A
stone
stone
near
; free
; flavour
very
very
fine large variety.
pale rose, very large ; foliage very bold.
Leaf glands none
; flowers
Resembles
Early
Alfred.
Has
Early York, and ripens at the same
season.
a
rich,
brisk
is very
is robust, short-jointed and
tree
flavour, and
juicy. The
hardy, and
very
bears
freely. Leaf glands none
large.
; flowers
Skin
Early
Mignonne.
Grosse
side
dotted
with
on
downy,
pale red
sunny
red
the stone, with
red veins
crimson
the skin ; flavour
near
running towards
; flesh deep
rich
and
A
most
vinous, particularly agreeable.
exquisite peach following the second
drooping ; leaf glands
early varieties ; foliage flaccid, long and
small, round
very
;
flowers large, rose.
Golden
Eagle.
A
late yellow-fleshed variety ; fruits very
downy,
flat, dull
very
red
"
THE
golden,
with
PEACH
AND
NECTARINE
113
It is large and
clearer
cheek.
in colour
under
glass ;
October
an
golden tinge. Although
peach it ripens perfectly.
red.
Leaf glands kidney-shaped ; flowers small, salmon
Goshawk.
It attains
A
fine mid-season
variety of vigorous growth.
a
large
very
for outside
fine under
is one
of the
handsome
size,and
extra
most
culture, and
glass.
Skin
with
greenish white, mottled
spots on a dull red ground ; flavour very brisk ; flesh
but is a little later ; leaf glands
juicy and melting ; the fruit closely resembles
Dymond,
with dark
none
; foliage bold, wrinkled
; flowers large, rich rose
eye.
Grosse
thin and downy
Mignonne.
Skin
pale primrose, with a bright
very
; colour
sometimes
cheek
with
with
mottled
dark
crimson
flush ; flesh
silvery spots, and
a
rosy
small ; flavour
juicy, entirely pale primrose ; stone
brisk, rich ; free stone
; leaf
very
small
and
glands round
; flowers large.
Early.
Fruit
Hale's
rather long and
pointed, terminating in a prominent nipple ;
suture
blotches
narrow
deep and
bright red, with blood-red
downy
; skin
; colour
; flesh
the
it freely ; flavour
juicy, palest yellow, faintly red
separating from
near
stone,
brisk, rich, and
quite first-rate ; leaf glands round
large, bright rose
; flowers
; growth
foliage very
coloured
coppery
large, with
moderate.
i^rz/zV very
Palmerston.
Lady|
large, rather flat. Skin woolly, of a bright golden
marbled
with
fruit for a late crop
crimson.
A
under
noble
colour, sometimes
glass ;
it does
in good
not
ripen well outside ; free stone
seasons
pleasant
flavour
except
;
and
good for its season
large, kidney-shaped
small, dull flesh
; leaf glands
; flowers
colour
large and handsome.
; foliage very
Late
Devonian.
Suture
narrow
deep and
downy ;
woolly rather than
; skin
very
the
colour
blotches
with bright red marblings and
on
pale primrose green,
deep crimson
side ; flesh juicy, pale red at the
free
and
stone
stone
rich,
brisk,
exposed
flavour
;
;
bearer
free
round
a
melting ; a fine, late, very hardy sort, and
; flowers
; leaf glands
F.C.C.
large, rich pink.
1894.
Nectarine
Peach.^A
woolly, greenish white, with
good late variety. Skin
very
marblings of bright red and deep crimson, greenish on shady side ; flesh juicy, white and
it separates
readily ; flavour\"T\%)ii; leaf
translucent, deep red next the stone, from which
glands kidney-shaped and quite small ; flowers large.
with
red ;
little shaded
Skin
Noblesse.
a
yellow, sometimes
downy, pale lemon
the
at
stone
flesh very juicy and
melting, palest primrose, slightly reddened
; flavour
One
of the
The
rich.
tree
best-flavoured
well, but it does not
peaches.
sweet,
grows
bear
pale blush.
freely. Leaf glands none
; flowers large and
very
with red,
marked
Suture
Prince
Wales.
of
striped and mottled
; skin pale green,
fruits
A very
late
crimson.
fine rather
when
rich dark
outdoors
peach, which
grown
nectarine
of
Fruit
and
culture.
and
is useful for outdoor
pointed,
large,
freely and
pot
red.
flavour, juicy, and very rich ; leaf glands round, flowers large, dull salmon
side of the fruit only; skin
Suture
Wales.
Princess
one
of
on
deep and narrow
and
with
blotched
and
spotted with red ;
pale rose
velvety ; colour
pale lemon
green,
ing,
the stone
brisk, and refreshflesh juicy, very white, and quite deep red near
; flavour
wery
leaves the fruit easily
skin separates
with a pleasant acidity. The
readily, the stone
(free stone), and is very small for the size of the fruit. A grand late fruit. Leaf glands
round
flowers
very
Early
large, pale
rose.
covered
York.
Suture
with
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
114
red
with minute
spots and large blotches
woolly ; colour pale lemon
green,
the
red
stone
near
flushed
red,
deep
; flavour,
juicy,
bright
flesh
palest
;
green
A very
hard, large
outside
trees.
when
so
good from
well-grown under
glass, rich, not
growth
late
large, rose;
for its heavy crop.
fruit,valuable
Leaf glands round
; flowers
the market
with
free and
A
favourite
robust
growers.
large.
foliage
very
very
;
fruit ; skin pmk,
the
CK'i,T\M,.Suture
Stirling
deep and broad, running all round
white,
deep cnmson
in
red
blotches
covered
with
greenish
pale
juicy,
deep
; flesh melting,
On
refreshing.
the
which
is small
rich, vinous, and
next
stone
stone,
; flavour
; free
rather
to
rough
is
darker
black,
walls
much
in peach-houses
the fruit
colour, nearly
or
a
downy,
of
almost
red
the
touch.
Tree
Thomas
free
and
hardy,
Rivers.
stone
bears
very
skin
with
downy,
red
brilliant
flush.
It
is
small.
the
yet
end
new,
of
but
tember
Sephas
it.
who
have
tested
; flowers
Leaf glands none
highly spoken of by those
very
F.C.C.
well.
i8g8.
vigorous, forces
large, bright rose
; growth
marbled
with
red, and
flushed
ViOLETTE
Hative.
Skin
rosy
downy, of a pale green
flavoured
finest
of the
with
chocolate
red.
A grand mid-season
; bears
peach, and one
round
flowers
Flesh
;
tender, white, very
melting ; leaf glands
moderately.
juicy and
large, dull pink.
broad, and
deep
Walburton
Admirable.
Fruit
terminating in a nipple ; suture
with
dark
the
stone
at
starred
side
skin
one
on
velvety ; flesh juicy, white, deeply
;
separating
stone
and
crimson
rich
vinous
in
fruits
under
rough,
glass
flavour
very
very
;
;
been
freely
from
bear
not
flesh.
the
freely
valuable
variety. The
flowers small.
late
round
leaf glands
Fruit
flattish,of
fruit
is very
large, but
the
tree
does
colour
primrose, with
;
good
flesh sweet, juicy, and
for such
early variety ; leaf glands large ; flowers
eye.
an
large pale rose, with dark
under
when
excellent
Doctor
peaches
are
grown
Dagmar,
Hogg, and Early Louise
and
are
large
but
tender
Lord
Palmerston
outside.
Exquisite
they are
very
glass,
very
under
and
handsome
exceptional cultivation
yellow varieties which
ripen late, but unless
worth
not
eating.
are
cultivators
Some
Peaches
American
(Alexander, Amsden
June, and Waterloo).
at
too
warm
do
these
when
forced
succeed
with
not
early, because
they keep them
"
should
have
moderate
set," the temperature
are
hea,t till the blooms
starting. They
a
Waterloo.
crimson
deep
almost
cheek,
black
medium
size
fruits
on
grown
; suture
outside
marked
;
can
be
then
increased,
and
the
THE
fruits
develop
BEST
quickly.
NECTARINES
salmon
with
Cardinal.
Suture
well
defined
skin
pale greenish yellow, marbled
;
form
white, and
juicy ;
red, white patches showing in a net-like
very
; flesh pale greenish
A
stone
free-bearing first
brisk, refreshing.
remarkably
large, cling stone
; flavour
valuable
for
early variety, very
forcing and
Leaf glands kidney-shaped
;
pot culture.
F.C.C.
1896.'
flowers large, Tpa.\erose.
Dryden.
almost
Skin
with
red, with pale green
entirely covered
deep chocolate
the
around
between
showing
white, and
juicy, pale red
stone,
; /lesh yellowish
very
One
from
small
of
flattish
rich,
refreshing.
stone
almond-like,
a
parting freely
; flavour
finest
for late
the
and
mid-season
sorts
Leaf glands kidney-shaped
; flowers
crops.
The
in all forms.
red.
is vigorous, hardy, and
succeeds
tree
small, dull salmon
Its
Early
of the
best
Rivers.
One
Nectarines, often
reaching 8 oz. in weight.
Flesh
shaded
skin
is almost
side.
the
shining, bright red, pale greenish yellow on
free bearer.
The
A very
fruits are
brisk flavour.
LeaJ
greenish.
a
juicy, and have
very
F.C.C.
glands kidney-shaped ; flowers large, pale rose
vigorous.
1892.
growth
;
rather
Elruge.
Suture
with brick red, crimson
broad
greenish yellow, mottled
; skin
side ; flesh greenish, very
the
stone
on
juicy, with
bright pale red near
; free
sunny
and
rich
stone
A
brisk.
for main
kidneysort
glands
Leaf
hardy
; flavour
crop.
red.
shaped ; flowers small, dull salmon
XII
CHAPTER
THE
By
Public
attention
importance
and
garden
and
the
the
of
think,
that
impression
be
must
that
the
are
of
grown
it
may
answer
accountable.
have
is
fruit,
to
great
does
compare
culture
of
the
pear
the
in
pear
few
very
exist
in
are
the
the
Many
pear
pruning,
to
our
command
cultivators
growers,
glass
in
there
never
been
few
other
counties
of
in
stock.
the
poorer
a
greater
received
and
sale
fair
to
at
compete
care
and
and
from
must
be
to
French
the
the
that
of
purpose
taken
country
are
have
gardeners
if
necessary
our
the
still
that
districts,
as
the
cester,
Wor-
have
this
fathers
fore-
generation
present
great
It
country
orchards
bruised,
prices.
given
in
the
these
half-grown,
against
success
of
and
also.
England
who
pear
attention
any
largely
for
absolutely
we
size
remunerative
with
skill
hardly
the
even
than
huge
we
fruit
Hereford,
in
favourable
other
fruit
of
it is
fruit, yet
markets,
ready
are
this
are
In
many
few
the
this
in
pear
scale
not
is
from
and
of
trees
which
subject
London
more
pear
have
They
thinning
or
of
old
gardens
as
marketing
growers
large
ing
grow-
the
growing
exist
Those
on
Judging
deal
orchards
perry.
private
the
to
obtained.
great
these
of
are
whatever.
seriously except
where
purposes
even
thought
be
treated
commercial
and
comparison
no
manufacture
of the
of
devoted
and
packing,
Channel
the
adopted
in
only
these
entirely
is
pear,
and
patience
cultivation
the
the
systems
not
harvesting,
to
is
has
the
and
in
given
the
and
Britain
of
France
have
I
of
climate
the
that
of
witnessing
under
but
so
English
would,
Most
culture
both
attention,
say
for
to
of
the
care,
neighbourhood
thought
do.
for
hand
time
results
best
indeed,
that
given
and
fruit
furnishing
to
for
admit,
windows
those
than
quality
this
fact,
fruiterers'
and
by saying
gardens
pear
attention
regret
Kent,
the
manifested,
and
care
why
suitable
more
is
much
as
fruits
care
the
asked,
better
is
an
but
England,
in
It
pear
been
has
grown
markets
well-being
the
There
Islands.
our
of
offhand
opportunity
an
in
sometimes
visited
which
to
exhibited
question
cannot
the
industries,
minor
be
Channel
and
supply
these
the
with
connexion
in
important.
most
the
reasonably
food
of
one
quality
and
and
had
As
be
to
highest
and
choicest
our
this
How
where
national
towards
directed
more
both
land,
the
the
on
places
this
warmer
give
France
be
being
this
in
these
countries,
Islands,
the
appearance,
and
doubt,
no
of
for
of
claim
been
certainly
population.
lay
pears
pears
rural
from
finer
bearing
may
sought
has
industries
as
our
THOMAS
OWEN
years
minor
farm,
happiness
culture,
late
of
of
PEAR
all
and
age,
on
regards manuring,
fallen
and
is clear
that
and
Channel
industry.
supplied
are
pears
The
if
fruits
English
Island
relative
E-
iff/,
^r,
',-^:/^^#M^^^
o
?-J
ft?
tq
THE
excellence
Hardy
Palace
in
Show
by
larger,the
Jersey ones.
and
held
where
1901,
exhibited
English
of
Fruit
PEAR
Jersey pears
by the Royal
excellent
an
best
the
forciblybrought out
at
great
Society at the Crystal
of hardy fruit,chiefly
was
pears,
was
Horticultural
collection
117
few
dishes
where
equal
were
the
in
specimens
were
the
to
respect
every
of cultivatingthe
improvement in the methods
quietly
pear has been
for
since the Quince
taking place
has been
ever
substituted
for the Pear
years
stock
for grafting and
budding. It is an old saying (and was
true
a
one) that
he who
This
plants pears plants for his heirs."
is
the
ever,
howno
longer
case,
great
"
the
as
takes
worked
pear
when
grown
on
Pear
point
been
trust,
of
absolutely necessary
was
the
of
means
especiallyin
the
indispensable
which
Soil.
be
either
2j
feet and
small
horse
The
has
to
or
to
deal
poor
wall
light soil
and
should
be
peach
Forms
in
of
some
of
Keep the
then
unsatisfactory,
the
is
next,
be
filled in
soil
new
means
hundred-fold,
of
brick
for
the
land
the
soil thrown
out,
and
the
fairlynear
taken
to
barrow-loads
cartload
mix
tree's
the
be
be
be
must
two
each
should
the
to
a
depth of
away
with
Add
good turf.
to
half
England
cleared
rubble,
suffice
be
to
excellence
Should
drainage.
manure
of
not
great
south
land
must
it has
necessary.
again
mortar
size
of
the
still more
it should
worst
warm
exploded
proved
now
in
the
good
that
planter'sattention
the
soil will
existing soil
above.
be
the
of
is
be
;J-inch bone
pieces
amount
wide,
of
of
soil.
soil well
the
requirements
trenched
fresh
surface.
2|
Should
it
improve
feet
soil mixed
as
the
advised
borders.
Trees.
of
However,
the
Horizontal
of the
is obtained
better
old.
light and
left
This
If the
years.
9 feet
advised
bushel
one
belief
is
varieties
are
would
with, and,
it
favourable.
are
walls, even
engage
old
this country
wall
there
for each
tree, and
9 feet wide
of road scrapings,lime and
planting.
drainage
for
the
question
heavy clay
manure,
for many
deep and
as
north
time
WALLS
quantity
turf
before
soil he
culture,
pear
the
varieties,formerly thought
be grown
better, certainlyas
when
will, I
widely known
fact
ON
successfullyon
the
first
The
this
already stated,
grown
and
of the
nature
be
Midlands
in the
have
pear
half
much
to
already done
generally improved quality
the
in
growers
conditions
where
TREES
successful
only
can
and
in
culture
choicest
our
fruit
has
perfection, can
to
garden
counties
as
to
of
in
that
is
successful
number
them
fact
resulted
importance
for
PEAR
Although,
has
yield
This
increasing pear
warmer
will
stock.
planting,and
tree
pear
encourage
in the fruit.
Another
wall
Quince
the
on
the
the
wall
of
two
by
pear
a
this mode
succeeds
good
and
prefer
of
well
the
fan-trained
trees
latter,as
I believe
are
a
training, especiallywhen
both
height, and
one
ways.
wishes
Where
the
the
tree
usually planted
regular and
more
the
trees
land
to
cover
become
is poor
a
and
large
heavy,
are
case
worked
one
space,
strong,
have
and
light land
of
Quince
keep
is
an
the
near
is
surface, and
be
the
whereas
and
cold
on
Trees
Pear
of
land
stock
tendency to
advantage,
Forms
"
Pear
stock
Quince
the
then
the
on
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
ii8
in
worked
trees
soils the
heavy
Walls
for
of
roots
the
the
on
danger
is
former
of
many
Espaliers
and
maiden
; {o) point of cutting
must
following spring, which
the
of
that
about
the
shoots
be topped
at
inches, in midsummer
push afterwards
12
;
not
be
trained
should
to
leaf; (g)side growths
upright, pinching others
one
uppermost
the
In autumn
about
foot long trained
a
upright.
stopped, but trained full length, and when
of
form
has
the
Such
received
fanciful
has
three
branches.
tree
Toasting Fork."
name
in these
is equality of vigour, this being effected
The
chief thing to aim
at
trees
by stopping
of
branches
inches
the
the
all the
three
when
about
12
or
long, training one
strongest
shoots
that
suppressing all side growths at the third leaf, and cutting
push as an extension,
in winter.
back
It is a useful
form
for pillars,also when
is limited, or
to
variety
one
space
is required
low
walls
Candelabra
on
or
tree
espaliers.
(r) point of cutting back
2.
;
side ;
maiden
is trained
each
tree
originating three
upright, and
on
growths ; one
one
winter
at second
(j) point of shortening leader
pruning, again originating three growths to
This
the
form
the tree of five branches.
form
also represents
horizontal
and
upright modes
of training combined.
The
branches
trained
the
are
originated and
principle of the
on
the
When
lowest
horizontal
feet from
branches
have
extended
tree.
two
2
Toasting Fork
the
trained
is trained
the second
tier of horizontal
branches
upright, and
stem,
they are
of
either
branches
the
side
the
leader
side
the
stem
upright I foot on
; by suppressing
Verrier
tree
acquire vigour, so that all are ultimately on a level.
; {t)point of
3. Palmette
first pruning ; {) second
Verrier
is simply
The
Palmette
shortening ; [v) third pruning.
the
Fork"
and
"Candelabra"
branches
extended.
Two
side
"Toasting
originated
are
i
"
Fork
Toasting
tree,
foot
from
first year
tree
ground
cutting
after
from
{p) growth
maiden
down
tree
bud
uppermost
in
"
"
"
each
and
these
year,
obtained
the
to cover
affixed
to
vigour in
espaliers
the
the
and
are
trellis, as
lower
walls.
trained
allotted
shown.
branches
Numerals
horizontally
space
as
The
in the
refer
the
at
vertical
object of
higher ones.
to
age
of
foot
apart
training
the
wood.
Palmette
It is
until
is facilitated
Verrier
pleasing
and
sufficient
by
is to
is
number
wires
temporary
secure
productive
as
much
form
for
In
it is
planting fruit trees
penetrating deeply is avoided.
in
the
safe plan to place them
the
a
same
depth in the ground as they were
of the
the
bark
and
this depth is always apparent
on
by a soil mark
nursery,
This
the Quince
it is imperative
is important, as in the case
of the tree
tree.
on
of stock and
the union
to
graft.
plant deeply enough to cover
Trees
second
Pear
Stock.
After
the
on
the
year's growth it may
of
the
best
roots
?-J
'"J
0:;
furnished
from
base
It is
summit.
to
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
I20
quickly
possibleto furnish a wall more
in summer
stem
by stopping the main
it is a foot long, thereby forcing
when
From
new
growths immediately below.
selected
form
is
to
these
growths one
main
the
be
do
not
as
the
soft
each
on
obtained
shoots
will
wood
which
wherein
summer
over,
More-
object in
the
the
of
defeating
all he
old),and
add
year
until
the
have
do
to
branches
by
year
filled its allotted
has
tree
three
tree
will
its main
to
grower's
into the
plants
he
tree,
been
have
already
it comes
(supposing
years
is to
fan-trained
the
will
before
hands
perhaps
or
view.
case
framework
formed
the
from
shoots
In
those
as
and
mature.
to
grow
it often
happens that
summer
strong
so
whole
the
and
green
prove
afterwards
had
have
from
never
serviceable
two
side
recommend
and
the
one
I
horizontallyas before.
this plan, however,
trained
to
and
stem,
space.
Distance
the
wall.
feet
Tree,
of
Point
{w)
Season's
Third
in
cutting back
(x) point of
maiden
tree
distance,
Growth
foot
from
and
branches
at
6 to
inches
of
symmetry
121), the
with
more
be
young
developed,
of
the
on
had
(see
side
in the
fourth
and
it is
to
preserve
branch
is shown
branches
two-year-old
shoots
and
to
necessary
tree
first tier
spurs
fruit may
when
the
trees
between,
walls
in the
in
12
are
be
the
to
"
rider
"
the
cover
possibletime
shortest
of
feet
proper
standard
order
This
height
with
second
leader
will
tall
the
walls
the
apart
with
Plant.
to
by
Where
high, 20
Pyramidal
Apart
determined
be
must
wood,
the
that
release
On
trees.
should
trees
walls
be
on
Spring
Under
numerous,
Where
carried
and
this
out
planted
15
to
height
25
feet
is included
heading
the
this
Pruning.
Summer
blossom
buds
ning
thin-
when
too
moving
disbudding, stopping, relateral and
sublateral
growths.
summer
pruning is properly
winter
out,
pruning becomes
almost
its branches
it of
of lower
apart.
unnecessary.
other
rule,like most
year.
blossoms
the
page
forked,
so
fruitful
in
The
spring than
unnecessary
pear
fruit trees,
burden
can
and
be
as
produces
properly
help
it
to
PEAR
THE
produce
We
better
will
show
take
from
and
fertile
more
buds
it is of
that
disbudding
first.
shoots
These
is resorted
will
the
excellent
These
quality.
shoots
young
will
formed
are
fruit,
bear
in
vary
to.
seldom
very
first
the
of
branches
main
previous year's
ends
extreme
usually
as
the
blossom
any
the
at
fruit
121
length
18
12
when
breaking
twelve
or
Five
will
small
more
shoots.
be
nish
quite enough to furfor
this
length of
shoot
for
the
following year,
therefore
should
be reduced
they
this number,
and
that they
to
so
the whole
are
equally distributed
length of the shoot.
Spring and
summer
pruning possess one great
winter
advantage over
pruning,
spurs
Side
because
in doubt
be
it is
then
which
to
as
impossible
^'^ Extension
is a flower
to
.
bud
and
When
which
is
to
The
fruit
to
buds
nothing
is
growth
ieaves,
stopped
not
{d)
small
counting
difficult
more
difference
between
are
Growth
in
side
basal
shoots
shortened
ones
le) spurs.
bud.
tell the
embryo flowers.
being blunt at the
of
wood
pruning
able
be
three
winter
than
the
Branch
to
The
wood
bud
at
the
is
longer and
explained the
and
amateur
wood
and
bud
beginner
fruit
bud.
in which
last year's
manner
Having
it
main
of the
branches
to
treat
disbudded,
now
only remains
in the
have
least
at
to
same
10
ought
They
flowering
spurs
way.
every
These
often
inches, each of which
produces three or four clusters of flowers.
should
Two
clusters would
be reduced
to
reserving,of course, the best.
two,
be
have
fruits
two
to
we
can
a
really
only
enough, as at most
spur ; but as frost
shoots
should
end.
blunt
the
to
be
inclement
and
much
safe
side, and
weather
consequently
have
retain
reckoned
be
to
with,
clusters
of the
two
be
must
we
of flowers
until
on
good
the
set
of fruit is secured.
Wood
buds
the
on
Numbers
in
6
the
to
first instance
8
all
inches
tendency
to
branches
main
of
be
along
these
reduced
the
overcrowding
will
cluster
round
by disbudding
branch,
is
also
are
afterwards
The
observed.
the
to
blossom
three
at
reducing
shoots
and
buds,
distances
them
from
in
to
these
two
wood
abundance.
super-
should
apart
of
if any
buds
time
of July, by which
the middle
then
should
be
cut
length,
they
they
those
buds
of
their
bases.
back to within
six or
shoots,
or
(Terminal
seven
retained
their
full length.)
should
fill
be
wanted
vacant
to
spaces,
any
Cutting back the shoots will help the development of the fruit buds at their
the
and
also exposes
of fruit to
its crop
tree
more
air, light,and
bases, and
All subsequent shoots
that
form
should
be
warmth.
stopped at the fourth
may
should
be
will
allowed
have
to
grow
attained
freelyuntil
usually produced
almost
their
about
full
THE
122
leaf.
By
shoots
as
some
the
growers
soon
is advocated
system
developed
have
they
as
GARDEN
FRUIT
five
to
of
six
or
full
their
grow
above, maintaining
whole
in
of
energy
effort
an
growth, and
to
produce at
blossom
give
Side
(/)
Extension
neither
present
(g)
(/z)spurs
the
growth
long
too
sappy
side
shoots
following
because
unripe laterals
in
spurred
be produced
fruit may
which
on
shortened
not
nor
trees,
and
being pinched
limited
of
where
extent
large
trees
adapted
eiFectually
and
feet
10
apart.
basal
the
each
wire
top
tree
one
end
all
stopping
the
crops
but
of
the
the
tage.
advan-
fruit
may
and
natural
is
tree
Under
be
must
this
continued
one
not
desired.
culture
to
of the
grow
that
opinion
and
doubtedly
un-
method
the
during
This
plan
This
be
bars
should
5 feet above
height
apart,
upon
being
fixed
will
admit
which
at
10
be
the
to
inches
to
of
formed
ground
of five
train
training is
horizontal
espalier.
air.
Espalier trees
top
must
fence
is
about
fixed
of
ground
and
bar.
At
the
be
placed,
to
Short
That
Stubby
must
in
fixed
summer
not
Shoot
be
and
pinched
ened
short-
the
wires
can
be
which
wires,
branches, the
the
of
fruit
i|-inch
and
rows
the
from
the
being 4 inches below
of the trellis strong
posts
of
of
system
the
sequent
subany
is suitable
kinds
many
no
than
pear
third, and
leaf.
fourth
or
wishes
of
am
second,
the
third
possibleexposure
upright
should
inches
whose
with
excellent
retarded.
where
successful
for the
the
to
These
depth.
iron, and
better
cultivators
light,heat, and
the
but
in
had
be
most
forms,
one
adopted, and
commonly
many
may
horizontal
The
the
is
the
believe
be
best,
espalier.
to
espalieror
formed
by fixingupright iron bars (using hot lead as cement), into stones
in the
sunk
and
ground to the same
15 inches
square,
It affords
this
strengthen
more
practised
of
in this way,
at
are
Trees.
Espalier-Trained
better
be
healthy development
season,
gardens
small
To
the
summer.
growths
for
and
it
may
secured
be
tree
prepare
its base
stronger
buds.
system
Good
Leafless
Branch,
so
plan
this
is concentrated
to
primarily intended
plantations are
and
recreative
pleasure,
employment
fruit
this
the
develop
to
recommended
length, as
that
by
as
VETERAN
HORIZONTALLY-!
AT
HEWELL
RAINED
GRANGE.
PEAR
TREE
THE
extensivelyused
the
actual
of
heavy
wellIt
fruit.
this form
large
effect
in
trees
are
This
is no
trees
not
or
be
may
in
that
how
The
the
the
to
with
their
middle
Whose
extension
but
the
shoots
with
shoots
blossom
to
buds.
have
two
basal
Numbers
fruits
to
larger
(inside)and trained
(outside). Fan-trained
each
and
rather
side
useful
In
is
in
than
very
It
in
the
the
feeble
{m)
accounting
expect
is difficult
foot
of
such
of the
pears
lay down
to
surface
that
the
year's
grower
fruit is
and
the
on
age
spurs
formed
when
best
some
stated.
single branch
than
is far
have
fruit
others,one
be
after
the
the
to
The
in
the
square
quite enough to
final thinning ;
the
be
not
the
each
medium-sized
to
would
borne
grovrth.
the
and
branches
Rather
more
strength and
Some
not.
in
for
recommended
stronger
or
will
carry.
to
as
In
Bosc, Pitmaston
Easter
Beurre, and
Diel, Beurr^
Duchess,
with
much
quality
fast rule
and
should
leave
been
size and
foot
square
too
and
many,
of
case
ties
varie-
the
smaller
of wood.
guided by
distributed
on
pear
makes
it does
throughout
that
terminal
bearing heavily ;
fruit
number
any
be
evenly
others
of
tree
pear
must
most
The
then
so
ways,
the
are
and
hard
tree
pear
Beurre
as
(w) spurs
feeble
for
larger percentage
much
both
centre.
garden
varieties
a
in
(i)spurs
of wood.
age
unquestionably
has
this
past
Branch
buds
trees
the
two
refer
not
stopped
down
garden walks,
over
feature
hopeless to
a
square
varieties
Horizontal
numerals
of branch
been
give
trellis
the
side
tall arches
on
Fruit.
the
branch
in summer,
pruned
that
foot would
of
and
perfect
porticos,"c.
in
thus
the
{i)continuation
shortened
summer
been
not
have
(/^ side
fruit,
north
Branch
has
growth
side
the
shortened;
of
ornamental,
gardens. It
thinning.
proper
{/)Extension
length
and
base,
ends
resulting in
sun,
the
not
the
at
trees
trained
house
many
of
the
case
trees
when
Thinning
without
placed
Horizontal
crops
trained
planted on
I prefer planting on
handsome,
neglected
exposed
way,
heavier
form.
over
be
ing
speak-
this
from
also succeeds
should
wide
H.R.H.
with
I have
spring.
either
suitable,and
very
trained
in
true, but
planted in
be
feet
favour
arch.
years'experience
other
any
may
the
the
flower
say
had
wire
about
were
in
low
against
surface
grown
only
much
it equally
to
ten
of
of
crops
said
be
to
and
of frost while
doubt
from
in
been
123
form
arches
is thus
wood,
of trellis that
exposes
baneful
were
surface
the
in the
they
said
pear,
was
the
centre
ripened
has
It
but
the
large
maturation
can
Consort.
in
high
south.
of
training the
measurements,
feet
for
late Prince
PEAR
this
frustrate
the
the
than
of the
be
object in
in
mind
latter.
the
The
of the
tree
not
do
the
tree, and whether
will probably be barren,
to
leave
object of bringing
cultivator
is giving
peach, bearing
vigorous
health
it will
case
with
let the
parts
the
This
three.
satisfied
view.
up
with
large proportion
the
less
average
;
too
many
to
THE
124
Feeding.
its
This
term
applied
as
to
and
man
importance
seem
attention
need
this
to
matter
the
results
same
applied
placed
the
to
round
Without
into
away
pear.
the
base
the
stem,
is
this
Pear
the
during
with
in
the
should
trees
The
season
will
cob
during
copiously
until
nut
weak
be
thrown
readers
the
if
who
away
Gathering
of
course
In
possible.
has
in
the
winter
all the
early
() Stock;
() point
to
inches
12
bud
t^,
J- nese
or
sorts
much
the
disposalof
should
loss and
be
six
be
mid-season
in
uulii
Should
be
to
old
flavour.
washed
with
This
is
afraid
and
be
of
of
large
be
is
ji
allowed
not
fruit,if intended
despatched certainlyten
result
the
in the
As
pear.
of
case
the
hurt
easilypart
by bruising.
late
from
the
pears
r""
the
on
nearly
them.
before
When
As
easilybe
raising it,
the
branch.
tree
quickly
it is different.
late
as
possible
frost,say five
regards the storing
tree
even
market
days
and
ripe on
of
case
can
hand
the
become
hang
frost,and
This
tree.
in
will
to
for
that
the
be gathered
they should
ripe, that is,immediately they
to
of
of
of the
one
important,
most
pears,
stalk
In
the
cultivation
fruit
if allowed
danger
degrees, will
will
the
pull, the
to
the
they are
separating from
the
damage
water
Twice
months
not
winter
of
safelyaffirmed
by taking
if fit
there
with
before
early sorts
Some
until
ground.
or
of
signs
deteriorate
from
may
and
little time
when,
of
shortening
from
growth
it
ascertained
Bud)
FROM
do
Fruit.
the
certainly one
connection
general
show
Old
Storing
and
rule
some
Tree
is,
nearly fully
clear
liquid
observed
not
interesting,and
duties
Year
that
trees.
most
Maiden
filter
may
stimulants
have
to
the
ground under
roots, therefore
giving heavy waterings occasionallyin
(One
water.
With
the
fruit
be
in
water
manure
it is
If
be
must
August,
is
my
watered
which
to
given
"c.
recommend
me
is
hold
to
given
June
large pear
especiallythe latter,there is no
of their unsatisfactory
condition
often
one
notices, is frequently caused
Let
basin
point
should
turf
of
water
of great service.
in the open
whether
trees,
water
this
cowshed,
be
season
the
is from
of
of
sort
that
there
purpose
intelligent
and
which
ridge
danger
pear
size
the
due
emphasise
that
form
to
as
is
the
to
To
and
advised
wasted.
be
applied
fruit
so
there
sort
stableyard or
the
Late
instead.
be
for
and
from
manure
the
the
already
and
the
time
developed,
of
courses
advantageously
may
from
have
of this
provision
other
so,
the
tree
without
as
understood, and
expression may
care
thought
peach, the pine, the melon,
less
same
practice more
or
the
vine,
obtained,
be
fruit
of
amount
of the
to
are
the
to
to
is well
beast
impossible.
is
success
this
to
GARDEN
FRUIT
as
little
the
home
consumption
"
'.
-^'
"J
ft;
CO
CO
ft;
CO
PEAR
THE
the
best
way
and
storing
2| feet long by ij
deep.
These, when
long barrow, with
having springs under
jolting.
Where
is
there
is
grown
fruit-room
the
in
the
before
full,are
only
inches
placed
ends
and
on
to
sides,
no
wheels
the
baskets,
6
and
wide,
prevent
deteriorates
if the
where
the
fruits
It
pear.
the
are
is
temperature
withstand
without
temperature
injury than
saying that
gathering begins
One
without
goes
of fruit
season
fruit-room
the
gathering
lower
much
feet
room
The
will
to
if
flavour
harvested
low.
for
shallow
have
it is
that
found
have
fruit
125
should
well
be
cleaned,
shelves
convenient
most
hand,
to
that
so
they
to
and
decayed
little
or
the
taken
Single
This
and
in
is
Fan-Trained
Year
large
number
grown
on
Tree
of
6 inches
to
It is
Two
growths
following
side
must
two
for
as
will
and
height.
for a higher
branches,
be
a
to
each
cover
espalier
or
ten
an
two
of
forward
Thus
tree
in the
the
from
branches
limited
trained
5
wall,
is
quired
re-
cover
the
any
space.
number
in
cultivator
ripe
August
more
that
in
pears
to
opportunity
of
distinct
important
an
enables
the
the
advantage
season,
Easter.
handsome
and
amateur
it
enjoy
to
may
space,
say
Larger
fruit
from
and
can
be
feet, three
the
from
upright (instead of
high espalier), thus
securing eleven
these
wall
grower
number
a
matter,
of
the
is
of
of pears.
fact that
varieties
an
This
ing
interest-
the
of
a
fruits.
will
espalier or
years
wall than
upper
each
spect
re-
have
ones
an
growing
shoots.
secured
5 feet
and
from
originated
the
ened.
short-
not
upright branch
is taken
quickly
If
shortened
of these
any
from
two
shoot
the
branches.
in
shoots
shorten
from
and
while
lowest
secured
feet
to
necessary
secured
are
summer,
four
(s)growths
branches,
of the
be
not
small
the
6 inches
to
this
varieties
thereby giving
Two
sible
acces-
require
method
It is interesting from
shortened
and
Late
Cordons
successful
cultivatingmany
(f) Leader
will
Double
or
Walls.
be
quickly
away.
less
on
early
the
of
disposed of.
been
trellis
bruised
attention
no
until
the
preceding
shown.
as
be placed
may
shelves, as they
pears
ON
in the
easily and
ones
(/) side
inches
improvised
an
and
over,
to
rods
be
can
looked
to
secured
are
summer
stakes
Trek
inches
shortened
growths
whitewashed.
In
harvesting pears
necessary
it is a good plan to lay the earliest to ripen on
the
shortened
shoots
if
and
Fan-Trained
Year
(0)Leader
of others
may
be
grown
by
this
method
than
other way,
although it must
any
be said that quantity is somewhat
in
126
THE
sacrificed.
This
desideratum.
is
system
The
FRUIT
trained
Three-year
is about
tree
recommended
not
singlecordons
pruning
to
be
where
planted
8 inches
(j;)pointof shortening
covering
for
chief
the double
maiden
on
second
inches
foot
the
are
crops
apart,and
Training
Horizontal
and
heavy
a
s feet high espalier ; point of cutting back
from
ground ; (u) point of shortening leader at
to 6 inches
(v) point of cutting back side shoots
; (w)
tree
12
should
Fan
Modified
GARDEN
side
trellis.
the
This
point
shoots
at
method
of
third
bines
com-
is trained
tree
training. The
with
an
upright stem, the maiden
growth and the subsequent leading growths
tance.
each
side growths
shortened
to
inches, and
originated at this disare
12
year
to 6 inches
to
as
They are shortened
produce two vigorous growths
so
In
this particular the system
is that
of
from
shown.
each, training them
as
the
several
of the trellis
the fan, but when
their respective wires
growths reach
with branches
each
is trained
the trellis is furnished
horizontally. By this mode
in four years
from
the bud
instead
of six years,
method.
as
by the horizontal
The
is applicable
to
height of espalier or wall, and
obviously
system
any
the
doubles
for horizontal
training in all but the
speed of forming branches
last years
first and
of shortening the leader.
cordons
3 feet apart.
for the
an
that
reason
advantage
to
In
when
the
the
tree
to
intact, if
not
and
;
secured
to
(a) horizontal
well
rooted,
fan
and
I recommended
singlecordon
a
encourage
Double
and
wire
less
not
wire.
shorten
horizontal
first instance
the
Single
Properly planted
angle of 45
the
principlesof
the
The
to
second
reached
cordon
Horizontal
than
foot
if well
tree
the
has
cross
singlecordons
from
from
top
the
ground
and
;
not
with
planting
the
cut
object
one-third
development
will
off all
of
converting
give
the
the
single
single
cordon
into
more
base
best,
as
wall
the
of the
it is
stem,
(s) maiden
tree
planted at an
left
be
unduly vigorous may
of its length.
In the
spring
the
from
leading shoot
strong
six joints of wood
stop back
and
the wire
take
forward
growths below
a
train it horizontally.
AH
others
five or
having made
part and
upper
in autumn
four leaves, cutting them
buds.
It is
two
to one
to three
or
or
until its limit is reached.
Double
horizontal
the leading growth
cordon,
one
maiden
form
of cutting back
to
tree ; {c)shoots
branches, all others rubbed
after
of
Cordons
rooted
line, about
the
a
room
double
and
not
necessary
trained
year
off.
cordon.
result
to
:
This
in
shorten
{") point
new
healthier
PEAR
MARGUERITE
AS
MARILLAT
O.V
WEST
WALL.
CORDON
THE
and
fruitful
more
growth
If worked
on
will
remain
the
wall, especiallyif
fruitful
undoubtedly
succeed
double
ones
double
cordons
Apart
for
as
from
it is
Quince
many
years
wall
is
better
and
above.
should
planted
Vertical
be
interest
pinch out
midsummer,
the
the
it has
point.
it will
strongest
pinching
the
the
have
of
case
other
12
and
wall, say
in
possess
not
or
feet,
trained,
years
secured
to
be
must
adaptabilityfor
Cordons
vigorous,
it
their
and
too
otherwise
i.
Maiden
trellis.
it need
be
not
shortened
tree
If well
shortened,
the
to
perly
pro-
rooted
line
cross
inches
third
on
space
they would
develop into
first instance.
four
Single cordon
planted
so
is done
by
again ; reserve
training it upright,
the
ticable.
prac-
be, they
allotted
But
gradually to
low
Diagonal
grown
If this
to
feet.
12
where
should
pears
filled their
say
if allowed
utilitycordons
2.
to
as
secure
Second
year
shortened
been
grow
growth,
all occasions
on
all cordon
Cordons
when
and
longer
in the
in growth
from
bud
tree
Single maiden
;
{d) point or' shortening at winter pruning,
about
half its length.
In the following
retain
shoot
the
spring
as
strongest
leader,
recommended
In
and
127
stock, as
after they
a
high one,
live
suggested
the
be
to
the
the
PEAR
vigorous growth
from
bud, maiden
for
(/)
continuation
tree
extension.
having
not
growth
{g) previous
which
have
formed.
on
year's wood
spurs
growth ; (z) previous
year
; {h) extension
with
ing
bearyear's wood
years' wood
; {J} three
spurs
fruit,
Fourth
4.
gi'owth
year ; {k) extremity
limit
and
of trellis ; (/) previous
with
year's wood
four
years' wood
fruiting ; below
; (m) three
spurs
in bearing.
In trees
trained
years' wood
diagonally
is more
than
the flow
of sap
in
evenly distributed
the
vertical, consequently
more
vigour is imparted
leaf.
3.
the
previous year's wood
on
are
pruning
similarly. At the winter
the
leader
need
to wellonly be shortened
and
the
ripened wood,
or, if well matured
second
ting
growth short, leave full length, cutto a bud
two.
or
pinched side shoots
is similar.
Subsequent
years' treatment
Double
trained
tree
2.
one
(in leaf) ;
year
at winter
{e) point of shortening growths
F- llowing spring and
summer
pruning.
for single cordon.
treatment
same
as
Shoots
treated
to
Third
the
lower
parts.
of
private
will
dessert
secure
or
this
for
exhibition
result
so
purposes,
there
the
successfully
as
is
cordon
no
method
tree.
128
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
appointment
disof varieties ; much
regards the selection
I
and
planting.
experienced by indiscriminate
may
be
known
varieties which
to
useless
those
are
that
it
is
to
at
once
plant
say
and
When
as
are
weak
to
restriction,
naturally
they
subjected
poor
growers.
in
all.
Therefore
at
under
this system,
in time
they absolutelyrefuse to grow
known
those varieties only that are
to
be careful
order
trees
to
selectingcordon
I
them
enumerate
be
of good constitution
and
free growth, and
amongst
may
also as affordinga supply of
and
the following as being suitable
for this purpose,
also well
These
varieties are
first quality dessert
fruits from
August to Easter.
trees.
adapted for growing on walls as horizontal or fan-trained
word
of
caution
is necessary
loss will be
as
Varieties
August.
Beacon,
Doyenne
^Jargonelle,
Bordillon,
September.
Brockworth
Park,
Souvenir
Williams'
*Fondante
Walls
for
*Beurre
Giffard, *Clap;fi's Favourite,
d'EU,
du Congres.
Beurre
Bon
d'Atnanlis,
Chrdtien, *Beurrd
de
*Triomphe
Vienne, Madame
d'Autonine,
Gregoire
superfin,
Treyve,
Marillat.
Marguerite
* Beurre
FouBosc, Beurrd
Capiauniont, Beurrd
Bergamotte
Hamburg,
de La?ny, Doyenni
Gratioli
*Co!nte
Boussoch,
Hardy, ^Beurre
Brown,
Louise
of Jersey, Marie
d'Uccle, *Pitmaston
Duchess, *Seckle,
of Jersey, '''Louise Bonne
Magnate.
de
Beurrd
Baronne
November.
^Conference,
Durondeau,
Mello,
Clairgeau,
du
Mons
*Doyennd
Cornice, Hacoris
Incomparable, '''Marie Louise, *Tho7npson's, Van
France.
*La
Uon
Le
Clerc, '''Duchesse d'AngouUme,
*Beurre
Beurri
d' Arenberg,
Beurre
de
December.
d'Anjou,
Bachelier, *Beurri
*Marie
'''Doyenne d'Alengon, *Glou
KnigMs
Morceau,
Jonghe, Chaumontel,
Monarch,
Diel.
Benoist, * Winter
Nelis, * Beurre
*Nouvelle
Fulvie, *Beurre
Sterckmatts, '''Easter Beurre', Jean de Witte,
January.
*Z"
Lectier, President
Barabe, Vicar of Winkfield, Zephirin Grdgoire.
October.
*
queray,
Beurre
February.
March
to
May.
Duchesse
Guisse,
de
Bordeaux,
'''Bergamotte Esperen,
'''Betirrd
Beurre
Meuris,
'''Olivier
de
Serres,
'''Passe
Perran.
Ranee,
'''Josephinede
Malines,
Nelis.
Anna
it is desired
Where
an
Marie
'''Nee Plus
Crassane,
should
asterisk
be
to
have
PEAR
By
orchard
It
market.
culinary
standards
and
from
bushes
6
facing
to
all
upon
12
horizontallytrained
marked
with
THE
IN
GEORGE
OPEN
BUNYARD
varieties
of
suitable
for
are
only a few
pears
for dessert
and
garden that they are valuable
of their
be
can
as
by reason
long season.
They
grown
above
the
outer
coarse
garden
vegetables, or as pyramids
the
stock
Quince
by the sides of the garden paths planted
cultivated
feet apart,
points
varieties
culture
is in the
purposes
in the
collection, those
grown.
THE
Under
limited
but
but
the
the
fruits attain
north.
espaliersupon
Some
the
Free
perfection
prefer
or
Pear
pear
when
trees
upon
grown
fan-trained
as
stock, planted
15
walls
or
feet apart.
.*^^.
?^i^'
PEAR
THE
They
be
may
the
grown
Quince
walls
at
and
fertile
in
When
root-pruned
properly
pears
form.
any
thrive
varieties
well
planted againstwalls
aspect,
and
They
All
become
such
mealy
fruits
days
and
the
be
should
is often
be
be
can
fall from
should
as
an
is
fruits
any
be
on
cut
black
ready
late
some
when
parent
ap-
the
trees
the
stalk
it may
be
over
spur
indication
that the pear
gather. Again, if when
ready to
gently lifted
the
spur
Amateurs
fruit
should
fall,
as
they
and
do
not
not
are
indicate
ripe.
readilyfrom
it parts
up
the
few
are
of
remain
and
when
the
grows
taken
to
considered
fruits
November,
out
with-
once.
pips (seeds)are
be
as
the
should
few
varieties
end
as
without
if the
at
are
the
Only general
trees
store.
until
made
given.
may
The
to
stored
picked.
cause
open,
the
fruits
fruit
Should
the
and
be
hang
ones
carefullypicked,
bruising,and
Enquiry
fruits will
exposed
delicate
gonelle
Jar-
as
Chretien
decay. All
be
gathered
soon
not
Such
must
Bon
shaded
after
gathered.
pears
rules
varieties
should
The
once.
pear
water
October.
into
Williams'
and
some
their
be fed with
well
siderable
con-
perfect
to
should
ripe, otherwise
at
or
few
the
be
western
the
before
a
west
should
they require
as
stimulants
on
with
warmth
fruits.
early
facing
walls
on
very
are
The
sorts
east, the mid-season
wall ; the
late
varieties
southern
upon
feet apart.
pruned
cordons
as
129
may
be
be
picked.
alarmed
if
diseased
frequently
all the
fruits
Finely developed
fruits
that
Bush
?should
be the
be
cultivator's
thinned
as
aim.
soon
They
as
well
Tree
(5
Years
Old)
{w) Point of shortening the first growth from the bud or graft ;
(jt)point of second
pruning of leading growth
; (y) point
of third
pruning ; (2) side branches
originated the first
formed
in second
; (a) branches
(^) branches
season;
year
originated in third year of pruning ; (c)leading growths
of branches
allowed
for
to remain
; (c^ subsidiarygrowths
furnishing
the
from
other.
each
shoots.
The
tree
with
The
branches
about
numerals
refer
distant
foot
to
the
of
ages
the
is formed
trees
by cutting back maiden
from
the ground, so
to
18 inches
that
the
lowest
to
15
branches
well clear of the soil.
Of the growths pushare
six of the most
or
promising and well situated
are
ing,_five
the
others
rubbed
retained, and
off, thus
leaving four or
five side shoots
and
Side growths
leader.
laterals on
a
or
of these
pinched at the first leaf as produced,
ting
cutare
any
below
the first stopping at the winter
pruning ; as
basal buds
will be left, spurs
will form
the following
some
the winter
At
summer.
pruning the leader is shortened
the side shoots, if over
foot in length,
to
a
15 inches, and
left intact.
The
next
spring four to six
topped, otherwise
and
shoots
are
push from the stem
encouraged, but not a
of this
leading central
growth (the absence
or
presence
difference
between
bush
marks
the
and
a
a
pyramid
lateral
shoots
three
are
tree);
pinched to
leaves, not
basal
ened
and
one
or
two,
counting the small
they are shortbuds
to one
two
at the winter
or
pruning following.
Short
stubby shoots are not pinched or winter
pruned, as
the fruit is produced.
In winter
these
the uppermost
on
shoots
should
Pear
are
fork, and
treated
as
simply
tree
shortened
the
in
to
about
15
leading growths
the preceding season
inches
the
of
;
to
side
cause
them
branches
subsequent
repetition.
I
to
are
pruning is
THE
I30
FRUIT
GARDEN
formed.
fall
cultivator
this
should
before
stage
Late
that
positions as
from
below
the
trees)those
removed.
A very
fruits of
small
hard
and
such
benefit
wall
(on
walls,should
the
heavy
will
crop
inferior
Pears
texture.
in
imperfect fruits,
branches
touching
best-
fullest
the
All
start
the
placed
are
air.
to
leave
derive
to
and
sun
those
in
which
thin.
numbers
destroy
early ;
too
after
to
advisable
not
the
weeks
commences
often
it is
thinning
looking fruits
three
he
will
frosts
also, so
wait
will
result
flavour
and
and
walls,
on
be
are
purposes
flavoured
better
however,
are,
medium-sized
fruits
and
more
generally useful.
Best
Stocks
bush, cordon,
restricted
{e)
Pyramid
Point
Pear
Tree
(s Years
Old)
maiden
cutting back
tree
point of
; (y)
shortening ; (?)point of tiiird cutting baclc ;
of
(/z)point of fourth
shortening of leader; (z) pomt
stopping leading shoot in summer
; (j) continuation
of
side
leader
made
after
(k)
pinching ;
growth
in consequence
made
of stopping
leader.
growths
of
second
The
numerals
such
refer
tree
is formed
pyramid
inches
to
15
shoots
the
to
of the
age
winter
requires no
by shortening
the
from
originated ;
perpendicular
pruning.
The
maiden
tree
the
and
ground,
is taken
one
cally
Practi-
wood.
five
to
the
though
to
branches
their
of
cut
are
bases
to
than
side
others
each
three
side
so
until
on,
form
shoots
the
better
require
and
is
as
the
foot
large
bud
and
fourth
will
be
as
sidiary
subother
; the lower
and
the
apart
shortening,
symmetrical
form
sandy,
be
or
best
are
As
light,the
or
very
the Pear
is
soil
the
Free
the
quince
where
and
trees
upon
the
or
moisture-
gravelly,
is
trees
pear
must
stock
growth
; gross
always be checked
by root-pruning.
planting pears grafted or budded
on
on
should
be
soil.
be
placed
But,
taken
stock
the
on
inches
other
the
can
In
the
scion
beneath
hand,
the
should
care
Free
to
if worked
grow
stock ; in such cases
graft
variety that
is
work
the
"
double
termed
of
or
bud
vigorous,and
desired
Quince
then
upon
This
sort.
grafting,"and
on.
men
nursery-
the
on
of the
direct
not
first
this
junction
not
too
will
pear
the Quince
the
stock
of
the
upon
Orchard
be
midal,
Pyra-
.forms
other
such
is
trees
of
pruning
secured, and
desired.
stock.
loving tree,
two
or
and
each
nearer
third
leader
Pear
side
pinched
side
The
be
not
preserve
At
the
tree
to
should
desired
where
; the
within
spurs.
should
only to
specimen.
forked
branches
in winter
back
branches
be
may
originate subsidiary
shoots
the
stake,
espaliers
Quince
remaining
ones
selected
in the best positions, all others
retained
are
off.
The
the
leader
being rubbed
following winter
is shortened
if strong,
inches, or 18 inches
to
15
will grow
and
least
four
shoots
in spring, one
at
be trained
of the stem,
to
upwards as continuation
The
the
others
side
regularly disposed around.
branches
have
been
case
shortened, in which
may
leader
from
be
trained
forward
must
a
as
growth
the
the
others
pinched,
extremity of each, and
to
stock.
seven
secured
upwards,
growth,
Quince
Pears.
for
produce
minimum
maximum
of
growth.
of
fruit
with
a;
PEAR
THE
Manuring
and
duly
if
the
Pear
thinned
fail
trees
results,and
and
the
branches
of
trees
and
late
and
table
use.
wait
until
fruits
of
crop
is
set
grow^th
much
too
to
stimulants, for
balance
between
proper
is disturbed.
The
fruits
roots
upon
sorts
positions,
warm
is better
to
are
harsh
giving
bear,
to
It
should
be
freely thinned
Unless
hang into November.
the
fruits
perfectly matured
are
and
fit
become
for
never
woody,
These
late sorts
should
be given
allowed
they
Trees.
before
131
walls
south
even
cool
in
districts.
Orchard
pains
Culture.
taken
are
orchards, but
where
It
thin
to
the
is seldom
crop
finer fruits
much
of
that
in
pears
be obtained
can
the
kept well
boughs are
by
apart
in
hours
winter, and a few
pruning
given to thinning the fruits will be well
mulch
of long
repaid. If liquid manure
or
a
stable litter can
be applied in June or
July,
and
for the
latest varieties
until October, to
those
will
bearing a heavy crop the trees
benefit greatly.
In
do
advise
not
planting pears
we
be
to
used
manure
too
freely as this may
severe
force
the
Many
of
with
rely on
that
where
much
soil
becomes
too
loose
readily,and
will
far
those
suflFer in
dry
clothe
(/) Point
of
of
the
and
trees
to
stock
outer
ally
especi-
and
season
root
the
Established
freely,and
the
liable
are
profusion
"sets."
those
In
which
to
go
of
to
blossoms,
varieties
make
over
the
forward
sufficiently
flower
trees
pear
very
exhaust
themselves
by
the least
trees
as
and
so
do
that
that
this
growth)
soon
able
it is advis-
shoots.
all
Descriptions
cannot
come
of
the
to
to
each
to
Fruit.
wall, or
other
and
g
where
that
It
must
be
the
than
wooden
diameter,
it
to
circumference
inches
15
shoots
vigorously
in
secured
snoots
the
of
means
inches
in
arranged
alternating
it, and
If
is
the
the
at
the
diameter,
at
equal
with
shoots
uppermost
the
others, stop
forked
it
the
same
so
the
grow
them
cultivator
understood
bearing
branches
no
the
central
form
; it is well
devote
much
is
suited
gardens, especially
cannot
that
and
and
continued,
has
tree
varieties
of the
bush
have
pyramid,
and
the
are
Such
apart.
like
the
for
branches
to
as
inches
shaping
as
main
peculiar to some
for plantations
the
perfection.
by
g
later
stem
of
lower
around
treatment
are
surplusclusters
remove
numerals
The
result
wood).
disposed
regularly
others
being removed.
one
uppermost
three
pyramid,
buds
Old)
(the
inches
(generally
the
as
tree
than
when
about
early in August
long, keeping the shoots
as
nearly
15
level
winter
a
as
possible. The
pruning
on
will
be
practically nil if summer
stopping
is practised, and
the
shoots
about
are
on
level ; otherwise
shorten
those
a
too
long,
close
all
laterals.
The
and
cut
subsequent
not
fruit
no
inner
around
apart
be
hoop should
distances
inner
become
all
stem,
be arranged
an
three
9 inches
the
more
stunted.
may
Years
of the
age
six
growths,
is
the
They
hoops,
maiden
the
to
this
(5
Tree
back
cutting
around
frequently
is used
Pear
refer
rather
prefer
Quince
the
on
joints
to
It
manure
for
the
apart
we
spurs, so
loam.
sound
occurs
buds.
Columnar
blind, and
fruit
good,
fruit
and
spurs
and
growth,
gross
loss of
become
may
will be too
sorts
trees
make
to
the
to
buds
some
the
to
trees
lead
thus
when
time
to
trees.
there
is
great
THE
132
difference
where
both
in the
size
FRUIT
GARDEN
colour
and
of
depending
pears,
(i) the
upon
district
they
the
are
grown
of
amount
mastication
when
be
prevented
The
of
flavonar
Some
is needed.
in
degree by gathering
is variously described
apt
are
pears
rot
trees
from
or
flavoured
and
There
warmest
juicy
most
are
from
purpose
the ripening of
if
wall
gathered
trees
just before
as
they
rule
are
may
fully ripe.
perfumed ; the
are
not
keep
October
side
after
sorts, but
of
sunny
all early pears
pyramid
are
best
quite ripe.
500
some
only 63
our
parts
of
and
This
core.
they
rich, and
rule, do
a
Mid-season
is evident.
as
meaning of each term
pears,
the
for
September
more
especially
are
ready
eating,
they
the
be lengthened by first gathering from
their season
can
the
the
at
before
sweet,
as
pears
to
fruits
the
of
this
fruit
known
and
are
Skin
faint patches of russet
AUCOURT.
smooth,
AsPASlE
greenish, shading
; colour
and
rich, first-class ; season
yellow ; flesh primrose, melting and juicy ; flavour sweet
the
which
it forms
fertile tree.
the
slow
on
Quince stock, upon
a
Upon
August ; growth
It is one
of the best
in its season
for garden
it grows
Pear
stock
use.
moderately.
pears
Skin
Leroy.
Baron
slightly rough ; colour
spotted with freckles of russet
green,
with
bronze
and
patches ; flesh white, melting ; flavour sweet,
rich, and firstbrown,
December
moderate.
resembles
This
class
to
new
January ; growth
pear
; season
It may
is very
supersede it,for Bergamotte
captious.
Esperen.
Esperen
Bergamotte
culture.
consider
it worthy of garden
We
Skin
smooth
and
Beacon.
shining, with faint russet
pale green,
yellow, and
; colour
cheek
firm
but
for
with a brown
its season
flesh
not
flavour
first-rate,
sweet,
passable
;
;
;
end
of July ; growth
middle
which
the
slow
it
to
Quince
season
stock, upon
on
very
to
forms
fertile, compact
tree.
free
bearer.
and
covered
shining ; colour
pale pea-green,
dots
and
patches of russet, faintly red or rosy sometimes
large russet
; flesh pale
and
rich
in a warm
in cold
but
seasons
primrose, half-melting ; flavour sweet
season,
free and
February to April ; growth
only fit for stewing ; season
twiggy, an
enormous
soil and wall culture, but on
eatable.
light land is seldom
; prefers a heavy
cropper
Skin
with russet
Belle
dots and
Julie.
rough, covered
patches ; colour pale green
to
and
yellow ; flesh nearly white, very juicy, melting ; flai"otir rich, sweet,
quite firstclass ; season
close and
first-rate on
growth
stock,
early November;
Quince
compact;
bears profusely ; might succeed
standard
and
in warm
as
a
positions ; a very fine variety
F.C.C.
in all forms.
for garden culture
1894.
d'hiver.
Skin
Bellissime
smooth, with patches of rough
russet
; colour
green
and
cheek
which, as the fruit ripens, is often scarlet ; flesh
yellow, with a rich, bronzy
white
and
March
November
to
crisp ; flavour,
stewing pear ; season
compact,
; growth
of fruit-spurs ; bears
sturdy, upright, forming a great number
freely,and, on account
very
of its long season,
late cooking
is a valuable
baked.
Splendid when
pear.
BEURRlfe
Bosc.
Ski7t rough and
with rich, brown
harsh, entirely covered
russet, with
rich and
silvery Aois,;flesh firm, very
]mcy; flavour very
distinct; season
October;
thin-branched
moderate
orchard
for
growth
spreading and
a
suitable
tree
; forms
; not
Esperen.
Bergamotte
with
a.
Skin
smooth
~/^..'
TRIPLE
UPRIGHT
CORDON
PEAR
TREE.
PEAR
BEURRE
RANGE.
which
prefers
slowly
Grows
Beurr]^
as
When
wall.
warm
cordon
russet
lemon, with patches
melting ; flavour first-class,very
and
November
as
it
a
as
Louise,
rich, like Marie
upright and compact.
growth
in
standard
stock
suitable
but
A
heavily root-pruned.
be
must
standard.
a
wall
; colour
green
to
fruit
more
grand
soils.
warm
Catillac
dots
and
and
and
a
Pear
Not
from
in places, smoother
russety
almost
sometimes
covering the
SVPRRFIN.Sh'n
of
October
the
upon
Quince.
the
on
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
134
of
flecks
Pear),
Skin
it often
russet,
harsh,
has
fO"Kr
often
russety;
or
chocolate-red
red
flush
bush.
thin
of
patches
bright primrose, with
and
firstrefreshing,
rich,
white, half-melting, juicy ; flavour sweet,
russet
; flesh snow
and
This
new
December
sturdy.
class
to
January ; growth
compact
pear
; season
of recently introduced
F.C.C.
One
of the best
du
Souvenir
resembles
Congr^s.
pears.
Charles
Ernest.
Skin
smooth
colour
1900.
Clapp'S
Favourite.
bronzy or sometimes
allowed
mealy when
September
; growth
A
valuable
market
Skin
slightly harsh, very uneven
; co/oz^r -bright yellow, with
if gathered
before
fully ripe, but
bright red cheek
; flesh melting
but
first-class
the
not
tree
to
flavour
pleasant,
ripen on
; season
;
moderately.
foliage on
long footstalks ; bears
upright, with narrow
on
pear
Skin
dwarf
trees.
d'te.
PEAR
TREE,
UPRIGHT
COVERlyO
FORM
OF
PILLAR.
TRAINING
FOR
THE
patches
of
the
tree
on
season
middle
forms
thin
melting,
This
pruning
chief
as
roots
as
market
the
best
the
open,
It
pear
in the
DucHESSE
strewed
from
and
DE
succeeds
in
the
We
flavour.
should
freely
too
do
advise
not
be
root-
heavy
1900.
black
polished ; colour
orange-yellow, with
and
perfumed
occasionally very
good, but its
slow
and
Bears
September
sturdy.
; growth
When
weight.
gathered before
fully ripe it is
and
flavourless.
is very
This
hardy
and
of
Skin
with
russet,
smooth
coppery
and velvety ;
tinge on sunny
fruit is
excellent
bears
regularly.
It
colour
pale cinnamon-brown,
and
flesh white
firm,
season
February to March
; growth
A
like
Quince.
good bearer, and
side
very
Pear
Beurr6.
;
Care
F.C.C.
growth
be freely planted
in
should
form.
any
richest
delicious
wall
and
smooth
melting ; flavour
variety ; season
BORDEAUX.
patches
half-melting ; flavour
the
moderate, free on
fruits
and
cool
north.
with
Easter
orange-yellow,
"ush; flesh
red
exquisite, rich
when
grown,
dull
brilliant
to
the
fruit is often
lb. in
profusely, and
i
juicy and good, but if over-ripe it is mealy
very
The
being largely planted for market
sale.
tree
succeeds
; colour
has
its season.
lengthen
if it grows
by mulching, and
fruits have
akin
December
surface
out.
moderate-sized
the
is
the
near
Guyot.
Jules
flesh buttery and
value
in
wall
grit ; flavour
into
doubt
and
carried
be
must
thinning,
entirely without
walls
slightly harsh
from
when
sometimes
is without
the
5/5z
(Comice).
dots, sometimes
on
keep
to
of
Comice
black
aspects,
Dr.
pale primrose,
and
November,
various
dots
dots
becomes
pyramid
du
moderate.
taken
135
long.
minute
season
end
to
Doyenne
with
golden
ripen it
to
pretty
and
and
russet
PEAR
colour
Skin
pale
harsh
with
green
when
a
grown
chocolate-red
in the
open,
matured
nut-brown
rich
dots
before
with
season
deep
end
succeeds
pear
often
but
cheek, with
well
smooth
of the
in
in
of
all
wall-
colour,
melting, juicy ; flavour
moderate,
; growth
faint
same
shaded
and
dots
side ; flesh tender
silvery russet
on
December
Mafch
to
refreshing, pleasantly sub-acid
; season
stock
of
south
south-west
the Quince
and
is then
first-class in
on
wall,
a
or
worthy
;
in good
Succeeds
flavour.
situations.
beauty and
as
a
pyramid
d'Heyst
smooth
Emile
(Beurre d'P^steren). Skin
orange-yellow with small
; colour
dots
and
russet
patches ; flesh yellowish, melting, and juicy ; flavour rich, piquant, with
of October
end
and
November
and
neat
a
pleasant refreshing acidity ; season
; growth
and
somewhat
It
of fruit-spurs, and
bears
forms
a
irregular.
mass
profusely
compact,
and
It succeeds
in many
reliable
than
sort
Marie
forms, and is a far more
regularly.
and
not
a
sweet
so
richly flavoured, but it has
juice
Louise, though
pleasant sub-acid
in various
be freely planted
which
and
should
of the best
prefer. It is one
pears,
many
F.C.C.
1899.
aspects.
very
slow
d'automne.
FONDANTE
Skin
smooth
with
russet
flecks
and
dots
colour
orange-
red
all greenish
cheek, sometimes
yellow ; flesh buttery, very
yellow, with brownish
end
of September
and
and
October
rich, first-class
sweet
juicy ; flavour very
; season
;
in all forms, and
small
is one
and
with
neat
foliage. It succeeds
growth
compact
sparse
best
of the very
(Birds are particularlyfond of it.)
grown.
with
shallow
Skin
FONDANTE
Thirriot.
DE
nearly smooth,
punctures
; colour
with
often
lemon
firm, and
flesh
to
tinge
juicy ;
a
deep
golden-scarlet
;
very
orange,
and
November
first-rate
October
upright and
flavour sweet, rich, and
; growth
; season
of the best
A remarkable
free.
bearer, succeeding in any form, one
recently brought to
small.
notice ; foliage rather
Skin
and
with
thin
smooth
GiLOGlL.
brown, strewn
velvety ; colour rich coppery
136
FRUIT
THE
shaded
aromatic
and
sweet
flavour
;
sturdy, bears
freely, succeeds
It resembles
Almost
in all forms.
Olivier de Serres.
apple-shaped.
Glou
from
wall
the open
is often
Morceau.
Skin
fruits,but from
smooth,
green
harsh
colour
brown
with
dull
thick
russet
some
olive-green, with
shadings, entirely
;
covered
with minute
dots ; flesh white, melting and
juicy ; flavour sweet, rich, and
very
November
and
December
refreshing ; season
growth
moderate, with thick deep green
;
in the
of England,
but
is first-class in warm
West
shining foliage. This
or
seasons,
the fruits are
and
bears
succeeds
insipid in cold seasons.
It, however,
freely, and
watery
is valuable.
by the sea, and in its season
harsh
and
smooth
Calebasse
Grosse
patches ;
(Van Marum).^5/^/
russety with
colour
often
with
but
to
russet
changing
entirely covered
; flesh white,
green
orange,
and
November
October
crisp, juicy ; flavour second-rate
ugright and
; season
; growth
with
and
in
the largest grown.
Although
long foliage. A stewing pear,
sparse
poor
quality is worth
growing for exhibition, and for its handsome
appearance.
dark
Skin
often
with
smooth,
markings
Jargonelle.rough russet
; colour
green
cheek
shaded
with
yellow, with a chocolate
bronzy
or
sweet, perfumed
; flesh
; flavour
whitish, melting, juicy, and
refreshing, a fine old early pear ; season
August ; growth
cordon
It requires much
or
spreading as a standard
or
pruning to make
a
garden tree.
wall
the
but
bears
well
the Quince
stock.
On
the
Free
stock
trees
require
tree,
upon
the
of the
branches.
Often
much
root-pruning, as they only fruit at the ends
larger than
live 200
often
figure. Trees
years.
with
round
the
Malines
Skin
netted
russet
de
Josephine
(Malines).
smooth,
stalk
and
thick
and
with
freckles
leathery ; colour pale yellowish green,
spots and
eye,
of bright green
coloured, very juicy ; flavour perfumed, rather
; flsh melting, pale cream
from
than
those
wall
March
richer
from
trees
to
on
a
January
; growth
open
; season
in all forms, and
is one
Succeeds
of the most
upright, moderate.
regular bearing sorts
russet,
deeper
October
season
brown
January,
to
; flesh white
stewing pear
GARDEN
and
crisp
growth
very
we
have.
F.C.C.
igoi.
Skiti
sometimes
smooth, polished, and
patched with russet
;
with
cheek
and
flesh
crackling,
yellow,
bronzy
leathery
pale golden
;
green
November
thin
to April ; growth
yellow ; flavour very rich, Bergamot-perfumed
; season
is small, but
and
standards
wiry, produces fine large fruit on
garden trees ; that from
of good
be severely
not
quality. As the fruits fall before
ready to gather, they should
It varies
in shape from
thinned.
much
oval.
top to a blunt
peg
Le
Lectier,
Skih
and
dull green,
with
faint dots,
smooth
covered
shining ; colour
round
the
free
from
slightly russet
grit ;
; flsh palest primrose, melting, juicy, and
eye
delicious
free
quite first-rate,
flavour
January and February ; growth
sweet, and
; season
and
vigorous, upright, with fine glossy foliage. F.C.C.
1894.
Louise
Bonne
Skin
smooth
and
of
(Beurre d'Avranches).
shining, sometimes
Jersey
with
crimson
with russet
sometimes
patches ; colour
pale green,
deep chocolate
scarlet
and
flush ; flesh white, crisp, and
juicy ; flavour very sweet
refreshing,
very
first-class ; season
October
upright, with narrow
moderate,
foliage. A very
; growth
in any
of the handsomest
free bearer, succeeding
sorts.
form, and one
Skin
Marguerite
Marillat.
with
smooth, almost
shining; colour
pale orange
red
flush, and
irregular patches of russet;
flesh palest primrose, melting and
juicy;
rich ; season
A
upright and
flavour
vigorous.
early October
grand
garden
; growth
and
is
bears
lb.
the
often
in
i
freely
on
Quince
stock,
weight.
Superb as a wall
pear,
Knight's
Monarch.
colour
to
fruit
Pear
the
on
Marie
green,
covered
netted
from
fruits are
wall or
orchard-house,
a
bright pale
but
when
from
often entirely
cinnamon-russet,
trees
open
russet
half-melting; flavour x\ch and
season
sweet;
; flesh palest cream,
slow
the Quince, moderate
stock.
the Pear
This
on
on
January ; growth
and
with
December
varies
stock.
Benoist.
very
Marie
and
much
Skin,
flecked
in
when
with
quality,but
is often
first-rate.
when
from
wall
fruit, but when
Skin, smooth
covered
with russety patches;
colour
golden, or very rich nut-brown
and
rich, quite first-class;
juicy; flavour extremely
very
Louise.
in
the
; flesh
season
open
tender,
October
often
ing,
melt-
and
THE
November
best
as
open
other
every
Marie
137
free and
Succeeds
growth
twiggy.
as
a
very
less
Grows
espalier or on a wall.
freely on
standard
the
in good
soils, but is
bears
well
Quince, and
year.
Louise
with
green,
PEAR
russet
d'Uccle.
Skin
and
spots
dots
with
smooth,
and
an
rough
brown
orange
and
patches ; colour
orange
;flesh white, crisp ;flavour
leaves.
not
deep green
Though
cheek
rich ; season
October
robust, with
; growth
very
first-class,it is so hardy that it frequently bears
fruit is very
when
are
scarce
; the
pears
large and handsome.
Marquis
(Rivers'). Skin slightly rough, with russet
patches and dots ; colour
pale
to
side ; flesh creamy
half
bright green,
bronzy on
brown,
melting and
juicy ;
sunny
Christmas
fair on
flavour rich and vinous ; season
stock.
This
the Quince
new
; growth
Beurrd
has
pair resembles
and
Easter
the stalk
a
Hardy
Beurrd, and
large open
eye,
in a deep cavity ; very
being inserted
promising.
Michaelmas
Nelis.
Skin
smooth
pale yellow with
dots, lemon
; colour
green
shaded
stalk
on
side, russety
near
melting, no
grit ; flavour
; fl^sh white, buttery, and
and
rich
and
middle
sweet
of
end
luscious, very
to
perfumed
September
; season
;
A
Winter
in form.
vigorous.
it resembles
growth
Nelis, which
seedHng from
Perhaps
in its season
be gathered
before
the
no
it parts readily from
equals this, but it must
pear
Grows
the
Pear
freely on
tree, or, like many
early sorts, it rots at the core.
Quince and
sweet,
stocks.
A.M.
igo2.
NouvELLE
FULVIE.
Skin
colour
with
russet
pale green,
flush, and when
on
grown
open
tender
and
melting ; flavour first-class,rich and
sweet
trees, russety
; flesh
; season
moderate.
but
March
Succeeds
in the open,
is
to
tree
February
as
a
garden
; growth
best
from
wall
F.C.C.
variable.
trees
moderately
very
igoo.
; bears
; shape
Olivier
Skin
with
nut-brown
Serres.
de
rough, covered
russet, with pale green
the
side
in places, slightly tinged with dull bronze
on
patches showing
through
;
sunny
rich
indeed, quite first-rate ;
flesh dull golden, firm, half-melting, juicy ; flavotir very
March
to
moderate,
season
January
knotty at joints, fine for cordons,
; growth
very
Must
A.M.
in any
remain
till November.
form.
trees
trees
pyramids, or garden
on
spots
and
very
minute
rough,
dots, sometimes
irregular;
very
with
chocolate
1900.
in the
often
but
trees
rough from
; colour
open
the
with
entirely covered
russet, especially round
white
stalk
and
acid,
refreshing,
nearly
flesh
melting,
rich,
briskly
flavour
very
;
;
eye
the Quince
stock.
When
first-class
and
February
slow, on
January
; growth
; season
in good
and
should
walls
be tried
this pear
is grand, but it is very
well grown
on
captious,
F.C.C.
soils only.
1898.
pear
Passe
pale
Crassane.
brown
and
Petite
green,
Skin
but
smooth,
often
more
Marguerite.
Skin
with
smooth,
faint
russet
colour
green,
mottled
and
juicy ; flavour rich, sweet
yellow, bronzy
; flesh yellowish, half melting
sunny
in all forms
and
enormous
free, succeeds
September
pleasant ; season
; an
; growth
culture.
bearer, and a good variety for orchard
and
sometimes
russet
Skin
Pitmaston
Duchess.
patched
striped with
smooth,
colour
to
yellow ; flesh firm, half-melting and juicy ; flavour in good seasons
pale green
October
and
acid
in cold
; growth
very
first-rate, but
; season
apt to be
poor
years
for
fine
A
in all forms.
bottling and
handsome
foliage. Succeeds
robust, with
pear
side
on
stewing
fruits often
weigh
i\
lb.
F.C.C.
1874.
smoother
in well-grown
examples
; colour
fine
cinnamon
quality ; flesh milk-white,
first-class,extra
golden, and
; flavour
fruit.
March
and
a
really grand
\z.\e.T;
growth moderate;
melting, and
juicy; season
termed
It has
spring Doyenni du Cornice, and is quite worthy of a wall.
not
a
inaptly been
delicious.
F.C.C.
is large and
well
When
1901.
grown
and
and
5,^/
smooth
pale green
Princess.
shining, rarely russety ; colour green
skin ; flesh white, juicy, and
the
melting ;
with
tinge, dark-green dots under
a brownish
October
upright. A very free
compact,
; growth
flavour briskly acid, very good ; season
in poor
for market
to be
depended
seasons
culture, and one
; fine
bearer, valuable
upon
President
rich
as
cordon.
Barabe.
Skin
russety,
but
THE
138
Saint
GARDEN
rough, russety
(Rivers'). Skin
rich
flesh melting, juicy ; flavour
stock.
Quince
This, we
believe,
Luke
patches
green
FRUIT
colour
and
cinnamon
deep
sweet
October
season
with
brown
;
growth
will
valuable
variety.
a
prove
with
silvery dots ; flesh white,
slightly rough ; colour
mahogany-red
aromatic
October
half-melting, juicy ; flavour
peculiar, rich, and
crisp, and
; season
;
with
the
like
and
Many
narrow
neat
foliage on
long footstalks.
growth
compact
moderate
the
on
SeCKLE.
Skin
little pear,
but
it is not
always first-class.
and
uneven
polished,
knobby,
smooth,
; colour
small
dots
and
blotches
of
and
and
lemon
with
russet
bright
red,
scarlet,
stripes
orange,
and
firm
white
the
whole
surface
juicy, and
pleasant ;
musky,
over
; flavour
; flesh
and
October
stock
end
of September
the Pear
free, requires to
season
on
very
; growth
often
the
but
bears
be
and
then
freely, and
double-grafted
Quince,
slowly,
on
grows
fruits \\ lb. in weight.
produces
Skin
Thompson's.
fairly smooth,
pale lemon
yellow ;
frequently knobbed
; colour
peculiar
and
flavour
Souvenir
of
aroma
CongrI;s.
du
this
Skin
and
and
delicious
flesh melting, very juicy ; flavour
perfumed,
September
sweet,
; season
and
and
Succeeds
October
as
a
drooping.
as
a standard
upright \foliage narrow
; growth
in all forms, but
double
stock.
be
must
Quince
on
grafted when
garden tree
rather
harsh
with
Triomphe
Vienne.
Skin
russet
DE
pale orange,
spots
; colour
and
and
stalk
sweet
brisk, and
specks, russety
near
very
; flesh crisp, melting
; flavour
the
better
when
before
it parts freely from
tree
September
season
rich, much
gathered
;
October
and
If
on
the
free
; growth
gathered
early
and
compact.
flavour
the
is very
garden pear
good, apt
of
excellence,
great
rot
to
at
the
core
some.
hand-
very
if left too
long
tree.
Pound
Pear).
(Spring Beurrd, Pickering, Belle Angevine,
with
bright
primrose, sometimes
golden in hot
seasons,
white
cheek
brick-red
covered
with
minute
tough, greenish
;
spots ; flesh crisp and
November
to
vigorous.
flavour, only used as a stewing
May
; season
; growth
pear
very
standard
in weight
is best
from
wall
Succeeds
often
trees
as
a
are
2 lbs.
upon
; fruits
; it
wall.
It succeeds
Pear
stock.
the Quince
a
on
or
and
harsh
Black
Verulam
Skin
Pear,
(Pound
Jack, Warden).
rough
; colour
that
of Marie
cinnamon
and
to
bronzy red ; flesh hard
gritty, crisp ; flavour resembling
useful
March
Louise
free,
stewing
remarkably
February,
; a
pear
; season
; growth
forms
almost
fit for
cool
be very
On
wall the
fruit will often
a
a
large tree.
large, and
Uvedale'S
Skin
harsh
St.
Germain
; colour
green
and
dessert.
Vicar
for
brownish
stewing
It is
free
(Bon
Winkfield
of
with
green
December
season
bearer
and
Skin
smooth
and
dull
shining ; colour
peavaluable
white,
crisp
flesh
flavour
second-rate,
;
;
leaves.
with
free, pendent,
long-stalked
; growth
very
but
suitable
for decoration
stewing than
or
handsome,
more
Cur^).
crimson
or
very
flush
dessert.
for
Williams'
Bon
of
Chretien
Skin
with
(Bartlett, Williams').
patches
smooth,
with
carmine
from
trees
flush, or when
yellow, often
frequently
a
open
juicy ; flavour highly perfumed
russety
September
; flesh melting, very
; season
; growth
This
well-known
fruit succeeds
in any
sturdy, upright, and
form, but garden
compact.
the
best
fruits.
stock
the
trees
on
Quince
produce
Winter
Nelis
de
Skin
and
from
(Bonne
Malines).
rough
trees, and
russety
open
russet
colour
;
nearly smooth
flesh melting,
when
Can
deserves.
wall
colour
November
season
from
F.C.C.
Z^phirin
March
to
only
be
the
upon
as
Gr^GOIRE.
fine
sort
and
garden
with
patches of nut-brown;
flavour sweet, yet brisk ;
small
with
stalks.
foliage on long footit well
culture
on
walls, which
green
coloured
cream
sparse,
tree
or
1902.
Skin
smooth
core,
thin
growth
depended
pale yellowish
for
walls
when
grown
and
sweet
polished
and
Forms
sparse.
on
Pear
colour
delicious
stock.
green,
;
neat
season
garden
with
mottled
Decembertree
on
yellow
January
the
Quince
;
;
"'?i)
ei
to
4
'o
THE
PEAR
SELECTIONS
Petite
Marguerite
Williams'
Bon
DESSERT
OF
For
Small
Chretien
.
d'Heyst
Superfin
Julie
Beurrd
Conference
October
PEARS
Gardens
Emile
September
139
Belle
Louise
Bonne
Fondante
Durondeau
November
....
Pitmaston
As
rehable
The
Doyenn^
du
November
Thirriot
Cornice
Nov.,
Dec.
Duchess
do
amateurs
of
above
these
are
not
often
possess
the
above
later
are
suitable
Garden
for cordons,
For
Orchard
varieties
Nelis,
are
For
All
de
wall
and
are
omitted;
Duchesse
de
the
most
Bordeaux.
trees.
Culture
espaliers,or
bushes.
Standards
Fruit
Chalk.
small
and
or
August.
pale yellowish green,
sweet
;
heavily and has short leafy upright growth ; often planted as a protection to other
the windy
sides of plantations.
trees
on
Lammas.
A
bright yellow and red fruit of second-rate
flavour, but being
August.
early it sells well ; growth free.
See
Dr.
Guyot.
Jules
135.
page
Williams'.
See page
138.
black
Small
fruit with
free
Hessle.
specks ; very
golden
August-September.
flavour
forms
bearer
and
sweet
a
weeping
tree.
pleasant ;
;
medium-sized
A
Beurr
Capiaumont.
de
fruit, russety
September-October.
and
and
brown
orange-red ; a very
upright grower.
great bearer
Beurr^
fruit with
Clairgeau.
crimson
flush ;
October.
A
large, handsome
very
free bearer, making
trees
large orchard
on
a
close, upright trees
on
Quince stock, and
Its size and
stock.
Pear
it valuable.
beauty render
Crawford
crops
BEURRfe
Bosc.
See
page
132.
THE
HO
BEURRfe
Geert.
Van
Jean
d't4
DoYENNfe
See
Seepage
DOYENNfe
FRUIT
Emile
Seepage
but
of
because
pays
See
Jargonelle.
Petite
135.
See
well
Bears
Beurrd
Duchess,
Williams'
Baron
with
long
stalk,
Jules
Dr.
fruit
November
of
rich
Fondante
Cornice,
du
Beurrd
Beurre
Geert,
Van
Jean
de
Pitmaston
Marguerite,
Guyot.
Introduction
sweet
very
Stock
Petite
Boussoch,
Doyenni
Recent
of
Leroy.
chocolate-brown,
Doyeniid
Congris,
du
and
Chrdtien,
Pears
dull
Quince
on
Conference,
Durondeau,
Bon
Bushes
Souvenir
Princess,
d'Beyst,
Emile
Clairgeatt,
fruit
drooping.
and
long
as
fruit
greenish
Small
Superfin,
Bonne,
137.
Pears
Beurrd
Louise
137.
growth
Market
Hardy,
Thirriot,
page
Town).
old
when
Best
fertility.
page
(Aston
Crassane
rich.
and
See
Duchess.
Summer
prolific
Very
its
136.
page
Marguerite.
PiTMASTON
free.
Growth
September.
second-rate,
135.
page
d'Heyst.
Fertility.
134.
page
See
133.
page
134.
See
BOUSSOCH.
DURONDEAU.
GARDEN
Others
and
from
flavour,
Resembles
Continent.
the
Chaumontel.
Belle
Guerandaise.
Continental
November
fruit
of
not
CoMTE
size
delicious
fruit
is omitted
from
the
list
of
because
its
small
October.
D'ANGOULfeME.
Many
but
Is
flavour.
sweet
growth.
DUCHESSE
best,
rich,
off.
peeled
be
can
This
Lamy.
de
awkward
and
skin
the
although
free
it
bearer,
surprised
be
may
is
this
that
stewing
above
not
quality,
is
omitted
from
in
except
the
favourable
situations.
Glastonbury.
fruit
resembling
October-November.
places.
and
Brown
F.C.C.
Wauchope.
useful
Le
shape
Brun.
of
musky
the
flavour
Parrot.
very
garden
St.
flavour
long,
very
has
grand
of
for
bright
Williams'
fruit,
new
in
February
but
Benedictine,
as
richly-flavoured
resembling
Glou
A.M.
pear.
fruit, which
green
Bon
shy
in
bearer
d'Avalon,
Beurre
ripens
Morceau
or
Marie
R.H.S.
the
at
end
of
October
and
Chretien.
fruit
Bergamot-like
ripe
in
October.
in
November.
promising
pear.
Edmunds.
One
of
Messrs.
Rivers'
sweet,
first-class,
Known
Beurrd.
Porch's
General
Louise
Beurre
R.H.S.
and
has
good
aromatic
new
sorts
ripens
flavour.
Persimmon,
The
(see
p.
208).
It
is very
PEAR
WILLIAMS-
BON
CHRETIEN.
CHAPTER
XIII
THE
The
pineapple,
wild
in
in
and
indigenous,
Leyden.
it
was
of
rank
relates
must
have
year
17 16.
have
been
Lord
Bacon
century
am
been
known
by
in
me
Rose,
is
the
has
those
in
to
to
the
days
saying
the
that
with
present,
seek,
and
is
quality
as
very
chiefly
imported
placed
into
on
of
years
the
country,
markets.
and
finer
that
has
Indeed
The
not
but
There
only
also
by
by
the
cause
increased
the
great
is, however,
no
tivation
cul-
This
was
forth
put
grown
were
this
that
is
not
number
of
improvement
in
comparison
to
in
justified
am
from
of
pine
enthusiasm
great
declined
steadily
second
successful
believe
It
plants
the
now.
than
pineapples
where
successful
efforts
tireless
exceptions.
for,
the
remember
before
pineapple."
of
art
Hall,
garden
its
until
time
been
obligingly
introduced
in
the
the
has
spaniels,
first
were
at
country
of
and
when
country.
culture
notable
accounted
this
this
pineapple
few
well
fruit,
that
in
seen
ago
I
this
they
but
Strawberry
in
as
nearly
Portland
this
understood,
being
not
must
here,
opinion
breeds
the
it
the
fruit
Waldegrave
with
persons
grown
of
this
II.
England
published
in
of
introduction
from
be
residence.
favourite
pine
maintained
esteem.
Earl
Charles
until
first
it is certain
of
art
the
the
Earl
Majesty
his
country
its
forty
or
high
been
never
the
on
culture
and
same,
have
such
the
this
his
was
and
beautiful
King
of
two
raising
in
into
before
"this
to
which
by
the
his
represents
less
or
thirty
in
in
days
in
more
case
held
was
those
excel
been
the
especially
of
lost
Cour
concludes
fruits
that
says
Sloane,
which
of
in
He
produced
cultivated
been
by
picture
of
aroused
interest
had
it.
see
attempted
was
pineapple
the
presenting
method
accident
some
The
culture
the
that
to
Plantations,
on
fruit
room
by
is
it
mentioned
attended
le
plant
that
importance,
instance
any
before
of
painting
royal gardener,
by
time.
old
breakfast-
Ham,
at
probable
were
curious
the
this
fruit
produced
Britannicum,
Essay
the
that
The
palace
that
than
period
it in
long
his
is
tion.
popula-
M.
by
grown
much
so
Germany
Pomarium
introduction
the
Twickenham.
his
it in
of
and
had
even
it
native
introducing
first
pineapple
Holland,
his
persuaded
strengthened
the
curiosity, and
England
in
mentions
earlier
showed
France,
grows
where
the
to
been
of
pine,
America,
food
have
to
means
the
1690.
year
of
source
the
of
cone
South
and
is said
was
when
great
in
valuable
the
to
Africa
Europe
the
rare,
before
in
in
very
resemblance
of
Portland
Phillips,
THOMAS
parts
that
so
from
strongly
much
be
to
came
its
of
Holland
deemed
from
it affords
Earl
Brookshaw
OWEN
pineapple
The
from
England
By
many
where
first
The
of
named
so
abundance
PINEAPPLE
as
time
far
apples
pinetheir
regards
THE
142
flavour
and
qualitybetween
weight
and
an
the
best and
select
Propagation.
of
The
The
of
stem
the
suckers,
parent
inches
good size,say
the
majority of these
produce five or six. As
be reduced
to
plant's sake
the
upon
one
then
careful
be
must
it
may
to
best
and
remove
The
apex
fruit
than
the
before
of
to
we
which
half
have
is
crown
bottom
method
to
varieties.
of
adopt
when
It will
be
By
practised in
made
sorts
to
were
be
in
four
most
from
ally
generbase of
the
until
the
they
of
are
potted
by
few
the
it
about
bare
lay the
of
to
and
half
increase
plant
best
take
off
time
the
at
produce
only
in
to
pot and
necessary
of the bottom
few
will
roots
plunged
part of
the
be emitted
in
bottom
after
stem,
the
an
above.
the
and
is resorted
in time
boxes
recommended
temperature
is the
case
made
only preparation
hard
or
pans
depth
to
4-inch
have
stock
of
This
is
choice
and
useful
scarce
three
return
five
the
is desired
The
pot is
base
will
give
the
considering,
in the
and
stem
left,as
of
make
to
suckers.
of the
the
are
August
long,and that
crown
longer
from
that
end
feet
the
firmly into
to
over
the
dwelling
surplus suckers
injuring the
without
away
two
for
the
May
this
or
excused
in
the young
plants propagated in this
years before
will
fruit,and probably longer, but as one
stem
six
plants
it is
useful
However,
they
method
for
increasingstock.
was
pine
so
highly thought of and so generally
between
thirtyand forty years ago, many
were
country
attempts
the
varieties by cross-fertilising
older ones,
and
few new
some
this
new
obtained
for
pine is only
produced.
this is
be
of
do
one
to
just been
inch
an
to
When
raise
varieties,and
the
is
for insertion
them
heat
seed.
in
is
sucker
towards
spoken of is to
stripped off,in shallow
been
loamy soil,covering
in
place
to
effected
be
grow
latter
I may
to
the
of 70 degs.
The
method
third
leaves
lbs. in
or
fruit,by suckers, by
the
beginning
The
much
produce
ready
heat
suckers
that
8 inches
have
is
crown
this if the
down
press
takes
leaves,leaving about
from
the
of
is needed
propagation
method
of varieties
case
means
sucker
easilydetached.
rapidly,and
grow
mode
the
proud
in
the
care
fruit). This
the
crown
the
plants which
the
sturdy plants,from
them
for potting.
next
of
is
way
it is
strong
of
Some
twist, when
be
may
of
i.e. the
Towards
point.
removed.
The
plant.
pineapple
the
usually appear
soon
as
they are
treatment
this
particularlyon
of
plant will
spring ; frequently one
should
to
handle,
they
large enough
It
is
for
the
the
number
better,
or
required.
two, according to
for the suckers
be
left,as a stronger
as
well, that only one
result.
successful
The
growth of the pine depends so much
and
will
sucker
Pine
would
one
young
plant,should be left upon
Pine
Queen
long. The
18
and
Queen
latter.
the
so
The
practisejj.
the
former
dessert,not
propagation of
of the
namely, by means
ways,
the plant, and by seed.
is by
quickest and best method
different
stem
GARDEN
home-grown
say, a
fruit.
The
imported
most
FRUIT
culture
in this way.
this
reason
resorted
to
soon
when
were
no
improvement
disappeared. Seed-propagation
it is
hoped
that
an
improved
new
in
on
the
older
case
variety
of
may
THE
144
Plants
FRUIT
GARDEN
in
English gardens
pineapple is cultivated
in two
One
termed
which
is underis
the
stood
planting-out
by
system,
ways.
Both
that
the plants are
planted in a border ; the other is pot culture.
and
each
the
Gardens,
Windsor,
were
Royal
extensively practised at
systems
and
had
heavier
its advantages. By planting out
undoubtedly get larger
you
fruits and
also economise
is also an
advantage in the long
labour, and there
Borders.
in
succession
fruits
of
(especiallywhen
This
The
it
is
suckers
possible
of
obtain
to
different
sizes
are
from
house
one
planted
by
in the
out
this
first
method
instance).
way
Rothschild
beech
and
method
of
I
and
oak
think
leaves
culture
(which
that
do
cannot
best) this
are
attended
was
with
better
on
goes
much
for
brieflyoutline
than
the
doubt
house
with
This
time.
long
Royal Gardens,
the
plan followed
the
at
success
as
there.
The
out
Structure.
big pits
were
covered
to
hold
in
order
five
to
Two
rows
hold
plants, and
successional
crops
should
pineapples
the
planted
They
were
ordinary frame.
an
trampled
of
from
planted
at
firm
30
;
to
different
10
40
feet wide
feet
times
of
long
the
top
row
Planting.
rows
of
of
at
which
with
to
accommodate
in
structures
of
deep enough
were
The
which
The
4-inch pipes
troughs to
suckers
hold
be
be
water
planted
feet
allowing 2 feet
plant,
ridges,as
August ; the
parent
off
is to take
few of the bottom
leaves,leaving about
a
only preparation necessary
off" the end.
The
soil should
inch of the base bare, and
be pressed firmly
cut
an
the
time
of planting. There
will be
at
to do
against the sucker
very little more
the plants until the following spring ; scarcelyany shade
will be required. A
to
minimum
of 65 degs. and
maximum
of 75 degs. in the
a
night temperature
heat
and
be maintained
day with sun
degs. without, should
throughout the
70
The
will make
winter.
plants
although
roots,
making
no
appreciable
young
until
middle
of
On
the
November
be
foliage growth.
dry days
they should
twice
After
until
end
the
of January,
once
or
slightlysyringed over
this,
a
day.
and
be
the walls
the plants,may
pipes, but not
syringed on dry days. If the
soil was
at
fairlymoist at the time of planting,the plants will require no water
before the first week
the roots
in February (excepting an
occasional
syringing
between
the
taken
may
from
the
apart,
rootless,in
PINEAPPLE
THE
145
with
to
General
Cultural
is
summer
dry.
Remarks.
The
tepid
of culture
routine
water
during
may
the
be
ing
follow-
simple.
very
by this that
is applied,but when
water
saturated
warm
; always use
the
pit early enough to
in May
the plants will have
made
considerable
soil
be
growth, and more
may
added
i
t
the border
in
between
the
the
end
of
to
firmly
by filling
ridges. By
September the pit will be completely filled with splendid plants,the strongest
of them
occasions
most
two
likely showing fruits (I have on one
cut
or
a
rootless
from
months
ripe fruit weighing 7 lbs. in seven
planting a
sucker).
As
mean
approaches,lower
October
drier.
this
When
is
an
the
pit
the
will
the
suckers
be
now
would
apparent
and
somewhat,
temperature
planted
was
which
advantage
the
of
be
fruits will
some
in
appear
earlysummer,
according to
autumn,
the size of the suckers
The
when
of
be
planted.
largestplantsshould,
course,
the
in
back
Fruits
the
finest,as
placed
rows.
appearing in spring are usually
Rothschild
in which
to
develop. The
pineapple
they have all the summer
not
rarely bears fruits weighing 11 lbs.,those 9 lbs. in weight are common.
The
Smooth
bear
Cayenne variety does not
quite such heavy fruits,those
8 lbs. are
When
those
from
lbs.
lbs.
to
common.
are
weighing 10
rare,
7
should
be
round
slightlyraised as
again the temperature
February comes
in
with
from
the
the
water
manure
farmyard at a
previous year ; water
80
bed
will
full
of
The
be
of
healthy
degs.
roots, therefore
temperature
diluted
should
in
form
be
at
water
Keep the
watering.
manure
applied
a
every
slightlyas the days
atmosphere moist by syringing,and increase the temperature
stakes
be
Before
the fruits are
become
must
longer and warmer.
heavy, two
the
leaves
t
he
otherwise
the
each
for
on
crown
top)
{i.e.
placed against
support,
of the pineapple ;
becomes
crooked, thus altogether spoiling the appearance
be
in weight, it must
the fruit increases
supported or it would fall.
as
moreover,
By the end of September all the fruits will be cut, and there ought to be
old soil will serve
most
a
a
splendid lot of suckers on the old plants. The
in pits and
frames
for
useful
the potting shed or for forming borders
in
purpose
used
bed
be
If
leaves
the
same
the growth of earlyvegetables.
scarce
are
may
with
the old, although better results will follow
again, mixing a few fresh ones
The
information
bed is made.
if an
given will apply equally well
entirelynew
some
in
winter,
and
in
some
spring
and
divided
the
pits are
succeeding crops ; when
and
planted at intervals of three months, fruits
Before
leaving the subject of planting out
year.
into
to
interest
if I
Hamilton's
ago
grows
taken
make
system,
brief
in
allusion
favour
reallythe method
naturallyout-of-doors.
off,but encouraged to
this
is
in
to
method
England
adopted in
After
grow
the
and
for
bear
the
of
a
or
had
cultivation
about
time
where
countries
is
produced
fruit
thfee sections,
throughout the
pineapple,it
pine
short
those
fruit
can
two
be
while
the
be
may
known
of
as
thirty years
the pineapple
suckers
still attached
K
are
to
not
the
146
THE
GARDEN
FRUIT
plant.
might
parent
system,
well
so
will
return
now
for
ready
properly
to
do
of
the
above
potting
mixed
is
to
the
below
sides
the
of
is better
into
the
have
bottom
bed
of
in
the
will
gradually decrease
of
easily kept
for
make
the
from
to
without
at
sun-heat
leaves
and
manure
the
If
heat
the
to
should
potted
first
month
soil
the
root
promote
soil
the
next
be
is
no
plunged
The
be
atmospheric
from
the
which
70
plants
that
are
when
cooled
action.
to
down
have
perature
tem-
75 degs.
plunged
roots
have
to
about
found
it
an
them
suckers
or
is
it
inches
5 feet
first.
in
material
by ramming.
with
must
was
thing
until
soil about
mixed
suckers
lean-to
first
loosely
firm
when
soil
fibrous
the
the
quite
be
to
soil
The
degs.
90
or
into
the
moist.
suckers
sucker
the
ready, the
are
as
emitted, say in
and
this is
degs.,
73
to
advantage
plunge
so
85
the
been
remain
hold
to
day-time
temperature
the
propagating pit.
least
at
Assuming
pots
the
that
roughest part of
place the
compost
organic manure
any
fresh,fibrous soil.
deep enough
The
to
afterwards
of the
heat
Press
pot.
than
material
the
this
upon
and
recommended
not
medium
with
of
treatment
of
month
crocks
the
rim,
pot
the
to
May.
days previously,and the
some
cover
reference
my
the
have
to
in
six
are
are
should
be
water
potted, no
given for at least a fortnight. For the first
shade
be
must
fortnight heavy
given, and the plants slightlysyringed with
several
the
times
afternoons
close the
tepid water
during
day. On fine sunny
will the
of
heat
declines
pit early,after previouslysyringing. As the sun
so
the
it should
be kept
pit,until the thermometer
registers70 degs.,at which
two
months, that is,until the end of October.
during the night for the next
At
roots
and
the
end
have
of
been
replunged
month
after
the
freelyproduced,
in
the
be
remembered
and
sucker
and
I would
the
been
advise
potted
that
it will
the
be
plants
found
be
that
moved
considerably wider
plantsare now
startingon their
apart.
young
had
existed
it were
their
as
own
on
They
account,
; previouslythey
parent.
be given plenty of room
must
through the subsequent stages of growth, as if
the best results.
to
crowded, it is hopeless and unreasonable
Heavy
expect
first three weeks, substitutingshading of
shade
after the
be discontinued
must
of September
middle
the
it should
be left off altogether.
a
lighter nature
; by
The
be observed
treatment
is very
to
during the winter months
simple. By
the end
of November
the pots will have
become
full of healthy young
roots.
It
must
pit
in
has
that
the
same
material,
but
PINEAPPLE
THE
147
and
ceased
growth, both of foliage and roots, will have almost
temporarily.
The
less at rest.
A minimum
or
plantsconsequently will be more
temperature
of 60 degs. and a maximum
of 70 degs.,according to the varying conditions
of
and
this
bottom
the weather, will be sufficiently
well
to
as
as
applies
high,
top
In
heat.
temperature
the
on
is
should
be
the
for
The
nothing
rest
at
of
(inside).
be
soil
pot
any
hence
;
desired
this final
in
trees
in pots,
the
plants have
finished
soil
it will
the
plant
into
error
to
The
its
plant
crocks,
of
the
essential
to
No
the
to
inch
an
likelyto
heat
bottom
Treatment.
Summer
the
as
plants
is
the
roots
and
sucker
rammed
this
80
have
degs.
fresh
days lengthen
and
ferment
growth
the
sun
swell.
are
of
Failure
first be
fruit
surface
be
used
leaves
does
pot
of
the
fatal
follow.
to
with
inch
an
wards
after-
plant to
New
before.
Firm
the
or
potting is
newly potted
beech
75
for
but
high,
exceed
not
is
sure
it was
be
must
trodden
steady
firmly
degs. the
as
80
to
ence.
prefer-
quarters.
given
be
should
suffice
more
greater
for
at
for another
water
power.
will
The
least
twice
them
is
stem.
not
It
the
the
transfer
soil of the
than
the
from
roots
to
in
base
potting stick
the
the
of
the
at
covered
with
for
when
given
dry.
not
are
pit to receive
good leaves,oak,
must
has
leaves
about
larger pot
The
water
are
to
The
must
heat
This
be
When
must
base
permanent
No
culture
form
soil.
allow
in the
feet,with
bottom
the
results
can
additional
roots
down
will
as
to
new
pot,
required.
their
should
of
temperature
new
into
deeper
of 4
depth
the
possible. When
be
plunged in
plants may
As
roots
of the
as
the
of
the
that
the
produced from
in pine-growing.
be
manure
lasting
when
sure
small
of the
off.
taken
be
pots),
of
planted-out pines.
the
commence
the
regards soil
As
manure
top
be
observed
must
care
potting the same
preparing it for the suckers, but little of
of its
the young
out
pine plant is turned
been
have
case
least
success
plants is filled
and
leaves
then
fruits
four
roots
object
in the
at
Liquid
the
for
the
broken
if best
the
to
three or
away
the plant
is to induce
fruiting pot
a
dry mass
as
embedded
be
Before
used
as
added
take
to
the
where
in
case
used.
be
final
the
the
was
be
necessary
plant. The
stem
At
very
avoided
be
and
condition
wet
ample drainage.
pine.
flowering and
as
soil should
the
must
and
being
manure
especiallyfor
and
or
also
at
clean
deep.
pines
careful
diameter
in
scrupulously
the drainage (pieces of
is recommended
same
much
Potting.
the
mixing
small
the
advocate
Final
of
inches
11
be
inch
an
culture
the
necessityof
potting,
not
is
pot must
say,
of this final removal
case
the
I do
recommend
three-quartersof
time
at
the
to
in the
least
at
taining
main-
fall
which
Needless
crocks, and
must
be
to
of
means
The
pit.
than
suckers
size
the
as
than
more
covering
of
that
material
the
recommended
considerably below
average
should
that
the
be
night
pipes
uncomfortably hot.
detrimental
the pine
in winter, when
it
to
-especially
Towards
arid heat.
the end
of February is the time
an
transferred
the
to
they will bear fruit.
pots in which
cold
unusually
an
There
recommend
roof
the
on
far better
had
pit
I would
weather
severe
very
the
necessary
be
with
fortnight;
water
fortnight
at
at
least.
needed, especially
watering
after
this
period
bear
be
must
left
mind
in
the
upon
of moisture
water
rapid growth,
other
any
and
must
be
never
be
has
life of the
been
roots,
well
close
the
will
plants
expansion
the embryo
of
will
central
anxious
an
find
soon
is
thickening
days
to
of
of
base
time
If the plant
healthy active
the plant,an
the
over,
are
until
rest
critical
the
full
the
at
many
them
be
cultivator.
pot
grower
the
roots
at
must
soil, of course,
fullydeveloped, and
will
for the
has
the
Water
allow
to
the
by
summer,
reward
should
Then
one
and
before
of
crown
visible.
temperature
and
again commenced,
as
leaves, and
be
The
health
good
fullydeveloped,
is
fruit will
Fruiting.
well
pine, as
of the
in
following February.
the
grown,
observer
them
keep
as
weather
sunny
the
during
and
be
fruits
to
or
be
must
If by accident, or
entirelydiscontinued.
in growth, and
be checked
are
to
thereby
for a time.
necessary
If all has
well
gone
and
advances
summer
root
fullygrown,
early the following summer.
The
sparingly given all through the winter.
allowed
become
to
quite dry. The
plantsare now
fine
is necessary
middle
end
or
in the
As
bright
afforded
be
and
always
the
at
syringing
or
During
afternoon,
and
morning
either
water
watering
should
atmosphere
becomes
all that
the
for
should
cultivator,who
the
much
house.
the
pipes.
the
of
crop
of
Treatment.
of October
with
used
be
shading should
the plants happen
shading
Winter
of
like
not
water
beds
the
cause,
weakened,
month
The
the
on
does
pine
in the
of
surfaces
hold
GARDEN
good judgment
temperature
as
plenty
and
the
foliage.
the
the
to
that
warm
to
FRUIT
THE
148
the
then
may
object
slightlyraised,as
be
be
must
raise
to
the
has
growth
temperature
much
as
will
This
by artificial heat.
made
easier
week
the
be
gains more
as
days lengthen and the sun
every
fallen much
will be necessary
If
the
bottom
heat
has
below
it
degs.,
70
power.
well mixing them
add fresh leaves as well as some
fresh litter from
the stable,
to
This
will give the extra
heat required,
the old leaves in the
bed.
bottom
with
will
will afford a gentle stimulus
the plants ; the fruits
the
be ripe from
and
to
Careful
the
end
of July.
watch
the
end
of May
be
to
must
kept while
as
possible by
fruits
pests
the
are
are
of
means
very
pit means
be
must
by
should
of
some
without
of the
these
laid
from
and
of
to
the
little
certain
the
or
time.
no
and
pine,
This
of
is best
should
of
swell.
dry,
and
not
little
black
flowers
no
manure
That
can
pepper
time
now
week
or
so,
good poison
important
to
help
the
be
is
plants.
the
sprinkled on
necessary
has
by pouring
lodgment
Some
to
I stated
harm.
was
do
syringe
to
in
any
disfigured
generally takes place
the
Fertilisation
cultivator
for
be
find
It is very
fruits will
bed.
the
should
they
daily
enjoyed.
These
crickets.
effected
there
with
be
flowers, otherwise
the
and
if there
leaves,for
persevered
surface
to
All
rather
do
is
the
on
insects,a
will
that
chapter
pine
house
the bed
pests
pips refusing
of the
them
and
remedy
fertilisation
the
apprehended
of this
this
from
of cockroaches
destroy them.
to
artificial assistance.
atmosphere
protect
taken
the walls
be
also
perfect
secure
than
rather
in flower
between
boilingwater
in
the
day-time ; if
complete immunity
paste
heat
sun
at
for
arrived.
the
the
to
If
the
danger
flowers
is
will
commencement
successful
The
keep
first
culture
watering
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
I50
destroying the plantsand the insects together,and burning also the material in
three
which
burning sulphur in the house
they have been plunged, afterwards
other
and
four times
in succession, having it whitewashed
painted and some
or
will
be
safe
then
it
to
months.
there
the
twelye
By
next
during
crop
grown
and
scale
rid
of
brown
best way
to
fresh
start
again with
get
plants. The
mealy bug on pines is by the applicationof hot water, and apply this by means
then
tied to a stick ; the insects
are
of a small piece of sponge
easilyreached.
SUN
WITHOUT
heat
When
sun
the
the
temperature
is closed
house
never
by
should
the
in the
rise
to
the
to
degs.
70
afternoon,
the
in summer,
70
than
the
end
of
to
degs.]
75
influenced
temperature,
considerablyhigher
end
of April to
the
poorly
flowers
Judge
to
which
winter, 65
{by Night).
Minimum
maximum
July, but
by the
given in
it should
degs.
90
Standard
in
HEAT.
{by Day).
Maximum
[Bottom
YEAR
THE
FOR
TEMPERATURES
be
to
formed
appearance,
be
and
caused
pips
considered
golden
Pineapple.
the
fault.
Perfect
ripeness
through imperfect
The
surface
of
the
each
ripe pine
places.
highly fragrant. A pale colour with pointed and
of the fruit,are
serious
poorly developed pips, a generally dried-up appearance
consequently lessen the value of the pine materially. A good
defects, and
should
Queen
ripe,especiallyin the height of summer,
pine when
weigh from
been
8
lbs.
Rothschild
in weight). Charlotte
']\ or
5 lbs. (they have
4 to
grown
from
lbs.
be had weighing
from
to
12
10
7 to 9 lbs. is a good fruit ; this may
The
Smooth
from
lbs. less in weight.
The
to
I
2
Cayenne will usually range
well
half the
be
be
to
proportioned, should
length of the fruit, and
crown,
the
A
small is concrown
sidered
slightlytapering towards
apex.
very large or
very
The
have
aroma
rich
should
fault.
The
rich
developed, broad-set
Cayenne, but very
of the
growth
iron
so, by insertinga hot
used
to
to
pound
pip
a
a
with
in
the
be
crown
centre.
considered
may
In
a
fruit, especiallywith
seldom
so
with
the
certain
Queen.
be
liquidexudation
tion
fertilisa-
arrested, if
estimating
guide. It
safe
Charlotte
the
is
in
it is desired
a
still in
weight
so
Rothschild
to
of
and
do
pine,
well-
Smooth
CHAPTER
XIV
THE
PLUM
Culture
By
The
Wild
Sloe
only
the
stocks
for
garden
all
and
common,
varieties
of
Pointer
"
about
France
but
it
"
Damas
various
Vert"
Bonne."
in
Rouen,
of
the
wants
to
it
of
abundantly,
grows
sorts
has
they
plums
the
plum
into
that
called
it "La
Verte
into
this
pleasure
given
the
to
up
country,
often
Italy
from
says
introduced
is
call
immemorial
time
from
of
It
of
from
name
brought
been
First
the
greatest
authority
same
my
more
Richard
its
was
having
France."
of
parts
Thus
man
from
Francis
to
takes
it
the
many
Master
of
in
in
The
known.
whence
been
had
sorts
places
plum
and
have
to
score
grounds
greengage
several
VII.
Henry
the
Claude,
wife
brought
reign
the
different
where
Cromwell
the
administered
Claude,
in
in
furnished
Gerarde
that
other
before
not
probability
have
appears
"three
Damascene
Reine
the
names
at
Lord
country
Queen
the
by
of
he,
many
quantities,
great
called
was
in
found
or
Speaking
B.C.
years
plum
bears
grows
fruit
all
in
they
variety
the
says
be
damson
in
this
others
be
to
are
The
it
114
latter
hands
our
plums
rare
where
into
to
there
crab-apple
from
have,"
and
country,
wild
species
"I
rare
this
to
the
judge
may
1597.
cometh
yet
like
ovirn
we
and
Twickenham."
of
This
if
THOMAS
indigenous
but
their
in
strange
these
Damascus,
Italy
of
Holborn
in
and
are
OWEN
are
natives,
early days,
in
to
garden,
Bullace
variety
every
attended
his
and
that
ones
Walls
on
and
present
day.
considered
Whether
is
of
great
time
present
and
where
But
plum.
take
few
and,
be
of
the
on
south
still
grown
of
will
as
of
trees
the
less
will
it
attribute,
gages
wish
for
regards
wall, ripe
gages
these
highest
the
as
trees
as
any
richness
may
151
as
of
well
the
can
we
aspects.
by planting
and
had
in
than
dessert
For
these
secure
of
be
to
be
only
can
exposed
best
other);
flavour
methods
culture
their
in
diiFerent
on
long
that
the
garden,
open
the
are
merit
equally
season
the
at
walls.
difficulties
succeed
by planting
(and
market
very
in
or
planted against
are
present
wall
for
fruit
orchard
the
cultivation
in
plum
the
preserving,
or
varieties
in
the
grow
fruits
valuable
plum
Most
varieties
prolonged
is better
what
varieties
many
lovers
Superb,
is
dessert, cooking,
value.
the
against
this
much
so
the
to
some
hardy
our
and
is
where
Planted
aspect,
can
are
grown
of
Few
object
there
successfully
for
fruit
and
successfully
be
may
the
adopt.
as
importance
the
any
varieties
instance,
for
old
the
to
dessert
greengage,
earliness, Denniston's
August,
and
if
few
trees
THE
152
planted
are
greengages
had
be
may
for many
With
the
trenched
with
lime
of
from
soil where
the
the
at
time
of
when
required
to
shoots
leaves
close
at
side
terminal
trained
trees
on
it
be
be
can
branch
before
the
to
one
young
have
found
buds
from
marked
or
main
for
stem
accrue
Fan-
cases.
Growth
pinching at third
and
bearing wood,
with
space
all
in
Summer
results
best
the
recommend
shoots
tree
two
or
side
furnish
be
must
and
well-decayed manure
planted,adding a small quantity
is
would
(p)
to
border
the
case
any
loam
Characteristic
in
growth
training
for
In
new
tree
this
much
bought at
not
plant
Do
form
to
spurs
leaf
in
{g) short
less
than
cost
private
could
grower
prepare
to
border
that
need
be pinched;
short
with
the
not
(??),
stubby shoots
spurs,
the
the
on
together about
preceding year's
apex
; [s] fruit produced
of the preceding
summer's
on
{i) fruit produced
formation, with spurs
spurs
the
for bearing
Numerals
refer
the age
of wood.
A
to
following year.
with
sides is shown
shoot
(leafless)
on
separately.
spurs
stubby
wood
and
shortened
be
little
young
Branch
OF
(o)Continuation
winter
delicious
of
be
results.
trenching.
tree,
PORTiON
not
the
of
fan-trained
of the
that
give better
2^ feet deep, and
least
at
mixed
preparation
without
will
nature
warmer
the
supply
continuous
in succession.
provided.
saying
good drainage must
best suits the plum, the instructions
given in the case
apply equally to the plum, although soil of rather a lighter
will
cherry
walls,
weeks
to
respect
trees
are
planted, it goes
As regards the soil which
and
GARDEN
north
and
east, west,
on
Planting.
of
FRUIT
as
place
the
tree,
some
are
much
will
one
stronger
I
leaves
the
wall
and
say
may
the medium
planting of
trained
is left bare
space
between.
planted
be
that
or
trees
for
know
too
safe
in
growers
the
than
others
strong-growing
smaller
as
a
are
guide
to
close
of
years,
planting
even
when
is open
to
the
possessed
of small
leaves.
I do not
growers
far apart, for the reason
that so much
very
number
a
that
varieties
standard
the
perienced
inex-
of
large
advocate
valuable
trees
objection
are
that
PLUM
THE
when
the
trees
sacrificed
make
to
the
to
that
meet,
close
years
make
When
the
I have
found
for the
room
cut
further
if
take
of
form
spurs
shoot
wall
height
feet
the
at
apart,
attention
regard
to
checked, nothing
with
will
in the
gross
can
branches.
to
an
to
matter
easy
this
Secure
to
Points
pinched
(i) shoots
spurs;
the
cover
few
required. By
Pruning
(i/)natural
for
if it is decided
is
as
given
at
branches
extension
tree, it is
Winter
with
comparatively young
years,
much
as
at
space
to
{y) continua,
save
The
are
case
the
tree
object of
be
trees
for
of
progress
treated
trees
in
barren
from
cultivator
the
the
next
govern
feet
wall
12
larger growing
walls
less
of
The
plum
young
and
especially
of,
the
If
young.
are
mended.
recom-
must
proportion.
in
greater
the
fruit
received
the
wall
apart, the
On
between.
becoming
from
when
frequently
as
feet
12
it would
time
the
of the
during
other
the
when
tree
be
must
trees
necessary
of the
apart,
the
standards
fan-trained
be
half
about
height
planted. Thus,
should
the
in
trees
say that
trees
growths
three-year-old trained
probably six
of
by
tree
entirelyclothed
their
distances
great
to
plums
between
recommended
case
three
Branches
fruitful
with
which
growing
distance
careful
as
covered
apart
is
permanent
side
Shoot
for
wall
contend
the
branch,
of main
smaller
either
pruning;
forming
winter
at
the
Forming
of
Vigorous
for
were
distances
15
advantage,
on
planted at
scarcelynecessary
trees
the
trees
Growths
is
It is
sorts
it of
Shortening
shortening
Point
the
system
The
met
extension
the
away
of
tion
with
have
trees
the
is permitted
one.
early life of
the
during
and
the
()
tree
are
perrnanent
be
must
one
years,
extension
unlimited
the
arrest
Side
same
be
to
obtained
in
Result
high
fruit
of
course
is,if
that
other,
is intended
of
the
as
gradually to
the
the
in
do
be at
this stage, to
they would
After
by shortening the leading shoots.
growth,
such
trees,
which
returns
planting.
fruitful
for
room
tree
far better
will
they
as
153
these
few
nursery
year
not
are
years'time.
will
should
have
be
to
two
secure
as
build
to
as
twelve
more
restrict
the
is
of
shoots
increased
in
side.
under
the
the
same
The
so
should
addition
the
be
of
the
until
the
train
has
tree
of
tree
where
branches
main
so
little time
as
occur
may
bare, I would
wall
year
in
symmetry
the
year
every
on
wall
Cases
the
have
following
and
way,
than
existing branches,
the
the
preserve
branches.
of the
rather
then,
practicable,
not
tree.
the
cover
pruning
To
sides
upper
and
tree
winter's
next
the
to
the
to
the
of
each
of
sides
upper
the
at
branches
from
shoot
result
The
the
on
framework
the
up
possible.
this
shoots
more
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
154
must
be
filled
its
allotted
space.
Pruning.
the
growth
cut
Fruit-spurs
buds
shoots
Branch
{c) point of
year's wood
that
shoots
at
the
cover
{h) basal
branches
the
to,
to
As
shoot
line,
wood
of
this
at
that
as
induces
shoot
()extension
formation
summer's
extremity
at
subsidiary branch
cross
previous
point, or
vigorous
left entire,
or
branches
forming
buds
buds
; (^) wood
for
to
;
originate growths.
to
unwieldy they
fruit-spurs
long, they
should
be
when
round, although
in
of
methods
same
some
reserving
as
be
must
shortened,
it is essential
When
and
if
occasionallyto
shoots
shoots
the
cut
to
fill
Flower.
may
be
pruned
years
The
will
be
any
plum
tree
ten
resulting
until
necessary
previouslyadvised.
as
year
be
may
this can
about
are
as
the
found
seasons
blossoms
come
necessary
done
easilybe
to
wanted, securing them
spaces
be
it
shoots
length, and
attention
practised each
in
vacant
as
lateral
their
much
disbudding.
be
disbudding must
numerous,
half
must
be
must
shoots
in
to
require
not
the
further
no
advance
trees
summer
many
winter.
following
Trees
these
as
Protecting
leaf
does
too
are
shortened
pruning
the
young
plum
the
wood-buds
overcrowding.
prevent
stopped at the
winter
pruning,
rule
if the
the
the
shortening
with
second
train
of
and
shoots
The
useless
the
to
preceding
be
If the
Wood
Years'
on
(i)point
long
time,
same
attended
inches
Shoot
Pruning.
Summer
At
with
bud
form
to
shortening
crowds
overcrowded
are
than
of
{d) side
should
bases.
few.
away
and
space.
buds
;
become
fruit-spurs
may
better
wood
shoot
Three
to
{I)spurs
stubby
left if desired
being
a
summer
short
be
push,
to
shortened
in
fruit
shortening
this
out
cut
borne
have
that
(s)Spurs
One
with
their
of
buds
two
to
previous year's
shoots
fairlystrong
all
tree, and
the
of the
shoots
the
bases
of
branches
main
shorten
to
their
weak
and
the
on
be
of
four
within
to
form
necessary
few
buds
within
to
will
will
pruning
winter
the
early,and
as
to
by
wall
the
PLUM
THE
flowers
tender,
perhaps
than
For
reason
155
those
of
other
they are
heavy crop
hardy fruits
liable
more
so
damage.
to
this
there
any
is
old
an
purpose.
Thinning
of
case
thinning
Fruits.
the
the
plum,
but
This
when
is necessary,
is
often
practice not
happens to be a heavy set
there
especiallyif
resorted
fruits
of
the
of
in
to
fruits
the
judicious
size
are
desired.
The
had
Ripe
time
sorts, should
be
to
be
not
Do
and
with
stalks
made
of
the
fruit
pull
hurry
the
gather
to
Coe's
fruit
the
adhere
greatest
tenaciously
It
care.
the
to
will
often
No
tree.
be
from
which
wasps,
is
in
remedy
spring
Also
and
take
the
the
Mulching.
to
plum
planted
multitude
of
it may
of these small
means,
be
the
the
results
Best
are
fruit
the
best
and
nests.
beer
of
applying a mulch
trees, especiallythose
mulch
rooting
rapid
too
prevent
it also affords
good
In
fact
the
of
material
the
of
the
to
Wall
for
on
I have
Culture.
walls,
included
and
most
a
summer
sight
few
that
wall
or
must
The
of
them
are
To
destruction
end
justifies
rich
do
fact
means
not
every
surface
also
of
are
distinct
their
trees
benefit
must
by
not
facilitating
drains, therefore, if
be given during the
distinguishedby
mature
regards wall
as
trees
following
and
result
by applying
The
quarter.
open
itself is a
the wall
subsoil
the
will
roots
an
for the
autumn.
the
and
one,
favourable
of
the
recommend
sound
in
question of watering
lost
foundation
moisture
mulch
to
is
made
the
in
trees
the
these
culture
plums.
as
of
are
be
not
practice
crops
conditions
must
that
Plums
the
considering
extent
passage
be
to
but
better
or
with
away
unwarrantable
and
roots,
if the
same
for
dessert
as
year
overlooked
rapid
safest
bottles,containing
importance
wall
does
soil,but
cleared
be
unusual
annual
generally, the
to
fruit,may
appear
Watering.
rain
be
also
trees
those
for
succeeding
dressings.
the
other
only
Not
the
must
birds, and
destroy the
to
be
scissors,
trees.
for
from
later
of
pair
The
plum.
that
should
that
form
roots
tiny thread-like
during the summer,
in
their
functions
the
bear and
trees
to
performing
helping
some
the
as
the
and
wasps,
wide-necked
again emphasise
positions.
of
crops
of the
must
of moisture
after
which,
heavy
destroy
queen
of fixing some
to
recommended
warm
evaporation
of
the
branches
I
trees,
in
enemies
worst
precaution
to
sugar,
the
are
it has
found
attempt
off, but
them
fruit must
be severed
by a
every
retaining the stalk full length. It goes without
saying that the
carefullynetted until the fruit is gathered as a protection from
to
before
Golden
other
plums,
Drop, and some
they are quite ripe ; they will then be found
equal in richness of flavour to any fruit grown.
should
handled
in
gage
until
gathered
be
be
not
The
perfect sweetmeats,
They
the
Fruit.
ripen.
to
the
best
summer.
mended
especiallyrecomand
first quality
large and noble
156
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
These
dessert varieties.
be termed
strictlycannot
in the
as
ground, and
dwarfs, pyramids, and standards
open
effected
excellent
for culinary purposes
but
the
improvement
;
inclusion
their
and
flavour
wall
cultivation
that
is
so
by
great
dessert and
exhibition
:
plums is justified
which
appearance,
succeed
so
are
grown,
in size, quality,
the
among
best
Green
Gage, Denniston^s
Gage, Brandy
Gage, Bryanston
Gage, Brahms
d'Attkem's
Golden
Oullitis
Transparent
Gage, Comte
Gage, Golden
Gage,
Late
Claude
de
Gage, Gee's
Bavay,
Transparent
Gage, Reine
Transparent
The
followGolden
Claude
Blue, Reine
Violette, Washington.
Drop, Jejfferson,Kirkis
when
are
against a wall
good
ing; are, strictly speaking, culinary sorts, but
grown
Prince
for dessert
Archduke,
of Wales, Pond's
Monarch,
:
enough
Englebert, Prince
Bonuin.
Magnum
Seedling, White
Old
Green
Superb
Gage,
THE
PLUM
FOR
AND
ORCHARDS
GEORGE
By
PLANTATIONS
BUNYARD
standard
trees.
plum is generally grown
upon
There
counties.
produced, except in the northern
the
is
but
under
fruit
then
not
walls,
only large,
upon
foliagetakes on a beautiful bloom, and in that condition
From
very fine
best
they
grown
the
protection of the
The
fruit is
for dessert.
be
lifted
Pyramid, bush,
and
growth
root-pruned
becomes
so
They
should
care
be
root-pruned
the
spring
is
suffer,especiallyif
the
end
When
fruits
three
those
removed
walls
and
when
before
standard
when
parts
trees
the
in
bear
of
But
dry
the
they
do
is done
at
fall.
for
order
are
a
heavy
in
but
when
roots
the
crop,
be thinned
;
should
fruits
fertile.
un-
trees
case
leaves
the
smaller
are
the
grown
be used
then
garden
half
root-pruning
trees
can
they
the
the
treatment,
fibrous
of
are
spurs
this
must
or
year,
the
that
so
perfect
trees
other
only
mass
not
of October
cordon
entirelylost.
not
formed
is considered
and
for
that
time,
one
crop
have
trees
at
are
every
that
gross
well
pay
taken
these
But
tarts.
should
be
give
to
on
thinned
the
best
results.
The
Elongated
{k) Pinched
growths considerably
be short; they must
exwnded
currants,
laid
to
Spur
or
grass,
raspberries.
or
kept open
rooting tree,
and
should
plum
succeeds
granite
soil
orchards
Standard
20
feet apart
do
well
When
by
never
in
trees
they
cultivation
in
nearly
the
Come
land
bushes
are
as
desired.
soils,but
of
lime.
In
planted some
15 to
bearing. They
along with gooseberries,
be
into
out
worn
planted deeply.
all
addition
should
soon
cultivated
these
be
requires
The
It
the
plum
land
is
requires
severe
can
be
surface-
top-
158
FRUIT
THE
The
GARDEN
Plums
Best
medium
size ; flesh pale golden,
and
Deep crimson
purple, above
fine
almost
for
fit
dessert
cooking plum which
flavour
rich,
a
;
;
very
The
carries well to market, and
is comis a great bearer
liable to crack.
tree
pact
; fruit not
and
sturdy and useful for all garden forms.
Belle
shallow
crimson
blackish
Louvain.
de
Deep crimson, shaded
very
; suture
;
stone
thin and
and
red ; flavour
acid, but rich ;
flattened, long ; flesh dull orange
very
excellent
F.C.C,
an
bottling or cooking sort.
1855.
chocolate
Gage.
Pale
dull
Bryanstone
with
spots ; rather
yellow and
green,
and
later ; flesh greenish yellow ; very
firm, and rich.
larger than the greengage,
sweet,
Tree
vigorous, and a good bearer.
with
reddish
COE's
dots on
Drop
Golden
to lemon,
(Golden
Drop).
Bright orange
and
the sunny
side ; suture
of
marked
crisp. One
very
; flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sugary,
the richest
flavoured
It is a valuable
plum
plums, that will hang very late on wall trees.
Belgian
firm
; skin
Purple.
thick
for
all
and
it succeeds
where
purposes,
sale ; of compact
growth.
market
COMTE
d'Atthem's
(Comte
Gage
entirely
colour.
with
covered
as
with
Superb.
marbled
Apple-green
often
deep
exposed to the sun
; suture
yellow ; flavour very sweet
; flesh greenish
oval,
; stone
sweetmeat
dots
golden
for
skin
very
flesh
very
F.C.C.
Denniston's
broad
and
and
lucrative
is very
wide
Suture
d'Atthem).
dull
purplish red
in fruits
bloom
standard
orchard
an
and
even,
flattened.
and
skin
; when
rich
and
valuable
yellow, changing
dull
narrow
on
grown
all garden
for
sort
to
with
covered
orange
whitish
it is
wall
purposes.
Diamond
(Black Mogul).
Deep black, shading to crimson
; flesh bright golden, very
firm, glutinous, and of brisk acid flavour, delicious for cooking ; stone
large and indented
bloom
with a dense
fine when
from
fruit very large and
a
wall, and covered
; a cooking
plum of the finest quality ; tree strong and very twiggy, needing to be well thinned, bears
other
every
Early
russet
year.
OrliSans
; flesh
firm
plum, valuable
heavy
(Wilmot's
round
; stone
its earliness.
for
red, with
Early).
Deep
; flesh greenish
On
light warm
soils lucrative
Transparent
brown
spots
(Early Apricot).
Gage
flavour
rich
very
and
sweet
free
very
Grand
President
for market,
speckles of
a
cooking
but
tender
on
Canary,
shading to primrose yellow,
flesh primrose colour, firm and juicy ;
F.C.C.
bearer.
Duke.
F.C.C.
Gage.
thickly
When
covered
garden
as
an
plum,
orchard
covered
wall
but
with
it blossoms
very
Monarch
tree
and
1880.
from
with
on
grown
better.
are
Green
orange
and
flavour, but
1893.
when
crimson
Deep
purple, and
bloom
A valuable
yellow, slightly acid.
; flesh orange
liable
is therefore
to
early, and
damage
by frost ;
a
dots
golden
golden, of good
land.
Early
with
wall
bloom.
trees
From
or
orchard
open
dots
and
trees
house,
the
skin
brownish
fruit is often
marked
green
on
and
the
has
bloom.
This
no
splashes, and
when
fruits
wall
red
sometimes
Flesh
on
are
spotting
they
exposed.
firm,
comes
rosy
and
luscious
rich, sweet
nearly round, short.
pale brownish
; stone
; flavour
green
with
end.
Golden
Transparent.
the
stalk
at
Bright amber,
large red
spots
Suture
faint ; fl^sh golden
stone
sweet
amber,
small,
melting ; flavour rich and
very
;
flat ; cling stone.
F.C.C.
1893.
with silver russet
Suture
and
KlRKE's.
violet marked
shallow
gold.
Deep crimson
The
and
rich.
tinge of green
a
narrow
; flavour very
; cling stone
; flesh golden, with
finest dessert
purple plum for garden culture.
Late
A
of great
handsome.
Orange.
sort
new
cellence
exgolden yellow, very
Deep
Tree
Flavour
vigorous, forming a fine pyramid.
keeping well into October.
late fruit.
F.C.C.
1892.
a
good for such
like Coe's
In
form
Golden
(American
Bright yellow
Drop.
Gage).
Jefferson
with chocolate
Flesh
with green
shading, and often very nearly covered
primrose
spots.
sunny
side
with
russet
patches,
rosy
red
PLUM
THE
colour,
rich
very
and
compact,
Late
and
good
One
juicy.
sweet,
regular bearer.
of
Succeeds
159
the
in
best
very
all forms.
for
all
purposes.
Tree
Transparent
the
near
Gage.
stalk
end.
Pale
faint
Suture
suitable
for
garden
tree.
when
to purple
Prolific
fully
(Prolific,Early Rivers').- Crimson
This
is
gathered from a wall fit for dessert.
pale golden ; free stone
; when
Growth
market
home
for
valuable
bearing
freely.
or
most
variety
early
very
a
use,
makes
and
a
large tree.
twiggy, never
drooping, rather
compact
side.
Colour
deep mulberry red,
Almost
suture
one
Sultan.
on
round, with a wide
shaded
yellow ;
; flesh firm, greenish
spotted with silvery russet, greenish yellow where
side.
F.C.C.
roundish
on
1873.
oval, thick, with a deep furrow
flavourx\(Ai ; stone
from
wall.
when
Flesh
white
bloom
a
Czar.
The
purplish black, with
Deep
Tree
home
for market
valuable
use.
A
or
most
early sort
pleasant, fit for dessert.
upright, and of very vigorous growth.
with
patches and russet,
Gage
Transparent
orange
(Original). Yellowish
green,
This
variety is
red ; flesh crisp, juicy, and
extremely rich.
spotted with
deep gold and
fruit resembles
the
Early Transparent
not
figured ; the stalk is deeply inserted, and
Rivers'
ripe.
Early
Flesh
in
in shape.
erratic ; it is difficult to form
Growth
a
shapely tree, but its freedom
Gage
it desirable.
of the fruits render
cropping and the exquisite flavour
with
pink,
pink, shaded
Victoria
rosy
(Alderton, Dauphin,
Royal Dauphin). Pale
from
when
gathered
a
and
silver
free
yellow
with
sKowe.
flesh
;
gold
orange
;
spotted
;
the
is a very
tree
finest grown
of the
valuable
This
fit for dessert.
wall
;
plum is one
likely to
are
free and
regular bearer, in fact the fruits require thinning or the boughs
for
is a
in any
Succeeds
the
form, and
with
great favourite
break
weight of fruit.
for
market.
bottling, jam, or tarts, and lucrative
White
lemon-yellow,
Egg). Pale
Magnum
Bonum
White
Bonum,
(Magnum
the fruits are
wall
most
When
from
beautiful,
Flesh
whitish
a
shaded.
not
; free stone.
a
cooking
with white
; as
covered
bloom, keep late, and are often acceptable for dessert
Growth
bearer.
wonderful
upright.
and
first-rate.
is
Tree
it
vigorous,
a
plum
very
gelatinous.
Fruit
splendidly ; flesh very
Wyedale.
deep crimson
purple ; cooks
Its
chief
moderate
value
in
consists
growth,
and
in
its
when
the
well on
tree
keeping
developed a regular bearer.
often
until
November.
Tree
THE
i6o
Black
Bullace.
the
on
The
patches.
Damson
in
when
fruit excellent
cooked.
It may
rich.
and
sweet
very
free
and
yellow, mottled
with
best
King.
quality, and
Tree
latest and
Bradley's
first-class
twiggy
and
compact
November.
Bullace.
Shepherd's
snowy
Tree
until
tree
BULLACES
AND
DAMSONS
hang
GARDEN
FRUIT
profuse
bearer;
fruit
of the best.
One
Pruant
Prune
Shropshire
or
Damson,
Damson,
(Michaelmas
well
when
Cooks
of the
last to be gathered.
large late variety ; one
has large plum-like foliage, and
is wide
and
tree
spreading.
Damson
Frogmore
Prolific.
Tree
of very
free
growth, forming a large and
rich
and
sweet.
Quite worthy of
regular head
black, very
; fruit of large size, reddish
the dessert, and
cooked.
splendid when
Farleigh
Tree
Damson
Prolific
an
(Cluster Damson).
thorny, and
compact,
The
clusters
bunches
of
crowded
bearer.
of fruit are
that
enormous
so
they resemble
black
Stone
rather
large for the size of the fruit. Hardy.
grapes.
Prune
Hereford.
Growth
ends.
Bears
of
upright ; fruit oval, pointed at both
find favour
in the south.
well in places, but does
not
White
Damson.
Tree
upright and free-growing ; fruit oval; orange-yellow shaded
in October
is
white.
Rather
black
being in use
or
a
larger than
damson, and
green
for cooking purposes.
valuable
Damson
Cheshire
This
Plum).
fully ripe. The
is
THE
In
asked
to
every
with
year
scions
the
is
sea
not
in the
southern
for
colder
in
us
Red
counties, but as
exposed
districts
walls
on
admirable
are
several
varieties
Fruited.
Dull
Fruited.
Yellow
yellow.
canary
BURBANK.
it blossoms
situations
as
they
given
for
suitable
grown
fruits
the
PLUM).
for.
the
form
(CHERRY
obtains
in all gardens this neglected fruit
novelty which
now
It is popularly called the cherry plum from
its similarity
in
close twiggy standard
bears
a
cherry. It forms
nearly
tree, and
wild
but it is necessary
that
the
stock
(Myrobalan) be grafted
failure may
It flourishes
of a good variety,otherwise
ensue.
by
desire
the
is often
MYROBELLE
for
which
red
early
trained
the
It
tree, and
is
sloe
or
blackthorn,
however, be
acceptable because
may,
dessert
attain
to
although they do not
California
and
and
stewing,
Japan
enumerate
we
with
cellence
ex-
have
remarks.
fruits.
pointed
Similar
Californian
tarts
to
with
frosts.
the
to
except
in
colour,
which
is
bright
and
golden
patches
and
dots.
variety
above
This
new
BULLACE
-THE
LANGLEY.
THE
Mr.
the
Luther
time
February
not
Burbank,
of
writing
hardy
California,
of
hesitate
we
(32
1902
prove
degs.)
This
to
quince
damp
back
of
the
whole
side
length
of
should
manure
result.
is
is
given
"c.
its
;
and
the
The
the
fruit
they
may
This
is
of
Portugal.
will
usually
is
well,
grown
bear
prune
fruits
the
liquid
formed,
are
improved
as
the
than
and
others,
does
not
Several
but
they
ripen
fine
is
variety
the
for
best
culture.
general
The
tree
bears
flavour.
Fruit
in
cool
varieties
do
not
of
differ
the
and
uneven
rugged,
nearly
with
covered
down,
excellent,
but
in
twiggfy
more
freely,
greatly
be
ponds,
remarkable.
also
them
fruits
the
fruits
is
preserving.
of
shoots
make
to
as
for
side
time
the
out
bears
tree
so
the
trees
quinces
The
thin
When
branches.
and
of
early.
Pear-Shaped.
The
well,
and
and
the
by
flowering
at
buds,
cooking
home
at
merely
six
to
three
ripens
and
severe
stock,
at
212).
p.
for
is
beauty
simple
is
to
but
are
rounder
as
but
frost
208).
(see
fruit
hybrids,
the
young
p.
appreciated
much
tree,
main
Apple-Shaped.
The
QUINCE
growths
the
be
There
THE
quince
the
long
The
gardens,
in
culture
the
(see
Pomegranate,
moisture-loving
corners
The
Date
The
fruit
autumn
is
them,
crippled
or
several
introduced
has
Britain.
in
late
i6i
recommend
killed
has
Plum,
The
PLUM
seasons.
quinces
materially
The
are
from
tree
grown
the
freely
bears
in
above.
America
if
cultivated.
well
and
on
the
Continent,
CHAPTER
XV
THE
RASPBERRY
GEORGE
By
It
first
the
manured
well
and
dug
in
important,
is
that
the
Canes
Raspberry
Shortening
place,
before
BUNYARD
land
the
canes
planted,
are
Spring
in
or
at
Result
well-rooted
short,
cane
(g) point
with
cane
ground.
to
fairly
point
Growths
from
fibrous
good
6
pruning
ground.
from
to
from
or
for
bearing,
shortening
soil.
R.
roots
to
18
inches,
Fruiting
(t) point
or
line
off
inches
18
good
top
[y)
shortening
of
on
the
manure
the
required
winter,
before
can
the
be
year
it
is
added
Christmas.
The
is
right
that
year
means
second
season,
afterwards
a
summer
raspberry
of
be
cross
thus
length
to
dig
mulching,
prefers
year
for
or
or
the
fruiting
more.
the
soil
and
be
somewhat
be
must
heavily
canes
a
;
;
(it)weak
ground,
the
to
sult
Re-
season
ground
Fruiting
losing
V,
that
cane
shortened
line.
is
of
the
to
cross
(s) point
first
the
its
indifferent
very
in
cut
weakly
one-third
must
by
be
must
shown
least
at
cane
unwise
as
that
cane
(r)
cane
ened
short-
fruit
bearing.
for
summer
cane
cane
bottom
after
away
previous
last
long
indicated
first
the
raspberry,
of
cane
fruited
near,
the
of
cane
leaving
(a)
young
of
cutting
old
cane
of
shortened
nature
(q)
feet
inches
12
bearing
from
'^^"^-
rooting
to
of
point
shows
to
shortening
of
gathered
with
cane
cutting
of
point
feet
from
Growths
u.
bearing.
away
of
[w) point
badly
or
for
to
cutting
of
with
cane
{s)
level
ground
near,
shortened
cane
(v) point
weak,
(or
shortening
of
inches
at
roots
(p)
ground
roots;
12
Fruiting
Q.
of
abundance
during
Canes
short
{u) point
Small
P.
at,
of
(o)
cane
of
T.
shortening
down
cutting
of
rooted)
Any
to
Shortening
of
surface-
Buds
when
S.
(r)
owing
as
deeply
be
the
Swelling
Commence
culture
raspberry
Results
Planting
o.
for
deeply.
dug
in
damp
164
THE
October.
It
is
not
GARDEN
FRUIT
find
to
uncommon
few
unfortunate
(an
the
with
late
some
culture
the
they
and
the
left
for
while
we
fruit
is
but
the
well
extremities
immature
fruiters
the
to
which
the
appear
may
away,
without
Any
this in
as
From
fine fruit
as
enjoy
liberal
being
prepared
the
any
tend
burnt
bones,
permanently
have
stools,
these
as
Each
is
in
hot
of water,
are
more
soils
enrich
November
the
appeared
freely.
given
rubbish,
and
canes
at
summer
the
for
some
and
a
or
independent
lbs. of
and
some
years
the
best
be
distance
with
Training
will
that
soil should
should
be
Plant
months
suckers
the
firmly
others,
as
they
have
no
or
into
soil;
(ash Spanish
,
larch
is
ground
about
after
season
(^)stake
and
more,
best)driven
i8
4 feet
inches
above
or
the
ing
bear(A) last season's cane
(i)strong successional
fruit;
for
canes
season
wh
ich
quite
bearers
autumn
second
;
chestnut,
old
to
the
shown
planting
from
Stake,
Surplus
Suckers
dug
from
Upright
to
Removing
AND
likely
grow
away
good mulching of manure
in
April, and
dry seasons
to
soakings
give
necessary
than
suckers
new
varieties,
when
ground
many
are
be
may
in
this
though
respect
it
18
anything
the
autumn
canes
deeply dug,
most
are
year
March
see.
be
the
cut
stockyard,together
the
to
October,
least
last
to
of
run
to
the
be
the
out
very
regular
providing
growing
of
and
at
from
planting,and
for
that
on
should
ought
manure
October
in.
wish
treatment,
beds
good
middle
could
the
down
cut
and
red
both
medium-sized
forty yards'
the
one
the
are
them
be
continue
the
raspberries,like
Autumn
as
weaken
about
to
thin
to
Fon-
de
which
should
rest
will
season
allow
sucker
strong
the
of
cold
picked, about
have
extra
ahead
fruiting,and
growths.
February or
to
sufficiently
after
well
and
which
on
crop
Belle
as
necessary,
should
then
quite sufficient.
My practice is
March,
in
not
crops
other
of any
and
finest,
and
it is
two
summer
as
being
Why
one
(such
Seasons,
bearers
summer
fruit.
soon
best
yellow
prolific)is
be'.;relied
cannot
ground
appear
of room.
plenty
as
fine
bear
to
upon
bearers
canes
on
from
one.
The
borne
resources
produce
with
mystery.
Four
borne
to
content
are
autumn
tenay,
plants, showing
(c)fruited
in pruning
cut
out
; ( /) succesback
to
bearing canes
pruned
and
the
as
ripened wood,
sappy
Established
crop,
average
Pruning
Espalier
sional
an
raspberries
a
their
year's growth,
current
which
for
first crop,
strains
second
the
the
from
crops
object
the
as
but
two
the
year's canes,
prevents
anything
canes
requires
defeats
growing
them
from
obtained
are
grown,
last
on
sorts, and
which
bearers
by-the-bye)
name,
dishes
are
double
these
summer
plants
of
of
rows
old
small.
growth
to
support.
THE
THE
RASPBERRY
RASPBERRIES
BEST
GEORGE
By
BUNYARD
Red
Baumforth's
Seedling.
flavour, large
and
Carter's
is
very
uneven
broad.
The
fruit
crimson,
of
rich
;foliage
dwarf
growing
variety, very
ous
vigor-
variety,
fruit
and
the
,^
; growth
red.
Foliage wrinkled
straight and finn ; fruit
in Superbluntly pointed than
lative.
A
rich, deep red colour.
fine
with market
variety. A favourite
;
more
main
large fruited
Wonder.
marbled
large,
arching
rich.
very
Wonder
dark
fruit
Norwich
and
Norwich
to
Ca^j
and
sweet
Hornet.
similar
and
large
round.
Prolific
stalk, and
Varieties
Foliage
165
crop
canes
growers.
Red
with
Antwerp.
Canes
dark
spines ; fruit
flavour, slipping easily from
Semper
colour,
rose
rather
brisk
the
in
stalk.
FiDELIS.
small
Foliage
;
with black
pale green,
spines ; leaves
and
thimblepointed
pale green
; fruit
shaped, small, but most
freely produced ;
It is rich
being late it is doubly valuable.
canes
in
and
colour,
Growth
free.
thinned
to
makes
The
the
best
must
canes
perfect
the
crop
Arching
preserve.
be
well
of
The
of arching;
2J to 3 feet
(/)stakes
between
midway
plants in
ground, and
succes[m] bearing canes
; (n) vigorous
system
above
fruit.
Canes
Fruiting
the
row
;
Foliage
deep
green,
sional
canes.
vigorous ; canes
pale green,
all others
in size,
with
far
the
black
This
is
best
red
by
spines.
raspberry, it surpasses
The
fruitfulness, and
bear
for a long time.
vigour ; it also continues
to
fruit is very
is valuable
alike
often
It has
brisk
rich flavour, and
large, three
weigh an
ounce.
a
for
in punnets.
It is very
market
dessert
be
sent
to
or
preserving.
firm, and
can
Superlative.
very
large
One
of
and
the
lucrative.
most
F.C.C.
1888.
White
Grosse
plant
The
(Large
long time.
White).
Blanche
for
bears
Yellow
and
free
very
grower
fruit
a robust
yellow variety of Superlative. The
The
large and
greenish yellow.
fruit is very
the vigorous
free
and
bearing will commend
growth
form,
Antwerp,
is
but
yet
colour.
The
foliage resembles
Guinea.
in
amber
not
sweet
so
this
this
Yellow
as
raspberry
to
all
growers.
White
Rich
Magnum
White
with
covered
and
Sweet
(Yellow
Antwerp
colour.
yellow
Antwerp).
when
in flavour.
sweet
Bonum.
Foliage
prickles ; fruit of
thoroughly
ripe.
small
rich
and
flat
a
An
old
very
plant
The
and
and
of
bright
freely.
grows
pointed
variety,
esteemed
thickly
pale green,
pleasantly acid.
canes
colour,
primrose
early variety of
round,
habit
dwarf
that
grows
freely.
Cromwell's
soon
over.
Victoria
(Imperial
Yellow).
Only
valuable
as
an
66
THE
The
Perpetual
pointed.
between
the
Red
de
two.
Best
de
(Belle
is
Fontenay
F.C.C.
Leaves
de
Fontenay
Yellow
Four
Seasons.
The
of
growth
It
pale
bears
lemon
vigorous.
again
profusely
colour
the
and
summer
flavour.
is
there
as
little
and
difference
no
or
large
not
so
good
raspberry
as
vigour.
moderate
of
canes
broad
very
Belle
bold,
flat,
red,
synonymous,
as
purplish
Foliage
Fontenay).
given
1865.
Seasons.
Four
Raspberries
Autumn-Fruiting
Billard
de
Belle
GARDEN
FRUIT
early
from
is
crop
early
berries
are
early,
until
August
very
sweet,
the
and
frost
the
the
fruits
comes
later
are
;
ones
fruit
more
of
fine
round,
acid
to
CHAPTER
XVI
THE
STRAWBERRY
Strawberries
Bv
Simple
as
the
are
often
are
of
and
beds
If
to
this
is
grown.
from
soil
their
well
be
It
plants.
in
work
to
artificial
some
culture
usually
long, growing
too
and
deep,
successful
failure
of
unfertile
then
should
for
plants
the
feet
obtainable,
fertilisers
BUNYARD
causes
worn-out,
the
move
not
the
case
The
soil, keeping
the
propagating
the
GEORGE
operations
necessary
well
not
Out-of-Doors
second-rate
is
partly
in
with
soil
the
preparing
rotted
used
be
can
paration
pre-
varieties,
important
some
manure
incorporated
strawberries
indifferent
are
manure.
in
either
the
as
work
proceeds.
The
does
naturally prefers a deep, rich, loamy soil,and
not
strawberry
light, sandy, chalky, or
gravel soils ; by proper
however,
treatment,
on
be
well
to
grown
be
dealt
be
may
in
land
any
with
given
is
manures
with
the
trench
make
it
fish,
bone-dust,
thus
plant
and
Plants
dry
and
it in
that
necessary
the
soil
the
surface
plants by
not
to
be
for
nitrate
celery,
If
weather
long
encourage
soils
on
flower-pot
dry,
the
freely
water
manure
and
after
feet
apart.
is
prove
set
plant,
absolutely
out,
and
planting,
and
This
will
raising
the
prevent
or
being
spread
thick.
inches
manure
rows
It
well
roots
same
land
newly
leaves.
the
manure,
weather
the
each
over
the
the
feet
Should
planting.
for
horse
The
out
them
above
to
the
hot-bed
mark
rolling,
or
early growth,
an
old
lot
in
heavy,
sandy
the
the
treated
soil
this
poor
mix
litter.
possible, placing
is
stable
if
use
very
then
can
the
with
and
return
be
moss
firmly placed,
be
and
can
slightly sprinkling
and
the
clay
On
deep,
and
bedded
place
to
should
of
as
best
the
soils
manure,
by treading
advisable
layer
are
feet
that
added,
soda.
clay,
Gravelly
cow
Presuming
be
of
2
some
heavy
August
are
plants
moist,
keep
of
the
frost.
plants
plant during
is best
work
provided
in
evening
firm.
Strawberry
The
as
For
pots
the
with
some
horses
firm
early
the
made
mulch
then
and
by treading.
made
as
should
soil, adding
where
staple.
and
cow-manure
salt
guano.
it will
hot
removing
or
small
in
depth
and
prepared
apart,
firm
stables
from
manure
of
removed
loamy
For
then
trenches,
make
to
sufficient
sandy,
sprinkling
it is best
way.
soil of
thrive
it
in
the
can
frosty
done
as
be
planted
weather
and
early
good
as
planter's garden,
with
when
success
the
plants
showery
167
can
weather
land
be
March,
to
up
is saturated
had
should
and
be
but
it is well
?\Sirith
moisture.
where
taken
these
are
advantage
68
of.
Where
the
work
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
be
cannot
from
plants
end
of March
snails,or
be
one
old.
year
the
remove
other
pests
little
soot
lime
or
check
to
Correct
[x) Plantlet
or
trowel
makes
land
an
is
be
then
can
while
iron,
full of
too
fail in
may
Queen
British
is
case
litter
should
may
dressed
be
weeds.
Runners
in turf;
soil ;
of
ball
before
Vicomtesse
another,
in point
H.
de
In
the
with
{z)cut round
[a] carefully
lifted
Under
and
its wants,
under
even
similar
stimulate
the
event
laid round
be
strawberry plant
these
circumstances
will
manure
lime.
a
variety which
succeeds
The
favourite
treatment.
it
In
applicationof artificial
well-slacked
some
to
this will
ripens.
the
gardens
some
should
straw
little fruit.
an
beds
fruit
clean
fresh
and
humus,
the
placed on
perfectlyclean
one
the
slugs,
if
see
the
kill any
to
At
soil).
become
perhaps
bed
over
rooted
a
may
obtained
crop
form.
of these
of the
Rooted
the
old
The
in
Planting
of
the
planter to
the
clear
soil hoed
the
the
be
from
manure
and
growth
the
the
of
mulching
fresh
from
lifted
without
(though
fresh
Methods
runner
and
and
them,
enable
to
surface
the
double
runners
be
may
fine
form
fruit,they
that
plantsare
if the
but
with
of
old
any
litter in order
about,
are
side
Remove
strawberries
November,
before
done
soil
containing
soil.
There
first-class in a
although failing totallyin one
are
county,
yet
Where
fruits are
desired
the flowers
only large handsome
neighbouring one.
small
the
and
be
hidden
As
the
thinned,
removing
ones.
partially
soon
as
may
be
should
raked
the
fruits are
the
side
and
old
off,
mulching
gathered
runners
and
No
over
kept free of weeds.
decaying foliage removed, the beds hoed
are
others
plantation
of
One
bed
new
year
after
old, and
many
left for two
are
under
made
Where
fruits.
warm
3 feet apart
and
facihties
this
years
be
way
or
exist
to
allowed
destroyed
some
for three
order
wall
each
one
be advisable
may
of observation
we
and
years,
required. In
a
should
strawberries
get
an
upon
and
have
even
each
remain
to
year
will
prefer to
where
soil
have
is
than
more
insure
no
beds
three
good
more
years.
of
supply
than
one
But
quickly exhausted.
recommend
strawberry plantationsto be
small
fruits for preserving
years when
purposes
few
a
early strawberries, plant closely
very
be put
early border ; a few plants should
out
liberal treatment.
there
of
possibilities
great
are
autumnal
strawberries
leaf and
all the
who
has
do
before
in
those
be
to
the
in
The
holes
sourness
of
the
on
Water
are
water
holes.
-inch
top,
soil,the
plants
This
some
being spoiled
have
we
days
seen
were
in advance
method
of
of
culture
is
barrels
the
being
apertures
take
of
bases
of
centre
have
holes
closed
with
evenly
be
the
at
will
the
diameter,
in
5 inches
over
planting.
together, and
the
are
be
can
in
grown
in
them
space
to
other
surface
should
there
the
cask
or
the
over
where
casks
good
or
hay
some
distributed
the
and
tub
bored
eighteen plants on
about
twenty-four plants
that
so
result.
September
unless
rot
fruits
fourteen
or
In
escape
cask
be
to
plants must
the
to
can
in
ordinary
early dish, especiallyif
very
not
of
time
fastened
the
berries
garden.
ought
the
given
superfluous
six
casks
at
4-inch
material.
be
in the
used
be
boards
prevent
of the
ten
some
beds.
the
in
The
beds.
open
stalks
will
in
cultivating strawberries
that large class of amateurs
frames
to
a
picking
procure
of
in cold
them
decaying
producing
flower
will
prevent
fine
secure
every
in
weather
fruits
interesting
ripened
insuring a
corner
warm
soil should
three
for
the
to
grow
the
in
fruits
gardens
recommended
placed
soil
the
same
crop
to
summer
of small
litter will
short
prove
or
good
will
and
strawberries
quite luxuriant,
of
Plenty
in
force
all the
remove
advantages,
not
to
is necessary,
because
and
and
the
showery,
damp
splashing up
Strawberries
barrels
is
soil,when
the
is often
soil
the
by
go
The
culture
is afforded.
protection
The
best
development.
way
the beds frequently,removing
over
vigour of the plants is thus centred
method
cover
special
some
October
to
Another
of fruits.
crop
let the runners
and
and
is
runners.
However,
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
I70
sides
and
of
feet
six
in
diameter.
It is claimed
for
this
birds, and
that
from
from
clean.
fine
The
large fruit
plants
same
other
fruit
is very
easilyprotected
easilyripened
more
and
keeps
be
in
treated
pot
as
we
regards
stronger
H.
de
Royal Sovereign, Sir Joseph Paxton, President, Vicomtesse
But
if smaller
Gauthier, "c.
Nicaise, Louis
Auguste
growers
planted, the holes need
Countess, British Queen, Dr. Hogg, "c., are
As
the
best
sorts
this
recommend
the
growers,
Thury,
as
3 inches
than
more
Waterloo,
placing
Some
tubs
the
under
Typical ones
usually larger than
been
for
that
varietymay
prizes at
the
shows
smaller
be
shade
trial
chosen
that
which
the
of
for
very
strawberries
remarks
the
possess
but
to
as
It
must
of
as
not
be
varieties,such
Late
Frogmore
they
the
descriptions
But
the
are
as
Pine, "c.,
of
first fruits
often
of
the
are
different
not
fruits.
only
shape.
habit, and
foliage,'
be
remembered
plants produce.
the
late
such
wall.
with
illustration.
follow,
best
made
Denmark,
north
of assistance.
is the
be
can
of
experienced
been
those
is,however, hoped
in the
the
difficultyhas
have
It
while
across,
Elton
fectly
per-
two
a
probably
tub, but if
years
to
plant annually, using good plants from
they can
culture,
respects
the
last
will
it is best
for
that
it is
position
its
is wanted
In
3-inch pots.
culture
style of
better
flavour.
Many
peculiarities
any
that fruit exhibited
consider, however,
:6-t^-"'".-_i
S'rBAI\-HERRY
CULTURE
IN
BARREL.
STRAWBERRY
THE
CULTURE
STRAWBERRY
H.
By
Although
extent
as
they
strawberries
produced
not
are
grown
numbers
UNDER
Kent,
also
artificial
by
Kentish
in the
in such
in glass-housesas
industry. Curiously enough, as the bulk
from
GLASS
THOMAS
H.
out-of-doors
are
grown
171
fields,
they
to
make
of
open-air
their
the
to
means
culture
same
nevertheless
are
important
an
strawberries
obtained
are
will
It
cultivate
well
be
those
are
first
under
consider
to
the
suitable
most
in
structure
which
to
forced
The
One
south.
to
afternoon
and
sun,
the
should
houses
side
will
then
midday
low,
be
receive
will
sun
otherwise
the
morning
benefit
both
it will
be
the
sun,
sides
of
the
to
necessary
other
side
house
equally.
erect
wooden
the
incur
considerable
glass,and this would
stages
The
within
and
labour.
the
the
extra
to
nearer
reason
glass
plants are
expense
and
be closer than, say, 18 inches),the better will they flower
(they should not
fruit.
The
height from the central pathway to the apex of the roof should be
walk
to
along comfortably. At the base of either
just sufficient to allow one
The
brick
walls
houses
roof
short
about
feet high.
the
rests
2
slope
upon
in
from
built by those
strawberries
for
market
who
to
100
length
vary
grow
of the
6 feet high to the
inside
and
feet.
feet wide
10
200
They are
apex
roof.
of the house
runs
a
Along the centre
pathway about 20 inches or 2 feet
of plants in 6-inch
and
either
side
of
this
six
are
rows
placed
on
wide,
pots, a
walls
of
the
house
The
brick
fills
the
beds.
number
that
two
conveniently
has therefore
the pathway
18 inches
above
the level of the ground outside, and
are
allow
be sunk
the workmen
in
order
to
conveniently.
to
to
along
pass
so
Several
these
the
it were,
built,as
often
are
would
two
the
three
be
outside
ones.
in
one.
distinct
span
Supposing
roofs, but
this
by
brick
respect
We
see,
(ifthe
then,
houses
that
are
well
if houses
strawberries, low-spanned
roofed
of
ventilated)as if growing
speciallybuilt for the
are
at
once
almost
are
ones
houses
three
only
the
free
two
is
ordinarily
circulation
well
as
to
solid
walls
inner
of the
purpose
the wall would
where
The
served
of
plants near
the
together,there
walls, and
be.
bring
houses
built
be
to
as
oiF
in
out-of-doors.
cultivation
most
of
suitable
forced
and
FRUIT
THE
172
The
economical.
equally well
facing due south
and
fruits may,
Better
also.
GARDEN
be
however,
fruits
may
in various
produced
perhaps be
had
other
from
structures,
lean-to
house
above
span-roofed one, but for the reasons
given
Heated
be preferred by a market
and
frames
the latter would
pits
are
grower.
is able
one
particularlywell adapted to the forcing of the strawberry, because
back
drawwithout
to
keep the plants close to the glass. They have one
difficulty
in
order
in that it is
the
the
to
to
water
to
remove
lights
give
necessary
weather
this is a disadvantage. Thousands
plants. In cold and unfavourable
shelves
of strawberry plants are
in vineries, peach-houses, melon
on
grown
after in these positionsvery good results
houses, "c., and if they are well looked
from
Gardeners
obtained.
are
than
who
endeavour
to
utilise
the
to
valuable
the
utmost
glass-houseswill
their
in
will
matters
Propagation.
by
have
to
culture.
fullyentered into in the remarks upon
is
and
conveniently propagated
readily
strawberry most
stalk-like
the
name
given to those numerous,
growths
runners,
length
methods
The
roots.
below
shelves
more
The
of
means
be
fail
not
is that
of
we
this
doing
found
have
be
to
are
produced
plant.
by the parent
them
to
plants as to cause
but
the
described
at
various,
one
the
best
are
these
small
in every
way.
given to the work
It is of great
importance
in
runners
runners
the
obtained
are
the
in
earliest
Preparation
to
it
with
at
to
that
be
of
such
fill the
the
compost
that
the
the
say
The
be
one
the
able
greater
to
establish
therefore
them
will
be
advisedly,for the
satisfactory
runners
thing
wherein
pots
is such
subject of layering the runners
for referring
no
apology is needed
culture
in which
young
will
fruit,and
best.
first
The
small
bear
We
strawberry
length.
some
which
obvious
must
item
earlier
the
to
Layering.
for
important
an
are
success.
always
not
are
rooted
they
ultimate
of
chances
very
and
in which
pots
and
the
that
to
consider
the
small
delicate
is the
runners
to
are
plants are
roots
preparation
may
to
be
of the
layered.
establish
easilyenter
soil
It
is
themselves
in
other
THE
words,
it
consist
STRAWBERRY
173
fine
of
small-meshed
know
sieve
beforehand
how
will
be
many
to
(when
and
filled
pots
prepared
made
be
approximately
plants
required,
small
many
the
be
it
as
with
should
compost
It
able
is advisready.'
keep the small pots
they are filled)
some_^^_^
where
in the
where
the
them
the
and
sun
important
placing
them
weather
is
medium
that
upon
matter
easy
Before
minor
No
keeping
where
dry
(,pirst
of
runners
able
unless
size ;
layering
runners
stem
runner
it
are
extending;
(/)
scarce
bearing
Plantlets
Varying
second
;
not
runners,
(?)
{s) point
Sizes
of
third
runner
off
cutting
desir-
{r)
;
runner
less
the
they
all wet,
prepared
sheltered
are
will
pots
from
sodden
become
in
the
the
shade,
is the
rain, otherwise
and
necessity for
the
soil,if
the
totallyunsuitable
as
a
rooting
have
of a shed
use
strawberry plants. We
always made
the pots, then
north
stacking
preparation of the soil and filling
each
until
other
the
runners
are
required. When
ready, it is an
take them
the strawberry ground in a wfheelbarrow.
to
to
at
for the
faces
them
than
"
Runner
^
soaking
moisten
thoroughly again.
"
reach
needs
to
t""
placed
becomes
and
water
if
can
soil
hard,
with
shade
young
for the
commencing
details
whose
to
insert
observance
the
will
in
runners
small
the
greatly tend
to
pots,
convenience
there
are
of
several
working,
future welfare
and
of the
also,to some
extent, will affect the
progress
In
first
should
the
worker
the
leave
the
so
plants.
place, the
dispose
pots as to
other
path between
row
entirelyclear,so that one
pass along without
may
every
fear of doing
This
when
of
because
the
is
to
plants.
importance,
damage
any
the runners
well rooted
and
are
growing strongly,they take a surprising amount
of water.
It is not
from
of runners
wise
to
one
layer a larger number
any
The
should
than
is
the
make
to
plant
quantity required.
object
up
necessary
be to have
the runners
distributed
tion
as
evenly as possiblethroughout the plantamuch
then
will have
achieved
towards
been
obtaining plants of regular
;
and
thousand
For
satisfactory
strawberry plants
growth.
instance, if two
young
obtain
old plants from
which
to
are
required,and there are, say, four hundred
take
five runners
It is obviously unwise
each.
to
from
them, select about
suffer
for
from
than
is
must
to
larger number
a
a
one
plant
they
necessary,
certain
and
blind
be
in
for
to
ones
are
more
likely
fact,they do,
extent,
if too
selected
from
numerous
plant. It will be noticed
are
one
many
parent
each
stalk-like growth
that upon
several
of these tiny plants are
produced, and
here
If sufficient
be
of caution
thus
is necessary.
again a word
plants can
and
"
"
THE
174
the
the
that
of
enough
runners
Blind
"
as
"
blind
not
when
which
its
more
from
one
discarding
and
of
any
sound.
of the
any
be,
may
known
technically
is
runner
foregoing
there
runners
the
emanate
course,
stalk.
same
"
blind
"
the
than
important
more
are
good
(whence,
fruit)has
centre
than
or
the
to
nearest
two
more
even
necessityfor
layeringonly those
"
and
that
When
best.
But
stalk,and
each
the
each,
Runners.
is the
precautions,
and
from
"
be
to
the
number
even
an
parent-plant
plantletsoriginating
to
are
layered,the first invariablytakes the lead,much
bad
is
it
In
others.
but
seasons
rarely
exceptionally
any
all the plants,selecting
will not
be obtained
by going over
from
one
stalk
same
detriment
GARDEN
FRUIT
leaves, and
young
become
abortive, and growth apparently
eventually the flowers and
blind
A
has
ceased.
runner
can
easily be recognised, for the
practically
contain
be
will
found
the
of
if
be
to
no
centre
to
felt,
empty
tiny plant,
will
in
the
blind
To
insert
runners
embryo leaves.
pots
mean,
many
"
''
"
"
of
fruitless
much
will
them
"
for
as
few
some
sound
when
they
runners
may
necessity,
the
sun
to
the
as
that
so
borne
them
The
we
the
mind
may
the
are
few
say
rooted,
of
worthy
following.
most
shred
shoots
double
small
of
passed
benefit
the
if it
and
to
plants
hard
were
baked
most
important
the
theto
open
be
plunged
exposed to
by taking
not
moist,
sponding
corre-
mind
pathway
diminished
and
in
should
pots
the
cool
thereby kept
than
cool
plant, a
plant where
bearing
alternate
is much
watering
and
the
them,
every
kept
are
each
around
difficulty.The
roots
pulled
of
pointed
of
words
layer strawberries
to
with
reference
its insertion
themselves
and
and
the
the
is also
remains
dry by
more
exposure
the
an
trees
stalk
press
the
the
preliminary
plunged
old
mat,
growing
of
the
the
shred
and
the
or
pot
a
That
into
of
pot
soil
there,
it may
that
and
there
are
by us to be the
have
we
practised very largely,
the ground, take a piece of raffia,
shred
(such as is used to attach
one
in
cloth
close
the
to
having disposed of
actual
operation. By
found
items
established
recommendation,
Having
to
in
and
from
stick
the
eventually firmly
accomplishing this object.
fruits
it around
of
some
is indicated
runner
methods
the
is
keeping
proceeding
when
various
of
pots,
medium
well
or
the
soil
become
is the
from
runners
placed
be
without
labour
Such
in
layering
one
been
have
may
sun.
Layering.
be
of
should
pots
done
being
rooting
layering,or
conveniently layered
precaution to plunge
considerable, for the
suitable
number
explained,
heat.
after
into
most
ground,
fierce
small
above
as
of watering
allow
in
be
sufficient
of
number
"
blind
reallyotherwise.
were
selected
Having
"
become
may
to
the
soil of
the
3J
or
plant, and
pot
so
long,
inches
then
deeply
with
that
the
176
THE
too
call
now
may
facilitate
them
Whatever
suffer
and
in
from
gardens, and
in many
we
To
handles
with
framework,
use
layers, as
drought.
the
number,
to
wheels
two
on
the
allowed
be
never
fixed
tubs
be
to
must
GARDEN
prove
convenient.
most
Other
it
occasion.
them,
watering,
enable
to
another
on
many
FRUIT
Methods
Layering.
of
At
the
of
commencement
this
chapter
was
besides
the
that
first mentioned
the
the
with,
done
it bears
with
away
these
The
at
medium
of
the
does
that
labour
much
placed
once
Where
case.
claim
methods
two
fruit.
in this
of
at
until
remain
of
methods
other
were
detailed
here
one
there
in
the
small
the
in pots are
grown
thousands
of
where
filled
pots
rooted
of
soil
with
the
to
first
are
fresh
to
that
also
rooted
the
have
this
to
strawberry
advocate
not
thousand,
ten
when
removing
would
winter,
soil
the
disadvantage,
6-inch
of
number
then
and
autumn
do
this
in
be
which
them
serve
of
baking
that
be
they cannot
and
autumn
more
rains, it may
injurious still,to the force of the summer
be
rendered
unsuitable
medium.
quickly
as
a
rooting
A
small
serious
drawback
instead
of
in turves
to
layering the runners
when
the fruiting pots of
to
removing them
pots, lies in the danger incurred
No
doubt
the
breaking, or otherwise
layers will root
damaging the roots.
into
do
small
filled
the
in
the
with
turves
soil,but the
as
as
they
freely
pots
to
heat
for
them
assigned
so
of
transporting such
strawberry plantation, and
the
placed has
compost
the
labour
the
quarters
Runners
immense.
they
that
imagine
can
few
plants
but
it will
altogether
is thus
pot
dispensed
where
pot
and, indeed,
plan may,
answer,
finest possible fruit is desired, we
the
forced, and
plants are
In
five
it.
of plants,say from
dealing with large numbers
one
is
of
advantages
first
the
of
this
place,it
turves
it is
as
method
are
almost
be
may
pots
be
can
and
without
said
for
the
quantities,and
made
be
It
is
bear
not
with
difBcult
fruits,will
their
about
finest
the
from
to
be
the
fruiting
in
the
entire
make
of
absence
with
roots, but
the
the
number
of the
preferable.
it
other
risk
in
Plants
greatest
in
ease,
be
cannot
same
In
it.
sufficient
convenience
almost
pots
recommend
not
obtain
to
pots, while
taken,
do
we
in turves.
Runners.
the
the
runners
is
care
that
expensive
possibilityof damaging
plants rooted
Providing
getting
moved
as
small
the
purchase
to
doubtful
so
Where
quality fruits
object, not
them
believe
superior
in
that
to
strawberries
are
sine
of obtaining
fact,they should
some
qui
fruits
be
obtained
runners
extent
to
are
those
non,
from
grown
plantation
the
restricted
from
to
plants
taken
in
from
large
should
plants, but of
this use
only.
not
allowed
plants
which
to
?//
[jj
(-^
u
til
ft;
THE
bear
as
fruits,
STRAWBERRY
177
In the one
develop runners.
instance, all the
of
other
and
in the
the
to
production
runners,
they have to bear a double burden.
This
practice is not, of course, absolutely
necessary,
especiallyif the straw^berryplants are growing upon
good ground,
and
well looked
are
after ; it is,however, of great advantage. For
some
years
made
we
and
a
practice of annually planting a piece of ground with
strong
a
ot
crop
plants' energies
well-rooted
for pot
from
runners,
culture, and
Preparation
preparation
well
as
devoted
are
the
the
Potting.
for
should
which
results
be made
for
in which
soil contains
of
throughout
exposure
benefit.
great
becomes
than
the
as
the
would
winter
soil also
suitable
more
that
the
The
be
such
by
rooting
from
a
freshly cut
pasture.
if
potting, possible,under
it
shed
is
with
be
may
sheltered
available
not
boards.
forced
from
to
To
obtain
soil
strawberries, the
potting should
the
full
prove
of
an
open
it
over
results
with
final
the
for
used
so
cover,
it,cover
best
exposure
medium
If
rain.
protect
case,
Prepare
soil for
that
be
good quality. It must
the
remembered
that the
remain
in
plants
pots
from
until
the
August
following February,
March, April, or May, as the case
be, and
may
and
that
the
strawberry is a vigorous grower
feeder.
Bearing this in mind, it will be seen
essential it is that the soil should
how
be good in
with
turves
to
a
spade
it,otherwise
smash
mixed
certain
bed
fourth
and
be
of
turning
the
into
amount
be
lime
mixed
and
first
pieces
the
of
rubble
manure
together, and
we
have
found
It may
be
also of
soil is
mixing proceeds.
place, sufficient,if possible,to
dry
It is advisable
serve
it
; {g)soil,rougher part
of
drainage ; (A) roots
small
plant from
3-inch pot ;
for
water
{i) space
holding
when
watering.
over
place. Break up
pigeon'segg, taking care
first
the
With
that taken
to
must
with
Potted
Properly
(/) Drainage
used
benefit.
Pot
6-inch
op
Plant
fine.
too
sprinklingof
small, is
if the
of
size
made
be
material.
of loam.
broken
the
about
soil will
excellent
three-fourths
to
well
to
Section
of
be
previous autumn
the
number
great
if this should
built
in the
bone
All
be
meal
the
the
from
loam
a
should
be
room
mush-
spent
proportion of
or
the
not
crushed
one-
bones,
ingredientsshould
watered
as
the
work
of
a
large heap
prepare
for potting the
majority of
of
soil in
the
178
It
plants.
still remain
be
can
turf
potted
is
diameter
in
the
at
with
may
48's), for
8-inch
but
by
6-inch
size
who
did
of
pots
for
doubt
no
for
it is the
that
in
market
First
to
and
place
extend
sour,
crock
half
for
The
inch.
tumbled
base
of
the
inch
an
together haphazard,
in
well
hole
pot,
all
and
Over
half
about
they
first
or
around.
of
depth
the
rate, the
any
that
will
more
freely.
away
large enough
pass
the
covered,
at
or,
use
is the
becomes
not
of
the
to
ones
be
does
bottom
beyond
must
pot
the
smaller
place
the
in
many
soil
given
water
hole
the
over
quite
single large crock
the
because
made
pot
thousands
carelessly disposed,
drainage
insufficiency of drainage, or
alFect
The
the
health
of
the
plant.
deleteriously
soddened
runners
varieties
best.
An
less
The
it.
repeating
justify our
not
are
when
vigorously even
forced
early. They
diameter
(ordinarilycalled
the
tried
practice of using
varieties
of vigorous
some
have
6-inch,
the
the
certain
grow
when
so
inches
4^
We
made.
than
strawberries
grow
is
there
and
one,
in
be
larger
results
the
those
will
roots
the
pots,
growth,
of
fewer
placed
be
advantage
There
not
less
which
in
pot
top.
do
for very
early forcing that, however,
grown
cultivated
in the open,
and
therefore
much
as
used.
suitable
most
inches
being
The
Runners.
thk
than
before
required. If there
be
pulled
they should
potting bench
pigeon's egg,
the
to
larger
hand
the
pieces by
Potting
transferred
be
of
pieces
smaller
into
then
may
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
few
an
be
must
not
must
not,
or
select
opening. Then
the
the
of
turf
and
them
over
immediately
drainage.
roughest pieces
place
will
fine soil fallinginto, and
This
of the
perhaps choking it.
prevent
any
be
Remove
There
should
the rooted
from
its small
so
strawberry runner
pot.
material
6-inch
small
is
that
much
of the
when
the
in the bottom
plant
pot
will
they
placed
the
be
probably displace
therein
done
wooden
have
only
soil
firm
may
be
be
whence
Treatment
the
regard
inch
an
on
that
the
Potted.
of
should
the
to
at
Care
depth
this
while
young
The
the
and
until
Firm
soil.
used
which
point when
the
plant
leaves, is not.
the
plant,
if this
of
can
covered
fill the
all
space
it firm with
a
make
surface
roots
in
necessary,
the rooted
making
or
the
the
roots
should
runner
layering are
quite covered,
should
of the
is essential.
potting
lightlyis
treating of
is
inch
an
completely
compost
once,
be
about
small
have
roots
is then
at
within
to
from
Continue
roots.
made
deeply
spring
in
rammer
above
remarks
so
half
wooden
immediately
With
damaged.
centre
reaches
prepared
the
much
too
proceeds.
with
the
it
place
work
covered
inserted, the
applicable. Place
i.e. the
to
the
that
With
remain.
not
as
been
time
latter
the
the
these
care
rammer
plant
The
soil of
the
covers
Dislodge
drainage
disturbing the roots, but if the
let
round, taking
surface
one
former.
without
crocks
the
the
of the
rim
the
the
heart,
be placed
hold of the
days in a shady position,so that the roots
get
may
soil as quickly as possible. This
new
likelyto do in the shade
they are more
if the
than
hot
them.
were
sun
were
Providing the runners
shining upon
well
before
watered
the day
thoroughly
being potted, they will not
require to
be
watered
for a few
days ; they should, however, be well syringed every
for
week
afternoon.
when
or
ten
newly
potted plants
STRAWBERRY
THE
After
be
having
removed
The
to
ground
with
and
will
rows
9
the
to
allow
passage
be watered
Watering.
work
of
rooted
Giving
the
plants
applicationsbeing
allowed
not
are
the
utmost
has
ceased
clean
have
the
autumn
others)
this
examine
is
have
In
way.
the
be
must
the
of
want
of
hottest
divide
weather
is
and
more
that
hardly
be
they
said, of
all
varieties
of the
When
than
more
in
crowns
is much
growth
three
In
off-shoots
small
several
runners
valueless.
are
sun
weeds.
eradicate
side-growths or
into
one
no
well
even
Remove
and
any
select,say,
to
or
the
o'clock, when
plants, for this promotes
pests.
splitup
to
or
When
can
important
most
five
or
is,where
adopt
to
remove
other
side of it
two
is,it need
insect
crowns
plants,
plants in
each
care.
water,
growths
strawberry plants (some
that
the
with
to
quite small,
and
from
"
"
wet,
case,
course
plants
minor
unusually
tendency to
such
off when
be
now
water
down
keeps
covered
the
the
either
upon
attended
surprising amount
daily during the
the
These
only
better
best, and
than
remove
remainder.
During
in the
late
summer
It should
be
the
beneficial.
latter
with
Winter
to
rows
plants will
the
and
for
may
growth.
wide
pathway sufficiently
watering. By having this
of
purpose
three
another,
the
small
inches
early autumn
that
the
to
necessary
suffer from
shine
to
appear
the
for
this
take
leave
base
Arrange
pots.
about
pots
importance.
and
that
to
will
the
the
their
hard,
and
cool
they
so,
or
complete
level
as
plants, the
water
cultivator, and
the
into
row,
of
row
every
with
ease.
be
week
to
both
serve
worms
along
sixth
placed should
placing
sixth
walk
to
person
the
position,
will
of
apart,
After
after
are
This
entrance
inches
rows.
they
for
garden
there
sunny
ashes.
the
prevent
lo
and
which
part of the
shady
open
layer of
or
in
an
upon
thin
in
been
179
Protection.
to
certain
perhaps as
plants
cultivators
methods
Some
employed.
over
sides, spreading a little straw
method
from
is
soil
the
has
which
practised
of
but
plants,is
in the
Royal
effectual
more
This
against
these
will
roots
they
place
disposed
a
thousands
are
of
row
of.
of
The
the
bracken
then
be
very
liable
plants
and
first
plants can
protected,
row
be
to
a
do
layer
will
of
also
pots.
necessary
much
so
frost,not
There
plan
are
we
various
are
about
pots
the
pots
row
to
frost.
severe
covering
upon
of
bracken
of
plants,and
or
them.
layer between
from
cracking.
prevented
alternatelyuntil
bracken
placed together
next
First,place the
layer
describe,
hundreds
effectual
an
exposed
need
place
then
to
with
for many
years
hardly less simple.
and
and
if
away.
it becomes
the
stack
it forms
that
so
washed
Gardens
the
the
think
we
or
it
simply
the
blown
efi^ects of
the
is
manure
soil,lightlypricking
of winter
and
roots
the
dry, and
becoming
been
of thousands
commended,
be
to
from
the
artificial
some
the
being
approach
extent
themselves
the
its
prevent
the
Upon
plants to
the
protect
stick
pointed
of
slighttop dressing
sprinkledveiy thinly upon
a
on
small
the
piece
Continue
all have
outside.
of
ground
to
been
Many
when
i8o
THE
thus
packed
for
forcing.
closely; they
Preparing
will
To
obtain
the
production
plants make
of
much
November
and
the
fruit
the
as
of
season
necessitates
progress
and
their
culture
of
fruits
much
required.
are
than
work
more
the
During the spring months
possiblein the dull sunless days of
is
than
forcing
required
later.
two
or
until
strawberry plant
the
ripe
which
at
February
month
quicker
December,
left alone
be
may
preparationfor forcing
the
by
month
early
very
are
glass for market
matter
The
determined
in
these
are
Forcing.
for
altogether
be
GARDEN
FRUIT
then
is
such
not
strawberries.
expensive
an
strawberries
Most
grown
to
so
ripen
early, but just sufficiently
them
during the six or eight weeks
immediately preceding the ripening of the
This
outdoor
is evidently found
be
the
most
to
profitablemethod.
crop.
Strawberries
be
command
forced
March
to
so
as
high
ripe in February and
very
for them
limited.
is strictly
prices, but the demand
Although such good prices
later in the
obtained
much
the
not
so
are
quantities disposed of are
season,
and
of
realise
better
the
that
cost
production
less,
a
so
considerably
greater,
growers
their
of the
profit upon
outlay. Exclusive
high price of very early forced
under
strawberries, another
fact that
in
the
February.
and
winter
artificial
in
fruits
Given
in
and
February
March
and
had
fruits
absence
of
sun
are,
Early
Very
the
February
and
November,
composed
during the
of
leaves
and
made
the
the
bottom
great
so
high that
glass. The
advantage, for
plant
should
until
be
the
will
soon
quite cold
plants
degs.Fahr.
Do
come
is
in
up
not
plants
when
heat
the
follow.
far
into
as
For
be
them
frame.
wished
plunged
in
A
flower,
temperature
the
than
the
days
is concerned
end
of
of
bed, preferably
of
should
leaves
6
and
leaf
the
plants
for the
8 inches
or
this
is of
growth
of
pit or frame
; afterwards,
be
night may
during cold, damp,
at
the
middle
the
hot
growth,
ten
to
necessary
weather
and
within
progress
or
weeks
be
bed
are
root
required
are
place
The
of artificial heat
the
therein
first week
the
mild
better
for.
encourage
begin to make
use
later
not
those
plants eight
towards
strawberries
cover
berries
straw-
with
involved.
time
extra
will
roots
the
for the
plunge
to
the
February, it would
previously. Cold
ripe
under
could
once
so
have
taken
method
made
in
force
much
however,
strawberries
ripe
to
late
the
naturallydeficient
are
unfavourably
not
If
June.
weeks
To
best
be
sunny
the
ripe
are
necessitate
weather,
compare
responsible
be
of
the
twelve
must
weeks
and
wanted
the
first few
conditions
by commencing
of course,
Forcing.
plants
in
will
weather
such
should
were
forcing quite
commence
sunless
mild
ripening
be
in
in
We
under
produced
comparatively
out-of-doors
grown
best.
qualityof forced
and
early spring. Cold
and
lies doubtless
consumption
of fruits that
speak now
strawberries
depends greatlyupon
limited
their
of the
not
The
heat,
flavour.
of
reason
is
flavour
forced
not
kept
at
not
or
foggy
lightsto admit air
open
heat
the frame
would
hot by reason
of sun
become
too
only when
need
Then
admit
air
or
exceptionallymild weather.
enough
(the
lights
just
inch
only be pushed down
an
or
rising too
two) to prevent the temperature
and
Close
with
the object of lowering it.
the frame
not
quickly,
early in the
time.
afternoon, and syringe the plants at the same
By so doing a moist
50
weather,
but
the
THE
82
ferable
If
to
let
them
"
"
perfectly
make
rapid
plants
should
degs.
Syringe
the
set
for
cool
remain
The
the
little
night
when
first
GARDEN
will,
fruits
progress.
be grown
Fahr.
FRUIT
when
fruits
"
are
It
weeks.
two
of
temperature
their
than
long
placed in
too
moist
in
house
the
"
be
set
house,
which
60
from
may
be increased
then
may
long enough.
not
warm,
to
the
65
to
degs.
70
moist.
plants frequently, and keep the atmosphere of the house
Admit
little air during favourable
early in
a
weather, but close the house
the
afternoon, well moistening the plants and their surroundings at the same
Attend
time.
the plants,never
to
allowing the soil
carefullyto giving water
the
become
to
all
at
farmyard
dry,
of great benefit
will be noticed
indicates
the
or
water
manure
while
the
that
the
period
colour
that
of
development
the
strawberries
of
colouring
be
the
almost
to
green
Not
near.
of the
several
of
course
until
Weak
checked.
be
surface
the
upon
In
from
turn
to
fruits will
the
sprinklingsof guano
fruits are
swelling.
or
soil
are
it
weeks
and
they
this
white,
changing
to
are
be
there
ripeness must
any
cultural
should
done
assist
in
the
be
methods.
to
Everything possible
change
and
fruits to
the
night
develop rapidly by maintaining the proper
encourage
all favourable
early
admitting air on
occasions, closing the house
temperature,
the
red
so
make
to
as
As
the
approach
the
temperature
little air
diminished
until
not
cultivator
forced
must
judge
for
of
fruits
admitting
house
nights
it.
are
maintain
to
brighter
and
neither
be
fruits
or
difficult
ten
weeks'
in
mind,
this in
the
and
the
nor
have
this
is
not
in sufficient
quarters
in warmth
given.
take
opportunity
every
From
supply, and
they
few
are
numbers
experienced
take
so
long
the
as
the
matter
the
;
in
not
forced
berries
straw-
endeavour
if the
earlier
at
in
into
to
fresh
the
year.
to
plants
regular intervals.
forcing of the strawberry
and
been
Plants
first forced
cultivators
difficult
protected by bracken
be expected
early January, may
time.
of
ripening
gathered out-of-doors, most
longer days
so
outside, where
placed
Fruits.
are
warmer
be
not
be
water
not
little
less
water
bear
should
roots
should
ripening.
are
of
continued
removed
early in
cold
not
Succession
until
nine
should
grower
Fresh
air need
is
the
when
improved
the
strawberries
which
is much
still be closed
may
if the
are
weather
given to
almost
ripe
himself
within
say,
be lowered
if the
water
less
course,
when
to
should
night
the
fruits
to
is
atmosphere moist.
half
about
they are
to
65 degs. (leaving
of
mild), the amount
the
always keeping
that
house
the
strawberries
ripening
and
the
the
throughout
on
ceased, and
then, of
however, really grows
of
of
of
approach
near
ripeness,
lessened, although
moisture
The
the
naturallywarm,
fruits
coloured,
a
it
denotes
Plants
are
As
will
from
activitybefore
the
end
The
made
January should give ripe fruits in eight weeks.
by plants
progress
then
the
weather
during January and February depends very much
upon
months
than
when
these
the
rule
rather
are
over
experienced ;
bright days are
himself
has
the exception, and
the strawberry grower
trouble
to
rarelyoccasion
of
forced
STRAWBERRY
THE
about
the
from
In
weather.
therefore
when
plants
had
be
say that ripe fruits may
in early January the weather
we
started
it is
February, however,
and
January
183
in
is
nine
weeks'
ten
or
presumed
different,and
be
to
time
moderately
favourable.
The
forced
how
strawberries
advantage
plants in
at
in
on
of
are
should
removing
thereby
assisted
this
later,however,
started
of
number
be
upon
bed
They
plants
the
hot
the
plants
disposal will
at
together. Most
in April and
the market
May, for then they
It is certainly an
and
risk of failure.
cost
the
month
of
during
January to plunge the
strawberries
forcing
out-of-doors.
With
placed
are
and
latter
the
minimum
mild
required
of
many
obtained
are
fruits
of
quantity
determine
in
placed
them
heat
from
their
in
considerably
quarters
fresh
making
becomes
precaution
winter
roots.
unless
unnecessary,
There
be
to
are
during February proves
exceptionally cold.
well
suited
to
numerous
positions in the glass-housesof every garden that are
the forced
and
peach-houses at rest or just started,
strawberry plant. Vineries
In cold houses
little growth
cold pits,or frames
do admirably.
that are
empty,
when
in
is made, but
after
few
weeks
there
the
warmer
a
plants,
placed
a
altogether.
house, make
quicker progress than if they had been left out-of-doors
Temperature.
Nothing is more
injurious to strawberry forcing than a
first.
Until
have
the
flowers
at
appeared and the fruits have
high temperature
artificial
should
heat
be
most
night
carefully requisitioned. The
formed,
should
first
be 50 degs. Fahr., to be raised the
fortnight
during the
temperature
60 degs., there
remain
afterwards
increased
to
week
to
to
next
55 degs.,and
weather
until
fruits
the
when
top of the
around
set."
"
have
house
When
and
the
at
the
fruits
if the
only
and
to
the
near
be
upon
to
be
of
Air
occasions
both
provide a
at
th^
circulation
"
The
set."
is
night temperature
doing
obtained.
readily than
more
plant.
so,
however,
These
will
thinning
Supposing
That
left untouched.
remain
to
much
the
Before
each
be
course
allowed
form
of fruits
number
all favourable
on
where
glass.
only
are
would
fruits should
will
house
air
dry.
they
to
seven
the
upon
formed, they
have
best-shaped
and
them
strawberries
finest
altogetherdepend
will
should
atmosphere
"set"
are
of
is very
necessary.
be given so as to
flower
bottom
remove
early in the year
65 degs. Fahr., placing them
the fruits,leaving six or
out
sufficient
in
are
the
plants. Keep
the
abundance
An
strawberry plants
the
be
thin
quite
required
four
the
or
five
largest
is obvious.
labour
advantage if
in moving
house
early
registers 80
in
temperature
from
warm
house.
to
the
85
65
house
be
devoted
houses
afternoon
degs.)
to
can
70
(it does
and
moisten
degs.
in
not
the
matter
if the
thermometer
Increase
fortnight after
bringing
the
then
the
plants into
84
THE
FRUIT
GARDEN
IN
STRAWBERRIES
A
of
crop
excellent
strawberries
COLD
and
they
outdoor
of
moreover,
are,
culture
i8
about
Upon
Good
in
Plant
rows
in
making
that
runners
until
the
of
will
plants
and
appear
the
at
of
With
the
great value
before
been
have
to
afterwards
of
them
in
in
obtaining a good
which
often
do
so
found
Sovereign
be
of
La
and
gathering
from
flower
covered
in
season
one
usual
how,
out
to
consign
all
left off
the
on
almost
weather
air,and
cold
the
the
water
about
by
dishes
in
grown
the
be
must
given to prevent
required,for
their ripening just
it is
lies in
frame
finest
the
air
fruit before
of
end
strawberries
cold
of
at
grown
One
should
frame.
The
April.
similarly.
are
can
always
safe
from
strawberry plants
to
with
better
One
plants
the
fruits
when
mats
suited
for
this
in
sharp
frosts
method
of
can
flower
the
forced
of
certain
spring
frosts
out-of-doors.
probable. We
than
Royal
are
culture
Sucree.
IN
the
in
THE
autumn
AUTUMN
is
not
now
of
with
be
the
luxury, for
comparatively easily
a
great
the
from
be
wet
With
present
In
admit
to
it is
Remove
advanced
strawberries
introduction
obtained.
frame
inches.
when
time.
some
heavy fog.
or
bearing
plants
fruits,for
Grosse
of
18
other
giving water
plenty of
in
STRAWBERRIES
the
for
The
the
grown
Some
of
damage
varieties
no
of
progress,
treated
pots
crop
much
should
frame
of
item
is necessary.
When
the
fruits
or
as
the
In
water
given to
plants is of great assistance.
to
fruits
naturally, they produce many
more
grow
developing, manure
good soil and allowed
plants
back
retarded
are
do
the
from
distant
frost
severe
and
obtained
either
be
weeds.
bright weather
rapid
too
of strawberries
have
endeavour
point
the
away.
out-of-doors.
those
Frogmore
at
of
over,
appreciated ;
this phase of strawberry
frame
in August
to
for
in
almost
are
are
much
then
weather, say November,
place them
be
during winter.
Air, however, may
given
approach
the
plants making
fruits
are
bad
drain
time
same
the
with
leaves
very
necessary
little attention
need
eradicate
remain
to
the
there is
day, except when
be
raised
the
at
lightscan
easily
have
bed
up
plant being
every
The
forced
the
in
grown
outside
the
apart, each
approach
there
frame
inches
feet
required, these
than
when
those
firmly. Beyond
them
will
weeks
plants
are
the
consists
few
from
before
the
bed
glass. Make
quite firm by treading.
this place a layer of good turfy loam
inches
deep,
making this firm also.
9
the
should
be
previous month, July,
plants layered
planted in the bed of
within
soil
fruits
obtained
be
can
cold
FRAMES
very
little
trouble,
strawberries
may
be
same
not,
however,
would
obtained
It is
autumn.
when
now
twice
the
fruits
STRAWBERRY
THE
have
in
been
the
from
gathered
should
autumn
practice of keeping
they
summer
soil
to
the
which
flowers
during
however,
of
best.
the
of
and
runners
about
inch
was
manure
water
manure
forced
appreciate
several
strawberries
years
made
we
of
plants
often
was
position, and
wrho
For
houses.
artificial
appeared,
the
the
all
some
Those,
some
hundreds
from
months,
depth of
the
soil with
save
some
removed
were
the
them.
185
The
given, and
plants were
allow
to
its
continued
use
in
a
grown
sunny
circulation
of air all about
them
and
evening they were
thoroughly well syringed : this is an
; morning
important item, for it greatly helps to keep that pest, red spider, in check.
and
By following this treatment,
each
thinning the fruits to six or eight on
able
strawberries
plant, we
were
to
gather
throughout September and part of
October.
VARIETIES
The
cultivate
under
strawberry that market
glassin preference to
growers
other
is Royal Sovereign.
it has been
And
the experience of most
that no
any
for fruiting
variety produces better early fruits than Royal Sovereign. Even
have
tried.
several
early in the year it is the best we
Having
very
grown
varieties side by side in order
for
their
merits
to
test
respective
early forcing,the
formed
opinions
however,
of
early forcing
to
strawberry plants
there
would
mentioned
for
produced.
that
these
under
placed
great
so
below
mentioned
apparently long
varieties
late
their
prevailed during
weather
plants
in
trial
under
time
that
were
the
which
there
were
degs. Fahr.,
flower
was
but
raised
British
forty)were
after
week
On
Queen.
placed under
60
degs.
i8th
February
to
to
say, the
March
ist
It is,
value.
Probably, if these
or
early April,
It
should
be
qualities.
apply.
remarks
glass in
difference
of
be
may
March
the
were
greater
placed
elapsed
portion
under
before
of
the
glass,thus
flowers
were
following :
Royal Sovereign,
Seedling. On the
Keen's
Seedling,of
Keen's
and
Sucree, President, British
Queen,
January fiftyplants of each (with the exception of
26th
upon
alone
characteristics
Grosse
La
ten
their
been
the
the
The
and
been
dull
very
after
weeks
accounting
had
have
not
that
first few
them
glass in
The
there
temperature
variety
were
two
to
flowers
more
come
flowers
remained
number
that
first
the
same
of 55
into
open
for
expanded
of no
were
plants of British Queen
open.
either
badly-formed
through being totally blind, or producing puny,
value,
in flower
Of
the
blossoms.
were
by 6th
remaining thirty-nine,twenty-seven
Next
other
the
twelve
March,
opening shortly afterwards.
jn order came
followed
this
with
and
flower
was
20th
one
out
quickly
President,
on
February,
and
others
by 3rd March
were
on
27th February,
; thirty-eight
by many
open
in
blind.
flower, the remaining four being
forty-sixwere
six
were
La
then
Grosse
Sucrde
No
less
first
opened
eleven
than
on
23rd February.
On
ist
March
forty-two
86
FRUIT
THE
blooms
GARDEN
in flower
were
(forty-four)
by 6th March,
the remaining six being useless.
Also
on
23rd February, exactly four weeks
from
the time
of starting.Keen's
Seedling opened its first flowers. Twenty-one
of good
the full number
were
expanded on 27th February, and by 6th March
did
not
ones
come
(thirty-threeout of forty)were
fullyopen.
Royal Sovereign
into bloom
until
28th
do so.
to
By 6th March,
February, being the last one
five more
in flower, and
however, thirty-sixplants were
quickly followed, thus
blind
nine
leaving
ones.
The
follows:
of healthyflowering plants of each variety was
as
percentage
Keen's
La
Grosse
President, 92 per cent.
Seedling,
Sucree, 88 per cent.
;
;
82A
British
82
cent.
cent.
78
Queen,
Royal
Sovereign,
per
;
per cent.
per
;
La
the
Grosse
had
thus
President, closelyfollowed
Sucree,
highest average,
by
British
the
Keen's
Queen
lowest, Royal Sovereign and
Seedling being almost
made
and
start
equally good.
Notwithstanding the excellent
by President
Keen's
is concerned, the ultimate
Seedling, so far as the production of flowers
Sucr6e
the
results,without
doubt, marked.
as
Royal Sovereign and La Grosse
The
suitable
and
most
former
bearing
produces strong scapes
satisfactory.
that
have
numerous
large flowers
plenty of pollen, and set remarkably well.
In order
have
their best so early in the season,
to
at
plants of La Grosse Sucree
should
have
instead
of developing
of
otherwise
the
flowers
they
light,
plenty
their
affairs
detrimental
often
remain
the
to
properly
leaves,a state of
among
fertilisation.
For
first early strawberry, to
started
in November,
be
Royal
a
and
Its flowers
borne
longer
Sovereign is the better of these two.
are
upon
and
out,
were
full number
the
vigorous
more
affected
that
at
the
to
stalks
that
fruits of La
a
deep,
by
it is
of
Grosse
Sucrde
are
are
which
to
as
smaller
sweet.
The
fine
is the
than
is that
colour
in
it does
not
and
ance,
appear-
Well-developed
Royal Sovereign, of
better.
those
of
fruits of the
flavour
are,
does
as
freely and
totallydiff'erent
rather
very
seeds,lacking the
with
therefore, not
invariablyexperienced
and
Sucree
Grosse
very
opinion
colour, and
crimson
La
of
grows
strawberries
matter
Sucree,
weather
development
known,
two
a
Grosse
dull, sunless
favour
for
room
is well
La
of
the
in
point
much
fruits of these
so
those
extent
same
season.
require nearly so
latter variety, as
The
than
latter
bright
are
red
prominent
former, though more
freely
Keen's
produced, and of handsome
Seedling also has an abundance
appearance.
of dark-green foliage,
and
-small and
bears
flowers
weak
compared
numerous
that
those
The
of Royal Sovereign
to
set
ripe fruits are small, of
fairlywell.
British
Queen has proved the
pleasant flavour, and of quite dark colour.
very
of the
least
the
satisfactory
;
Though one
best, its
President
constitution
produced
flowers
of the
were
best
flavoured
certainly such
is
strawberries
as
flowers, but
numerous
to
render
they
were
and
in
"
"
set
but
ently.
indiffer-
cultivation, if
it unfit
not
the
early forcing.
for
far from
satisfactory.
Doubtless
if
more
of these
spring some
a
strawberry suitable
the
fact
of
the
favourable
varieties
for
weather
would
have
early forcing
above-mentioned
ones
had
done
lies in
proving
been
experienced
better, but as the
its
of
during early
chief
value
of
weather-defying capabilities,
little worth
marks
them
as
STRAWBERRY
THE
unsuitable
for
the
days lengthen
under
and
cultivation
pot
have
forced
The
flowers
List
are
pests
red
and
found
the
is
them
easily;
set
do
to
well.
very
fruit is
the
of the
not
in
pleasant
best.
of merit
early forcing in order
:
Royal Sovereign, La Grosse
de Thury.
of merit
Grosse
forcing in order
:
Sucree,
Royal Sovereign, La
Veitch, Auguste
Napier, James
Nicaise, Sir Joseph Paxton.
first
Strawberries
do
disease
this
later
Charles
Pests.
red
It
by
for
dull
rather
in
Hericart
for
Sir
Insect
ones.
its colour
Vicomtesse
Varieties
Later
the
as
season,
succeed
they probably would
power,
few strawberries
that would
We
not.
possiblythere are
plants of James Veitch,
large, of good substance, and
of varieties
President,
in
increases
sun
few
flavour,though
Sucrde,
the
consideration.
under
purpose
187
suffer
not
white
flymay
in
enemy
other.
A
than
greatly from
be
said
mildew,
to
and
the
be
it is
of
attacks
insect
practicallythe
often
more
only
attacked
by any
to
damp, stagnant atmosphere conduces
be avoided.
fungoid disease,and it should therefore
Smearing
the hot-water
pipes with
sulphur or dusting the leaves with this will check its
Great
the pipes becoming
to
care
however, be taken
must,
progress.
prevent
suffer severely from
the burning fumes
that would
hot, or the plants may
very
the
spread
of this
Mildew
arise.
will
often
glass,indeed,
under
have
been
mildew
potted
attack
it often
into
the
strawberry plants
makes
its appearance
Should
fruiting pots.
their
before
few
weeks
the
season
they
are
after
be
brought
plants
the
wet
one,
is
troublesome
than
weather.
more
usually much
during dry and warm
The
mildew
the strawberry plants is frequently contracted
before
the layers
on
detached
from
the old plants ; these
should
be carefullyexamined
before
are
transferred
the
affected
should
and
if
found
be
be
to
to
they are
fruitingpots,
affected
heavily dredged with flowers of sulphur, and isolated from plants not
secticide
inuntil
the
mildew
occasional
XL-All
is destroyed. An
fumigation with
should
suffice to keep down
and
white
the green
fly.
STRAWBERRIES
ALPINE
By
The
cultivation
as
seeds
for
strawberries
Alpine
past
years
To
freedom
of
several
is
when
into
boxes
Culture.
autumn.
the
side
of
past cultivated
I recommend
years
occasion
growth, vigour
on
little
frames
or
By
offered
"
this
country
extent
the
at
to
French
find, however,
in the
there
is
former
in
strawberries
continental
the
secure
most
outset,
strong
has
"
runners
comparison
cessful
suc-
Between
lists of strawberries.
no
so
responsible;
only, whereas
are
nurserymen
"
been
not
whatever,
either
in
constitution,or
Alpine
in order
the
of
the
labour
more
in
great
persistentlycatalogued
and
advantage
the
of
Continent.
"
the
in
upon
have
they
the
HUDSON
JAMES
system
such
of
cultivation.
pricking
plants.
as
seed
is recommended
growers
it occasions
that
less trouble
off
to
and
It
the
be
may
seedlings
sown
economises
in
88
FRUIT
THE
in
if done
space
in each
month.
spring. We
In
doing this
germinates better and
The
seed
must
afterwards
the
GARDEN
the
seed
follow
the
sow
we
in March
or
April, one
sowing
practice as with
celery.
but
care
slight warmth,
same
regularly in
under
these conto
ditions
seedlingsto remain
Then
leaves.
it
is
better
after having made
to
two
one
or
rough
off in a cold frame.
harden
them
By the end of May or early in June the
with
be pricked off into
seedlings should
celery
boxes, as is frequently done
under
earlier in the spring.
for
week
and
them
two
or
protection,
Keep
a
they
will be fit for placing outside.
the
Towards
end
of July the young
plants are
in light well-prepared soil upon
planted out, about 6 inches
an
apart each way,
Attention
reaches
them.
eastern
to
border, where
only the morning sun
follows
onwards
until
of
from
the
matter
as
a
course
seedling stage
watering
in
the
well
established
be
the
autumn.
plants are
Every day this should
will be
attended
If an
border
is not
to.
eastern
available, one
facing north
be afforded
better
than
one
fullyexposed ; or, failingthat, such as may
by the
shade
of
trees.
partial
selected
and
the
be
During October
duly prepared by
ground should
An
position, or one
slightlyshaded
by fruit
trenching and manuring.
open
shade
the
for this ; at any
than
trees, will answer
ordinary
rate, a little more
strawberries
rather
is
space
side.
We
the
four
will
do
not
inches
working and
plant firmly, and
exception
the
fruit
are
the
by
This
had.
of
time
picking,
in
will
are
to
The
yield
bearing. The
old plants are
other
or
crop
the
upon
be
can
done
harm.
Water
is
essential.
ornamental
or
The
year
until
then
from
with
the
The
in
about
year).
and
runners
in
first
July, by
late crops
very
plants
will
the
begin
to
the
are
short
of the
to
same
the
early,and
the
old
(we
beds
well
as
to
for
prepared
once
light mulch
as
fruit
them
should
be
both
protect
the
some
do
put
if necessary.
mulch
with
prefer first to
litter,so as to afford
sun,
off until
picked
are
allowed
lot of
next
upon
time.
heat
For
These
lightly
their
well
upon
This
partially
food
for the
fruits from
but
manure
given freelywhenever
necessary,
fruits
in
the
are
gathered early
morning into
direct
the
which
to
table, chiefly for
they go
be
until
plants
after
quite
With
show
first week
"
"
the
June,
usual
the
should
baskets
year
May
about
the
in
July.
afterwards.
plants
either
is necessary
soil should
be
the
then
ground
same
into
ripen
of
vigour.
when
gives
from
work
young
until the
so
full
of
the
will
fruits
do
This
worked
beds
method
severe.
second
the
their
end
good supply
for
seedling beds
the
too
surface
Our
row.
plants
other
no
When
August,
well
continue
not
the
the
times
to
one
in
plant
to
other.
being
rows
the
each
miss
water
few
of
end
two
always
hoe
nearly
and
fruiting.
continue
The
middle
if frosts
month
until
removed
is convenient
from
apart, then
a
using
growth begins again in spring. Then
stirred
all weeds
and
kept down.
flowers
we
pick these off,and continue
which
time
the
plants have
gained
flowers
It
distances
equal
for
of
the
harm.
any
rows
at
rows
more
allow
not
in continuous
plant
good
taken
prefer
than
to
be
water
small
break-
THE
I90
tough.
as
the
The
plants
fruit from
Dumbarton
be
can
placed
beds
older
is small
Castle.
Edouard
Lefort.
exposing a
forcing than
more
smooth
for
open
rather
and
GARDEN
closely, and
indifferent.
three-sided
and
should
Worthy
pointed
not
be
kept
of careful
red
; orange
foliage
deep
succeeds
the
two
over
years,
culture.
;
seeds
green,
main
deeply
compact,
crop,
and
is
seeds
deeply bedded
deep black-red
; sepals refiexed,
;
A
for
suited
earliest
variety more
flesh red ; flavour rich.
La
Grosse
Sucree
the plants form
More
:
ground.
vigorous than
of fruits.
Not
thus
a
figured, but resembles
produce
larger crop
Fruit
neck
and
crowns,
Fruit
FRUIT
Kitley's Goliath.
Fruit
red
Eleanor
to
(Oxonian).
striking carmine
bluntly oblong ; colour
deep
A
handsome
late variety of large size.
red ; seeds few
and
deeply set ; flesh red, firm.
Flavour
A
briskly acid ; sepals prominent
on
pale green
short, wiry footstalks.
; leaves
from
the foliage.
of the
fruit is borne
Still one
The
on
long stems
great bearer.
away
It requires to be eaten
Invaluable
with sugar.
for a late supply.
largest late varieties.
Of
habit.
compact
Elton
crimson
good,
Pine.
red
but
and
rather
hairy.
preserving.
rather
sometimes
flat; deep shining
long, wedge-shaped,
sepals clasping the fruit ; flesh firm, red ; flavour distinct and
acid ; foliage dark
shining ; flower-stalkslong ; stems
pale green,
green,
One
of the best for
old and
variety for a late supply.
justly esteemed
An
Fruit
; seeds
small
Fruit
rather
long, pointed; seeds dark, showing
clearly in the
flesh very firm, white, has a distinct rich flavour
robust,
; foliage most
the leaves.
dull green
An
old and
rising above
justly esteemed
; flower-stalks abundant,
well
attention
in a dry season.
for a late crop,
sort
repaying extra
Pine.
Fruit
Frogmore
Late
prominent ; sepals
long, conical, dull red ; seeds
close
and
large, reddish ;y?a'Z'oarrich and excellent
;/o/za^^ pale green
compact,
; growth
with
should
look.
This
be planted
variety is valualjle for a late crop, and
an
unhealthy
is dry.
north
on
a
border, and well fed in June if the season
bunches
of six to
Hautbois.
Fruit
in erect
red
produced
eight, of a dull blood
colour
when
flavour, greatly esteemed
ripe, of rich aromatic
by Yaa.ny; foliage dull green,
bush-like
form
for edging
and
suitable
neat
produced in a compact
downy, and
; habit
The
flowers
well
above
the
two
conspicuous, thrown
foliage. There
are
are
paths.
Hautbois
worth
and
Belle
d'Orleans
varieties
culture, the Royal
are
practically
; they
Filbert
orange-red
Pine.
skin
alike.
Fruit
Goliath.
Kitley's
bright glowing
red, irregularly pointed ; seeds
quite
the
berries ; flavour
brisk,
deeply set ; flesh soft, melting, pale colour
; sepals clasping
refreshing, and juicy ; foliage very robust
glossy green,
deeply toothed, on
long
; leaves
Fruit produced
One
footstalks.
of the finest and
best
weak
freely on long stems.
very
It is too
for town
flavoured
soft to travel
bearer.
use.
gardens or home
enormous
; an
SuCR^ie.
Fruit
La
Grosse
irregular and pointed, rich glossy red ; seeds black and
smooth
neck
and
rich ; this
a
sweet
deeply set ; sepals reflexed, showing
; flavour
very
and
seldom
has
than
has
leaves
foliage,
more
variety
crown
one
deeply
scanty
;
footstalks.
its habit
this variety should
be
toothed
to
Owing
on
spreading
planted
it is scarcely
worth
foot
Its
lies
value
cultivating out-of-doors.
in its
I
apart, but
for earliest forcing.
The
is never
adaptability to pot culture
large. In appearance
crop
neck.
it much
resembles
Kitley's Goliath, but has a long smooth
All.
Fruit
Latest
of
large and irregularly heart-shaped, furrowed,
pale red, very
surface
does
not
on
towards
always ripen well ; seeds numerous
centre
; flesh firm, white
;
and
British
handsome
and
pensable
indisrich, resembling
Queen
flavour aromatic, sweet
; a
Liable
in hot soils to
downy beneath, not abundant.
variety \foliage pale green,
take
red spider ; should
be
border.
The
nate
planted on a cool and shaded
is unfortuname
several
later
end
of the mid-season
there
sorts
varieties.
are
as
; its place is at the
Gautier.
Fruit
round
Louis
dark
or
cockscomb-shaped
striking,
; seeds
; colour
soft and
melting, of pleasant flavour ; sepals small
peach pink ; flesh lemon-white,
;
THE
foliage
STRAWBERRY
191
dark
footstalks
rather
dark
an
enormous
bearer, and
small, on
one
green,
;
have
should
The
also
garden
the
plants resist hot weather, and
possess.
advantage of fruiting again in the autumn.
the dessert
table it is much
On
appreciated as a
change from the red strawberries
for town
gardens, being hardy and vigorous.
; valuable
Mentmore.
Fruit
of dull
colour
red
throughout, large, of regular shape ; seeds
deeply
set ; flavour
luscious
and
large ; growth
bearing
sweet
compact,
; foliage
profusely. Not yet fully proved, but is very highly spoken of.
Newton
black
Seedling.
Fruit
pointed, deep
shining red ; seeds
long and
;
sepals slightly red ; Jlesh firm, pale pink, somewhat
acid ; foliage deep
bluish
green,
rather
The
flowers
alone
long and branched.
sparse
; leaf-stalks red
; flower-stalks very
render
this variety worthy
of a
primrose colour.
place in the garden, being large and
An
sale as
and
valuable
for market
bearer
fruit forms
enormous
variety. The
a
a late
leaves.
So
the
be
fringe outside
set
complete
vigorous that the plants may
a
yard
that
every
each
apart
way.
President
The
often round
(Green's).
early fruits squarely wedge-shaped
; late ones
;
red; seeds
\]ix\%\iX
small, deeply embedded
; sepals clasping fruit ; flesh firm, pale
red, soft and
melting ; flavour
briskly acid, good ; foliage deeply toothed, bright
robust
of the best
for the main
footstalks.
This
shining green,
is one
on
long green
very
out-of-doors
and
also for forcing under
glass.
crop
Denmark.
Fruit
of
Queen
small, but produced in great profusion, long and
small
irregular ; seeds
clasping the fruit ; flavour very
rich, first-rate ;
; sepals hoary,
and
thrown
above
the
foliage strong
upright, olive green
long, and
; flower-stalks
A
valuable
leaves.
north
border.
It
most
variety for a late crop when
a
planted on
colour
bears
an
Royal
enormous
crop.
Fruit
or
pointed oval,
large, abruptly wedge-shaped
very
seeds
red
bright red, glossy, with small
slightly embedded
; flesh firm
; sepals orange
;
footstalks
robust
flavour
briskly acid, juicy, pleasant ; foliage very
on
long red
;
the best
for early
of the earliest to ripen, and
flower-stalks longer than the foliage. One
forcing. It has not the rich flavour of some
varieties, but for general usefulness
a
over
soils where
be
Its vigorous habit
it cannot
insures
on
success
long season
surpassed.
better
fail ; if only one
is grown
sorts
Royal Sovereign is the variety to choose.
Charles
Napier.
and
Sir
Fruit
round
cockscombed,
irregular, both
smooth,
the
surface
with
short
neck
seeds
colour
red
dark,
bright
lying
on
paler
; flesh orange,
;
;
stiff
near
centre
on
briskly acid.
Sepals spreading ; foliage thin, pale green,
; flavour
The
The
well.
fruit is firm
and
carries
foliage has
footstalks; of moderate
growth.
is not
A
on
an
unhealthy
variety that
always satisfactory ; succeeds
appearance.
Good
for preserving.
gravelly soils.
of rich, distinct
flavour.
Stirling
Fruit
Castle.
small, pointed or wedge-shaped,
H.
de Thury,
Vicomtesse
A profuse bearer.
In foliage and
habit this closely resembles
valuable
and
and
them.
It is a good
between
difference
much
cannot
we
see
cropper,
for preserving.
flat
Sir
Fruit
Paxton.
or
Joseph
bright red, glossy, regularly pointed, seldom
cocks-combed
set
spreading ; flesh firm, pale colour ; flavour
deeply
; seeds
; sepals
market
This
is a favourite
robust.
berry,
strawslightly acid ; foliage deep dull green,
very
it is passable, but there
it is of a grand colour.
under
In gardens
as
good culture
and
better
for preserving, hardy,
for private use.
valuable
It is,however,
are
many
free-bearing
been
The
Laxton.
of
time
not
the
writing this new! variety has
at
Although
and
It
is
earlier
is
included.
it
it
that
of
larger
sent
so
out, experts
favourably
report
The
and
than
plant is
Royal Sovereign, darker
brighter in colour, and of grand flavour.
hardy, and a prodigious cropper.
F.C.C., R.H.S.
vigorous and
1902.
Sovereign.
Noble.
The
Fruit
grand
soils that
for
will not
preserving.
coloured
all
large ; blood-red
bluntly round, sometimes
very
vigorous,
sepals uneven
mealy, second-rate
; foliage very
; flavour
;^(?a/^-jjfa//i'j
variety is valuable
just covered
by foliage. This
better sorts, the fruits ripen early, are
most
abundant, and
grow
THE
192
Fruit
Trafalgar.
bright
sweet
sepals
This
clasping
has
variety
recent
raisers
claim
best
Fruit
and
small
foliage
blunt
broad,
very
free
glossy
foliage,
fruit
ripens
perfectly,
and
piquant,
and
robust
fruits
is
the
better
in
trees,
This
strong.
small,
are
none
distinct
quite
for
acid
variety,
late
flesh
pale
bearing
Waterloo.
rather
seeds
The
and
before
fruit
the
not
get
green
La
be
flesh
is
This
give
while
for
small
gardens.
%Ya'i}i\;flavour
sepals
and
there
under
valuable
rather
drying
An
with
liquid
weather.
The
after
manure
should
water
well
is
variety
past,
ripens,
between
placed
be
the
striking
of
flowering
the
this
time
foliage
above
variety
the
at
acid
fruit
late
glossy
very
rather
the
excellent
as
red,
mulberry
melting,
the
we
rows,
Fruiting
Fruit
white,
of
one
globular,
melting
very
the
best
very
until
gathering
large
Varieties
for
the
of
red
bright
rich
flavour
This
the
produced
but
foliage
bearing
autumnal
frost.
small,
;
;
dark
very
old
and
plants,
St.
resembles
strawberry
in
green,
even
Joseph
shape.
Antoine
St.
seeds
small
great
value
It
is
in
growth.
far
by
the
of
the
foliage
most
frost.
variety
largest
healthy
hautbois
flavour
consists
in
glossy
olive-green,
free-bearing
the
autumn-fruiting
Fruit
deep
bluntly
white
this
Fruit
Padoue.
de
flesh
Joseph.
Saint
flavour
the
individual
the
succeeding
rich,
foliage
of
bearing
long,
years.
serviceable,
very
deep
juicy,
flavour
three
watering
will
d'Automne.
Constante
abundant.
of
well
merit
distinct
three-sided,
;
in
robust.
very
earliest
table,
the
small
seeds
the
flavour
plants.
profusion
runners,
the
The
travels
on
indispensable
flower-stalks
Autumn
great
has
crimson;
mostly
for
left
good
A
swells
hot,
very
the
near
is
and
orange
cavities
generally
It
although
bearer.
but
set
firm,
appreciated
always
foliage
round
be
may
size.
and
soils,
flesh
gardens.
town
round,
deeply
seeds
flavour
dish.
the
generally
for
great
into
strawberries
best
is
preserving.
bright
large,
in
mottled
plants
appearance
berry
for
gravelly
very
small,
and
sparse
leaves.
the
orange-red
pine
freely.
Fruit
white
clasping
It
or
is
small
very
The
one.
pale
rich
variety
gathered
fruit
of
spider.
red
with
the
orange-red
flesh
of
one
globular,
/"Vkz/
be
The
enormous.
and
gardens,
town
should
and
foliage.
the
late
very
apex,
good
compact.
forcing
early
Walluff.
briskly
is
is
crop
at
melting,
and
to
useful
rich
very
above
known.
red,
dark
evidently
flattened
soft
subject
soft
sepals
and
flesh
Thury.
colour
not
rather
de
wedge-shaped
often
is
is
it
but
habit
being
Hricart
ViCOMTESSE
robust
hairs,
from
but
set
fiavotir
rising
abundant,
strawberry
late
deeply
and
strong,
The
are
seeds
proved,
globular
sepals
wedge-shaped;
Flowers
flavoured
Victoria.
Trollope's
irregularly
fully
been
not
it is the
that
red,
moderate.
foliage
GARDEN
FRUIT
fine
seeds
for
of
yet
slightly
and
compact
sorts
broad,
crops
strawberry
red
an
colour
round;
foliage
fruit
autumnal
it
embedded
flesh
downy
crop,
is
and
and
bears
the
The
autumn.
vigorous
very
firm,
beneath.
red;
rough.
in
produces
claret
to
and
stout
introduced,
plentiful,
red
deep
very
of
rich
This
profusely
sweet
is
one
until
CHAPTER
XVII
THE
TOMATO
By
So
value
much
inclusion
in
is
Lunan
it
full
?pulp,
of
far
have
into
way
in
growing
is
variety
another
In
public
classed
be
much
to
to
to
hundreds
of
has
large
Channel
The
to
its
by
profitable
to
Culture
even
in
it
has
years
been
glass
for
years
on
value
the
that
It
claim
too
growers
scale
also,
supply
many
alone.
fruit
this
home
not
popularity
home
our
of
is
in
imported
some
surely rising
grown
culture
the
was
until
but
large
hands
my
whereof
it.
treat
to
as
yellow
legitimately
may
practised by
have
are
as
the
and
also
quite
of
heat.
as
under
of
daily
at
totally
is
Canary
the
It
is
window
position
quite
any
happy
in
have
culture
is
districts,
it
its
of
one
the
consistent
it
can
have
useful
as
moreover,
is
most
where
the
of
limit
no
country
tomato
and
heaviest
the
in
in
and,
them,
The
seems
knowledge
gardens
among
there
that
the
with
pig yard.
or
of
one
home
food
varied
when
that
say
so
are
labourers
and
poultry
it is
cookery
to
venture
article
grow,
amount
or
methods
late
of
tons
tomato
an
glass
jiouse,
of
artisans
our
and
small
the
usefulness.
become
Under
garden
little
that
late
of
of
gradually
propose
we
with
demand
the
so
demand
covered
hundreds
of
will
fruits
and
the
as
been
it become
The
increased
it has
the
work
the
into
fruit
only
its
previous
that
happended
has
as
found
it
Islands.
uses
acquired
has
tomato.
being
been
and
inadequate,
;and
the
acres
of
product
no
as
greatly
the
fruit,
we
regarded
was
gardens
"
learn
of
have
to
appears
voluminous
his
also
former,
the
then
important
so
There
with
Since
ago.
authority
says
of
part
introduced
been
have
to
early
"
he
tomato
dessert
degree
meet
:So
as
that
say
such
years
the
same
notably
the
and
favour,
the
for
very
England
thirty
or
From
red,
agreeing
it in
the
native
continental
Kewensis
Hortus
"
to
supposed
is
mentions
the
as
according
but
1596,
garden.
old
as
yellow."
Tto
his
sort
twenty
in
in
and
it
in
They
with
is
whence
common
was
time.
tomato
teenth
six-
Portuguese.
swallow
you
The
Mexico,
of
It
Spaniards.
Gerarde
as
gravy
also
at
raw
its
that
the
as
ago
the
among
six
or
taste."
long
so
which
seeds,
fruit
summer
dessert
five
small
probably
year
England
date,
that
of
of
eaten
of
as
Even
common.
have
and
1583,
tomato
article
"
juice,
the
by
the
as
fruit,
and
the
is
common
something
America,
back
this
brought
been
was
THOMAS
to
collections
pulpy
and
South
to
of
says
are
attached
now
important
century
OWEN
easiest
croppers.
and
light
cottager's allotment,
green-
plant.
Glass.
Although
'93
stated
above
that
it
is
N
of
easy
THE
194
culture, yet
it is
of the
true
as
GARDEN
FRUIT
tomato
of any
as
fruit,that if the
had, an intimate
other
results
best
knowledge
fairlywell in any
the
built they should
be span-roofed,with
houses
glassstructure, but if new
are
will
where
be
ends
north
and
and
in
be
position
they
an
facing
south,
open
feet
wide
with
all day.
2
a
exposed to the sun
They may be lo feet wide,
be
They can
pathway in the middle, and the roof 8 feet high at the apex.
convenient.
built any
desired
feet long are
Plenty of
length, but those 200
as
regardsweight
of
its
ventilation
is necessary.
Begin.
to
When
the
of
After
and
with
house
in
pots
mination
will
it
reach
giving
take
the
small
pots
into
those
of
it should
now
Place
be
grows
in the
be
of
to
the
commence
filled with
the
roots
the
the
then
and
in
seeds
be
tion
cultiva-
the
middle
plants
leaf-soil
sieve, with
should
of
January
be
moved
before, except
as
just
the
Ger--
plants
young
and
by
strong
end
or
soil
in
placed
away).
thrown
before
the
position
warm
are
seedlingssturdy
Towards
roof.
and
week,
glass. Keep
the
on
and
water,
shelf
Two
should
one
grow
of
course
tepid
with
them
place
is,say, 65 degs.
place
will
watered
glass; then
piece
position near
remove
which
day on
Day.
(if both
one
the
them
should
temperature
only
case
of
succeed
will
seeds in a 3-inch
Year's
First
place two
equal proportions, passed through a ^-inch sieve..
New
on
seeds
piece
whose
convenient
leaf-soil in
planting, the
covered
in
is
tomato
loam
pot, using
be
to
are
requirements
little bone
that
dust..
the
deeply in the pots, using enough soil to make
pots only threefor
later.
The
be returned
a top-dressing
plants must
parts full,reservingspace
shelf near
the
house
to
before, and left there until they
a
as
glassin a warm
have
rooted
soil.
Then
be removed
to
a
freely into the new
they should
cooler
house
The
it is possibleto give more
air.
plants
or
pit,and where
young
should
still be kept near
60 to
the glass,
the temperature
65 degs. ;
being from
the
thebe
top-dressing previously mentioned
applied. Towards
now
may
middle
end
of February they will have
become
or
sturdy plants,and the question
be decided
For
whether
the
must
they are to bear fruit in pots or in a border.
first early crop
I should
prefer pots.
them
Final
should
be
Potting.
12
inches
loam
with
well
together.
one
in
The
of
size
diameter,
the
and
pot
to
be
soil should
droppings,
add
used
consist
for
the
final
of three
little bone
dust,
removal
parts fibrous
and
mix
all
'J-\
o
Oh
Si
ft;
w
Co
ft5
t"
0:;
to
ft;
to
o
=;
196
THE
FRUIT
GARDEN
filled with
of fresh horse
When
in full bearing a mulch
the plants are
roots.
wonders
in
the
works
border
improving the fruits.
placed upon
made
with
other fertiliser,
from
the stable-yard,
water
or
some
(diluted)
in the summer,
be given at alternate
waterings. It is always best, even
chill off the water
the
before
using it. Artificial fertilisation of the
is not
to
secure
a
absolutelynecessary
good crop in the summer,
yet if
manure
Manure
should
to
take
flowers
the
grower
instead of
A
weak
tail tied
be
leaves.
when
the
I
the
fruits
of
but
the
to
to
end
of
them
ripening ;
the
growth
stick
the
cleared
be
inches
do
to
will
bunch,
out
diameter,
make
to
is the
so,
as
often
thing
best
the
have
tomatoes,
six
or
seven.
foliagemay
then
be
made
must
for
use
the
shortening
development
full
and
strong
to
advocate
growers
to
atmosphere
be
not
plantsshould
plantswill be exhausted
should
to
Some
stem.
encourage
are
the
tomato
and
of
prefer
season
house,
the
off close
five fruits
him
pay
the
the
fertilising
become
the
to
as
tall,
only
plants
gained by allowing
very
the top after the plantshave been
at
time,
fruitingfor some
be stopped. All laterals must
5 to 6 feet high they should
from
when
taken
it will
time
or
the
to
Nothing is
growth is made
therefore
the
four
averaging
rabbit's
flower.
afford
can
except
During
by syringing in the
thinned
be
main
moist
out.
on
June i,
syringed frequently. Planted
in
first
second
week
the
September,
or
hy
will be in pots
for another
room
lot,which
Late
Tomatoes.
two
These
It is important to
have
the fruits formed
before
growth and set their fruits.
house
Christmas, so that when
placed in a warm
early in January they will
have
we
quickly develop and ripen during February, March, and April. Thus
that it is possible to obtain
the
three
shown
of
from
tomatoes
satisfactory
crops
first
in one
Some
house
same
plants for the
preferautumn-sown
year.
growers
of January.
Seeds
in
the
ist
on
are
sown
seedlings kept through the winter on shelves
These
should
the glass in a cool house.
be potted into fruitingpots on
In some
those sown
1st February.
seasons
on
they have an advantage over
1st
January, but not always, and it is well to have a few plants of each.
spring
the
near
the
the
crop
middle
instead
of
October,
of
those
sown
and
the
VARIETIES
The
may
varieties
be
relied
and
upon
Frogmore
in
now
Fruits
Jied.
FOR
as
CULTURE
commerce
being
Selected.
often
Great
best.
size
of moderate
innumerable,
are
of the
best
are
Certainly
conical
UNDER
one
GLASS
but
the
size in the
few
tomato
given
is
no
below
mendation.
recom-
in shape.
best
F.C.C.
both
for cropping,
R.H.S.
ance,
appear-
THE
Chemin.
Good
in
TOMATO
of the
One
respect.
every
197
favourites.
growers'
market
Light
red.
Comet.
time.
This
Duke
large
general
POLEGATE.
Ham
Yellow.
Veitch's
flavour,
Golden
Greengage.
that
of
red
variety.
earliest
F.C.C.
is
This
F.C.C.
be
one
R.H.S.
best.
F.C.C.
R.H.S.
in
Excellent
tomato.
every
tomato
included.
of
excellent.
the
fruit
is
R.H.S.
varieties,though
red
when
they
uncooked.
handsome
most
Rich
the
this
where
F.C.C.
and
orange
best
quality,
with
sometimes
tinged
small
A
in
of
clusters
thirty
under
or
much
resembling
peach.
The
cultivation
CULTURE
of
the
OUT-OF-DOORS
in
tomato
understood,
the
hardier
and
of
development
mind
that
for
only some
growth
maturity
have
been
for
must
outside
the
of
number
introduced,
It
will
this
is
from
early June to
say
condition
that
every
be
taken
advantage of.
the
important
middle
likely
The
of
first
and
field
bear
to
the
ground
October,
favour
to
its
better
open
plant occupies
tomato
has
but
years,
When
still restricted.
profitable industry.
planted
short
time,
months,
so
when
very
four
and
varieties
w^alls out-of-doors
positions on
wzxra
but
desirable, but
Most
R.H.S.
been
in
fruit is rather
the
Very
out-of-doors
TOMATO
for
and
standard
should
Nugget.
well
Peach.
Chiswick
exhibition.
present
red.
R.H.S.
F.C.C.
Succeeds
more.
for
of
Jubilee.
size.
Sutton's
or
cropper,
the
at
bright
but
great
deliciously flavoured
properties being
cropping
medium
red;
is
so
be
to
Golden
and
size.
Dessert
not
are
admitted
dark
of the
well-known
This
Sutton's
These
One
Dessert.
generally
grown
useful,
colour, moderate
dessert,
as
Prolific.
Perfection.
Sutton's
much
sort
Favourite.
Park
crimson
enjoyed
variety
markets
weight
large.
too
Green
Sutton's
appearance,
exhibition
handsome
Hackwood
respect;
fine
in London
sale
quality,and
use.
become
to
readiest
the
size,good
York.
of
for
inclined
are
variety commands
It is of medium
rapid
of
one
This
is the
position and
quality of the land.
It is useless to attempt
fullyexposed to the sun.
culture
The
outdoor
in
be
soil.
tomato
heavy, cold
ground should
It
futile
trenched
and
manured
the
winter
is
or
previous
spring.
heavily
during
to
well-ripened crop from poor land, and this has been one
expect a heavy and
chief
of failure in the past.
of the
causes
Having satisfied ourselves that the
condition
of the land
is in every
next
suitable,
our
duty will be to see that
way
for
in
the
best
condition
the time
arrives
the plants are
possible
planting when
be carried
for this work
to
out
(early in June). They should be sturdy, not
bunch
of fruit already set.
less than
ij to 2 feet high, and with at least one
of
Cold
frames
with
the plants.
to
are
or
glass
pits
a
covering
necessary
grow
the
be
and
warm
Preparing
in pans
not
of
important
most
should
or
possess
dry
or
house
The
placed in
and
frame
and
Plants.
the
boxes
these
seeds
frame
warm
which
is
should
near
be
at
sown
the
heated
artificially
glass.
he
the
end
If the
should
of March
grower
make
a
does
small
THE
198
hot-bed
which
on
may
to
70
filled
have
soil
their
pots with
They
afterwards
must
Culture.
until
fairlywarm
admitted
be
must
the
temperature
May
the
the
ought
to
be
made
mats
will
the
Planting.
Do
cut
After
the
thoroughly
stems
taken
in
high
soot.
end
the
or
Then
this
be
to
air
never
wanted
Do
season.
to
for
other
some
of
nail
at
not
the
the
feet
lath
to
This
higher
than
The
If the
that
so
the
time.
best
distance
from
plant
they
should
dry immediately
is
well
are
The
When
after
be
this
plant
planting,and
difficult
after
may
be
should
do
to
so
planting,
water
is the
case
kept free
of weeds
by hoeing, the laterals stopped, and occasional
waterings given during
It will take
feet
at
imperial acre
10,890 plants to plant an
2
dry weather.
lbs.
Each
should
of
fruit
low
and
the
at
plant
yield3
ripe
a
estimate,
apart.
lb.
should
would
would
be 3d. or more.
This
price per
2d., the best
average
mulching
give
were
return
return
of
paid.
from
the
manure
2J2
do
per
know
not
land
in
so
acre,
be
rooted.
they
of the
energy
given
It will
nor
about
fruits which
laterals
or
whole
be
must
feet,as
shoots
the
of
top
night. Do not
plant
plant ; exposure
on
a
before
the
out
plant
same
or
before.
roots
weather
side
good watering
the
and
apart
suitable
ripen.
moisten
kppt
more
place out-of-doors.
tender
be
allowing
of April and
during
few
hours
each
day
of May
the plants
distances
at
is
tomato
end
are
some
should
soil.
new
covering
placed
be
as
plants occasionallyuntil
short
for
found
not
or
and
Use
the
frames
they appear,
developing fruit.
stem
afterwards.
of
mats
pots.
the
ground
the
grow
will
towards
Treatment.
precaution
the
the
6-inch
potting they
Towards
can
the
with
height
to
the
for
rows
temperature
5 inches
into
say for
rather
them
by giving
The
frame
altogether for
provided
mats
I have
;
Towards
sides,and
as
frame
hardilyas possible,but
as
if the
into
ground
let the
directed
be
may
should
that
close
out
soil
the
and
them
in
the
one
of
frames
be
soon,
give
about
are
rooted,
the
the
potted
second
hold
bright.
which
too
Plant
when
not
above
form
to
of
plant,and
dry. Make
4J feet high
the
taken
must
upon
cripple
June
6th
to
grow.
form
flower,
quarters
open
to
them
to
and
well
and
room.
off the
driving stakes
crossways
parts
after
and
shelter
by
more
have
warm
plants
be
three
in
Cover
f-inch sieve,with
taken
showing
frosty night
lOth
is
loam
until
afternoon.
the
should
for
frame
even
the
plants grown
below
40 degs.
be
weather
stakes
the
the
temporary
purpose,
be
may
the
and
lightsmay
when
tying
roots
hours.
they
cool
warm
When
given
the
fall
few
first week
the
to
for
roots
be
For
kept
well
there
them
into
closingearlyin
night.
at
consisting of ordinary
mould
passed through
leaf
in
and
degs.
75
or
material
other
some
time
some
them
still be
do
handle, pot
frame, keeping
remove
will
This
to
plants. As soon
as
in the warm
replace them
about
a
fortnight. Then
more
They should
space.
but
GARDEN
FRUIT
or
of
short
at
given.
least
another
a
time.
crop
clear
ground
must
be
;^ioo profitafter
capable
of
yielding
all expenses
such
rich
a
TOMATO
THE
Gathering
the
Packing
and
199
Fruit.
the
Towards
the
end
of
July
of
some
earliest
they
are
market
and
home
or
towards
will
be
first
less
least
will
of
get
I have
from
of
its
erection, and
Open
Air
is
and
to
grow
somewhat
of
hardiest
the
size.
good
lessens
their
Frogmore Prolifichas
of
the
best
Early Ruby
attractive
this
of-doors,
and
Currant
These
at
over
days
some
solid,or
and
from
the
it
compensate
investment.
well
when
plants
manured,
the medium-sized
for
this
Chemin
and
Sutton's
ones.
purpose
and
sell.
to
one
for
well,
fact
that
excellent.
both
are
and
open,
set
its fruits
Comet
in the
me
suited
for
open.
to
good
I have
grower
the
When
be
must
indeed,
tomato
the
however, slightlycorrugated, a
is
it
Sutton's
of
one
growing
freely,crops
the
Market
Early
out-of-doors.
Dickson's
heavily,and
its fruit
sets
are
are
tender,
more
often
not
Fruiting
and
among
useful.
left.
sauce
or
culture
enormous
Tomatoes.
the
best
At
the
of
of
do
succeed
not
Jubilee
Golden
planted.
end
of
The
the
the
tomato
dimensions
UNDER
under
both
in
Red
When
these.
If
CULTURE
TOMATO
assumed
firm
be
return
soon
best
well
that
looked
be
is of
so
is
well
out-
of
the
and
the
one
best.
fruits
into
The
variety
therefore
are
?decorative
made
Varieties.
and
Ornamental
unripe
market,
is
packed
be had ;
crops can
south
out-of-doors, as
border
with
a
better
in the
are,
well
and
must
appearance.
Golden
hardiest
for
the
are
consequently
and
handsome,
most
market
be
better
excellent
value.
succeeded
The
sauce.
before, gathered
must
facing
the
and
They
should
fruit
it
much
limited
be
fruits
second
I said
as
would
an
they
must
one
The
walls
fences
-These
latest
depreciated.
that
prove
or
colour,
good
The
market
to
fence
or
of
manufacture
qualities,
two
the
rail.
low
believe
of
or
available
wall
warm
least
at
some
12
its value
from
heavy crops
under
glass. I
Varieties.
one
and
into
quality,smaller and
bring little less than ad. per lb.
Strong
for
to
20
lbs.,are most
satisfactory packing
ripening, and,
as
road
and
prices.
top
should
from
palingsare
or
size
one
realise
for the
only
despatched
in transit
planted against
cost
When
ripe.
walls
had
be
to
while
day
bruised
Where
more
should
appearance,
other
every
before
it is
are
suitable
ought
sorted
be
season
baskets,holding
for carriage by
in
should
fruits
the
qualityand
these
attractive
tomatoes
the
of
quality, which
cross-handle
had
end
of inferior
and
separately,
of
The
use.
the
season
and
grown
there
they
will
pots
will
be
ripen,
in
they
some
or
are
small
they
very
and
be
may
MARKET
commercial
and
Cherry
in
FOR
GLASS
glass for
England
Yellow
the
purposes
Channel
has
now
Islands.
first thing is
The
Past
possible cost.
by adopting
of the
alone.
extent
among
houses
in
The
wide
ground
Winter
and
the
there
let
proposing
Finchley
and
and
land
is
for
good
land
is
turf,
off,
first
best
many
within
easy
methods
best
of
in favour
the
near
determine
to
come
we
of
build
we
houses
The
houses.
on
and
market
be
place.
grower
to
the
on
growers.
east
of
soil
be
must
attend
to
the
before
is
counted,
dis-
in
spent
viding
pro-
If
one.
to,
the
without
as
should
before
season
to
very
If
is much
houses
it is time
by
houses.
important
an
the
to
winds
the
its value
have
then
exposed
and
erect
New
profitablecrops
work,
grower's
especially
London,
well
impossible.
will
To
the
fill the
be
him
houses
for winter.
Soil.
the
the
considered,
Twickenham
north
money
trellis
houses.
with
market
then
The
cultivation
the
secured.
successful
question
depth,
land
poor
the
of
be
where
fair
to
in
construction, ventilation,and
too
trained
be well
and
not
The
be
familiar
reach
Those
if sunk
than
visitinga
cold
grow
the
of
protected, if possible,from
soil.
should
convenient
taken
about
will
must
not
are
and
chrysanthemums
this
who
position
Houses.-
the
not
Preparing
business
of culture
system
and
important
Hampton-on-Thames
the
drainage successful
completed early in April ;
to
are
at
see
effective
with
least
best.
are
and
of warmth
among
should
well
not
in which
brought
houses
convenient,
more
importance
there
when
if
question
the
will
also the
one,
smaller
way
in pots,
grown
question of economy
the
the
side,and
they
hedges planted
the
market.
best
in this
them
one
west,
before
embark
to
of
important
be
can
the
at
summer.
are
of
of which
on
Position
south
I said
upon
There
heating,
tomatoes
aspect
no
me
other.
vine
feet
of
As
is
impress
establishment,
at
for
in
produced
with
that
First,in combination
culture
and
t
he
of
the
lastly,
;
and
to
prevails
a
general,
large
the
Chrysanthemums
occupy
most
winter
early and
crops
high at the apex are
feet,an advantage in the
spring
roof.
near
and
those
For
and
couple
the
is the
tomatoes
this
culture.
be
can
These
high.
feet
12
that
shown
of
secondly, with
tomatoes
results
best
For
houses
be of various
sizes.
summer
crops
may
and
be
from
the
to
lOO
are
convenient,
length may
anything
300
side walls
of these
should
the apices
houses
be at least 4 feet,and
wide
feet
12
has
systems
of
growers
and
Houses.
feet.
the
first system
The
winter,
The
feet
how
experience
least three
at
chrysanthemum
tomato
21
consider
to
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
200
If
off
taken
will
This
ground
should
the
land
inches
be
on
which
thick,
invaluable
houses
the
and
built
carefullystacked
afterwards.
bastard-trenched
be
are
After
18
is under
in
the
some
turf
is
inches.
(In
subsoil
is
the
the
but
not
to
brought
surface,
bastard-trenching
simply dug
and
left in the same
position.) Add
well-decayed manure.
Planting should
up
be done
When
the
not
immediately after trenching ; the land is too soft.
be
be firmly pressed
plants are
planted the soil should
moderately dry, and
round
loose
be
the feet.
plants with
failure
will
be
soil,partial
the
planted ;
Planting.
the
only paths
The
usual
will
This
sure
be
is
to
those
practice
in
important.
follow.
between
If
The
the
large houses
or
24
tomatoes
floor of
are
the
planted
house
in
should
rows.
is
to
plant a
double
row
of
TOMATO
THE
plants,the
between
the
rows
of
used
as
above
and
rows
if
with
they
method
the
house
from
12
For
extent
of
the
should
be
staked
should
to
will
freely,consistent
middle
plants
be
planted.
but
of the
General
border
Treatment.
filled with
water
manure
is the
best
substitute
plenty
of
at
every
stimulant
be
must
fruits
every
the
plants
use,
in
with
not
to
of
fruit
and
plant
each
receive
then
Little
time.
temperature
admitted
be
to
70
plants
the
of
set
65
from
January.
number
for
over-water
planting.
a
good
at
degs. in
time,
any
is secured
and
the
artificial
converted
be
of
manure
good
into
tail,and
fruit,let
draw
it
Until
repute.
and
liberallyadmitted,
be
must
rabbit's
be
must
some
air
should
opens
midday
at
plants
in
abundance
and
given in more
from
the
application. Liquid manure
farmyard
but
and
a
frequently this is difficult to procure,
formed,
are
that
flower
to
early
sown
If the
are
the
trouble
atmosphere
an
water
other
found
suppose
the
plants
by the
planting is over
as
the
that
some
give
daytime, but at night the
bright sunny
days air may
care
When
soon
but
house,
will
governed
much
On
after
then
roots,
be
be
double
plants are
the
in
Exercise
day.
especiallyso immediately
the
As
not
maintaining
with
with
upright strings.
to
will
degs.
55
that
is left
are
many
April,
should
will
as
the
in
feet
there
About
through
We
working.
week
seeds
of
space
houses
the
sturdy,and
grown
required
fall below
not
and
to
they
be
last
the
be
attached
or
of water,
fire heat
no
more
all
apart
convenient
these
plants
houses
good soaking
or
of
production
of
inches
planting
high, strong
inches
number
18
for
ready
18
to
for
apart
throughout
pathway between.
wide
planted
were
foot
Thus
row.
feet
provides
is
the
The
double
next
plants
plants being
the
201
the
in
order
that
grower
go
flower.
over
He
each
over
the
When
fruits
by assisting fertilisation.
be
in
the
noon
afterraised,
especially
temperature
may
after a liberal syringing,80 or 85
the air is moist
after closing. When
will
be none
hour
cut
two
too
or
high. At least twice a week
degs. for an
the
stem
off lateral shoots, restrictingthe
plants to one
only. When
plants
and
time
have
been
a
good portion of the crop is gathered, a
bearing some
soil
will
much
of
rich
help to strengthen the plants and prolong
top-dressing
the
of the summer
their fertility.By the end
plants will be 8 or 9 feet high.
form
fruit which
then
be stopped, for any
might afterwards
They should
find
will
the
formed
are
would
not
improved
much
crop
of
the
be
already
worth
"
waiting
"
the
house
time
the
by
How
the
end
of September.
towards
of
is capable of producing in the course
be
answered
two
scarcely
by
growers
have
occasionallybeen reported,but this
those
can
lb.
IS.
average
for the
8d. ; and
curious
acre
can
of land
Tomato
set
lbs. he
season,
as
an
the
return
acre
of
easilyfind
covered
Culture
should
out
with
in
be
land
for
pounds
many
season
fruit
is difficult
is
Upwards of 20
quite exceptional,and
If
the
price
themselves
the
return
to
be
would
say, and
lbs. per
plant
if the
averages
grower
2jd.
apart) would
each
takes
plant
tomato
to
alike.
satisfied.
well
from
of
per
be
this
distance, the
expected from an
glass.
the
Vinery.
It
is when
vineries
are
newly planted
THE
202
that
the
years
will
the
vinery
degree
less
borders
and
The
feet apart,
be
be
the
for the
over
summer
requisitionedagain
third
the
also
year
the
after
the
when
kept
same
way
vines
the
then
two
in
second
will
the
after
this
vine
the
is
then
day,
aid of the
the
be
may
and
May,
and
night
three
or
border
vines
young
the growth of
open
The
season.
in
vine
first week
the
of
is
vinery
first
the
inside
in
tomato
and
year,
monopolise
in
both
roof.
Houses
Entirely
Devoted
English-grown
Where
small
it is desired
house
of
round, a
provided, and divided
Instructions
heating.
year
first should
at
Tomato.
the
to
all the
tomatoes
mentioned
one
i|^ to
and
season,
tomatoes
will
the
prove
for
returns
remunerative.
at
for
completed
the
providing cash
in
tomatoes,
say
for the
successful
culture
necessary
suit the tomato
plants admirably, and
treatment
time
vines
the
with
planted
is useful
tomato
before
GARDEN
FRUIT
be
have
to
dimensions
the
into
three
of
sections
how
succeed
in
to
ample provision for artificial
all
succession
the
round
need
be
not
a
as
maintaining
repeated here,
they
year
The
have
been
and
supplies of tomatoes
fully given.
early
during winter
spring from the Canary Islands and other sources
less
are
so
plentifulthat it is hopefor the English grower
those seasons
with
the least prospect
to
at
compete
of our
assured
be sure
One
of success.
that if he could
of
largestgrowers
me
lb.
he
would
hazardous
be
embark
the
not
tempted to
securing '4s. per
upon
business
of growing tomatoes
for winter
and
would
earlyspring,when
crops
that
fuel dear, so
commercial
be
light and
as
a
undertaking this aspect of
worth
further
consideration.
the question is not
with
Tomatoes
much
so
superior
the
recoups
Many
and
during May
tomatoes
is
Pots.
in
for
grower
extra
flower
every
March
they
If
roof.
the
up
Wire-worms
is
is taken
care
be
are
of
these,
collect
for
best
the
finest
should
of
be
tomatoes
heavy,
Culture
Guernsey
and
artificial
is the
heat,
the
near
London.
these
crops
obtained
are
mediate
interfertilise
of
in
The
large
to
way
Wire-worms
numbers
Rouge
best
the
secure
best
ground.
varieties,Chemin
To
fruit
and
save
they
are
Comet
very
then
seed
own
your
Glass
acres
conditions
of
there
Still,this system
I
have
visited
Fire
without
glass are
are
devoted
more
is carried
one
where
Heat.
to
favourable
out
on
twenty
to
a
In
easily
two
from
fruit
the
the
culture
tomato
fond
the
are
that
during the season,
bearing in mind
size,regular form, and attractive colour.
under
Jersey
in Britain.
case
districts
but
the
over
them
grown
of medium
Tomato
better
price, and
production at this
in
February or the first week
and
trained
fruitingpots (12-inch)
flowers
and
as
they open, a prolific
troublesome.
carrot
Of
culture.
market
fertilise the
to
very
of
upon
destroyed by burning.
their
ripe
fruit
its
the
into
it fetches
in
for
result.
the
often
by distributingpieces
and
and
market
English-grown
the
furnish
to
autumn
be transferred
will
profitablecrop
the
Towards
it appears.
as
should
intended
October
through
that
entailed
expense
Plants
remunerative
quality of
article
imported
the
The
earlyJune.
the
to
find
growers
Islands
with
this method
large scale
no
than
in
some
houses, covering
ten
THE
204
How
essential
most
is
the
watering.
will
the
much
in
better
garden
be
water
and
every
all
of
crops
provided
to
no
save
other
by
the
to
way,
sorts,
all
is
that
hand,
top
of
and
how
rain
than
falls
Tomato,
supply
the
of
is
water
much
upon
The
well
Tree
need
water.
(see
be
p.
built
decided
be
to
be
scarcely
to
the
means
supply
212).
the
which
expeditious
for
this
sunk.
all
(on
Therefore,
When
roofs.
method
which
have
conducive
more
must
be
power
would
It
spring
into
pressure
whatever
tower.
economical
must
necessary
by
the
An
houses
tower
the
or
of
establishment),
the
available,
source
give
to
of
size
glass.
block
the
may
enough
abundant
under
of
drain.
worked
the
on
culture
end
roofs
high
pump
depend
pumping
on
tank),
An
tomato
the
GARDEN
Water.
of
lower
the
at
falls
which
fix
tank
Supply
successful
to
build
to
rain
to
Secure
TO
FRUIT
on
(this
fixed
said
for
how
of
success
should
is
quate,
inade-
CHAPTER
TROPICAL
FRUITS
XVIII
AND
W.
By
In
this
value
cultivators
of
means
Such
trees,
finished
in
the
plants
fruit
the
in
them
and
difficulties
of
those
home.
at
it
profit
Citrus
genus
value, namely
the
lemon,
and
and
C.
Citrus
of
be
The
always
for
cultivation,
less
it
costs
might
one
is
horticulturists
be
pense
ex-
primary
than
which
say
sufficient
to
only
well-
surely
now.
satisfaction,
influenced
those
tropical
A
would
not
bought
English
enables
is
the
of
feat
deter
overcome
considerations
by
to
the
tropical
and
production
at
no
in
and
of
and
oranges
Britain
greater
It
would
of
sources
as
an
an
lime
outlay
be
may
is
an
profit, although
required
is
to
the
the
they
of
the
industry
recommend
to
be
can
to
grown
first-class
grow
of
fathers
fore-
valleys
hot
and
enormous
absurd
either
forms
and
Bengal,
now
be
various
in
fruit
found
origin,
found
Eastern
therefore
than
the
of
citron,
grape
Although
regions,
of
or
fruits
the
as
pumelo
Eastern
lemons
and
known
proper.
Hooker,
yield
which
are
shaddock,
sub-tropical
the
of
which
districts
oranges
east.
of
the
mountainous
the
west
Joseph
lemon,
cultivation
both
forms
all
of
three
species,
seven
decumana,
Sir
the
of
C.
FAMILY
medica,
C.
most
orange,
The
perfection
flowers
is, however,
CITRUS
type
according
the
countries
their
in
Himalaya,
the
Deccan.
in
the
cultivated
of
lime
the
Aurant'ium,
had,
and
could
grow
comprises
commercial
or
grown
fruits
probably
THE
wild
are
that
of
"c.
loss.
and
The
fruits
the
figs,
skill.
our
oranges
of
that
famous
most
or
difficult
spirit
would
the
favour
writhin
pineapples,
apples, bananas,
the
There
melons,
of
recognised
much
is well
management
two
of
found
practically beyond
are
of
we
some
this
is
which
some
production
the
accomplishing
reward,
of
as
Many
produce
they
fruits
hitherto
grapes,
durian,
custard
useful
consideration.
of
because
THEM
certain
not
their
peaches,
and
mangoes,
and
incurred
forced
GROW
to
have
although
mangosteen
of
attention
which
but
TO
WATSON
call
to
country,
of
omitted,
are
house
pride,
this
grower
as
creditable
to
proposed
is
tropical countries,
in
writh
as
it
chapter
HOW
forced
peaches.
The
as
they
at
lemon,
decorative
will
home
plants,
hang,
have
and
orange,
by
shown
their
which
that
less
the
commonly
fruits
being
time
they
allowed
are
English-grown
shaddock
to
dry
and
oranges
remain
are
on
trees
unpalatable.
are
sometimes
grown
the
superb
But
as
as
long
as
cultivators
dessert
fruits.
2o6
THE
The
value
item
of
that
fruits
the
flowers, which
deserves
are
FRUIT
GARDEN
in demand
always
are
The
passing mention.
varieties
weddings, is also an
cultivatingfor their
for
worth
Oranges
Blood
with
Malta.
or
crimson,
that
and
skin
smooth
rather
stained
pulp
is the
under
for
cultivated
commonly
most
conditions
it is grown
which
it varies
and
market,
variety.
the
and
The
in
best
Fruit
known
Navel.
thin
as
pulp
large, with
sweet.
Tangerine.
being
the
to
known
are
This
quality according
forms
juicy and
very
Michael's.
St.
Fruit
Michael's.
St.
as
Fruit
with
large, egg-shaped,
a
end; skin
nipple-like projection at one
thin ; pulp pale in colour,
juicy and sweet.
very
Fruit
when
the
fruits have
Jaffa.
large ; skin
generally thick ; pulp juicy, and
been
left long enough
before
to mature
being gathered, pleasantly sweet.
Fruit
Seville.
Grown
for the manufacture
large ; skin thick ; pulp acid and not sweet.
A free-flowering variety.
of marmalade.
Lemons
Bijou.
fruitful.
Imperial.
Seems
to
Brazilian.
or
intermediate
be
lemon
vigorous
; tree
in
Remarkable
the
between
Fruit
Sweet
slightly bitter
Fruit
and
dwarf
being
and
well
the
acid
as
; tree
lime.
free.
devoid
almost
as
and
of
teristic
acidity charac-
the
lemons.
of
Metford's.
juicy and
Fruit
large
as
An
superior.
fruit it resembles
flowers, and
as
excellent
a
ostrich's
an
lemon
skin
^%%;
it is
shaddock, but
thorny shrub
; in
purposes
lemon.
true
pale yellow
smooth,
culinary
for
the
size of
the
^k,^
leaf,
ovate
flowers, small,
leaves, white
of pure
It is
acid juice.
nearly globose, yellow fruit with thin skin, and an abundance
in the West
is the principal source
of citric acid, so
Indies, and
largely
largely grown
known
for flavouring and
The
best
forms
as
a
summer
are
as
beverage.
employed
Lime.
The
and
bitter, sweet,
lime
true
is
with
Persian.
known
is also
forbidden
and
the
or
fruit, pumelo
pomalo,
as
are
largest fruited forms
sturdy trees, with large leathery leaves, very
thick
petalled flowers, and
oblong fruit as large as an ostrich's ^'gZi r nearly globose ;
and
bladder-like
skin
rather
thick
coarse
grains, pale, watery, and
; flesh in
coarse,
and
fruit is about
the size
acidity. The
as
lacking both sweetness
variety known
grape
It is
is slightly bitter and
has
smooth
the
flesh
aromatic.
of a swan's
skin, and
^^g,
in the United
States
tonic.
as
a
morning
largely eaten
Shaddock.
fruit.
grape
This
The
Cultivation.
forms
of
Grafted
oranges
the
planted
in
fibrous
prefer good
the
border
loam,
manure
resting
be
temperature
Where
the
will
which
house
can
soil should
not
be
relied
secured.
for
exactly as
should
be
deer
or
moisture
be
and
apples
to
peaches
or
In
vines.
at
the
root
require
any
devoted
entirelyto
water
from
the
in
grown
enriched
periodically
applied in
dung
both
fruits,the
pots
either
with
Plants
wintered
November
cultivation
of
tubs
may
they
top-dressings
When
overhead
about
or
they
case
March.
and
seeds.
from
true
come
be
may
cultivated
plants as camellias, or
the
to
other
upon
They
in relation
in winter
be
cannot
preferably sheep
require
plenty of
they
growth
of
of
case
proportions
same
out
in
lemons
therefore
plants must
of about
be
As
and
oranges
in
while
;
in a low
till March.
it should
-J
o
".
3,
-4
CO
to
in
FRUITS
TROPICAL
be
spacious, well
should
glazed,
whole
the
occupy
and
ventilated
and
area
or
walls
The
trees
form
open
grow
of the
of the
be
can
forced
The
peaches.
drained, with about
well
planted
suitable
at
Fan-trained
trees.
trees
border
feet
distances
may
of
apart
the
occupy
house.
require careful
pruning
shoots,
Strong woody
tree, should
be
so
as
of tree, better
dense.
for
as
deep,
be
207
cut
out,
if
obtain
short
obtained
should
the
up
be
an
allowed
trees
build
to
and
sturdy wood
from
than
required
still,
they
not
better
or,
to
to
framework
stopped early
to
waste.
prevent
It is a good
Oranges require all the sunshine
plan to start
they can
get.
first
week
in
of
house
the
March,
by maintaining a temperature
early,say
latter
from
the
with
sun-heat
from
onwards
the
to
perature
temMay
50
;
70 degs.,
A
be 10
this.
or
a
good syringing twice
15 degs. higher than
may
be kept free of insects,and
this
with
day should be given. The
plants must
solution
week
with
of parafEn.
once
a
a weak
object some
syringe them
growers
If the plants are
in
tubs
the
treatment
as
same
they require
pots or
grown
close attention
those
be given to the condition
must
planted out, but of course
the
latter
the
or
become
back
Half-inch
soil.
of the
in
induces
open
bones
also
and
old
and
afford
mixed
mortar
reduced
be
close
The
apple
custard
tree
about
15
is the
feet
and
and
soil
the
that
have
for
too
grown
renovated
moist
to
serve
keep
large
by cutting them
few
This
weeks.
APPLE
CUSTARD
small
with
Plants
nourishment.
fruit
Anona
of
magnolia-like
squamosa,
and
clothed
with
bush
or
leathery
borne
in spring
are
oblong leaves, glaucous beneath, in the axils of which
The
fruit
is egg-shaped,
solitarygreenish fleshyflowers about i inch across.
scale-like
of
of
number
and
is
inches
inches
composed
ovaries,
a
or
long,
3
4
artichoke
of
form
fruit
which
confluent
and
or
a
pinea
globe
are
a
suggestive
it
soft
is
difficult
and
that
the
When
it
is
so
pulp yellowish,
ripe
cone.
fleshy,
has
been
likened
flavour
handle
to
to
ripe fruit without
a
squashing it. The
custard
In
the
that
of raspberries and
apple is a
tropical countries
cream.
wild
favourite
fruit.
or
Although originallyfrom tropicalAmerica, it is now
cultivated
in
both
hemispheres.
In
India
the
with
it ranks
as
mango
necessarilybe
to
create
fruit that
should
all others.
excel
by
former
the
is
natives.
not
In
wife
Sita
considered
the
vated
culti-
gathered
they grow
old.
his
produced
Ram
and
{Anona reticulata),
The
seeds, and
West
the
Sita
decided
Ramphal
Sitaphal,or
palatable by
the
Indies
another
2o8
is
species {A. reticulata)
as
the
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
called
A. squamosa
apple, while
custard
the
is known
sweet-sop.
that
the
Indies.
West
A.
Cherimolia
Creoles,
produced
A.
and
a
are
year
muricata
or
two
in the
ago
(the sour-sop),
small
has
(the cherimoya)
good enough to
find
palm-house
large
has
green
fruits,which
ovate
with
favour
at
Kew
were
fruit
delicious
of
by
Fruits
Europeans.
some
prickly
eaten
are
in flavour.
medicinal
value
only.
PERSIMMON,
DiospyrosKaki,
the
DATE-PLUM
OR
persimmon,
or
date-plum,
is
an
Eastern
tree
It
which
for
scarcely
Japan
in
for many
English gardens, although it has been cultivated
years
Southern
It forms
is
Europe.
a
bushy tree, very similar to the apple, and
deciduous
the
leaves
rather
and
about
inches
are
oblong,
leathery,
long
5
;
;
brilliant colours
The
in autumn.
flowers
(female) are green, an
they assume
inch
borne
The
in diameter, and
fruits
are
singly in the axils of the leaves.
remain
and
ripen in late autumn,
long on the tree after the leaves have fallen.
apples ; in colour
as
they are
They vary in size and flavour almost as much
scarlet.
The
male
and
female
flowers
borne
are
on
usually bright
separate
plants, and the varieties are
propagated by grafting. Most, if not all, the
females.
The
swell
cultivated
have
ovaries
full size without
to
are
plants we
centuries
has
known
in
having
been
been
cultivated
fertilised,but
Kew
greenhouse
were
as
red. Soft,and
at
It would
in China
appear
were
the
as
juicy as
that
the
fruits
large
a
as
and
are
a
for
seedless.
Ribston
its fruits.
Fruits
matured
is
in
when
sunny
ripe
ripe tomato.
conditions
most
suitable
for
the
persimmon
are
we
term
THE
2IO
FRUIT
GARDEN
Fruit
Ko-TSURTJ.
It begins
small, oblong, pointed at the end, orange-yellow.
Inferior in quality, yet
ripen early in August, but is not
quite ripe till September.
to
is esteemed
earliness.
for
KUMOSU-MARU.
mark
middle
the
to
the
on
end
Shimo-maru.
early in
exposure
to
frost
size
skin
quite ripe
when
apex
black
cobweb-hke
yellowish-orange,
Ripens from
flesh rich in flavour.
the
of November.
property
medium
Fruit
appearing
its astringent
Fruit
It loses
four-sided.
roundish-oblong, somewhat
and
September
changes to a yellowish colour, ripening entirely after
and
of excellent
Flesh
changing
to
juicy, crisp, and
reddish-orange.
quality.
TsuNO-MAGARl.
light reddish
Fruit
TsuRU-NO-KO.
roundish,
when
apex
flavour.
four-sided
somewhat
pointed,
It retains
its astringency even
; seedless.
Fruit
medium,
oblong, pointed, bright red
yellow
dull
purplish
with
red, spotted
the
at
stem
skin
quite ripe.
when
with
marks
black
black
the
on
in
rich
dots, sweet,
in October.
Ripens
MANGO
The
mango
native
Originally
conditions
are
one's
make
have
mouth
grow
in
mangoes
cultivated
The
one.
to
10
tree
feet
15
this.
The
the
require
be
must
there
trees, and
There
are
they
are
They
Kew
is
it
as
or
of
account
annual
an
dressing of
November
to
kept
8
some
pear,
to
feet
all
grafted,
of
recommends
Alphonse
is worth
In
flavour
and
high.
the
the
formation
the
rich
crimson
glow
end without
upper
any
when
in fruit
not
stunted
or
many
In
on
other
temperature
of flower-buds.
it
;
to
to
seems
Woodrow,
be
be
as
Alphonse,
In
the
a
merit
are
His
lent.
excel-
are
doubtful
varieties.
Universally admitted
mangoes.
of all agreeable flavours.
with
"
to
"
of
than
It appears
manure,
quoting
no
and
high
encourage
enumerates
on
satisfied
smaller
much
seedling mango
being
as
best sorts
recommended
seedling apple. The
by Woodrow
Pirie,Pakria, Punhala, Borsha, Mulgoba, Banchore, and Massarata.
these, he
to
produced
of apples,according to
varieties,as many
as
many
different
in size, flavour, and
value.
The
as
best
are
effort
feet
to
tropics or
they
that
except
It likes
England
the
serious
40
them
into
to
been
but
30
maybe
only
have
gardens,
"trunks
but
at
other
size
fruits
that
tasted
have
mangoes
either go
of any
heard
never
true
several
large
who
therefore
have
is
least
excellent
an
in October
given
and
is
in
fruits
at
soil.
for the
to
an
apple or
sub-tropical.
According to Woodrow,
tropical,or
loamy, deep
and
treatment
India,"
is
which
same
country.
by those
import ripe
must
we
It
to
a
grows
circumference"
in
plant
fruits
attempts
home.
at
Kew
at
become
been
them
enjoy
this
plants
has
All
To
cultivation
their
master
It
fruit of the
the
tropics.
excellence,
wherever
the
widely distributed
the
of
and
the
termed
tropics,
peach
it has
first-rate mango
of
water.
far failed.
so
India,
suitable.
descriptions given
the
of
addition
description
finest
subtle
of
all
blending
it averages
8 ounces
its colour
is green,
;
at
exposed side ; its shape is oblong, thickened
weight
the
stigmatic point
the
or
beak.
The
by
bright
irregular,
rarelyforming a shapely specimen."
red
midrib
of
varietyis
its leaves.
to
The
be
nised
recogtree
is
BUNCH
OF
MANGOES.
(Average
size
of
Fruit
3J
Jy
inches.)
^^_
J
',
'.'
'(
S
K
FRUITS
TROPICAL
Plants
they are
by the
be
of the
best
easilysent
Kew.
greater
than
obtained
The
that
fruit would
to
the
any
of
been
Calcutta, and
suitable
house
for about
has
as
case,
from
large peach-house
than
more
be
list of
fruit
Wardian
India
in
for
or
English
dessert
fruits another
which
in flavour
ported
trans-
were
would
labour
not
tion
of cultiva-
filled with
of forced
that
and
recently shown
which
the
vinery, and
each,
2s.
cultivation
their
peaches. A house
it might be
as
highly creditable,especially
certainlyno
in
in
for Trinidad
cost
of
purchased
be
can
England
to
collections
vid
mangoes
211
mangoes
of adding
the
means
and
qualityis
unlike
have.
we
BANANA
Bananas
of tropical countries,
by the inhabitants
largely consumed
perate
a
They are also now
popular article of food in temall
the
round
countries, large quantities of them
imported
being
year
from
the West
Indies
and
the
Canary Islands for consumption in the British
Islands.
that they
They are cheap, conveniently portable,and so wholesome
will soon
and
the apple for general
rival,if they do not surpass, the orange
even
being
use
among
The
and
are
excellent
for
food.
all classes.
imported
other
from
banana,
fact
the
it has
that
to
be
before
cut
that
it is
ripe,
been
quality to
allowed
the plant.
to
mature
on
can
Consequently high-classbananas
only be
obtained
in this country
is one
of
from
plants. A good banana
home-grown
the most
of
fruits.
Kew
few
in
At
and
in
other
enjoyable
a
large gardens
be conveniently cultivated
to
England where
they can
they are
grown
fection.
perThere
are
numerous
varieties,varying in size from 9 inches in length
fruits no
to
by 3 inches in diameter
dainty little thin-skinned
bigger than a
man's
colour
thumb.
either
smooth
and
their
is
are
regular,
angular
or
They
in
either
and
resembles
of
their
flesh
that
ripe apricot
yellow or russet-red,
a
colour
said to
and
mellowness
less juicy. Some
is pale yellow and
sorts
or
are
be of a bright
colour
when
about
are
ripe. There
forty species of Musa,
green
edible
have
fruits,the best of these being M.
only few of which
sapientum,of
is
reasons,
necessarilyinferior
fruit
in
has
Cavendishii
the Chinese
chinensis,
or
varieties,and M.
plantain is distinguished only by having fruits that require
tried at Kew
best of those
Champa, Medji,
cooking to be palatable. The
are
sorts
Raja, Ramkela, Guindy, Arracan, Martaban, and Ladies' Finger. Other
which
there
banana.
have
at
are
many
The
recently been
Kew
and
obtained
also
in
the
from
Malay Archipelago
the
Indies.
West
Chinese
The
and
are
being tested
principal
with
English
is the
banana
the
"
"
advisable
and
grown
begin
to
to
allow
more
than
one
stem
to
The
in
each
bunches
warm
room
stool,the
should
to
others
be
ripen.
cut
may
be
when
They
house
then
is
not
removed
the
are
size
two
at
fruits
their
THE
212
best
fairlysoft to the
large pots or tubs.
when
in
grown
allowance
a liberal
liberal
but
it is
60
fall below
afforded
foot
in
in
lower
soil
drainage. The
enjoy plenty of sunshine
should
A
in
or
Solanum-like
made
la
de
with
into
Pas.
the
They
and
tropical
some
conserve.
The
from
If
does
border
contain
renewed
fresh
for every
of
supply
proper,
reallypalatable and
of
feet
water
not
be
can
rich
tion.
planta-
all times.
at
TOMATO
offered
sometimes
are
plants
ture,
tempera-
temperature
degs.
70
liberal
intermediate
an
has
become
plant, Cyphomandra betacea, which
where
fruits are
the
sub-tropical countries
It is a native
of Peru, where
it is known
fruits
tomato
had
is
deep, and
be
and
TREE
be
may
winter
than
least 3 feet
at
in
grown
where
the
not
be
be
may
house
of
Musas
of
Musa
large,and therefore
They like a strong loamy soil and
of AI. sapientum require a tropical
is necessary.
the forms
summer
it should
results
root-system
banana
only
degs. and
Musas
for
on
manure.
its best
at
First-rate
The
All
Chinese
the
GARDEN
touch.
of root-space
supplies of
temperature
soil
FRUIT
for
sale
London
by
has
tomato
tree
those
who
raw
Tomato
as
As
dealers.
be
to
learnt
have
popular
eaten
acquired.
appreciate
them.
Their
of
flavour is that of the sweet-cup
with
a
suspicion
[Passtflora
edulh)
added.
The
from
and
if
in
raw
plant grows
planted
seeds,
a warm
readily
potato
in good loam
unlike
it forms
house
in about
shrub
two
not
years a big herbaceous
a Datura, copiously branched, and
bearing pendent clusters of egg-shaped orangesoft pulp,
yellow fruits 2^ inches
long ; the thick leathery rind encloses
a
are
which
fruits
borne
are
easily.
that
be
can
With
it deserves
refreshing.
tomatoes,
It
or
easilysucked
squeezed
by a singleplant. They
regard to this plant we
place
Twenty
and
in
dessert
among
years
those
of
most
different
is very
growing
ago
who
In
now.
it
into
the
yet
difficult
was
did
of
partook
tropical countries
and
hot
to
English
the
decidedly
people
many
of
travel
fruit-eaters
it is
weather
get
them
hundreds
would
doubt
no
teach
to
In
fruits.
Several
mouth.
keep well,
have
to
only
in
cooked
tree
tomato
is
eat
to
state.
rapidly
popularity.
POMEGRANATE
Fruits
England,
countries
with
us.
are
where
where
the
It has
mentioned
in
sun
been
the
has
more
cultivated
Bible.
It
power
by
attractive
it
from
man
is wild
in
{Punka Granatum) in
flowering shrub ; but in
fruits as
freelyas the apple does
an
early period, being frequently
pomegranate
Cabul
and
Persia, and
is cultivated
"
best
is Sh^mi
it is red
outside
and
very
sweet,
almost
stoneless,like
muscat
t3
to
0-;,
FRUIT
THE
214
GARDEN
VANILLA
Vanilla
the
Mauritius
in
not
about
inches
Cuttings
the
of
poles
same
about
are
when
they
hot
they
oil and
should
bed
and
planted
are
but
fertilisation,
then
They
the
to
fertilised.
are
stones.
fastened
At
dry.
to
sun
and
soft
mature
to
basket, plunged
fruits
begin
become
have
The
night they
brown,
they
to
started,
years.
exactly
to
grow
until
they
yellow colour,
half
for
raised
with
supported
top-
be
minute
in
in
kept
are
dressed
are
again. When
quite cured they are of a rich dark chocolate
needle-like
with
good condition
they are covered
crystals.
Vanilla
and
fruited
at
plants are
Kew, at Syon House,
grown
with
colour,
dried
if in
few
other
bunches
of
is
charcoal,
aerial
are
and
The
their
rich
pods,
pods
full
to
the
in
the
An
Aroid
acrid
box
with
edible
big Philodendron, or
plant generally being
not
it
grows
to
the
a
spathe
is
of its
be
might
similar.
or
to
dry,
degs.
with
by
and
peat,
of
means
they
then
DELICIOSA
fruits
nature
is
perforated
but
or
The
foot
or
more
the
in
order
being
remarkable
Monstera
for
is very
similar
the
behaviour
of
glorifiedivy,
of
parts
There
the
spadix
and
Irish
ivy by
the
is,however,
windowed
former,
the
only partiallyopen
i
The
all the
delicma.
different.
Anthurium,
large size,
juices.
Multiply
of
very
exceptional,
termed
Monstera
and
then
have
fifty,
you
in
Monstera
the
peculiarity
and
drawer
the
60
about
wall
the
part of
where
house
is filled
to
by
grown
hottest
being
which
wall,
it ;
for years.
aroma
poisonous
or
themselves
MONSTERA
the
lean-to
in
with
been
the
during
of
temperature
of
attach
placed
are
wall
back
base
plants
is very
long, have
9 inches
winter
the
at
Wythes
each
and
successful
sunlight,except
against
The
crocks.
Mr.
minimum
border
narrow
roots.
retain
trained
tropical,the
are
a
Syon
plants
his
House
twenty
as
many
They
conditions
There
as
exposes
day.
the
At
gardens.
He
him.
is
long,
generally
after
they
and
surface,
feet
The
sand.
with
season
Thus
flowers
exposed
and
each
to
old.
When
renovated
be
The
soil is kept moist.
grow.
three
in
size
into
two
or
flowering
grow
fertilised artificially.
This
is accomplished in
be
to
to
The
America.
is grown
on
poles in partial
Manure
leaf-mould.
and
sand
of
parts
gathered, placed in
are
box.
Central
of
native
Vanilla
should
are
and
month
soil
from
months
and
water,
closed
and
six
is
vegetable mould
the
surrounding
orchid
as
way
in about
full size
equal
the
root
require
It
follows
as
with
stems,
which
up
flowers
the
is
above
the
for
Mauritius
Vanilla
of
fruit
commercial
Seychelles.
well-rotted
of
dressing
which
the
loam, mixed
be used, but
in
should
of
and
in
treatment
shade
is the
of. commerce
cultivation
leaves,and
or
rather
the
the
to
the
about
striking
flowers
inflorescence,
is
is
length,
like,
straight,thick, and clubboat-shaped. The
spadix
and
or
inches
thick.
to
to
in
ft;
o
"s
f^
'A
CO
to
TROPICAL
It takes
about
FRUITS
215
becomes
is then
not
yellow when
ripe, and
a
huge corn-cob, but is soft and pulpy, deliciouslyaromatic, and most
the
palatable,except that it causes
to
palates. On
a
some
pricking sensation
The
whole, I think it better to look at and to smell than to eat.
plant requires
for its development, a
plenty of room
pillar or back wall in a large tropical
house
of a palm
in such
the palmtree
structure
suitingit,or the stem
a
as
house
It would
Kew.
at
the
equally well on
ground, but it would
grow
much
I have
it growing in summer
seen
occupy
by the side of a little
space.
in the
Mr.
Chamberlain
of
pool in a sunny
at
position out-of-doors
garden
but
the
is
plant
Highbury,
tropical.
essentially
a
to
year
mature,
unlike
EUGENIA
This
is
freelyin
country.
little
compact
and
its fruits
hedge,
a
preserving. They are about
less juicy
flavour, but are
in
drink.
The
are
myrtle
in
black
or
the
box,
native
of
They
Chili, but
easilypropagated
it is
from
which
not
seeds
unlike
widely
now
or
it
Falmouth,
or
for
them
in
make
dessert
said
are
grows
of this
parts
warmer
and
currants,
aromatic.
more
air
open
size of
and
It is
sub-tropical countries.
the
at
Carclew, near
Tremayne
gathered annually to be used as
the
plant is
unlike
not
in
greenhouse, or even
Colonel
In the
of
garden
forms
delicious
shrub,
UGNI
to
distributed
cuttings.
GUAVA
Psidium
Guava
is
numerous
their
axils
fruit
is
and
branches
clusters
of
two
West
ovate
or
Indian
smooth
three
shrub
myrtaceous
leaves
green
whitish
flowers
small
or
inches
^-inch
tree,
with
long, bearing
in diameter.
in
The
LOQUAT,
OR
JAPANESE
MEDLAR
small
shrub
thick
branches
or
Eriobotryajaponicais an evergreen
tree, with
foot
I
long, and terminal
leathery leaves, sometimes
bearing large lanceolate
fruits are
hawthorn-like
are
flowers, which
deliciouslyfragrant. The
like,
plumcontain
and
of
with
than
is
stones
a
core
red,
larger
yellow, tinged
they
The
desirable.
favourite,
fruit.
It
is
It
trees.
still,
and
flowers
both
the
quince,
shapely
but
meat
garden.
Society,
shrub,
in
its
There
iii.
299
fruits
is
ere
good
at
air,
open
closely
it
but
it
can
illustration
it
where
the
It
related.
of
be
to
place
it
in
grows
fruit
Transactions
(1820).
Vanilla,
The
(see
p.
against
214).
specimen
or
rapidly,
soon
in
the
for
trees
of
the
It
ago.
south
by
it
grafting
forming
quantity
the
is
wall,
where
house,
seeds,
dessert
old
years
improved
among
the
Any
as
gnarled
temperate
from
raised
easily
general
Market.
hundred
trained
is
is
requires
win
in
and
loquat
is
nearly
is
loquat
the
forms
it
where
Kew
flowering
it
which
to
the
never
The
fruits.
evergreen
"
"
in
both
vigorously,
growing
fruited
and
Covent
Garden
of
aromatic,
fruit
the
value
the
and
sweet,
very
countries
to
wray
China,
and
Japan
cultivated
was
its
knows
tropics
the
of
native
there
grown
in
acid,
sub-tropical
finds
sometimes
it
lived
has
In
GARDEN
slightly
is
portion
apricot.
an
and
who
one
pulpy
of
suggestive
on
FRUIT
THE
2i6
English
Horticultural
of
XIX
CHAPTER
VINE
THE
By
With
the
and
introduction
they
have
grapes
reached
such
quantities
of
increasing
demands
indicate
of
Downes,
Black
was
the
earliest
that
for
nearly
One
gardens.
so
much
to
20s.
is
The
has
made
the
pruning
or
Egypt
of
some
varieties
supply,
end
of
May
years
often
as
ago
to
and
after
as
be
rule
had,
so
British
from
valuable
so
Lady
and
could
grapes
were
clinging
Its
Records
of
back
go
of
to
be
portion
the
cultivation
of
to
5000
vine
about
the
of
our
there
and
6000
into
year
they
fetch
from
island.
of
were
15s.
The
country
at
use
and
which
Romans,
not
time
the
des
mention
temperate
Plantes
in
man
of
the
The
the
agencies
making
but
Romans
therefore,
are
had
of
without
have
must
or
even
in
of
wine
in
period
it
Cultivees,
fruit
Europe
exact
known,
be
to
wildness
abundant
other
an
wine-making.
in
luxuriant
and
to
Britain.
in
usually supposed
the
of
is
for
L'Origine
birds
traced
grown
wild
is
(Nicholson).
a.d.,
its
and
with
grape
be
can
early Scripture
producing
by
years
this
10
in
in
existence
the
vine
generally
growing
Candolle,
dissemination
the
the
even
found
trees,
before
early, perhaps
very
is
grows
tall
to
for
Europe,
De
it
that
vine
the
now
particularly
more
Minor.
Asia
of
fruits
record,
Southern
and
cultivation.
introduction
conceded
grapes
or
improved
Barbarossa,
forthcoming
were
history
hardy
[Fitis vinifera)
Asia
grape
creeper,
begun
thirty
the
or
vine,
the
vine
tropical
Asia.
of
Southern
that
remarkable
most
Western
of
of
early
or
also
fifteen
late
The
Hamburgh
grapes
that
exotic
most
grape
of
doubt
no
than
frequently
says
ripe
twenty
some
Black
ripe
no
wonder
of
seems
certainly
native
at
for
of
and
the
the
Hamburgh,
condition.
good
of
ever-
extent
last
to
advent
on
the
the
export
and
Britain,
measure
Black
depended
in
which
some
the
Colmar,
varieties
months
cannot
period
regions
Gros
had
in
Before
in
considerably
so
due
market
has
country
annually
of
the
before
increased
idea
some
for
this
growers
greatly
give
grapes
is
grapes.
and
will
in
of
lb.
There
It
five
thought
per
earlier
late
largest
building
whom
to
glass
the
of
cultivation
the
millions
under
the
fallen
has
change
rarely
date
fact
of
grapes
of
supplying
culture
the
were
some
after
great
were
of
methods
in
reach
culture
This
of
Alicante,
they
that
the
to
preserving
Peters
Christmas
home.
This
methods
St.
at
price
the
years.
West's
America
devoted
why
twenty
to
the
Vine
name.
economical
knowledge
within
proportions
grapes
glass-houses
and
increased
brought
but
nothing
were
now
been
convenient
more
with
glass-houses,
heating
vine,
of
THOMAS
OWEN
is
of
the
generally
possession
usually
credited
with
been
having
records
in
FRUIT
THE
2i8
vine
the
that
parts of
some
Italy hold
good
Vines.
There
and
vigour
to
best
known
is the
which
planted during
(1903)
now
failed
produce
to
far
as
manure,
feet
girth of
bunches
600
lbs.
feeding
delicious
its
carry
be
expected
is
the
roots, the
to
flavour
makes
of
which
from
bunches
the
as
many
Another
wonderful
Cumberland
the
hundred
one
and
twenty
Hampton
cover
roof
H.R.H.
Water.
one
head
Ascot, is another
(if not more) vine
Lodge
Cumberland
the
gardener
residence
It
modern.
of
suppose
that
the
the
It
It is
vine
in
filled several
the
would
vine
-The
is that
age,
and
every
three-quarterspan
are
as
At
the
in use,
so
down
It
the
is
the
to
of
of
weight
the
bear
and
round,
Park,
attendant
his father
the
than
the
crop;
from
many
certainly
branches
to
2000
the
2400
residence
portion of Virginia
is in charge of his
upper
Another
by
Lodge,
Silwood
is in
in
it
notable
more
residence
country
fertility.It
the
gardens
span
and
free
the
by
size,and
now
berries,but their
unapproached
him
to
proportions.
year.
weigh
difficulty
the
old, but
and
much
Now
about
remarkable
is attested
vine, near
Roehampton.
others
houses, and were
be
lb.
is open
certain
more
quite
not
This
Breadalbane.
glass-house
known
is
district.
size, and
of
vine
handed
age
two
it is
respect
feet,and annually
gardens of Cumberland
great
great
Manresa
of
of
Marquis
is the
has
of
vine
vine
of the
of mention
to
the
Park.
Windsor.
at
and
matured
and
the
are
year,
of its size
square
this
80
others
these
vine
is divided
subject to
regulations,
passed through the vinery in a day.
at
above, a royal vine, is the one
the
the
also
so
This
vinery is in the
Prince
view
Christian, and within
It is open
the public all the year
to
Majesty's
near
3450
in
This
bunches.
of
of
space
age
In
of age.
evidence
years
in respect
vine
of the
Court.
great
of
area
an
stem
the
or
have
they
about
weighing
bunches
cultivation
have
to
hundred
have
Great
Hampton
at
in
like
vine, and,
one
bunch
the
have
to
never
cover
ground
was
is therefore
where
long, and
is said
vine
I know.
visitors
Windsor
Lodge,
than
respects
is
thousand
feet
amends.
generous
nine
as
from
is 90
small, and
are
feet
3J
way
knows
that
It
and
of
the
its branches
the
perhaps
vine
London.
1768,
year
It is said
size
the
historic
in
one
no
3I feet,and
twelve
some
in
help
for
to
As
is
stem
height
of grapes
allowed
only
it is
concerned,
the
old
an
when
little
with
country
own
of age.
of
examples
our
Palace,
miss
largest of
respectively. In
thousand
that
are
feet.
At
square
three huge limbs, the
into
of
crop,
the roots
as
in
attain
Court
thirty-five
years
and
the
2200
82
The
penetrated.
and
years.
wonderful
seeing
King George III.,in the
of
reign
will
should
vines
hundred
one
are
hundred
three
several
Hampton
at
in
the
old, and
years
for above
vine
the
one
interested
one
introducing the
six hundred
w^as
Remarkable
no
of
means
GARDEN
Scotland
is said
at
Kinnell
celebrated
This
available
to
vine
is
of
boasts
rival
the
House,
ing
deserv-
comparatively
it is reasonable
It produces heavy
larger now.
crops
Black
is
variety
Hamburgh.
most
generally adopted for the culture
The
roof.
are
In
gardens the lean-to and
many
also still erected.
These
latter houses
3Kr3gS8!
STEM
OF
THE
HAMPTON
COURT
VJME.
THE
useful
most
are
built
against
is also
the
already
house
roof, which
span
Those
exists.
be
may
can
would
the
roof
is
erected, and
will
(2)it
is utilised.
space
useless.
and
for the
give
small
Vines
twice
as
built
be
to
many
is
planted, and
span
case,
is covered
by
the
possible
is
with
cally
practifoliage,
vines, will
permanent
absence
of the
consequence
be
can
all
wall
wall
the
(i)
house
back
I
a
of
the
as
commonly understood
for early forcing as well as the lean-to,
hip roof, is self-descriptive. It answers
indeed
in some
better
especiallyin that more
light is admitted,
respects, and
in
the
afternoon
and
It
also
particularly
evening.
gives a larger roof surface.
The
disadvantage of this styleof house is that it is more
costly in construction.
light.
roofed
Span-
three-quarterspan,
houses
The
grapes.
covering
growing
for
grapes
commercial
best
at
the
that
have
rest, may
ventilators
Heating.
short
would
all
first
London,
air
provided
as
as
4-inch pipes
many
coldest weather
without
in the
as
requirements
against successful
Nothing operates more
of rows
overheated
pipes. Naturally the number
upon
size
of
the
house,
and
and
will
the
the
one
are
in
of
purpose
or
more
to
be
order
of
our
found
that
also
must
care
give sufficient
pipes being at
of
in
for
the
be
vines,
observed
heat
to
meet
time
any
very
than
glass-houses
in
pipes laid
it is intended
whether
for
fruit culture
hot.
the
late
contemplating
one
be
must
Any
visit
to
and
mid-season
houses
These
possible;
air-tight.
made
are
Provide
facilities
much
as
south.
span-roof
advise
of
of
production
and
establishments.
distance
Abundant
Worthing.
when
market,
more
north
with
ground
I
is
successful
face
grape-growing
parts within
many
and
for the
of
two
or
or
should
of these
acre
an
best
are
ends
what
lean-to
cover
it,for
reason
is because
lean-to,and
of
The
exist
for the
wall
againstwhich
roof.
the
will
afterwards, in
not
will
as
the
they
roof
the
in
house
the
advantage
take
to
before
vines
not
that
wall
possess
not
as
lean-to
The
specialconditions
no
such
may
years, until
in fruit,but
return
lean-to
usually being
are
naturally
heat, and
roof, provided
to
unwise
for
year,
all sides.
span
the
sun
on
enough
be
in
has
lean-to
the
be
first few
The
wall
hold
In
than
fortunate
grown
latter where
a
exposed
of course,
be
if
cheaper
is
from
more
cheaper
are
would,
equally good
span
is
who
built
grapes
recommend
benefit
they
easilyfixed,and
more
219
are
grapes
wall
south
than
warmer
where
VINE
will
down
depend
early forcing
only
or
front
the
wall
returns
two
of
in the
proportion,
but
fixed
flow
in the
Trellising
the
middle
it is false
and
for
(but quite
house
of
near
glass,thereby cramping
disfigurement by sun, and also from
18 to 24
should
inches
glass. From
varieties
to
the
grown.
front of the
Wires
house,
one-fifth
at
1 2
the
enter
be
inches
an
Valves
fix the
to
leaves
night by
allowed, according to
inch
apart.
at
thick
be
must
house.
mistake
cold
extreme
of
vine
will
insufficient.
common
the
subjecting the
foliage,
the
the
these
where
It is
from
houses
lay down
to
pipes
Roof.
inches
Later
house.
economy
return
the
the
10
should
to
contact
too
injury from
with
the
of the
vigour
placed parallel
the
be
trellis
THE
220
The
Border.
the
on
by
dow^n
covered
remark
to
arches,
on
or
front
the
Commence
for
distance
of
feet
18
placed
wall,
the
above
the
wall.
left
to
and
from
these
turf
drainage
When
fill up
The
from
This
that
5 inches
with
deep
to
the
grass
from
the
land
cut
up
but
and
not
is
fill up
and
vines.
Planting.
summer.
the
Autumn
formed
space
The
say
is done
have
former
the
them
will
be
land, preferably
vine
provided.
and
square,
most
highest
Turf
'
and
soil.
cheap
cut
quality
is
if the
but
if collected
and
be
of this
the
that
grow,
be
banks,
cut
stacked
Where
is well
the
drained,
Turves
grapes.
little of the loose
as
All
the
to
have
we
the
Mix
scrapings.
heap,
of ;|-inch bones,
cwt.
bushel
plaster rubble, one
one
and
inexperienced
into
the
to
turf
After
should
means
do
the
the
one
is
now
be
as
walls, and
equally
practised
well
all well
of
importance
hands.
next
important question to
important advisedly, because
of the success
depends much
in
with
the
so
prepare
the
but
in
manner
of
and
autumn
both,
for
is
otherwise
or
it
protect
border
careful
the
on
been
has
to
soil is concerned
the
consider
soil
the
having
provided
as
of
together.
material
far
two
the
think
the
vine.
other
in
that
for
best.
answers
planting
good time
added
be
road
it sticks
succeeded
Planting.
summer
of
between
methods
two
are
growth.
in
arches
should
turf
that
of deep loam
and
produce excellent
bricks, mortar,
upon
that
this work
should
turf
required.
the
planting the
with
moist
so
until
rain
amateurs
must
8 inches
or
turves,
3 feet
turf
consists
will
the
pasture
the
aware
good
top of
of about
old
it will
makes
is built
barrow-load
properly mixed
There
or
months,
broken
impress
to
from
of
old
of
quicklime,
ought here
which
am
roadside
firm
planted.
from
assure
which
a
are
drainage
archways
the
good
the
space
be
possible loam
manured, it
large pieces 7
cartload
barrow-loads
to
into
in
the
in
was
vines
possible.
as
each
moist,
public
roads
vinery
well
soil
the
with
than
sandstone
to
the
built
border
cut
intact.
outside
of
edge
to
are
or
and
house,
wall,
when
turf
hasten
best
four
the
of
on
the
or
and
be
soil used
three
which
upon
if trenched
To
of
margins
for
together
should
attained
be
to
vines
chalk, lime,
is
success
are
the
left
the
be
possible,be
if
size, instead, as
the
higher
completed, a
consist
on
new
inside
border
pipes laid
I ought
soil.
the
space when
border
is to cover
inches
walls
limited
outside
will
border
should
resting
the
this),the
inside
the
suming
Pre-
of the
bottom
should,
chapter
border.
border
outside
On
the
the
to
of the
receive
to
of
wall
front
inches
soil in which
with
Soil.
for
borders
readers
demands
that
so
the
the
should
and
from
under
ready
the whole
filling
in forming the
ago, of
first step to take
The
planted.
is
pillars,
on
with
practice years
common
and
awray
subsoil
the
all
refer
formation
the
of all fruit-houses
wall
girdersplaced
iron
connected.
are
rubble,
with
that
of
nature
would
to
as
cleared
been
(if the
concrete
and
here
information
have
to
GARDEN
reiteration,I
avoid
glassfor
soil
old
the
covered
To
under
peach
FRUIT
By
this is
work
for
meant
is carried
winter
planting when
out
planting
when
is from
the
the
vine
the
vine
is dormant
is in leaf and
middle
of
full
October
O
to
Q
O
as
01
in
?-1
o
o
a.
THE
Christmas,
to
from
grown
for
purchased
the
and
will
never
be
benefit
and
growth
to
the
of
base
damage
vines
soon
roots
pots
warm
great
very liable
and
moist.
will
The
be
after
do
to
so
the
heavily until
the
The
back
to
one
By
pots.
be
of
plants
will
well
be
become
The
have
young
vines
is
an
to
from
July
are
to
say,
buds
two
or
the
observed
vines
vines
out.
roots
year's
border
that
backs,"
cut
young
to
planted
when
apparent.
Planting.
them
of
two
from
it.
4 inches
first
is the
week
in July,
must
should
vines
the
be
case
the
good watering
the
or
allow
"
in
care
disturbed
from
roots
must
next
in
are
receive
no
vines
the
on
will
the
about
cut
planting, the
turf
are
two
Protect
this
called
same
leave
reach
to
stem
plants a
the
to
not
Shade
time
for
are
all
leaving only
cane
to
attached.
each
those
Give
unduly
do
to
new
previous year,
on
again
grown
winter
care
soon
Treatment
around
are
completed
is
be
the
down,
it is safer
long enough
best
pots.
be
not
must
soil,which
the
when
but
the
of
there
November
the
about
until
roots
in which
vine
the
long.
from
Take
are
"
feet
form
should
vine
The
"
planting
as
water.
stake
the
hand
the
in
of
borders
to
ridge
sure
mencing
com-
made
soil should
loose
narrow
of
The
the
water.
bulk
shortened
with
soil
end
cut
to
will
suitable
advised
as
small
eyes
spring, and
them
roots
the
which
is
reallyenough,
most
or
this
by placing soot
from
removing
so
of
Planting.
following
the
do
the
the
be
the
roots.
in
in
Before
for
make
to
clean
should
deep
be
be
may
their pots,
from
unravelled.
the
root
vines
purpose
washed
planted
Place
that
Towards
trellis the
insects
also
and
inches
must
each
order
in
vine,
to
To
the
grown
be
is
one.
by
the
vines
one
bud
Summer
and
way
buds,
one
accident
will
the
given, and
water
the
lower
the
from
removed
be
with
6 inches.
about
this
preferable, and
recommended
contact
soil about
the
For
be
dipped
that
in
place
to
; place
depth of
of
than
coarse
uselesslysaturated.
pruned,
latter
the
as
3 feet
surface, some
the
less
necessary
the
to
not
should
They
roots, and
feet
or
covered
the
the
success.
inches
shillingseach.
soil
firm
made
be
being best.
previous spring are
the
border,
border
October
of
inserted
from
221
will
roots
the
month
"
eyes
few
soil shaken
The
is
the
"
VINE
in
the
canes
day before
laying out
in full
growth,
certainlysuffer.
watered
with
As
warm
in
dry, plants grown
be
kept
vinery should
hold
taken
should
be
of
the
new
encouraged
months
two
by keeping
vigorous growth during the next
before
the
house.
A
the
closing
atmosphere moist, by syringing copiously
little
moderate
of
be
air
amount
must
warm
bright mornings, a
given on
less fire heat
The
in the summer.
then
used
as
early as 6 a.m.
being admitted
of active
the vines will succeed.
the
better
season
growth
During the whole
in order
the
of the
be kept moderately moist
to
atmosphere
vinery should
this
condition
and
and
the
is
to
secure
healthy growth,
strong
encourage
way
by syringing the borders, walls, and paths of the house several times during the
to
make
course
vines
canes
and
rapid
of
are
the
10
and
day,
or
feet
12
pinched off
also
at
least
once
should
in
be
long they
side-shoots
(" laterals ")
the
evening.
stopped, that
will
then
When
is,the
form,
and
the
ends
young
of the
should
be
THE
222
FRUIT
GARDEN
until five
encouraged
and
then
be
summer's
must
growth
developed,
have
end
the
August
of
complete, and
to
ripen the
in order
October
When
buds.
By
vjfillbe
admitted
be
six leaves
or
stopped.
arrives
the
air
more
wood
and
ventilators
the
in favourable
weather
fully open
will
November
the
vines
and
and
night
day,
by
have
and
should
matured
their season's
growth,
should
be
left
be
complete
at
rest.
Distance
Apart
is necessary
require more
intended
than
space
early forcing
for
Hamburgh,
to
allow
will
for
be
Second
When
said
be
Old,
have
ing
Fruit-
for
Point
where
the
inserted
"eye"
been
having
vine
the
when
back
cut
rest,
at
from
grown
leaf ;
pinched at first_
cane
; (k) laterals
point as
stopped to one
(z/) sub-laterals
is stopped
near
produced ; the leader
base, according to
top (6 to 8 feet from
length desired) ; (jr) lateral
vigour and
leaves
from
extremity pinched to three
and
afterwards
to
leaf
one
produced ;
as
(y) point
to
three
laterals
buds
cutting
points where
cross
off
line
{d) point
close
back
of
in
to
stem
previous
laterals
indicates
planted
be
to
wire
lowest
above
is
cut
of
growth
end
of
the
are
renovation
early autumn
vine
borders
and
the
the
consequence,
also then
be
of year
and
and
must
in
mind
To
If
then
the
of
work
in
taken
be
vine
the
condition
in
should
time
the
out,
worn
indifferent
cleansing
new
first week
The
ist.
at
season
of the
commencement
early crops
May
vinery
and
forcing commenced.
It is the
may
I think
it
begins.
the
of
hand.
vines
too
and
for
vineries
from
insect
of
vine
when
the
when
vine
another
an
springs; (t)
previous
vines
fix the
to
of the
his
gardener naturallycasts
of
work.
important
year
the
to
borders
(s)
cultivation
of year
it
in
closed
Planting
or
mid-season
the
Planting
when
November
on
November
Pot
for
after
time
31st and
forward
Years
and
end
advantage
an
season
IN
Year
fix
to
to
October
Two
is space
enough
apart
speaking generally,4 feet
considering the
it is well
Vine
winter
are
distance
proper
closer
planted
and
those
feet
these, and
the
again,
late varieties.
and
is
varieties
some
be
may
mid-season
Foster's
Sweetwater
land
tion
Discrimina-
as
others, and
for
those
together than
supplies. Early vineries
Black
Plant.
to
in this matter,
shortening
wire
cane.
out,
; (z)
winter
been
have
lowest
of
cut
trellis
and
point
; (3)
off;
of trellis ;
pests.
Pruning.
vines
to
Supposing the young
first
the
satisfactory
during
progress
of
their
the canes
growth, by November
year
will be
feet
and
10
or
12
long,
ought to enjoy
It is acknowledged
a
long period of rest.
by
have
made
?GRAPE
EEINE
(AN
OLGA
IVALLS
EXCELLENT
OUTDOORS).
VARIETY
FOR
VINE
THE
all
cultivators
good
fallen
the
then
these
strong
4
three
buds
will
should
long.
at
pruning
of
the
to
within
shortened
advocate
time.
made
of
length
the vinery
from
its leaves
have
buds
three
after
pruned
their
previous year'sgrowth.
feet, and the strong
2
to
that
The
is
have
vines
be left of the
be
vine
the
sooner
any
back
cut
Some
left
the
Should
be
must
canes
feet
be
better.
only
say,
that
223
bases, that
The
canes
to
be
may
8 feet of
is covered
is
to
moderately
left
should
cane
with
fruit-bearing
less time
I admit, but the vines are
wood
in much
planted with the object of first
and
having regularlydistributed,well-developed fruit-spurs.
making strong canes
This
is difficult and
often
impossible with the long cane
pruning ; the buds at
others
refuse
the
base often
to
at
all,and
higher up only grow
weakly,
grow
producing, as a consequence,
badly developed and
irregularlyplaced spurs,
which
in turn
of the
Moreover, the main
stem
only produce small bunches.
after
in
vine
attains
this
of
never
strength
by pursuing
system
proper
years
and
forced
with
careful
vines, excepting early
as
pruning,
ones,
management
will produce
thirty to forty years, the importance of
heavy crops for from
Some
of the wood
off when
cut
making a good start will be apparent.
pruning
should
be
be
placed in the shade ; it may
saved, tied up in bundles, and
wanted
for propagating in spring.
of
the
the
pruning
vine,
Having completed
have
do is to wash
down
the house
the
to
next
thing we
glass,woodwork,
walls
and
and
hand
scrubbing brush.
a
thoroughly, using soft soap and water
border
should
Before
the vine
be covered
with
mats
over
beginning this work
and
After
loose
its
made
is
to
wet
straw
being
sticky.
or
cleaning over
prevent
surface
soil
inch
and
fresh.
the
about
with
A
an
deep
replace
remove
new
each
the
fastened
roof trellis.
stake should
be applied to
vine, and the same
to
be thrown
their full extent, and
After
this the vinery ventilators
must
to
open
the
vines
at
given the advantage of all air possible night and day while
rest,
roof
of
will
which
ventilators
early in
not
to
of
the
be
from
must
be
November
vine
When
frost.
the
should
precaution
hard
frost the
roots
outside
are
may
About
they
in the
water
Borders.
in
and
the
rest
comes
during
will
be
as
winter
when
as
frost
covered
keep
to
If
them.
over
hot-water
freeze, and
outside
an
outside.
midsummer,
have
to
for when
they
is
border
outside
the
of
border
to
an
end.
year
or
over
off
rain,
the
stems
from
protection
recommended,
a
the
in
pipes, or
thawing
takes
the
the
of
event
place
the
top-dressed,and
the
work
can
inside
it
winter
grapes
First-class
grapes
it is better
have
to
in
the
having
be
border
carried
being
two
out
done
is
not
be
can
both
sorts
with
one
of
paratively
com-
year
after.
two
Growth.
About
the
roots, the
the
to
at
all.
early forcing
an
advantage
doubt
renewing,
need
for
but
no
and
autumn,
border
inside
an
border,
There
Commencement
pruned,
empty
harm
not
hard
of
case
should
boards
or
covered
be
the
In
border
mats,
this will
open
pipes
little disturbance
and
straw,
better
are
to
For
absolutely necessary
borders,
frost,as
had
March.
outside
crack.
pipes
grown
inside
from
taken
of
The
night.
at
ventilators
be
end
the
dry leaves,
with
the
protect
until
now
closed
20th
We
the
the
suppose
cleaned.
vinery
March
is the
best
vines
to
young
In March
the
time
to
start
the
be
long
vines
THE
224
for
their
well
having
summer's
second
syringed
FRUIT
GARDEN
Close
growth.
the
vines
and
heat
reach
must
be
not
The
fortnight.
low, say 55
the
interior
the
temperature
of
of
upon
regularly,therefore
started
too
early or in
to
to
break
into
the
and
next
attached
be
simply
the
piece
growths
touch
may
active, and
heat,
used
be
to
temperature
shoots
young
touching
brought down
of premature
case
be
of
bud
the
The
trellis
the
to
the
are
should
matting
fastened
and
be
must
in
the
prevent
gradually
leave
to
either
on
be
their
prevent
they
apart
soon
When
them
to
to
to
vine.
the
careless
artificial
provide
must
form
to
latter.
will
ready
be
are
must
least
the
In
permitted
of
longer
one
tender,and
very
oiF.
Growth
break
them
grower
which
of the
accident
by
are
the
be
advisable
permanent
loss
and
not
must
ones
is,however,
be
not
temperature.
swell
inches
15
intervening
it
the
to
about
be
the
ofF;
taken
all
of
success
must
fruit-bearing spurs
should
side,
will
determine
must
permanent
These
vines
high
but
growth,
We
grow.
future
bursting strongly
young
buds
the
fortnight
the
buds
the
and
about
the
Much
degs.
depends
vine
house
the
mately
ulti-
glass;
trellis.
the
to
careful
requiresmore
formance
perolder the shoots
As they grow
than
this.
and
become
by the exercise of patience
stronger,
An
be
brought safelyto the trellis in time.
may
how
interesting point now
itself,
namely,
suggests
to
produce fruit ?
early should the vine be allowed
No
item
in
The
Vine
Young
First
in
After
Growth
young
pruned back
Year's
bunches
Planting
(e) Shoots
rubbed
oiF to
lowest
wire
of
these
before
(g)
fruit
may
extend
two
pinching, as
leader
stopped
on
leader
cut
or
three
space
or
three
i|
to
stopped
at
to
the
third
grapes,
feet long, may
some
Allowing
energy
luxuriance
of
to
produce
stronger
be
permitted
these
young
production
the
wood
which
may
the
of
each
size
of
will
usually produce
second
or
from
leaf,an
the
axils
d every
third
they
of
the
be
leaves
fruit
subsequent
shoot
at
the
second
of
shoots
opposite
leaves
This
these
from
instead
young
of grapes
after three more
below
two
carry
fruit diverts
to
of
stopped.
two
which
weigh
bunch
leaf,and
must
to
been
or
cane,
vines
The
growth.
a
has
one
should
leaves
permits;
; (/z) bunch
off.
issue
feet
and
lbs.
developed
sub-laterals
to
bunches
moderate
of
cane
of
left 4
was
culture
vine
will
must
leaf.
the
have
cause
also
be
VINE
THE
Summer
shoot
the
to
stopped,
on
Treatment.
trellis
advised
as
it grows,
as
in
when
and
sub-laterals
9
10
or
and
feet
the
secure
long
it
main
should
be
notes
This
will
shoots
be
soon
which
moisture
atmosphere
due
attention
directed
end
of
all
at
second
in
have
must
before
the
for
Watering,
and
ventilation,
the
must
advised
as
laterals.
other
cause
form,
to
treated
spur
as
Carefully stop
225
times,
the
at
the
year
filled
have
vine
will
young
the
roof with
healthy and
luxurious
strong
foliageand sturdy,
young
word
the
of caution
is
impress
to
tie them
will
the
whatever
or
for
"^
never
trellis
the
cause
"
the
first
when
tightly, for
secured
they are only
developed, and
further
swelling of
shoot
^is
V_
^-
neces-
upon
to
\_
vine,
be careful
beginner to
to
the
of
shoots
ence
refer-
down
tying
to
sary
With
canes.
is
partially
the
the
ting,
mat-
used
often
should
this
when
be
tying
remembered
is done.
Vine
The
the
Third
We
have
end
of the
growth,
work
will
and
for
Year.
now
the
the
or
less
year's
routine
of
third
necessarilybe
more
to
come
second
year
followed
the
on
lines
previously recommended.
be
must
pleted
comPruning
as
should
be
soon
as
cut
back
the
to
vines
two
on
Roof
Trellis
at
Third
Winter
Pruning
of pruning
stem
{k) Point
previous winter;
(/) points of second
pruning ; (m) points of third pruning, or current
year's winter
pruning ; {n) {o) bearing shoots
(that in preceding summer
each
bore
bunch
of grapes,
joints beyond
a
were
stopped two
leaf as
back
cut
to
fruit,and laterals pinched to each
made)
ing
bud, the object being to keep spurs close to rod ; (/) leadone
which
laterals have
been
on
pinched to one
growth or cane
cut
out
properly cut off ; (?) buds
joint as made, and shown
;
tion
(r) point of shortening cane, the dotted line indicates continuafrom
which
bearing
growth the following year ; (s)buds
when
shoots
at
issue, and
pruned,
ultimately form
spurs,
inches
distance
18
opposite sides of the vine, about
apart on
each
lost
have
buds
side.
one
their
leaves.
would
be
The
enough,
side
but
shoots
it is
(spurs)
preferable
226
leave
to
FRUIT
THE
until
two
weaker
the
should
bud
be
one
strong
should
each
the
pests
during
with
insecticide.
The
bunch
better
main
shoot
or
cane
always
may
back
cut
left
be
to
that
and
vine
young
will go
box
the
feet
2|
or
The
small
compound.
bud.
cane
long
Instructions
to
for this purpose
as
anything I know.
prepare
been
free
from
insect
Even
vines
have
if the
box.
young
useful
as
way;
it accompany
moderate
Gishurst's
with
washed
be
then
it is
off.
the
give
to
before, namely,
principle as advised
hard
back,
leaving
only a foot of
fairly
the
long
likely
same
cut
feet
cane
is
rubbed
be
the
on
must
which
see
then
must
shortened
be
weak
the
can
you
GARDEN
of
season
it is
growth,
When
and
is done
this work
precaution
wise
will
need
the
them
enlarged
washed
border
the
cleansed,
house
be
to
have
to
inside
both
and
out.
Enlarging
this is
do
to
way
which
and
additional
and
when
build
outside
border.
fresh
turf, the
old
would, however,
(with the
used
border,
the
walls
turf
Growths
from
HAS
from
Shoot
(a)
cluster
point
cutting
pruning
stem
of
shortening
bear,
level
the
water
vinery
will
the
through
as
the
to
care
and
enjoy
of
the
the
old
the
March,
the
care
If
any
sufficient
border
vine
same
far
round
they
when
rout
of
be
must
lously
scrupu-
in the
should
border
crops
be 3I feet and
the
grapes.
inside
With
one
the
the
it
work
the
where
stem,
from
most
again they
5 feet wide.
cut
make
to
place
ridge
original border extends,
the
about
fresh
new
be
started
are
will
are
of
want
into
have
to
soil
added,
This
will
the
water.
growth,
be
At the end
of the third
the roof
already described.
year
with
be nearly covered
the
wood,
bearing
returning
grower
valuable
these
fibreless
coarse,
that
should
soil
as
soil,and
new
of
number
carefully
planted, taking
they
the
to
old
replanted
bruised
suffer
ne
lopg,
roots
material
fair
soil
new
of,and
as
be
the
points
first
any
small
soil
the
was
are
with
as
border
often
rest, and
the
All
taken
roots.
add
where
long
vine
shorten
spur
of
stem
the
when
as
at
Then
penetrate
roots
20th
of
will
injury.
to
important
vines
towards
(()
pruning.
wmter
at
clay round
compel
most
and
loam
new
vines,
until
the
in
placed
be
the
away
reached
are
should
; (x)
spur
allowed
old, top-dress
the
or
not
roots
soil.
with
of soil
of
shoot
buds
two
to
beyond
back
The
(zo)base
to
be
forked
fruit,but
leave
shoot
point
to
of
to
bearing
away
in order
to
Iceep
near
lowest
from
bunch
of
of
roots
loam
procure
be
originally.
new
this
placing
the
should
bearing
bud
desirable
not
of
winter
to
showing
Buds
{v) shoot
Winter
in
Two
uppermost
and
small
that
to
of grapes
also
bud
Spur
Pruned
BEEN
about
to
will
ingredients)in enlarging
results unquestionably
better
Before
follow.
that
prefer
other
as
inside
the
to
If it is difficult
enriched
useful when
by fresh
very
recommended
the other material
I
were
turf,giving
feet both
best
turf walls
borders
the
of fresh
others
of
space
The
the
pull down
to
built
were
formed,
Border.
the
gone
of the
some
hand-
outside
border
suffice,with
annual
the
THE
top-dressings,until
both
inside
after
should
and
make
Before
the
would
border
the
of
manure
the
is of vital
drained
started
week
or
before
buds
flower,
this I
of
the
be
into
from
the
given.
The
before
this
mean
time
however,
is closed
house
the
border,
watering
berries
the
of
the
must
March,
diluted
the
water
three
to
be
not
should
receive
May)
receive
water
manure
until
days or
bearing in
liquidmanure
ten
fertiliser.
the
all
for
{y)
crop
soon
as
ripe, it
Shoot
February
taken
ofF
of
the
is
frost
the
sun
the
as
berries
is safe
to
say
and
that
air
seen
harm
follow
the
use
will
in
two
not
buds.
beginning
soaking
of
the
covering
May the border
quickly dry, and
This
one.
From
formed.
again
must
this time
(say
given every
with
each
watering, always
If farmyard
in strong
doses.
water
varied
fortnight,and the manure
artificial
mind
not
to
manure
apply
is to be had, I would
always use this
never
to
away
has
Afterwards
inside
have
good
cut
that
the
or
a
Early
over.
I have
and
stableyard given.
of
fruit
borne
has
that
of
end
be
frequently
as
is
the
the
Pruned
Pkopeely
the
should
danger
influence
as
we
the
to
covered
towards
from
the
water
that
before
being
covering
until
forgotten
by
gallons
extend
roots
say
water
manure
be
help
into
nothing gained by
border
again until the
outside
replaced
being exposed to
must
crops,
and
is
swelling,
when
is full
the
must
come
guano
before
There
are
organic
(with
stableyard,and
next
watering
winter.
loam
border
the
carrying heavy
Spur
outside
or
than
top-dressed.
again until the
growth, when
of guano
If
water.
warm
better
nothing
and
artificial
of
use
water
is closed
vines
the
weak
handful
if
been
burst
to
given
This
all
early
clear
house
watered
be
not
and
years
8 feet inside.
be
of
November
warm
have
water
be
must
of
soaking
should
warmed,
the
when,
never
borders
of
ist
before
manure
added
two
had
been
then
progress
poor,
that in the composition of the
is
growth
should
The
dry.
about
are
weak
active
border
borders
need
They
be
border
importance.
the
on
so
the
the
if their
recommending
in
are
vine
thorough
should
more
and
meet
observed
dealing with
well
outside
In
Watering.
so
at
vines
be
There
necessary.
first mentioned)
not
are
hand,
other
It will
from
material
and
the
; on
refrained
additional
roots
feet wide
say
to
suffice.
These
of
complete,
much
too
have
manures.
feet
2
year, when
last enlargement of
and
next
had
be
fifth
the
soil would
new
of the
227
I consider
roots
not
less
are
it
I leave
vine
end
The
out.
of border
extent
the
VINE
of
twice
even
should
as
an
often
be
as
overdose
an
artificial
of
this,as
THE
22"
I often
have
in the
receive
not
be
such
allowed
When
all
at
should
immediately
the
borders
nourish
vine
the
exhaustion
after
required in
intervals.
of
vines
grown
year.
while
the
beneficial,and
strongly
should
water
are
The
Young
from
cut
Two
down
much
as
to
Buds
of the
season
any
the borders
in winter
least
At
this
one
highly
Farmyard
is
season
in stronger
Atmosphere.
the
time
solution
than
the
During
is closed
the
is absorbed
what
by
derived
sustenance
through
its
by
vine's
until
vinery
black
and
must
nearly ripe, moisture
leaf surface,
vine, with its immense
the
sustained
the
by
as
in
from
growth,
Vine
and
at
at
used, and
be
crop
will be
water
recommended.
be
to
;
to
application.
summer
Moisture
Growth
borders
the
cut
for
practicallydormant.
irrigation of
never
are
less frequent
at
ing
guidance in watervinery apply equally to
made
regards watering
as
are
must
grapes
rest,
at
are
early forced
started
glasswhen
word
must
liquidmanure
ripening a heavy
and
of the
vines
thorough
with
here
vines
border
watered
quantitiesonly,
under
One
the
until the
vines
the
remarks
border
berries
until
ripe,the
are
only
developing
moderate
The
the
manure
be well
Thence,
of fruit.
for
clear water
Give
dry.
the
grapes
before, nevertheless
copious w^ateringsas
afterwards
the
GARDEN
latter.
of the
case
become
to
FRUIT
be provided.
is almost
leaves
the
A
roots.
the
moist
free from
insect
also helps to keep the
vines
thrip, and red
dry arid atmosphere encourages
form
to
vigorous
of
spider particularly. The
providing moisture
ways
several.
this
is
the
One
are
by using
syringe, and
fixed
is perhaps the
best.
Others
the
hotare
by having troughs
upon
force
indiarubber
water
pipes, or by attaching an
a
pipe to the tap where
of water
latter is an
economical
This
and
an
method,
already exists.
easy
but during winter
and
cold as
is naturally so
spring the water
lower
the
At
when
of
the
house
that
to
applied.
temperature
it is best to
the
season
use
troughs on the pipes, and syringe
{i) Growth
rubbed
atmosphere
off;
retained
(/) growth
pests.
cane.
JL
with
course,
much
water.
warm
but
used,
be
is used
water
with
watering-can
fine
rose
of
may,
the
at
too
by
Cane
Young
DOWN
of the
wetting
constant
Syringing
until
the
Vines.
the
buds
soil.
have
burst
into
the
time
the
the
growth,
vinery
vines
is closed
should
be
Sometimes
when
moistened
with
the
moisture
from
with
rain
water
lime
is
syringe
foliageshould
the
attacked
the
used,
the
several
times
no
great
berries
harm
will
be
to
so
depend
must
it in
spotted
health.
be
fruit will
the
and
wards
After-
day.
it
syringed ;
the atmosphere
to
keep
spider or thrip, they must
red
is used
be
not
cut
Two
Buds
From
TO
then
practised
vine
is weak.
upon
When
well
result,but
disfigured as
the
vines
are
syringed ; and if
if water
containing
to
be
useless
for
dessert.
Temperatures
and
Ventilation.
table
of
approximate
temperatures
a?
t)
CO
THE
for
capricious.
chief
VINE
and
need
229
inexperienced
not
when
growth
is
given
said.
The
is young
and
be
now
the
at
greatest
tender,
avoid
and
end
and
of
this
is needed
care
the
therefore
weather
front
draughts,
cold
must
sparingly opened (if at all)during
weather, and
especiallyif east winds
prevail. Generally speaking, the heat in the pipes can
reduced
be soon
of the
Air
valves, if sunshine
by means
suddenly occurs.
in sufficient quantity can
be admitted
the
ventilators
to
keep the
through
top
ventilators
air
admit
within
the
is reached
order,
declines, until
should
registermore
than
his
80
and
in
the
as
front
the
and
weather
the
the
without
vinery
amount
the
as
method,
of the
power
the
intervals
at
same
causing
warmer,
always gradually;
The
p.m.
afternoon
the
becomes
but
top,
increase
to
noon
out
close
to
in
sun
thermometer
to
85 degs.
or
It
will
successional
until
started
are
from
carried
Crops.
for
vines
day they
be
it is safe
SuccEssioNAL
start
Afterwards,
maximum
reverse
limits.
proper
be
may
little
until
to
be
temperature
more
point
is
the
to
as
grower
in mind
will bear
if he
crops
fruit
the
the
help
is
ripe,
six
months
time
proper
that,
from
to
the
For
usually elapse.
of November,
should
the ist
produce ripe
early vinery, started on
end of April. Started
the
should
be ripe
ist
December,
on
they
grapes
Of
the end
of May, and
the
harder
at
season.
so
on
hy
through
forcing
course,
it is possibleto
in which
shorten
the
be produced, but this
season
can
grapes
It is always better
would
allow
be at the
of the health
of the vine.
to
expense
instance, an
the
at
for
period
The
to
is
of
ripen depends
bunches
vine
with
ought to be
variety of
single stem
of
the
allowed
the
bunches,
weight
grape,
If the
bunches
quality is the desideratum, "c.
average
be
would
varieties.
or
2^ lbs. each, eight or ten
quite enough for most
allowed.
If it
in proportion might
be
the
bunches
are
smaller, more
from
twelve
the
of
then
of
and
to
not
a
weight,
highest quality,
question
whether
If
of six months.
number
upon
quantity
fifteen
bunches
to
or
left of
be
may
System.
Extension
growth
the
most
natural
under
artificial
plan
lb.
this
By
several
stem,
one
i^
or
each
so
it is
but
to
detriment
the
to
vine.
of
instead
method,
allowed
are
without
vine's
restricting the
This, no
doubt,
grow.
always conveniently
is
carried
the
adopt,
several varieties
is limited, and
conditions, especiallywhere
space
will succeed
I am
wanted.
of opinion that the vine
better,live longer in
are
extension
the
on
produce better crops when
good health, and
system
grown
confined
when
than
practice
two
rods
to
one
stemmed
vine
method
shoot
close
of
Of
vine
in
may
"c.
Lodge,
vines
at
the
Should
ones,
base, and
This
will
by.
pruning, "c.,
the
encourage
take
will
be
number
of
their
vines
three
the
The
years.
common
extend,
to
still further
to
out
is
to
extend
have
the
Court,
singleis very
simple : he has only to
process
take
the
and
it to grow
place of the
and
the
four
to
accomplish,
or
years
for newly planted vines
advised
same
as
fill the
time
allow
if it is desired
course,
double
into
who
growers
not
for
single stem
best
stem.
one
Cumberland
to
the
among
branches,
select
to
largestvinery, as
cultivator
wish
to
at
Hampton
convert
his
As
the
young
make
to
away
the
during
system
can
them
twice
following
of
FRUIT
THE
30
it supplants must
gradually be cut
plan no loss of fruit will be sustained
Or
the
of converting the
one.
single vine into a double
process
time
of
the
at
be carried
in
out
planting,by having
simpler way
a
for single-stemmed vines, and
the
far apart
recommended
as
as
quickly
heavily for
TO
the
bring
back
be
may
and
the
at
bear
out
through-
reinvigorate
patient, and
to
and
will
succumbing.
draw
to
how
long-sulFeringand
is
vines
of
more
will
if desired.
above,
thousands
know
to
instead
singlerod
stated
as
are
loss
vine
before
first
^There
as
each
is filled
roof
the
as
grown
doubled,
be
The
vine
from
shoots
two
preferred,
attention
to
few
of
the
which
causes
the death
one
frequently conspire to bring about, not
(it is very seldom
vines.
dead
condition
of
amateurs'
but
the
a
vine),
unsatisfactory
many
the border
fault ; it is badly drained, the soil is exhausted, or
the
is at
the
have
entered
unwholesome
soil
border.
A
mistake
monly
combeyond
may
of leaving too
made
in the management
of the branches
is that
many
most
sees
Often
roots
the
on
spurs
foliagein
vine
summer.
the
issue
third
As
the
of
must
axils
be
should
be
stopped
leaves
the
rule, sub-laterals
at
foot
the
The
afterwards
should
spur;
shoot
summer
leaf,
sixth
each
between
allowed.
of
overcrowding
consequent
less than
never
be
of
with
pruning,
inches
15
should
spur
from
leaf.
time
healthy vines
issuing from
which
the
at
There
and
strong
on
be
to
are
health.
well
is
Vines.
owners
ill-treatment
much
It
train
commences
Old
to
vine
this
afterwards
can
whose
country
endure
growth
first
years, and
Renovate
them
the
progress,
By following
plan
fruit-bearingwood,
with
How
makes
cane
room.
year when
think
the
one.
GARDEN
and
be
laterals
the
stopped
the
at
allowed
and
to
wild,
run
by the amateur
The
indiscriminatelyduring the season.
vine
has
chance
of perfecting its main
leaves
no
or
properly developing its
fruit buds
under
these
conditions.
Another
trouble
is
of
frequent source
the
with
collection
of
of them
crowding
a
vinery
medley
plants,.many
probably
infested
with
noxious
I see
in preserving a few
harm
no
bedding plants
pests.
in the spring in the vinery if there
through the winter, and propagating them
is no
other
It is when
place available, as they are
usually free from insects.
is
made
mixed
collection
in
to
of
an
the vinery more
a
plants
attempt
grow
perhaps
or
as
the
to
This
give
to
remedies
when
and
be,
may
your
Pull
them
"
which
would
compromise
plants, that
You
do
fill the
to
as
burn
up,
not
always want
vinery with
the
to
rejuvenate
and
is made
his
cause
between
results
bad
gardener
one
ill-conditioned
information
some
the
ask
may
bring
to
is all very
well.
least four
at
years
takes
opinion
the
into
health
and
them,
and
plant
young
be
grapes.
of the
permanently
Now
the
to
as
vines
to
ditions
con-
follow.
best
fertility,
ones."
replanting vines
Better
advice
failure,and
re-establish
point
the
it
would
health
out
of
vines.
The
and
adopt
reply
and
vine
You
remedies.
to
his
the
to
are
twice
or
round,
year
favourable
and
the
once
remedy
be
removed
are
first
outside
following
thing
border,
year.
To
do
to
then
do
is
to
examine
this
examine
the
the
one
effectually
dig
roots.
Should
inside
first,and
trench
feet
there
that
be
an
outside
inside
the
GRAPE
APPLEY
TOWERS.
GRAPE
MUSCAT
OF
ALEXANDRIA.
THE
reach
to
the
drainage, and
safety'ssake,
for
necessary
trench
should
vine
border.
vine
be
carted
Then
with
and
stem,
taking
is within
one
will
roots
18
be
then
away,
exposed
make
roots
the
loose
the
leave
cut
back
on
root
the
met
stem
of
soil that
over
covered
turf
about
border
the
proceed
until
good
be
many
taken
the
Presuming
the
border
the
as
for the
towards
feet from
this
proceeding,
straw.
or
for
used
is
is
as
of
out
should
work
for about
high
as
where
removed
mats
turf
wall
3 feet
should
vine,
this
damp
with
vines
be
This
the
While
with
the
taken
soil,
working
the
have
we
of
again
account
no
away
with.
effective.
covered
will
must
every
feet of
and
satisfactory
edge of this build
This
or
graduallydraw
drainage
be
231
from
the
stems
away
8 feet.
The
material
it
as
be
the
on
finished.
All
must
drainage to
wall,
found.
or
say
of
care
inches
far
as
away,
a fork
VINE
the
will
in which
be
front
when
a
new
lay out
long, bare roots, then carefullycomplete the
work
advised
in the notes
best time
do this is towards
as
to
on
planting. The
the end of October, but it may
be safelyundertaken
until the end of January.
I would
recommend
that the vinery be kept cool until the vines start
naturally
first week
into growth,
in April.
the
Disturbing the roots
cause
say
may
the young
leaves
to
be given for a time.
droop slightly; if so, shade
must
little fire heat
As
should
be used
as
possible. Syringe the vines frequently
buds
the
during the day, and in the evening as well ; this will encourage
the
burst.
A
will
result
if
to
is
and
moist
atmosphere
warm
healthy growth
It often
and
the house
happens that the spurs and fruit
carefullyventilated.
buds
the
of vines
of health
have
become
stems
out
on
irregular,weak, and
When
this is the case
it is necessary
select a strong growth
to
partly withered.
the base of the vine as
it to
into a long
as
near
possibleand encourage
grow
will
that by repeated pruning back
it
in the course
of three
four
so
or
cane,
the
the
Towards
take
the
of
end
of
worn-out
stem.
old,
place
May
years
the
will
roots
new
many
a
First
roots.
top-dressinghalf
(one-fourth to
the
to
the
same
bearing
vine
Where
no
there
be added
filled with
by adopting
the
to
the
two
are
with
into
roots
be
only
fresh
to
not
draw
to
borders
soil
as
to
must
as
vines
seen
whether
be
carried
soil
quite
These
space
brought from
a
so
outside
out,
only
near
the
reduced
new
already provided
the
in
fertility
advantage
in exactly
treated
border
one
give
immense
be
the
away
deal with.
soon
of
must
treatment
same
frequently
perfect health and
method
be
soil,then
new
with
will
outside
happens
I have
roots.
condition
there
the
the
manure,
This
manure).
into
way
fresh horse
of
it is advisable
that
when
as
of
difference
their
making
thick
following year
in mind
can
found
inch
an
The
way.
makes
stem
borders
any
three-fourths
vine.
inside
or
be
to
most
comparatively
is
factory
unsatisshort
time
described.
above
PROPAGATION
By
is
one
is
to
Seeds.
by
raise
ordinary
means
a
new
purposes,
There
of
are
seeds,
variety.
and,
various
but
this
be
the vine may
in which
ways
when
is rarely resorted
to
except
It would
moreover,
take
one
too
could
long
not
to
be
raise vines
sure
of
the
propagated :
the object
in this way
for
variety being
true
to
Sow
name.
week
in
them
with
March
seed
the
the
put
of,
and
decide.
7-inch
the
the
end
of
season,
of
more
the
the
air and
by
is
young
winter
pot
should
be
frost
on
will
Another
2-inch
pot.
these,
tied
by being
shoot
be
may
the
resorted
to, but
By
side
is
with
it
It
where
structure
bud
the
end
from
As
high,
composed
with
most
6-inch
old
makes
the
soon
the
it
must
of
tough
the
potful
mortar
an
cut
as
of
time.
of
rubble
excellent
into
and
it
in
remain
the
The
in
future
be
either
and
January
the
for the
August,
to
may
buds
two
cane
of
soil.
the
weather
wet
the
for
admission
the
by
tion
posi-
towards
do
of
course
the
and
seedling vine,
in
is
"
Secure
grow,
base of the
vine
young
be shifted
fibrous
loose
bone
shoot,
into
the
compost
to
the
for
its pot
7-inch
pulled
sifted
dust,
broken
the
filling
out
it.
of
same
size
of
out
It should
be
or
pot
roots,
the
quickhme,
root
for
and
formation.
of
of
an
the
long
before
from
each
issue
short
and
is
this
a
soil.
the
convenient
be
not
long,
an
pressing
size of
when
inch
i^
time.
inches
10
or
potting a soil
pigeon's egg,
barrow-load
piece
other
within
usually
one
a
turfy loam,
well
will
roots
pot, using
To
often
not
about
some
with
marbles
encouraging
of
It will
pieces
into
of
the
gradually,
is
only
Cut
depth
time
same
filled
has
loam
soil
the
at
the
firmlyby
the
propagating house,
plenty of heat and moisture.
and
done
pot filledwith
3-inch
soil.
the
to
away
in
and
centre.
position
then
roots,
be
full of
its
useful.
eyes."
or
of
spur
the
As
when
propagation
found
propagation,
cut
the
of
the
to
growth.
must
away
mode
buds
downwards
above
cutting
the
full
be
soon
of
in
into
turf
turf, which
must,
soil,and supported in
of
bud
of
piece
break
to
it is often
bud
tie
to
the
will
The
This
means
to
commences
and
foot
there
vine.
the
bud
is
is about
it
pot
the
at
good
side
cut
to
advised
as
filled with
by
underneath
Insert
inch.
of
strong
vine
roots
of emergency
method
best
England,
vine
cut
or
as
emit
from
cases
may
into
ceased
has
During
desires
grower
back
make
pot
trellis. The
The
in
of the
the
and
in
bud
6-inch
little
spur
Buds.
practised
shoot
it will
severed
severing
repotted
it will
as
assisted
saturation
the
propagating the
the
the
to
get
following.
underneath
expands
placed in a
be
be
growth
desirable.
temperature
same
of
shoot
young
It will
to
cultivator
the
temperature
be
grown,
large enough
harden,
to
cover
have
middle
the
until, towards
position out-of-doors, there
prevent
shaped as
during winter,
method
immediately
to
seeds
as
same
must
sunny
shelter
make
be
must
in the
if grown
bear fruit the year
season
rains
two
it should
that
This
its side
border
in
the
to
indication
an
pot
high
begins
temperature
placed
laid
is
cooler
and
seedling
planted in
repotted in
this
it
return
commenced.
maturation
another
soil,and
it is
as
inches
shoot
If the
first
pot, the
not
be
then
soon
as
in
12
or
When
until
the
lo
glass.
summer,
pot
planted
seedling is
potting
vine
of
the
firm
the
and
of
After
pot.
near
glass should
sturdy growth.
in
the
water
it will
good
are
The
or
away
the
seeds
seeds
two
house,
warm
If the
thrown
When
in
pots
of
pots, placing
small
in
a
piece
glass.
above
seedlingsshow
ground.
the glassto encourage
plants near
be taken
out
one
seedling must
hold
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
232
of
about
well
When
this
peck
mixed
add
of
this
repotted
accomplished.
One
until
the
have
buds
of the
if the
be
FRUIT
THE
234
parts
back
in
increases
make
the
grafted,
for it
in
size,so
two
three
or
bottle
longer
no
the
must
its
to
in the
is
water
vine
the
years
in
winter
At
the
be
must
water
As
use.
the
must
time
cut
be
variety will
take
of
away
shoot
grafted
discarded
be
to
new
in
strength.
of
of
of the season,
course
which
cut
away
the
to
place of
old.
Inarching
green
In
this
be
and
strength
room
the
and
grow,
long growth,
inserted
shoot
as
to
make
longer according
or
part of the
where
to
inches
in
allowed
be
the
hardened
should
successful,it will
I2
that
pruning,
close
to
is
that
sure
become
grafted shoot
grafting
cut
be
cannot
GARDEN
is of
shoots
are
the
case
in
grown
as
the
near
soon
be
of
base
the
planted
fruit
obtain
in the
out
stem
value
the
VINE
The
cultivation
country
weighing
When
the
border
of
of the
many
from
had
be
can
time
same
forced
pot
much
has
after
roots
and
the
preserve
harder,
and
the
placed
are
in
grown
but
the
grapes
for the
are
health
early
would
be
filled
their
this
of
grapes
small
in
pot.
narrow
and
as
way
ripe, and
production
sides
are
for
vines
permanent
so
be
must
early
of
but
early grapes,
early vines
be
can
pot vines
eiccellent
obtain
ripe
bottom
the
border,
and
vines
pot
consequently
pots
be
can
only
vigour
years.
through the
valuable
not
were
the
after
most
we
vine
new
POTS
enter
can
use
if the
two
on
a
pot vine, and
grown
in the
bud
is inserted
the
forced
is
should
been
every
grown
be
vine
its aid
Without
longer period.
pots
further
no
by forcing. By
grapes
the
at
IN
can
the
which
of
The
away.
so
each,
bottle-grafting.
discarded
that
whereas
least take
at
of
be
to
year
a
good grapes
crop
permanently planted in
vines
as
in
unduly
heavy
as
on
next
months
not
are
soil into
rich
are
lbs.
vine
two
shoot
vine
has
produced
a
young
similar
shoot
of
the
other
upon
green
excellent
of
is an
possible. This
as
way
shoot
of a
new
as
by inarching a
grape,
CULTURE
the
eighteen
vines
exhausted
thrown
to
in
pots,
produced
of
thousands
for
it would
ordinary way,
for
when
summer,
the
as
grafted
expeditiouslythe
finding out
it is possible to
to
in
out
directed
as
way
substitute
same
wishes
one
and
pot,
it should
the
is carried
but
nature,
in
variety
large enough,
vine, as
similar
united
much
would
be
The
more
quickly.
carrying a crop of ripe fruit,with its richly tinted foliageof crimson
Instructions
and
for decoration.
for the
gold, is excellent
propagation of the
the subject. We
will suppose
the
on
given in the general notes
pot vine are
have
been
into
to
plants
potted
7-inch pots.
young
out
worn
pot vine,
As
be
soon
into
repotted
holes
broken
at
the
sides
crocks
soil should
the
as
be
an
as
vines
have
12-inch
as
well
inch
again
pots.
as
in the
with
The
pots
base.
The
must
pots
be
drainage
with
roots
clean,
should
over
and
should
consist
the
lumps
of
should
they
have
of
clean
The
holes.
turf
may
be
ft;
GRAPE
ALICANTE.
VINE
THE
rather
larger, and
added.
to
half
It is better
the
run
them
risk
to
of
elsewhere.
gallon
the
repot
All
the
:|-inch bones
of
vines
the
damaging
235
in the
house
foliageand
vines
that
to
they
where
soil
be
may
than
growing
are
their
growth by taking
be
7-inch pots will not
checking
into
potted
were
of
barrow
of the
be made
must
fruitingpots, so a
It is useless
first year ; only the
the
trying to fruit weakly ones
strongest.
I have
seen
so
vigorous will give a good crop of fruit the following season.
hesitate
I
that
much
harm
result from
artificial
the
of
manures
injudicioususe
recommend
and
their use
to
especiallyso in
quantities,
except in very moderate
the
of the pot vine.
The
case
object of the cultivator should be to provide a
afterwards
soil that will best
Artificial
stimulants
root
can
growth.
encourage
be applied safelyin a liquidform.
large enough
to
put
In
into
of
the
an
ordinary melon
be
stopped
pot.
season's
leaf.
roots,
and
they
given
will
water
more
best
which
at
Where
it
to
beneficial
small
and
be
to
is fresh
by
quantity
weak
deer
had
sheep
or
the
well,
gone
and
the
wash
vines
Towards
it in.
will
be
well
can
fastened
be
They
much
ashes, so
will
water
be
probable,they
and
there
expose
strong
still it
to
still be
must
the
better, the
necessary.
should
be
until
remain
years
of
is the
this
the
to
the
used.
be
may
manure
summer,
and
developed
manure
spread
provided all
wood
will
be
air
more
case
has
hard,
be
must
to
frost.
old,
that
To
a
to
to
start
grow
of
crop
The
have
and
fallen
more
and
end
the
towards
the
cooler
be
leaves
the
removed
wanted
until
will
roots
After
enough to produce
is quite possible.
really two
is
it
of
vines,
the
canes
position out-of-doors,where
about.
their
being blown
improvised trellis to prevent
some
carefullylooked after as regards watering, and if plunged in
the
pots
end
the
When
growth having practicallyceased.
and
cooler
maintained
a
given
temperature
and sheltered
August, are placed in a warm
of
change of manure
that
days, taking care
for
surface
tank
substituted,
be
occasional
for a few
water
instance, weak
;
guano
well
artificial
reliable
other
dissolved,and, again, some
in the water
before
prefer to mix
using rather than
on
be
convenient
in
bag
must
manure
cow
days
should
most
the
one
second
warm
very
the
and
of
pots with
water
bag, sinking
An
soot.
some
on
it should
the
at
fill their
soon
manure
manure,
placing it in
of
will
they
roots, indeed,
day,
watering.
it is
prepare
this is not
the
than
potted
pot vine
rim
the
long
feet
for
When
below
stopped
be
come
once
when
is 8
vine
should
they
good health
other
every
stimulant
I consider
to
form
twice
pot
the
at
most
it firm.
inch
an
the
of
may
vine
practical purposes
as
in
are
for the
When
for all
few
make
less than
be
found
house.
least with
adding
is
need
soil is added
the
be
shoots
vines
As
place can
long enough
the
possible. A
that they
little,
so
as
soil should
cucumber
require watering
at
water.
out
surface
Lateral
If
will
The
form
or
this is
the
little
as
soil.
new
better
growth.
third
or
No
roots
drawn
be
the
completed
is
potting
the
must
with
contact
in the
disturb
potting
prominent roots
selection
and
moist
winterly
less
is
weather
cool
other
structure,
lightshed or some
not
to
into
care
again,
taking
growth
a
fruit
from
vine
pot
the
of
majority
is, they are
grown
following
pot
in
vines
bud
year
offered
7-inch pots
in
season
one
is
for
the
not
sale
easy,
are
first year,
236
FRUIT
THE
back
to
year,
when,
cut
close
bud
one
as
the
to
rule, they
GARDEN
ground
make
and
on
grown
useful
canes
strong
ing
follow-
again
the
the
end
by
of
the
season.
VARIETIES
GRAPES
OF
Black
Black
Hamburgh.
so
often
alter
the
and
different
Mill
the
of
appearance
and
shown
conditions
distinct
several
are
receive
to
are
different
There
sufficientlyso
Frankenthal
Hamburgh,
three
Hill
that
grapes
Soils
if these
it would
and
at
grape,
Black
Hamburgh,
the
are
Hamburgh.
this
of
varieties
These
names.
conditions
and
varieties
three
difficult
were
of
least
the
growth
under
grown
recognise any
one.
is the old Hampton
all three
excellent.
The
Black
Court
true
However,
are
Hamburgh
The
bunches
vine.
and
berries
this veteran
tree
on
are
small, it is true, but
produced
of flavour
for richness
other
I have
and
sweetness
tasted.
they surpass
Hamburgh
any
This
the other
two.
as
variety is not so large in berry or so heavy in bunch
Frankenthal
Hamburgh.
Is distinguished by its noble-looking bunches, immense
their
dense
black
bloom.
It is vigorous, and
berries, and
regularly bears
heavy crops.
Dr.
gives the following description of the berries : " Roundish, frequently oblate,
Hogg
hammered
and
scarred
sometimes
thick, adhering to the flesh ; deep black
purple ;
; skin
flesh
often
cell round
the
forming a hollow
firm, and
seeds, juicy, sugary,
sprightly, and
is an
excellent
This
richly flavoured."
description of the variety, as I can
testify from
the true
Frankenthal
is grown.
experience of it at Chatsworth, where
my
together
be
to
Mill
Hamburgh.
Hill
it is the
respects
some
Chatsworth
At
of the
best
three.
the
form
true
rich flavour
For
of
this also
of
one
the
had
or
easiest
had
be
may
in
in size of
well
so
ripe
condition
good
Madresfield
merit.
It
day.
be
would
it is
finished
raised
tapering,
is intense
them
grow
ideal
the
April, and
grape
by retarding
for
amateurs.
the
growth
of
dessert
autumn
It is also
later
forcing
vines
it may
it
be
Christmas.
As
black
this unquestionably
in point of
a
next
comes
grape
the
When
well
above.
and
place it before
properly
grown
handsome, and certainly one of the best exhibition varieties of the
Court
Madresfield
is said
by the then gardener, Mr. Cox, and
to
at
"
between
and
of
and
Hamburgh.
By hard
even
extremely
was
cross
long
at
Court.
Some
to
grapes
the end
at
In
grown.
bunch
it is as
berry and
large as the
The
develop so dense a bloom.
foliage of this
For
by its large size and
generally drooping appearance.
summer
there
is no
black
taking it in all respects, to equal Black
grape,
Hamburgh
colour
was
it is almost
Muscat
the
and
"
Alexandria
of
berries
large
and
and
"
oval, and
Black
Morocco."
when
The
bunches
perfection
to
grown
the
are
bloom
beautiful.
As
the bunches
a rule
two
to four
weigh from
pounds
greenish, rich, juicy, and distinctly Muscat
flavoured.
It is
find a difficultyin overcoming
the tendency
the berries
an
easily grown
yet many
grape,
of cracking when
almost
have
I have
not
fully developed.
experienced difficultyin this
I believe,
of well
myself, in consequence,
cropping the vines and
respect
or
having more
less air on
the house
night and day just before the grapes
colour, with a little heat in the
It is a summer
and
and
for winter
not
autumn
recommended
and
pipes.
spring.
grape,
Muscat
Hamburgh.
For
of flavour
this variety is unsurhigh quality and richness
passed,
and
when
of the most
handsome
black
to perfection one
for
Grand
grown
grapes.
it will always
maximum
well
shown.
It is,however,
exhibition, where
points when
carry
difficult to grow,
and
is therefore
It should
be
only sparingly cultivated.
grafted on the
Black
Muscat
of Alexandria.
or
Hamburgh
upon
each.
is tender,
flesh
The
Gros
grape,
Guillaume.
not
varieties
must
be
so
that
left
recommended;
commonly
will
6
not
or
the
misnamed
Often
or
succeed
inches
bunches
grown
under
the
long, with
are
often
This
Barbarossa.
well
so
as
it used
to
close-pruning
several
2
feet
buds.
long
be
system
The
and
is
years
extension
18
well-known,
ago.
; when
inches
It is
handsome
one
pruning,
system
across
of
the
of
the
those
shoots
culture
shoulders.
is
"?'
a:
GRAPE
GROS
COLMAR.
THE
238
provided
be
vines
the
with
hot-water
more
in
are
FRUIT
in
flower,
GARDEN
is usual
pipes than
order
to
for
good
secure
ordinary
of
set
fruit
grapes,
for
rather
high
when
perature
tem-
value
be
able
to
to
Again, during ripening it is of great
the
Without
this help and
heat
with
give increased
plenty of air.
precaution of not
the
results.
Immense
best
it is impossible
to
quantities of this
overcropping,
secure
from
the end
of June
for the
London
to the
are
market, and it is in season
grape
grown
The
vine is rather
of March.
It commands
the
middle
highest price in the market.
is its greatest
and
This
therefore
precaution must
subject to red spider.
enemy,
every
its appearance.
be
taken
When
have
to
possible it should
a
vinery to itself.
prevent
There
other
and
excellent
Muscats:
and
the
distinct
is Bowood
two
are
one
golden
Canon
Hall.
The
above
remarks
will apply
other
as
regards culture
equally to the
of these
two.
requirements
is
advantage.
an
is
Muscat
Bowood
The
berries
stronger
slightly larger
are
is hardier
and
grower,
rounder
and
in
than
shape, but
of Alexandria.
Muscat
is
flavour
the
not
rich
so
or
sweet.
Hall.
Canon
and
rather
chief
exquisite
flavour
Seedling.
wants
early white
and
and
handsome
excepting
in
that
of
grapes.
under
Muscat
a
white
forces
the
skill
Muscat
of
longer, and
required to grow
is
fruit.
of
set
proper
from
much
are
It
the
this
has
not
of Alexandria.
It
as
obtain
to
seedling
grape,
bunches
the
Considerable
form.
difficultybeing
This,
succeed
both
distinct
rounder
the
Foster's
who
is
it resembles,
successfully,
grape
the rich
This
Alexandria, which
berries larger and
same
is the
grape,
well
as
as,
and
conditions
sheet
anchor
better
or
vine
of the
the
than,
Flavour
treatment.
grower
burgh,
Ham-
Black
and
sweet
refreshing.
Sweetwater.
BucKLAND
delicious
Golden
It also
flavour.
forces
Hamburgh.
In
of refreshing and
handsome
a
summer
grape
for early forcing Foster's
Seedling is preferable.
size of bunch
and
Black
berry this resembles
Hamburgh.
This
is
well, but
amber
colour
when
varieties, a beautiful
golden summer
rich
and
fine exhibition
A
sweet.
juicy, the flavour
very
in good condition
time after it is ripe.
but will only remain
easily grown,
a short
BuccleuCH.
The
when
Duke
of
to perfection
largest-berried white grape
grown
;
The
berries are
strikingly handsome.
large, globular, and of a beautiful
pale amber
very
colour.
It is not
it ought
this is accounted
for by the
to
so
generally grown
be, and
as
consistent
I think
fact that it is not
its occasional
failure to produce
a
a
cropper.
crop
is due
of culture
method
It makes
not
chiefly to the proper
being understood.
strong
and
house
a
growth, and should
light warm
facing south, so that ripening
sappy
occupy
It is
of the
one
ripe. The
variety and
handsome
most
is melting
flesh
and
of
the
is assured.
wood
good
expect
It is
buds.
ripe.
It
should
and
the
be
Bowood
of
symmetrical
The
to
to
crack
obviate
undoubtedly
attractive
The
will
Pearson.
Mrs.
at.
of
spurs
served
be
stalk
The
flesh
is
ripe.
size,but
is firm
and
Free
that
rank
to
the
of
dessert
the
by
the
soon
in
Hill
the
bunches
Of
as
they
water
Mill
raised
variety
grapes.
as
ripe.
are
summer,
Hamburgh
late
Mr.
Wm.
usually more
I prefer the
are
two
well
growing
worth
Like
Madresfield
in
any
Court, its
with
warmth
in
refreshing.
is in cultivation
to a limited
extent
only. Its
of
best, but unfortunately it is not
attains
is symmetrical.
a
good size, and
the
dingy, opaque,
flavour
to
two
grapes.
juicy,
among
bunch
The
two
autumn
sweet,
variety
it
for
between
cross
handsome
a
or
Flavour
entitles
the
ripening.
before
This
suits
summer
this.
when
appearance
of medium
are
berries
look
result
the
is
It is useless
system.
back
to one
or
pruned
are
porous
well
This
coloured
amber-
apt
are
flavour
extension
and
must
grape,
and
decay at the
of culture
Napoleon.
of
pipes,
is
This
method
Chasselas
the
be
the
of Buccleuch,
and, like Duke
was
Clovenfords.
It has
large oval berries, and
and
those
of Duke
of Buccleuch.
larger than
same
collection
berries
should
variety if
Muscat,
Thomson,
latter.
autumn
the
on
grown
this
spotted
shallow,
Champion.
Golden
and
become
in
grown
in winter
border
be
must
and
summer
berries
The
It
fruit from
of
crops
rich.
It
amber
requires
colour,
Muscat
not
at
all
treatment.
pleasing
GRAPE
GROS
GUILLAUME.
GRAPE
MADRESFIELD
COURT.
THE
There
other
are
For
appearance.
amber-coloured
well
is
in
in
their
the
not
collection
The
is
It
will,I think,
Frontignans
of
best
which
be
Tokay,
first.
placed
following
Of
three
of
little
with
They
nature.
porous
or
artificial
no
that
heat
is still
the
flavour
of
worthy
home
of
for rich
there
Black,
delicious
several
are
Grisly,and
and
vine, bunch,
succeed
They
and
best
varieties,the
White.
berry,
in
flavour
They
and
also
moderately
their
as
poor
well
and
succeed
expensive to grow,
is
and
foliage
small,
occupies but
not
are
that
these
the
soil
and
bunches,
GRAPES
modest
trio as
regards size
very
regards their cultural requirements.
are
variety
generallyacknowledged
the
are
moderate-sized
as
NEGLECTED
be
must
de
grapes.
SOME
the
were
for dessert
of winter
satisfied
best
of
grapes
of Hale, Raisin
others
and
way,
value
same
first-rate.
not
and
239
late
instance, Child
VINE
little
space.
Black
rather
and
Cluster.
small
of
good
Frontignan.
and
bunches
Black
Chaptal.
good
to
white
size and
good
black.
Its
setter.
Flesh
bunches
are
sweet,
walls.
good
Napoleon.
unlike
not
grape,
flavour, but
Chasselas
outside
for
is
and
and
variety
black.
of
excellent
Flesh
firm
berries, but
and
flavour.
and
flavour
the
Its
juicy.
is
only
recommended.
be
not
oval
free-cropping
of medium
size,round, and
This
produces large bunches
are
Monukka.
freely
very
Berries
berries
third-rate, and
crops
compact.
Suitable
very
flavour.
Black
of
This
but
the
Golden
It forms
Hamburgh.
handsome
bunches
flesh
is very
soft.
is one
of the best, and
This
deserves
be more
to
extensively
bunch, is a free setter, and the flavour is excellent.
Berries
oval, of medium
size,becoming
pale golden when
ripe.
Rose.
Chasselas
This
for its excellent
unlike
variety is remarkable
flavour, not
Muscat
of Alexandria.
Its bunches
with large round
are
large and compact,
pale yellow
berries.
Flesh
juicy and sweet.
It forms
grown.
handsome
Chasselas
Rouge
Ferdinand
coloured
forms
red, very
small, tawny
Lesseps.
de
unlike
not
grape,
juicy,
medium-sized
and
This
is
very
Muscadine
Royal
is
of the
This
is one
more
golden.
parents
distinct, sweet, and refreshing flavour, not so
result
This
is the
the ordinary Sweetwater.
and
Frontignan.
purple berries.
This
juicy and
Flesh
Meurthe
Frontignan.
Muscat.
black.
loose
bunch.
The
berries
are
amberdeliciously sweet
berry, but the colour
of Mrs.
Pearson,
and, like it, possesses
a
that
of the
rich as
Muscat, but richer than
of a cross
the
between
Strawberry
Grape
and
small, pretty,
in
size of
bunch
and
Muscadine.
Royal
Madeira
the
somewhat
sweet.
Its
It
flesh
is very
firm
and
medium-sized
bunches,
with
compact
bunches
with
reddish
flavour.
flavour, which
large
round
very
much
berries, which
resembles
are
quite
sweet.
develops
black
of medium
The
size,and a good cropper.
grape,
peculiar but not unpleasant flavour.
Muscadine.
well
out-of-doors
This
does
south
wall.
It
on
a
remarkably
Berries
when
fairly large bunchesi
beautiful
ripe are
large and round, which
a
amber.
The
Prunelas
flesh
is
medium-sized
has
produces
and
of good
sweet,
This
is of excellent
is firm
Royal
and
fairly good
sweet,
with
flavour
is rich
and
delicious.
FRUIT
THE
240
Salamon's
of
grape
San
is of
Frontignan
somewhat
Antonia.
This
juicy,
size
the
It is
berries
of
impossible
Strawberry.
Syrian.
describe
to
This
is
Like
West's
St.
who
black.
Peters.
flavour
; it
late
to
brisk
is
flavour
black
is
and
grower,
As
prefer quality
The
Madresfield
as
ripe. Flesh
oval, and
pale yellow when
and
keeps well when
properly ripened.
those
and
berry
bunch.
It is
white
bunches
mixture
tender,
keeper.
small, and
berries
the
Muscat,
of
Flesh
bad
are
sloes, with
as
oval.
it is
Court,
Madresfield
resembhng
and
grape.
strong
in
somewhat
bunches,
purplish black, large,
currant^
the
American
An
size both
The
black
good
are
flavour.
good
Grape.
Strawberry
only
fine
produces
The
appearance.
and
with
sweet,
medium
flavour.
Muscat
in
Court
GARDEN
and
firm
this has
grape
size
and
and
pleasant.
This
in
cool
bunches.
immense
produces
very
much
berries
is in
grape
Berries
late
good
large,
grape,
it,especially
recommend
to
The
appearance.
It is
sweet.
small
rather
are
until
season
to
and
end
the
of
February.
All
the
which
above
easily grown
are
requires a high
temperature
The
raisers of
the
but
several
However,
account.
years,
already in existence
is scarcelyany
room
such
have
usually some
that
respect
not
far
so
one,
it
as
new
of
know,
West's
Peters,
St.
perfectly.
INTRODUCTION
of grapes
there
varieties
in every
Moreover
RECENT
OF
GRAPES
houses, except
develop
to
are
and
numerous
so
left for
excellent
so
improved variety.
in
able
difSculty turning it to profitraised
have
been
ones
during recent
the
best
superlative excellence.
Among
a
new
These
have
be useful
to
proved themselves
Lady Hutt and Appley Towers.
well
established
and
in
favour.
Hutt
is a
are
now
public
Lady
acquisitions,
late variety of good flavour
and
will
white
and
time.
keep a long
appearance,
is a late black variety, intermediate
Colmar
and
Gros
between
Appley Towers
It is as free bearing as
the
latter with
Alicante.
rather
larger berries,and it
Gros
Colmar.
colours
and
much
easier than
The
better
following also have
forward
but
their
value
been
to
has
not
as
aspirants
public favour,
put
yet
established
been
for us
recommend
them
readers
to
to
sufficiently
our
:
Lady
are
Hastings,
Diamond
Duke,
Black
VINE
We
CULTURE
several
have
Jubilee, and
excellent
IN
varieties
an
care
fire
no
in
important
the
The
heat.
the
cold
heat
same
not
for
careful
details
as
nights
at
reasonable
development
the
regulation of
will
of
during
work
hasten
the
this
time
for
vine
of
the
into
year.
of
mind
the
the
vine
the
early in
growth
.The
of
season
under
ist
need
that
that
of
successfully
grown
has
It
is
much
depend
the
made
be
will
of
be
cally
practi-
conditions.
It is
spring
April
to
only by
can
growth
vines
afterwards.
exercise
to
he
most
usual
the
made,
attention
vines.
ventilators
the
be
well
and
care
vine
the
recommended
to
HOUSES
grower
ventilators,bearing in
controlling the
sun
entirely on
and
intelligent
sun
is available
heat
COLD
Wales.
that can
grapes
border
has
been
unheated
When
of
of
Prince
is
on
a
account
good day
of
on
VINE
THE
which
close
to
successful
should
the
241
issue.
well
be
Before
ventilators
little
even
warm,
but
the
depend
or
to
70
danger
top
always
is
cold
be
and
develop
It
winds
so
in mind
the
ripen
after
the
9 a.m.,
temperature
not
to
advances
regard
it is
sun
Never
make
to
borders
the
open
in
that
be
must
so
season
crop.
time
that
is better
essential
and
thermometer
later,towards
has
the
the
as
within
kept
As
not
bear
soon
given,
75 degs.
can
caution
be
must
of
vines, walls,
as
be admitted
must
air
ventilators.
must
to
upon
from
same
grower
top air
top
the
morning,
in
syringing in the afternoon
80 degs. Fahr.
A supply of water
be warm.
Syringing with cold water
vinery
75
the
the
temperature
the
through
becomes
to
if the
is closed
house
more
all until
at
then
admitted
the
syringed. In
degs.,a little
registersabout 60
the sun
as
gains power,
shall not
rise higher than
front
"
"
heat
temperature
in the
house,
so
The
check
air
the
tion,
ventila-
only he
forget to close
the
kept
to
and
front
has
the
rise
that
to
it
ing
follow-
growth.
Hamburgh,
(Black) Black
Madresfield
Court, Black
Frontignan (small).Early Royal Ascot, Black
Prince
Golden
Foster's
Alicante, Black
Seedling,
Hamburgh,
(White)
;
Buckland
Ferdinand
Chasselas
de
Sweetwater,
Lesseps, Royal Muscadine,
Napoleon.
may
varieties
excellent
are
in
Channel
thirty
5s.
north
the
years
ago
Peter
Kay
per
years
the
MARKET
FOR
culture
of land
acres
might
purpose
are
of
now
for
grapes
covered
with
has
undergone
pally
glass-houses,princi-
market
Islands, and
I OS.
or
past few
Many
this
CULTURE
GRAPE
During the
great changes.
for
that
wrote
the
the
lower
prices
still.
obtained
Mr.
varied
6d.
from
remarks
in
to
5s., and
those
read
before
Kay's
paper
how
to
start
Garden, upon
reprinted in The
land
which
is
best
That
market
are
a
worthy of reproduction :
nursery,
should
There
subsoil easilydrained.
has soil 2 to 3 feet deep, resting upon
a
and equallyample means
for obtaining an
abundance
of water,
be ample means
land is pasture or arable is not
the
Whether
vital,
for getting rid of the same.
now
the
ruling
are
Horticultural
even
Club,
and
"
of communication
preferablypasture ; then its closeness to means
be considered, especially
with
must
regard to fuel and carriage of produce
localities that, with
in different
and
these
much
so
market,
things may vary
but, of
to
course,
THE
242
all the
conditions
best
FRUIT
appertaining
GARDEN
it,an
to
acre
be
may
Other
be dear at ;^ioo.
localityit would
regard to the fitness of vine growing for profit,it is wise to give preference to
will suppose
We
the
land
enterprising
likelyto improve into building land.
in another
time
the
first
The
spring.
Then
heat.
the
speculative
less
houses
ought
grower
quantitiesare
of
the
These
probably
vines
to
Alexandria,
of
varieties
other
Gros
only
the
bottom
whether
is of
that
ones
that
are
Towers
Appley
best
early
the
grow,
if he
varieties
Maroc.
proceed
the
be
and,
nearly
are
The
in for.
go
Court
and
to
Madresfield
of
sorts
Muscat
Colmar,
Hall.
autumn
will
he
for
glazed in readiness
propagating-house supplied with
think
must
Canon
is
then
purpose,
would
be
might
build
glass to
grower
turn.
commercial
in
the
for the
Early
vineries.
Alicante, Gros
Hamburgh,
a
that
so
suitable
thinks
he
of the
erection
begin,
to
land
secured
has
grower
towards
grown
and
other
but
Canon
out
remain
sorts
new
too
Hall,
and
This
is
hardly
extra
against
make
five
say,
years' results
Muscat
then
next,
the
for
the
up
lesser
but
In
sorts.
would
Alexandria,
in my
true
experience,
is
The
grower
and
economy,
and
from
them
with
glass upon
further
no
idea
simplest
the
than
that
covering
consistent
system
with
and
is the
shanking.
the
the
in
Hall.
for Muscats
there
then
their
of
come
last. Canon
and
obtained
weight
sales,Alicante
of
of
red spider
to
specialliability
marketing,
his glass-housewith
of vines
for profit must
erect
in
waste
with
taking,
Colmar
best, Gros
proved
be
to
tested
greatest
greatest
area
practical
and
strength
usefulness."
If
ground
be
can
secured
there
where
saving
from
ten
vary
built
Houses
than
more
labour
to
borders,
outside
borders
the
twenty
together
ten
outside
into
house
will
is
years
their
good depth
Then,
by planting the
ramble
place for
at
hand,
manure
and
The
and
for the
in
some
sake
market
cases
vines
wall,
the
out,
vines
outside, where
them.
the
loam,
of
able
consider-
grower
where
of its mechanical
they
doubled.
be
the
air
more
makes
the
soil
the
carry
speciallymean
practice, but
that
start
by
introduced
the
border
arches.
resting on piers or
is assured, and
they
naturally prepare
best
through
well-made
in
and
use
of the
is very
heavy
bone-meal
effect,and
vines
root
can
is made.
that
the
outside
house
far better
border
What
planted
old
of the
and
not
borders.
vine
of
sort
will
when
was
front
sun
the
to
should
as
the
borders
inside, a
the
in
according
inside
only
profitably; whereas
life and
vigour are
be
soon
years,
is,not that
through the
inside
be
with
should
both
efi^ected
In
a
making
for market, the land
in Scotland
where
is so well
are
nursery
grapes
grown
of the vines
suited
the growth
that
to
simply planted in the natural
they are
It
there
is
made
border
whatever.
is
soil,
no
only in exceptional situations,
Mr.
the vine borders, "c., are
that
this
is possible.
to
as
however,
Kay's remarks
"
also well worth
With
regard to the profitablelife of a vine, it may
studying :
of
adds
material
to
will
congenial
he
has
it London
of first quality. A
It:
THE
commercial
vine
return
so
much
as
to
does
grower
possible from
is
VINE
often
not
soluble
more
243
^-inch
use
bone-meal.
largerbones,
or
as
quicker
cultivators
Moreover,
do
not
permit
the
border
probably
be
towards
be
to
wreakened.
much
shallower
The
i.e.
borders,
of
practice
exceeding
not
the
feet
future
inches
depth.
Other
"
in the houses
until the vines
plants are nearly always grown
come
culture
is largely practised. The
bearing, and at the present time tomato
vines
therefore, as well as raising young
grower,
ready for the spring, must
for
If
also.
it were
tomato
plants
not
having
possible while
ready
arrange
the vines
tide
first
the
in the
other
are
two
over
growing to
crops
years with
be much
difficult than
it is to establish
houses, it would
more
a
vineyard under
vines
should
feet
be
about
glass. The
2
properly
high by the
young
grown
middle
of May, and
is a good time
then
the
in
border
which
has
them
to
plant
been
for
them.
At
the
time
of
bone-meal
is
prepared
a
planting
good dressing
into
to
mix
top.
with
the
soil,and
short
They
will
require
careful
and
roots,
July,
August.
vine
the
abundance
and
led
more
planting time,
at
sometimes
20
grow
after
year
the
first
the
establishment
noted
in such
is
commercial
to
the
often
How
it
restriction
When
health
and
even
vine
extension
attains
that
one
vines
on
of culture
the
double
treated
could
and
then.
and
this leads
First
get
many
for the
and
then
artificially
compounded
vine
are
mostly very
even
may
their
constitution,
soil
be
and
v.
Constitution
to
we
the
it, and
for
houses
impose
system.
benefit to its
thing
to
The
food
concentrated
as
localities
some
in
the
for
vine.
culture.
intense
for
it
covers
strive
of
to
results.
better
which
chief
is the
its
bound
am
extension
structure
recommended
suited
be
can
from
weighing
far
where
vigour
easily,with
thought
proceed
may
mixtures
well
the
wise
not
constructed
is called
what
strong
are
they
year,
vines
cropped
loss of
end
Jtine,
first
restriction.
in the
in
be enlarged there
cultivatingthe vine,
affords
mechanically
our
under
vines
requirescareful
new
discouraged,and
be
this is
the
as
of extension
question
system
to
occurs
is the
But
intended,
that
aspect
one
wealth,
and
is
season
to
the
on
they make
through
When
lbs. of fruit.
10
mulching
through their
Indeed, I have seen
long.
vines
permanent
the
treatment
feet
planting bearing
of
as
until
already made.
wood
liberal
25
even
used
growing
August growth ought
of
the
be
attention
constant
during
water
given
and
and
end
By
to
develop
side,and
that
say
the
vines
There
"
of clear
should
manure
they
character
would
mixture
of
be
folly.
"
It is difficult
of
grape-growing
that
fairlyestimate
grapes.
No
doubt
conscientiouslyto
under
in the
there
the
conditions
future
will
give a
be
there
rosy
as
is any
aspect
they
are
likelihood
generallyto
at
present,
of
the
and
rise in the
remunerative
business
I
cannot
price of
prices
THE
244
for
the
small
best
very
Packing
travel
to
GARDEN
all know
we
great bulk
Market.
for
Grapes
usually have
but
samples,
of the
proportion
FRUIT
sent
This
considerable
some
first
such
that
fruit
grade
is
market."
to
is
an
distance
grapes
before
it
and
"
then
"
with
covered
sides
around
the
rims.
They
of
an
the
be
baskets
or
pink tissue
baskets, and the
close
together
for
weight
average
is
weight
exact
the
rriust
is
grapes
white
of
with
given
the
that
so
made
are
do
they
basket, some
basket
before
finest
The
paper.
stems
sent
pounds
less ; but
the
market.
When
some
more,
fruit is
basket
Twelve
move.
laid
are
the
to
secure
not
are
the
bunches
to
receive
to
speciallymade
fit
inta
a
They are
them,
baby
just
of movement.
thus
The
illustrations given of the
preventing any possibility
also
baby basket
packed, and
placed in the hamper
ready for travellingto
Some
of our
best
market, will give a good idea of the method
employed.
packed they
are
them.
of
now
grapes
brisk trade
was
that
Fertilisation.
the
While
vine
In
warm.
be
falls.
the
in
bloom,
thinning.
to
distribute
and
in
It is
the
grapes
perfect
help.
The
draw
the
it back
other
follow
with
free
to
reduce
the
be
to
and
at
against
pollen
its
the
of
an
At
inch
flowers
in
flower
must
or
in
With
some
be
effected
the
be
ready
about
few
of
artificial
without
the
shy
most
varieties
"set,"
to
liberating
and
Hamburgh
time,
same
the
varieties
capsules and
piece of paper,
Black
noon
with
contact
the
a
Should
at
will
and
is
and
vines
throw
or
some-
results
better
will
Muscats.
first
the
the
apart.
learn
once
of
aid..
kept dry
twice
Hamburgh
help such
bunch.
be
formed
coming
cannot
thing
to
most
first
At
as
to
many
to
do
after
as
the
obtaining
vine
may
good
carry,
"set"
of
is
course
all he
its
Muscat
the
bunches
be
likelyto
half
on
The
commenced.
thinned
bunch
force
number
selectingthose
then
the
Thinning.
of
sure
"sets"
"setting" variety be
by using
Grape
trellis
the
by
stamens
all the
appear,
a
ago
have
artificial
withoilt
have
badly. To
flowers, thereby removing
some
pollen as it falls in
collect
some
the
shake
fertilisation.
the
also
will
the
should
house
berries
years
imposed
duties
covers
place
take
of the
few
easily detected
is
first flowers
the
instances.
are
over
Also
of
baskets
which
cap
will
the
proper
fertilisation
hands
after
Hall
the
as
week
"
grapes.
vine
the
atmosphere
week
another
Muscats
pollen.
soon
the
securing
Canon
"setter."
as
hampers
"
there.
good market
but
the heavy
France,
to
English
flowering of
good plan to
pollen and make
stigmas, thereby
the
of
the
fertilisation
Usually
course
with
is in flower
the
for
off
given
scent
flower
market
The
in flat
that
find
and
also commenced
practicallyclosed
delicious
size
such
America,
to
go
placed
are
differentiate
Before
between
the
the
worker
puts
fertilised
and
scissors
the
to
un~
to
ft;
a;
h,
"^
to
fc;
ei
t.
o
(^
S3
cq
hi
f-i
"-n
'?il
THE
fertilised
will
This
berries.
berries
the
be
must
centre
of
way
towards
and
cut
of the
best
base
hold
take
is done,
of the
of
long
shoulders
is
no
blades
may
turned
but
or
round
to
must
touch
to
head, hands,
the
the
is
first
thinning
not
be
is
much
very
grapes
be large when
not
berries
left
with
they
will
Gros
more
In
the
grapes
thinned
thinning
berries
as
for
he
in the
the
If
will
berries
that
this
must
Gros
of
must
be
ing
accordBunch
of
Grapes
not
Thinned
Colmar,
Buccleuch,
for
the
space
varieties.
bunch
would
exhibition
without
observe
Duke
the
carefully.
another
to
and
size.
for smaller
bunch
will
and
ultimate
Maroc,
go
the
afterwards.
late grapes
a
greater distance
left between
each
berry, varying
sufficient
swell
to
when
the
be
first
the
and
to
the
will
the
thinning
mid-season
thickly. With
remembered
be
position,
bunch, taking
early the
ripe, so
be
not
necessary
do
to
so
dirty ones
After
be
forced
are
berry
blunt
again ; if,however,
carefullydone there
bunches
the
thinned,
heavy
clean,
grapes
it will
over
the
the
over
rapidly, and
is
There
must
or
disfiguredpermanently.
thinning
bunch
the
use.
with
berries
clothes,
or
apart.
select
bunches,
worker's
round
move
not
care
no
and
bunch
the
suit
to
purpose,
small
ones.
is
in
The
work
with
the
prefer
kept sharp
place.
an
on
another
one
inch
small
for the
goes
after
cross
two,
the
berry,
stick is necessary.
be
take
he
those
of scissors
sizes
must
that
of
course
latter
hand,
the
the
and
and
forked
several
They
off
the
thinning
be spared
can
left
the
cutting
ones
special make
in
which
excellentlyfor small
answers
for
but
bunch
tarnished
be
as
steady while
slightlyuntil
in
days, as the
of a day or
few
berries that
any
I said before, half
bunch
it with
afterwards
it would
This
the
keeping
the
without
of
course
will, even
fertilised
It
24s
in the
goes
first ; afterwards
out
pullingdownwards
as
will be apparent
remain
make
VINE
should
in mind
have
the worker
a
picture of
grapes
In
when
wish
it to
growing
fullydeveloped.
appear
berries
should
the
be
that
it is especiallyimportant
of
When
undue
bunch
bunches
as
pressure.
in having
as
the
It
too
berries
is
few.
as
easy
The
swell, and
firmly
by leaving
should
to
way
to
rest
err
to
remove
avoid
a
upon
too
this is
berry
one
many
carefully
from
that
THE
246
part of
berry
the
will
bunch
often
Period
of
half-grown, and
and
where
undue
relief
cause
Stoning.
then
the
air admitted.
more
FRUIT
GARDEN
congestion
is noticed.
The
removal
of
one
half-a-dozen.
to
This
"
"
formation
the
of the
observed.
be
that
All
through
the
liable
used
to
of
skin
variety is then
scorched,"
be
to
period
The
of this
berries
term
stoning
trouble.
without
very
may
varieties
the
excepting Lady
know,
Seedling, will
pass
Downe's
the
stone
"
damage
express
to
The
grape.
remedy for
before, is more
best
said
this, as
air,not only during
a
little
through,
the
ventilators
The
The
that
the
vine
insufficient
does
suffer
not
moisture
in
from
and
the
on
the
of
want
the
the
the
water
and
night.
grow
time
grape
the
of
completion
full
development,
then
grower
alert
at
both
bottom
Period.
rapidly during
stoning
Thinned
the
Ripening
between
Properly
top
of
day, but
and
during
berries
most
Bunch
the
admitted
be
must
the
roots
be
must
take
and
or
care
from
It
is a
atmosphere,
give a
good plan to
inches
inside
the
border
fresh
of
horse
top-dressing (2 or
deep) upon
3
how
manure
(with a little soil added). It is wonderful
face
quickly the surroots
the
is
less
multiply in this material, and
atmosphere
more
or
enriched
the
ammonia
Before
emitted.
final
the
by
swelling of the grapes the
grower
will
do
well
develop perfectly.
before
at
it is
too
closing time
late.
with
to
If
consider
he
thinks
It assists the
liquidmanure
whether
it
is,then
the
a
development
diluted
with
crop
few
is
too
of the
water.
heavy
bunches
should
berries
But
to
be
damp
the
to
removed
the
greatest
house
aid
to
FRUIT
THE
248
syringed, the
temperature
from
of
end
the
the
of
course
admitted
more
March
the
night
by
less
or
to
month
of
and
day,
the
weather
allowed
be
may
the
of
end
rise
to
will
the
temperature
outside.
For
85 degs. with
to
After
May.
fire heat
June,
and
GARDEN
are
grapes
discontinued
be
afterwards
successional
advantage,
disposed of in
air liberally
and
will
be governed
the
vines
started
later
the
heat
only for the
principleof working is similar,i.e. close the vinery with sun
fortnight,then give slightfire heat, and gradually increase the temperature
little fire heat is needed,
For late autumn
winter
as
or
growth advances.
grapes
and
afterwards
late
assist
in
in
to
summer
excepting
or
ripening them
autumn,
the atmosphere becoming cold and
to
damp.
prevent
first
THE
ON
VINE
THOMAS
By
The
Isles
vine
for
is
the
wholesome
OUTDOORS
COOMBER
walls
commonly grown
upon
very
of its fruit ; nevertheless, there
are
not
sake
it will
planted
thus
WALLS
The
wine.
and
flourish
wall
should
have
south
many
for dessert
west
or
aspect,
British
where
and
if
making
be fully
and
full benefit
of the
exposed
sun,
reap
The
also be suitable
soil must
sun's influence, which
is essential to success.
to
fertile
loam
well
A
drained
is best, and
the vine's requirements.
deep
naturally
all the preparation such
soil wants
be made
is
to
a
a
rooting medium
satisfactory
feet
be trenched
and
broken
of
to
2
deep
a
good
incorporating
supply
by
;
up
soils are
crushed
rubble, most
bones, wood
ashes, and lime, or old mortar
to
Strong
in
canes
young
their
dormant
while
to
about
the
roots,
than
6 and
not
less than
firm,
and
most
shoots
or
as
be
may
buds
are
buds
three
from
inches
below
with
in
either
all
the
short
growth
to
winter
at
extend
surface
this should
litter.
The
The
treatment,
and
of them
only
They
and
the
it when
where
it
the
are
must
strongest
laterals
left
be
stopped
sub-laterals
be
more
quite
best, and
its
walls, with
to
apart.
more
be
rod
one
With
removed
the
train
the
them
so
soil
feet
the
vine
to
within
and
feet
arising beneath
arrange
not
made
be restricted
should
one
cut
the
succeeds
vine
moderately high
upon
checked,
was
following season
be
fall,
be
base.
and
indefinitely,
consists
in shortening
merely
pruning
the point
growths.
growths
stop
the
leaves
should
Carefully remove
out
regularlyspreading them
the
placed
but
they
case
position,and
this in
canes,
culture.
subsequently mulched
simply managed when
single-rodsystem
vine.
the
can
trained
more
base
fruit
or
disentangling and
from
is
the
for grape
spring when
down
that
so
suitable
rendered
or
the
wood
the
districts
fit both
fruit
produce
in
outdoors
it be
16
about
that
pinched
they
at
the
meet
the
so
disbudded
inches
apart
half-way
first leaf.
that
on
those
At
the
the
either
of the
winter
of
its
lateral
similar
strongest
side
of the
adjoining
pruning
VINE
THE
the
leading growth
of the
part
vine-stem
of management
and
should
be
training and
than
more
Vines
be
back
gives sufficient
pruning
be
the
wholly
be
filled,after
to
laterals.
or
if it
as
This
older
method
thoroughly ripened,
become
is
the
the
upon
buds.
to
space
confined
basal
"
branch
one
to
laterals
the
as
space
until
will
before, while
two
prominent
treated
cut
are
followed
may
should
time
should
249
after
which
time
When
were
the
vines
have
separate vine.
but
being planted,
and
at
the
a
bunch,
one
vines
be governed by their
weight of the fruit that established
may
carry must
vigour and size ; overcropping, however, always has an
enfeebling effect,and
is no
better stimulant
than
the drainage
impairs the quality of the fruit. There
no
from
sheds
cow
stables,which
and
well
be
can
in
applied in
autumn
as
as
growing season
dressingsof lightsoil,bone meal, or similar
also of much
are
value, while during seasons
with
short
walls
outdoors
take
its course,
the
is beneficial.
litter
The
than
after
form
gathered.
is
fertilisers used
rich
during
in the
drought, mulching
of
virulent
most
diluted
fruit
the
enemies
and
if the
Top-
autumn,
the
the
that
the
borders
vine
on
vines
spider
mildew,
kept
are
subject to, are
their
at
adequately supplied with
nourishment, moisture
properly
roots, and
in summer,
of red spider will be comparatively
attacks
syringed with soft water
is
An
efficient remedy for mildew, which
rare.
very injuriousif permitted to
Flowers
also.
remedy
bark
gallon
red
Bordeaux
is the
sulphur,
of
loose
is
As
which
winter
dressing after
be
Gishurst's
removed,
of hot
mixture
should
soft water,
this should
distributed
rubbed
used
the
into
be
with
vines
the
compound,
well
and
but
applied
fine
dredger, make
have
of
rate
that
crevices,so
spray.
good
and
pruned,
been
the
at
in
the
to
oz.
whole
the
Of varieties
thoroughly soaked, is a very effectual cleaner.
Cluster
and
Sweet
Black
for general purposes.
Water
is excellent
Royal
Muscadine
be added
also useful.
Reine
novelty of
are
Olga should
; it is a
the
award
of merit
from
Royal
an
excellence, and
recently obtained
great
while
the
the
bunches
Horticultural
Its
colour
is
are
red,
large,
Society.
tawny
and
the
Vitis purpurea,
Vitis Coignetia,
flavour
ornamental
For
is rich.
uses
surface
of the
rods is
"
"
Parsley-LeavedVine
are
invaluable.
VINE
CULTURE
ANDREW
By
The
in
subject of
of this
work
outdoors
more
as
decorative
of Bute
Wales, with
quite proved
remunerative
in the
culture
description
which
in
few
THE
were
PETTIGREW
the
years
open
ago,
would
when
the
place
of vines
those
than
fruit
in
vines
of growing
practicability
and
this
it
is
account
on
undertaking,
the
present
OPEN
in this country
Marquess
place
vine
IN
work.
the
open
that
as
the
more
subject
or
less
finds
FRUIT
THE
250
After
sites in the
years'experience I am
England and in South Wales,
than
more
south
GARDEN
of
with
for
opinion
of
twenty
furnished
convenience
every
with
suitable
on
ances
applilabour, vine
proper
lessen
to
paying industry,and
the
It is evident
from
that
foregoing remarks
give eniployment to many.
any
invest
one
contemplating hardy vine culture with a view to making wine must
considerable sum
of money
in providing suitable
plant, buildings for its
a
culture
and
manufacture,
For
is
these
and
counties
of
this
South
and
on
as
has
the
in
of
phase
returns.
any
open
fruit
hardy
the
attempted
the
only establishment
yards.
is in the
concern
Marquess of Bute's vinethe experimental stage of hardy vine culture
be as well now
to
give a short
past, it may
So
Wales.
fact that
other
any
be
only
must
business
the
emphasise
than
risky undertaking
remunerative,
England
To
the
and
be
to
it is carried
where
in
and
expensive
culture,
be
another,
cellar accommodation
reasons,
more
with
made
that
far
in
southern
I know
as
historyof the
feet
feet
apart, 3
raspberry plantsare
stakes, and
inches
the
first
their
the
of
This
off
when
they
have
shoots, as
soon
as
All
than
work
is much
the
make
strongly,and
vines
This
The
pruned
are
as
that
soon
that
When
stakes
surface
with
are
the
may
to
leaves
three
stools
get
but
ground
manure.
the
between
In
to
grow.
the
in
Coch
shoots
England
consequence
do in the
the
gives
rainfall
more
grow
French
struck
were
as
the
fall in the
buds
of
of
the
much
and
pruning is finished,
thoroughly examined, and all
short
they
lateral
the
at
growing
begin
principal work
vigorous growth
the
of the
circumstances,
grapes
than
vines
few
yards.
vine-
with
the
in France.
the
as
the
in
vines
the
as
the
to
stopped
are
appear,
the
form
high,
within
to
throughout
time
Castell
at
the
made
hard
dressed
than
they
vineyard.
growth
vines, and
down,
ground, so
possible.
the
the
reached
stopping
the
visitingthe vineyard
healthy appearance
they said,was
stronger
close
France, and
sub-lateral
more
of
The
But
in the
operations
it is in
Frenchmen
cut
months.
other
feet
securely tied
are
is continued
are
summer
than
of sub-laterals
all the
greater
lateral
the
stopping
tendrils
vineyard during
more
points pinched
they
grow
stakes
to
canes
hoeing, and
and
trained
and
rows,
the
the
the
the
As
top.
joint ;
and
season,
in
apart
trained.
vines
of
the
all the
rows
bad
is then
in
Manuring
once
vineyard gets a slightdressingof
is done
dwarf
radiated
ones
forked
slightly
years
every
the
to
heat
cleared
shoots
doubtful
soot
canes
close
and
earth's
three
the
year'sgrowth.
current
useless
and
and
autumn,
the
as
away,
replaced.
and
top-
according
to
spring before
VINE
THE
the
vines
break
the
plant,
the
added
it
to
long
every
been
done
and
The
out
in
first
wine
with
since
year
of
the
two
three
or
season.
piece
years
in
vineyard
the
more
less
or
when
exceptions
in
made
they
and
was
foot
planted
and
two
1877,
in
are
keeping
Cuttings
quarters
made
shoots
growing
prunings,
In
the
as
and
planted,
was
permanent
was
the
they
soon
four
to
completed.
cuttings.
their
as
stopping,
during
vineyard
best
gooseberry
three
tying,
was
until
vines
disbudded
are
out
the
space
strongest
planted
every
of
allotted
with
spring.
made
carried
is
portion
the
the
is
were
following
has
the
seasons
bad.
were
The
(except
of
few
dozens)
Tait,
dozens
of
auction
it
The
late
late
the
about
Channel,
as
been
of
crops
less
the
wine
to
The
wood.
of
vines
have
twenty-five
mildew
in
been
to
full
made,
place
thirty
parts
bearing.
for
hogsheads.
of
it
In
some
to
they
have
is
years
The
is
seasons
past
will
finished,
planted,
as
the
many
is
the
contain
and
yield
situation
excellent
site
from
about
as
has
forty
not
at
Bristol
the
and
produced
sheltered
it
where
of
soil
have
planted.
were
which
been
good
and
at
selected
was
shore
the
by
experiments
estates
site
the
Both
well,
planting
when
close
vineyard.
Coch,
sold
experiment
the
Welsh
his
Dr.
several
was
further
succeeding.
grow
since
to
sold
was
dozen.
per
of
make
of
parts
its
vines
year
1886
in
Cardiff,
for
Castell
than
and
of
from
The
vineyard,
Three
vines.
are
miles
every
him
which
115s.
it
bought
wines,
of
results
the
of
Cardifi^.
at
in
some
realised
with
different
in
probability
suitable.
almost
grapes
and
year,
by
vine
merchant
question,
pleased
so
whole
the
and
wine
connoisseur
in
following
likely
most
the
seven
found
subject
high
acres
was
to
noted
instructed
was
quality,
dozen
per
was
of
there
Swanbridge,
have
excellent
merchant
the
cultivation
thought
was
wine
Bute
that
60s.
Birmingham,
the
Lord
Coch,
with
of
from
of
was
at
Birmingham
at
Castell
1881
vintage
Lawson
from
and
canes,
until
of
the
to
from
process
above,
first
the
they'
and
shoots,
same
described
year
as
the
the
done
is
more
when
spring,
on
which
time
rows
good
following
as
made
were
nursery
the
after
clean,
ground
From
Nothing
distinguished
are
on
growth.
the
grow^th
bunches
left
into
start
into
251
open
north
about
three
and
by
nine
of
acres
of
hogsheads
been
less
than
CHAPTER
TREES
FRUIT
has
these
much
that
so,
end
the
the
are
ought
of
the
much
in
beauty
and
other
so
position
Where
fruit
and
utility
very
value,
any
the
the
garden
is
trees
tainly
cer-
effect
picturesque
fruit
shrubberies,
and
may
trees
formal
the
in
it
do
the
fruit
planted
are
would
the
If
in
the
where
lines
fruit
of
contrasts
many
beauty
form
flower,
at
set
if
the
of
one
other
much
and
trees
in
seen
so
exist,
how
apart,
be
to
to
contrasts
any,
among
colour
to
with
when
even
appeals
distances
were
and
the
consummation
trees
few,
trees
and
greatly impressed
successful
fruit
period
impossible
is
it
spring
in
trees
of
garden,
regular
if
so
of
flowers,
at
apparel,
sombre
most
the
to
blossom
into
being
fruit
as
beautiful
of
come
without
fears
{Ribes), belonging
currants
abundance
early days
garden
fruit.
the
their
in
the
and
of
they
surrounding
the
hopes
of
crop
seen
the
most
shrubbery.
imagine
to
fruit
dwarfer
and
evergreens,
the
of
hardy
in
this
commonly
pear,
with
Having
naturally
best
the
as
in
picture
than
is
large shrubbery,
background
trees
of
outside
plum,
suitable
are
value
their
and
way
dark-green
provided
with
conifers,
by
groups
of
foreground
with
here
and
the
almond,
fruit
medlar,
for
realised,
planting,
wonders
one
For
garden.
and
shrubbery
apple
why
many
trees
they
past
years
used
in
and
the
when
are
we
not
have
shrubbery,
results.
decided
arises
fruit
seen
cherry,
prettier spring
sloe.
of
kinds
used
growing
trees
clumps
All
and
of
by
is difficult
there
then
an
value,
In
fruit
or
charm
pyramidal
the
seen
and
amidst
It
or
somewhat
proceeding.
floral
exception
dressed
bare.
orchard
the
the
are
is almost
the
ordinary
floral
fruit
large
in
their
shrubberies
intensely
shrubs
best
where
The
their
doubtful
family, produce
rose
enhances
more
distracted
where
more
with
trees,
the
to
when
when
and
more
do
display
the
fruit
border
is
as
the
in
shrubbery,
producers
fruit
as
shrubs.
to
us
ground,
the
as
and
blinded
but
considerations,
hardy
beauty
of
trees,
are
trees
regarded
trees'
invaluable
used.
year
mind
once
these
through
pass
of
production
for
still
ordinary
almost
be
the
they
the
would
cherry
they
pleasure
the
is
our
what
and
flowering
place
be
to
as
and
use
primary
All
in
garden,
view
in
that
speak,
to
so
their
fruit
the
than
has,
trees
fact
ornamental
of
plum,
pear,
the
TREES
PETTIGREW
A.
HUGH
apple,
obscure
to
character
minor
of
of
importance
tended
FLOWERING
AS
By
The
XX
to
to
plant
which
are
fruit
the
trees
best
for
kinds
their
and
ornamental
varieties
value,
to
grow.
the
In
question
making
OLD
WALL
PEAR
TREE
IN
BLOSSOM.
THE
WISE
APPLE
FLOWER
TREE
(COURT
AT
FROGMORE.
RENDU
PLAT)
IN
THE
254
the
could
spring
bulbs
such
climbing
Polygonum
planted.
severely
Although
be
means
in
as
the
as
are
other
elsewhere.
of
value
show
yet
great
that
of
trees
material
are
no
at
less
both
is
pruning
our
beautiful
quite
sufficient
disposal
than
has
for
useful.
the
the
requisite
said
garden
should
trees
be
not
beauty
is
been
vigorous
need
in
as
be
easily
might
but
fruit
their
about
the
in
and
roses,
of
some
instances
this
bring
to
more
trees,
in
object
judicious
Much
fruit
hardy
wealth
fruit
the
adopted
for
trees,
and
honeysuckle,
mentioned
trees
the
camassia,
standard
only
cultivated
are
and
over
grown
case
various
these
garden
the
fruit,
whatever
useful
where
this
the
pruning
out
for
solely
In
trees.
pear
jasmine,
be
beneath
grass
tulip,
narcissus,
might
time
the
in
clematis,
wistaria,
as
in
and
carried
flowers,
to
apple
of
scilla,
crocus,
plants
GARDEN
naturalising,
by
baldschuanicum
varieties
grown
enhanced
snowdrop,
as
addition
be
be
FRUIT
production
one
case
in
the
regarding
written
decoration,
of
ought
flower
the
to
so
when
as
mental
orna-
indicate
and
to
n,
"-4
as
CHAPTER
XXI
PLANTING
FRUIT
By
Bush
Season.
fruit
trees,
end
the
in
early
trees
latter
fruit
trees
should
be
not
How
roots
be
back
growth
gross
roots
mark
is below
as
raise
to
Make
this
the
them
soil
a
with
space
the
that
is
fibrous
soils,
the
is
tree
the
;
near
fill the
then
firm
very
and
mark
are
placing
straw
to
then
may
it
the
some
the
hole
Shake
the
within
stem
is
before
As
above
inches
is
always
better
tree
2SS
than
and
the
soil
the
fill the
best
the
to
water
stake,
trap.
where
{d)
If
remaining
take
ground
plant
in
so
fill all
roots.
mentioned,
planting, especially
Deep
the
to
beneath
surface,
ground
bruise
inches
soil, spreading
the
make
{e) Completely
or
It
the
of
soil
more
to
stem
not
care
lightly.
nothing
between
tree
staked,
extent.
surface.
is then
be
down
add
and
inches
with
roots
if
and
before
mark
fine
"
anchor
hole,
the
soil
this
knife
encourage
"
planted
was
at
be
shortened
to
of
in
tree
tree
raise
to
roots
by treading, taking
to
near
the
hole
upon
sink
upper
the
the
soil
should
be
number
and
sharp
apt
are
the
they
with
trees
wide
up
should
They
the
cover
fibrous
surface.
the
them
sufficient
soil
sufficient
result.
fruit
feet
to
as
so
to
planting
Break
if the
roots,
certain
made
downwards
deep
of
spreading
are
{c) Place
Then
ground.
it
roots
in
lift the
tread
to
work
January
shortened
in
be
tree
how
Christmas,
if the
than
mass
are
observe
tap-roots.
showing
later
sufficient.
be
directly
firm,
tree
throw
standard,
certain
is fatal
the
well
is almost
should
fertility.
thrive
they
by cutting
called
before
large
if
to
the
necessary
of
stem
soil,
earth
staking,
of
will
of
growing
are
keep
ones
interstices,
the
it
lowest
is
as
the
from
condition,
good
the
planting
growth.
or
hole
The
done
planted
failure
points
roots
commonly
surface,
level
the
the
size,
the
detriment
to
upon
the
above
out
left
be
must
soil
the
much
the
to
care,
certain
usually
will
for
without
is in
best
summer's
is made
chosen,
If
{b)
are
first
important
been
which
these
dimensions
as
any
inches
of
is
Trees
out.
hole
hole
most
hole,
the
below;
6
the
having
these
trees
the
small
hole
the
are
of
shortened
from
into
position
deep
base
the
to
into
fit
following
feet
after
If
to
the
(a)
TO
are
until
pruned
planted
late
carried
thoroughly
Plant.
speaking,
it
plum
If
shrivel.
to
land
the
plant
to
mid-November.
liable
whenever
that
about
are
best
is
towards
planted
be
may
It
April.
trees
pear
shoots
Generally
proves
crammed
made
The
and
carefully
the
performed
April.
experience
although
until
and
apple
earlier
be
gooseberries, "c.,
onwards
;
can
until
November
is
November
BUNYARD
currants,
and
transplanted
are
all
of
October
of
GEORGE
TREES
so
damp
care
surface
that
and
the
clay
(/) Complete
they
are
tied
256
THE
FRUIT
GARDEN
the
from
with
stem
rabbits, if necessary,
together. Protect
of thorny branches
placed
wire-netting,or by means
Soil.
for
As a rule, ordinary garden soil is rich enough
in
orchards,
fed
with
rotted
hole,
When
soil
of all fruit
the
The
instances
Wall
may
made
it
and
manure
soil is very
Trees
good
made
were
from
for
of the
surface
The
method
roots
it
the
it
season
work
the
has
ground,
planting
laid
and
mice
can
thickly,
in
have
rats
trees
the
rob
or
should
very
In such
well
should
surface
first four
to
when
The
the soil of
used
be
trees
turf
cases
well-rotted
If
plant in.
planted.
removed
holes
when
used
be
soil
chopped up and
loose, friable, and
years,
otherwise
nourishment,
hinder
the
for
free
land
the
the
may
progress
the tree
making a good start.
prevent
planting strawberries, raspberries, and
roots, and
of
of in the
chapters
devoted
to
these
fruits.
One-
or
Year-Old
field
trees
trees.
Land.
the
is treated
currants
Maiden,
for
Weeds
in
be
never
wall
the
fruit
Keep
weeds
crack.
loam
water
Grass
planting.
laid
soil,until
where
exhausted
by previous
dry
on
the
loose, and
and
be
with
should
Where
become
upon
after
in
bark.
Trees.
have
covered
trees
to
half-
soil.
should
occurred
have
off the
nibbled
are
trees
well
being
resumed.
for
The
the
be
roots,
soil
the
harm
friable
firm
frosts
that
deferred.
roots
be
like
Planting.
happens
be
to
the
with
do
to
become
to
trees
Deferred
often
and
the
causes
is liable
but
poor
is mixed
manure
decays,
the
on
or
vanised
gal-
mesh
soils,they must
plan is to place
in
excellent
An
manures.
it
roots
land,
grass
manure
planting.
also
or
i-inch
around.
PRUNING
Apple
NEWLY
PLANTED
TREES
Tree
differ
Experts
^^^
second
as
to
the
after
or
on
shoots
stem,
from
and
shortens
taking
9
to
12
care
the
that
inches
of
rest
the
new
back
end
to
within
inches
of
the
old
growth
or
After
the
this
basin-shaped
FRUIT
PLANTING
is secured
tree
the
shoots
require
the
by cutting
that
so
this
back
balance
proper
for
treatment
inner
the
is
three
TREES
branches
kept
years,
four
to
all sides
upon
fruit
other
257
buds,
of
the
for
trees
and
regulating
Cherries
tree.
longer ;
but
when
each
developed only weakly shoots or those which
cross
useless
and
be
will
Trees
cut
to
out.
other,
require
carefullypruned
spray,
With
give the finest fruits,so that year by year a little attention
garden
pays.
trees, as pyramids, espaliers,bushes, it is only necessary
annually to cut back
the side-shoots
four
to
the
buds, and to leave 6 inches of new
growth upon
heads
leading
well
are
Of
shoots.
The
must
side shoots
be
not
six
buds
may
go
be
may
of the
than
should
blind.
cut
tree
shoots
Fruit
those
near
apples
the top
more
otherwise
the
suffer.
Cut
white
back
and
currants
six buds
within
the
of
their
6 inches
planting,afterwards
annually be left
growth may
after
new
until
the
bushes
formed.
are
require different
currants
the
to
them
shortened
base,
and
to
of
some
cordon
Trees.
red
of
trees
pear
of
be
to
the
at
gooseberries
of
fruit-spursmay
Bush
bases
Shoots
ought
those
basal
left
in closer
the
closely,four
too
be
ing
prun-
until
years
of cordon
in
cut
close
course,
for a few
is necessary
desired
form
is secured.
Subsequent
error
of
excess
Moderate,
where
treatment,
culture
is
young
well-ripened shoots
is
growth
wood
forced
as
mon
com-
giving
an
Tree
trees.
to
manure
see
this fruit.
Treatment.
fruit
in
Black
are
it
AND
made
are
assist
will
is
in
season,
one
the
trees
do
Side
ANY
at
(/") Shoots
their
not
cut
to
soil
having
usually
having given perhaps
is
so
AND
-LIFTING
much
richer
two
been
than
soil of
Third
inches
buds,
are
Leaf.
from
It
and
fruit
trees
is wise
to
water
soapy
is described
-PRUNING
ROOT
heavily manured
the
Those
Extend,
ensue
or
require manuring.
those
trees
bearing heavy crops ; liquid manure
pruning of wall
help both trees and fruits. The
chapters dealing with their culture.
Ordinarf^
garden
after
outside
only
ROOT
previous
bases.
then
in the
the
that
Second
the
Shoots
to
Shoots
the
of
Removed.
allowed
are
Pinched
in
Others
the
Retained
were,
produced, and
young
of the cherry and
plum,
trees, especially
Where
liable to be injured by frost.
are
inches
than
12
long
new
growths more
sappy
selected
been
Summer,
Four
Situated
Best
and
having
best
Winter,
Second
in
Strongest
satisfactorycrops,
for the
nursery
begin
that
to
culture
of
apples and
grow
tables
vegepears,
rapidly.
very
R
THE
258
Severe
often
unfruitful.
become
trees, to
young
horizontal
ones.
the
do
trees
pruning only
and
cutting
ofF
cut
If
all the
this
not
in
the
them
wildly, and
more
arrived
and
at
work
are
spring.
done
gradually.
be
must
first open
To
and
of fibrous
of
be
there
tree
other
any
be
may
a fair
gross
remove
found.
quantity
other
should
next
side
be
fibrous
it is best
found
the
thick,
if few
treated,but
are
until
the
roots,
the
side
then
stem,
shorten
that
roots
gross
Should
the
reached
are
for
tree,
one
on
{i.e.the
tap-roots
these
lift
trench
fall,
large
too
of it 4 feet from
underneath
work
roots)
leaves
the
Some
following
gross
the
shorten
to
before
of October
end
the
they
these
lift
to
roots
the
the
grow
then
has
time
is done
suffer
GARDEN
makes
The
altogether,and
removal
FRUIT
roots
leave
to
the
until
In
the
soil
and
roots,
towards
brought
much
fill
to
prefer
(which
Each
Extend
from
all
Others
Branch,
Pinched
Good
Four
to
Shoots
Two
Winter,
to
having
mulch
is
Buds
of
Spurs
except
being
Leaves.
shortening
inches
cut
back
or
are
of
base
of
to
two
eight
the
of
main
branches
growth
summer
; all
to
within
mulch
side
shoots
from
trees
These
It
remarks
is not
main
refer
advisable
be
roots
to
liable
to
espaliers,
pyramid,
root-prune
to
be
standard
blown
and
trees, for
down
if the
the
trees
they
heads
new
of
planting,
the
rains.
for
the
sun
soil
and
All
fruit
firmly planted.
apples and pears.
be
must
bush
retain
to
prevents
warming
obstructs
buds.
We
surface
encourage
instead
after
immediately
the
{g)[Points
to
March
in
roots)
firm.
the
done
and
been
Upper
the
with
soil without
to
moisture
Third
in
Allowed
as
It is better
loamy
making this
manure,
be
surface
trench
the
up
good
some
Tree
the
possible.
as
the
placed about
they should
be
must
finer
of
would
of
on
the
losing
trees
are
their
kept
form
and
bear
trees
moderately thin, fruit-spurswill soon
naturally. Cordon
often
attention
to
manured,
they
are
root-pruning ;
require frequent
highly
and
liable
when
to
too
freely.
being also mulched
fruiting they are
grow
Cordon
and
cordon
the Quince
on
apples on the Paradise stock are fibrous
pears
suffer if root-pruning is performed
of
end
the
rooted, and they do not
at
October
or
the
beginning
of November
as
soon
as
the
fruit is
gathered.
26o
the
thickly
become
trees
will
in
FRUIT
THE
not
As
freely.
so
grow
fruit
far
smaller
the
and
August,
with
set
only
the
may
or
Growth
(z)
this
long;
foot
more
shoots
one
Ts
most"|r^owth
pinched
full
three
sized
General
filling the
^j^^j,^^ ^^
Remarks.
as
gross
follow
(a)
the
This
roots
the
and
winter
"i^i
wind
syringing
or
Peaches
so.
roots
when
even
well
and
watered.
u
i_
even
when
them
fruit
hese,
old,
feeders.
deep
The
stones,
be
freely used,
is often
of
rendered
the
root-pruning
best
and
lime
even
soil.
benefit
and
are
and
fruits.
because
destroyed
root-lifting
old
Summer
the
necessary,
roots
with
ends,
calcareous
greatly
manure
soil, whereby
advantages
in
require
satisfactorily ;
brick
porous
luxuriates
liquid
and
make
to
should
^^
^j^^
Root-pruning
too
or
trench,
rubbish
mortar
one
become
the
at
Syringed,
walls
on
drying
done,
days
ten
roots
coarse
are
cold,
prevents
nectarines
trees
been
pruned
WALLS.
root-pruning
01
to
leaves
to
manuring
heavy
be
if shaded.
xir
mulching
too
Should
five
in
and
the
the
whether
root-
again
and
and
for
fast
when
is excessive
for
may
ON
severe
pinched
laterals
and
root-pruning,
eventually
or
from
push
to
trees
planting
the
-TIGS
and
grow
Peaches
beneficial
is on,
y-,
to
buds.
has
nectarines
foliage
thg
growth
fruit
trees
robs
too
fruitful
more
glass.
be
form
when
young
will
often
root-pruning
will
basal
the
causes
swell,
buds
after
these
which
checked
not
wood
by
under
grown
and
when
than
more
to
root-
even
feed
to
growth
after
shortened
be
overhead
stopping
of
Point
rather
greatly
prevail
Leading
Pinching
if
year
of
well
wild
make
if the
years
As
advisable
not
especially
third
formation
benefit
need
not
and
they
the
six
the
do
green,
required
are
Nectarines.
make
Plums
years,
or
will
branches,
pruned
as
stopped
is
safely root-pruned,
be
can
is
it
they
them.
few
cherries
and
they
size;
or
ruin
walls
On
roots,
large
fruiting
shoots
be
wood
the
fruit
more
should
when
terminal
Peaches,
Plums,
much,
strong
bear
they
as
shoots
much.
so
mat-like
then
earlier,
such
tree.
pruning
of
the
pinched
leaving
and
spurs,
possible
as
ones
form
GARDEN
are
of
or
briefly
work
being
fertility,(^)
induces
too
formation
pruning.
deeply
of
covered),
useless
roots
cures
canker
(c) improves
and
shoots,
the
(which
flavour
(e) reduces
is
of
the
often
the
labour
caused
fruit, {d)
of
summer
by
vents
pre-
CHAPTER
HOW
Foundation.
ERECT
TO
By
The
XXII
First
FRUIT
GEORGE
level
BUNYARD
soil
the
and
dig
enough
admit
to
square
fix
bricks
let
be
hold
to
another
Main
The
If
zinc.
perforated
the
centre
or
the
is
should
These
receive
made
be
feet
hole
in
of
^y
4i
the
and
damp.
and
all the
and
Covering.
Outside
The
and
it
side
of
hold
may
house
the
planks
order
tar,
protect
to
which
cold
or
to
secure
sides.
be
may
or
as
18
be
reed
These
fit
from
inches
thick
so
to
as
In
glass
order
exclude
is
shutters,
each
which
should
be
fruit
round
the
to
the
eaves
pieces
inches
wheat
straw
and
but
of
be
protected
the
filled
by
in
of
wood
ends
the
at
heather
or
they
outside;
should
be
of
small
hay
or
by perforated
of
use
the
an
moss
candle
dark
room
opening,
opening
zinc
in
fine
windows
readily inspected,
be
may
keep
to
means
roof,
with
and
inside
the
saves
provided
provided
end
can
This
be
must
Ventilation
of
to
In
draughts.
the
that
inserted.
are
shutters
apex
one
useful
space.
attached
lateral
from
are
roof
the
ground
by
roof
longest,
both
provided
be
outside
the
position
the
on
lasts
and
is strongest
must
closely
Windows.
21-OZ.
in
kept
they
in
"
bonds
"
is
matchboard,
|-inch
stout,
wide
inches
corners
is
If
overhead
placed
6
is
thatch.
to
and
this
Inside
inches.
board
the
at
upright,
may
Sedge
used
Doors.
made
can
thatch,
and
by
be
for
well.
as
inch.
Thatch
The
and
placed
rafters
4^
are
baskets
side
the
is
by
other
right angles
at
thatch
inches
the
roof
the
which
upon
door-plates
outside
to
receive
to
it the
fixed
be
material
cheapest
the
top
quartering
ground,
to
the
the
matchboard.
the
the
pare
Pre-
keep
and
pitch,
exterior
even
an
will
with
way
and
tion
founda-
square.
this
air
inside
ends.
inches,
from
feet
have
by
ture.
struc-
line;
and
the
usual
the
dry day
woodwork
should
quartering
in
choose
4^
be
firm
make
is fixed
this
should
the
extra
an
inches
above
mentioned
plate
ground
when
The
dowel
the
Support
plates
lower
the
creosote
main
size.
same
receive
to
The
inches,
from
foot
firm.
framework
plate
the
and
long
of
outside
long,
inches
12
ground
between
half-way
in
put
be
feet
large
corners
posts
the
covered
20
the
about
corner
above
and
than
more
should
the
for
stones
or
just
made
aperture
an
holes
out
inches
14
to
be
house
support
Posts.
by
should
air
wall,
the
in
inches
14
in
for
provision
may
with
dowel
iron
an
Some
piers
brick
-HOUSE
also
severe
enough
at
at
18
storing
other
by
being
time,
but
times.
18
inches,
left
weather.
to
of
keep
between
These
out
wasps
under
the
ings
open-
and
262
ventilators
Other
flies.
under
side of the
with
structure,
Protection.
should
fastened
be
would
entry
Shelves
attach
from
the
is
be
In
shelves.
useful
of
centre
the
fruit-house
Floor.
The
become
fruit shall
then
between
of air.
the
touch
not
table
narrow
natural
is the
earth
with
Upon
wooden
raised
Baskets
is
edge
fruit for
of
surfaces
paved
of fruits should
latest varieties
The
dry.
too
foot
of
specialfruits.
or
One
slight circulation
sides.
rafters,and
made
are
the
at
it.
possible floor
best
collections
rats.
the
shelf
lowest
the
that
so
placed underneath
be
can
to
allow
to
as
straw,
displayingexhibition
for
early use
to
the
wheat
so
is covered
wire-netting
thatch, so that an
readilyfixed
are
to
shelves
The
;|-inchapart,
place clean
shelves
the
all.
of
stout
ground
the quartering.
the
the
distance;
six in
about
fruits
the
lay
inside
aperture
by ij inches,
byf inch, from these
very
ground makes
should
they
contents
to
convenient
the
middle
the
shutter.
from
inches
bearers,2
shelves
the
which
upon
2
outside, about
^-inch mesh
the
matchboard
outside, beneath
also to keep out
This
is advisable
the
place uprights,
shelf
is
there
the
protect
to
lowest
the
outside
difficult.
be
Inside
First
To
and
placed, inside
be
must
each
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
be
apt
are
stored
on
the
lowest
end
an
inch
shelves.
Names.
of
angle
the
slipsof
degs.; slit
45
card
neat
Provide
be
may
held
zinc
inches
times, bending
this three
The
firmly.
other
not
to
necessary
Apples.
best
The
used
when
and
them
become
in
the
from
mealy
order
store
properly constructed
if
carefully gathered
very
basket
the
scale
we
should
prefer
wood-wool
rows
as
two
of
an
so
"tongue"
is pushed
under
to
use
an
If
gathered.
baskets
thus
all
jolting is
fruit
or
for
contents
baskets
the
fruit
common
sorts
question
to
from
should
answer.
with
should
be
avoided.
Growers
carried
be
lined
to
it
soft
to
another
When
should
means
be
to
moderate
fine
with
and
fruit
when
few
is
full
removal
except
is
an
tree
or
choice
used
are
wholesale
if
yokes
on
ladder
in
When
layer.
material, and
the
straw
regularlylaid
bruising,
alarmed
gathering
a
gathering
the
The
gather
to
not
on
ladders
Where
attach
with
for
condition
For
fruit-room
the
to
invaluable
are
hook
being
only be one
should
espaliers.
or
a
fruit
the
to
necessary
will keep in a
firm
lined
when
larger receptacle.
basket
one
This,
trees,
The
to
in
bruised.
there
be
trees
transferred
are
is soft
can
dwarf
the
they
basket
Codlins
months
three
without
basket.
to
fruit
avoided.
among
use
wood
full
be
however,
supply.
always
flavour
brisk
their
being
sacking, although for gathering
with
is taken
are
lose
sorts
may,
the
for
stored
open
It
of
most
apples are
dessert
summer
dessert
fruit-room
and
the
and
stored.
the
shade.
FRUITS
The
when
or
lined
be
packing,
these
Codlins
trees.
make
to
in the
HARD
early ripening
fresh
to
apt
are
store
of
at
that
label
zinc
of the
this fruit-house
erect
GATHERING
the
end
one
up
central
the
straw.
It is
or
long, turn
for
difficult
fruits
fall,
GATHERING
for
often
very
(seeds)are
of
HARD
If
dark
FRUITS
and
sound,
263
when
cut
the
open
pips
obtains
one
bulk
the
finest exarnples
may
carefullylaid
the
except
feet
deep
Any
should
bruised
not
be
more
with
it.
of
the
It
is
in
every
admit
will
being
crop
Spring
two
or
one
layers,therefore
fruits
may
heaped, but
handled
the
if
well
the
of
in this way
latter
Pears.
and
in
fruit-room
can
to
avoid
storing
be
at
once
any
Pears.
week
before
they
find
to
Pears
are
Never
Baskets
Fruit
the
Room
of
wheel,
sorts
can
ft. S in. ;
ft.
It is found
to
appear
less liable
keep
very
should
be
this
at
seen
than
find
not
when
a
glance, and
ordinary care
wind
is
care
layer be
fruit, for
laid
the
any
frosts,either
severe
one
be
baskets, as
do
essential
than
more
unsound
or
out
We
More
required
permitted
in
in
commencing
any
be
must
pears
by
and
should
exercised
not
be
fruit-room.
that
be
to
drier
left in the
be
fruits.
especiallyis
can
bird-pecked
in the
to
The
not
must
outside
taken
lamp
fruit
every
removed.
placed
once
Early
floor.
the
the
be
covering
storing.
then
decay
when
shaft,
They
bruise
must
care
We
together.
to
moved
of
on
juicy ones.
the
Gathering
the
Transferring
for
Trees
the
carefully
but
necessary,
inside
outside
or
gathering
from
width
covering
come
Useful
most
Fruit
Length
be
to
they keep
sides
Barrow,
Hard
later
have
thickly than
cold
i^
to
up
ing,
stor-
OF
extra
heaped
contact
not
that
entire
uneven
be
can
all those
into
out
more
sorts, which
fruit will
affect
fruit-room
laid
dessert
These
in
care
and
come
more
with
bruised
decay
the
storing
should
single layers,and the remainder
be
than
two
layers thick (one preferably),
goty,
magfruits
stored
Apples.
that
not
smaller-sized
When
time.
proper
ones.
Late
require
placed
the
at
crop
in
harm.
or
sound
as
and
pecked,
the
shelves
without
bird
the
the
on
late
of
be
are
these
ripe
the
;
are
tree
better
flavoured
should
be
when
cleared
gathered
at
intervals.
The
mealy and decay in the centre.
varieties
mid-season
be tested
can
{a) by slightlyraising the fruit,when, if fit
to
gather, the stalk parts readilyfrom the spur ; {b)by examining the seeds as
the spur
the
it is
with
the stalk end
over
apple ; (c)by observing when
grows
colour
to
attached
of
from
to
orange.
; {d) by a change
green
The
Pears.
These
be
Late
trees
must
require to be carefullymanaged.
So
treated
they
are
to
become
264
THE
well
left
mulched
the
on
watered
and
to
almost
trees
Stewing
FRUIT
into
Pears.
so
roots,
bulbs
or
materials
laid
on
readily
November
These
that
the
as
be
may
shelves
dessert
placed
in
taint
the
the
size
stored
In
fruit
fruits
be
are
to
no
Clean
used.
be
the
baskets
with
store
same
and
flavour,
to
in
varieties.
the
and
(according
be
can
the
where
full
secure
bruise
GARDEN
placed.
the
boxes,
should
case
wheat
be
must
season).
or
fruit,
fruit
nor
as
do
they
potatoes,
should
straw
hay
may
not
onions,
or
be
other
thinly
CHAPTER
XXIII
STORAGE
FRUIT
By
The
of
subject
fruit
to
its natural
in
of
varieties
fruits
Late
is
retarded
the
below
by avoiding
admittance
is
It
retard
house
the
of
straw,
placing
for
6
the
bad
apex
of
of
for
bad
week
best
of
May
to
and
to
months.
say.
The
"c.,
be
may
days
ten
or
of
means
in
even
having
the
evaporation
temperature
during
and
harvesting
lessened
that
by
in
who
the
or
is
siderably
con-
and
weather,
warm
fruit-room
be
If
straw
ones
to
three
camped
will
ones
ridge.
also
free
too
Camped
for
in
this
265
way
straw
should
weather
is
as
in
finished
straw
may
cover
them
the
placed
over
with
absence
the
be
can
and
be
same
picked
covered
12
with
The
"sweating."
and
to
their
done
with
slight ventilation,
apples
be
looked
frequently
them
covering
have
how
to
be
In
material.
garden,
camped
straw
attached
they
and
fruit-room,
know
to
should
distinguishable
be
glad
built
cellar
of
frosty
suitable
the
they
again
of
In
upon
until
are
in
out
layer
and
out.
be
have
upon,
them
rest
such
available
any
weeks
then
sound
rest
picked
specially
will
who
purpose.
to
or
requires
growers
the
ones
mats,
may
about
remaining
inches
three
or
until
word
strawberries,
out-of-doors
temperature
smaller
fruits
the
and
material
The
brought
of
the
sight
about
atmosphere
of
place
best
apples
and
the
lost
be
large fruit-grower
for
potatoes,
bruised
retarded
variety
two
for
quality
providing
floor
cellar
kept
pineapples,
in
of
be
only
of
thousands
are
light layer
of
be
October
preserve
I have
that
but
abundance
an
profitably
principle
keep
to
March,
air.
only
occasionally
a
the
to
March
the
possible
such
by
beyond
deterioration
following
have
be
in
quite
it is useless
and
advantage
never
variations
the
it is the
the
on
sudden
their
of
melons,
should
can
that
of
there
yet
with
question
fact
This
object.
March,
to
abuse
result
the
we
could
fruit
the
the
fruit
until
that
fruit
is
it
importance
great
inexperienced
preserving
will
long,
too
instance,
March
in
of
one
the
in
qualities. Moreover,
October
weather.
be
conditions
deterioration
no
for
is
caution
may
For
season
the
fruit
to
structure
practised
peaches,
or
considering
retarding
the
its
may
as
little
warmest
In
if
apple
grapes
such
with
well, however,
any
the
only against
fruits,
softer
in
But
and
apples
of
Christmas
the
It
preserving
favourable
sacrifice
then.
Christmas,
and
appearance.
under
naturally
until
June.
and
apple
at
may
retardation,
quality,
undoubtedly
be
effective
however
October
an
It
season,
weight,
THOMAS
retarding, storing,
growers.
saying that,
OWEN
over
feet
preserved
out.
with
apart
in
sound
in
266
THE
condition
This
for months.
late
and
only.
varieties
With
varieties
long.
Orange Pippin,
Cox's
them
is
I have
to
of
serves
Ribston
and
Orange
to
others, the
them
place
in
good
in
keep
refers
apple
fruit-room
until
of
preserving
June.
I
retarding
proper
ways.
may
the Royal Gardens, Frogmore, underneath
at
privilegeof building one
of an
Ventilation
was
provided by a shaft at
existing fruit-room.
for the
trellis work
of open
easilyregulated,and by double doors, one
of
additional
air when
weather
the
ordinary
fruit-room
fruit-room
being
for
to
of
This
an
and
is
in
eyesore
be
to
man
the
with
quantity of
window
able
or
useful
garden
fruit
where
be
to
other
built
of
soil in
of
and
stored.
It
opening
to
making
cool
the
must
air
an
GEORGE
end,
admission
warmest
and
have
sunk
than
arched
an
be
can
It should
each
the
fruit-room
length
the
floor
the
retarding fruit.
with
shrubs
is limited.
space
lo
for
which
In
had
the
degs. cooler
underground
be
upright,
By
feet
to
door.
invaluable
it
found
from
was
method
stand
to
the
at
lock
ordinary
an
room
and
above,
over
this
description may
this
sown.
grass
in
temperature
covered
and
desired, and
as
in this way
several
built
early
keep
apples, such
way
Stored
cellar.
condition
be
of
best
mid-season
to
and
try
purpose
varieties
choicer
the
to
Pippin, and
paper
the
keeping
useful
no
reference
Blenheim
known
The
GARDEN
manner
It
in
them
w^rap
FRUIT
be
width
A
roof
planted
without
or
its
high enough
proportion
in
doorway
at
one
end
cavity outside.
BUNYARD
cannot
and
gone
There
the
is
ground
no
cleared
oast
doubt
floors and
that
the
before
out
these
first
apples
the
substantial
floors,but
the
late
keeping
buildings are
suitable
fruits
for
keep
best
on
the
gathered.
are
both
on
the
former.
usual
plan
is for
in
most
to
women
clean
it
sort
the
fruit
as
it is
of
in
favour
for
Northern
Golden
Pearmain,
and
Court
Pendu
of Glamis,
supply of Tower
Prince
Royal Jubilee, Lane's
Plat.
Newton
But
in
few
years
there
will
be
large
268
FOR
FRUITS
OF
SELECTIONS
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
North
of
CERTAIN
England
DISTRICTS
Scotland
and
of Bath, *tBisApples.
Red, *Allington Pippin, *tBeauty
tAlfriston, tAstrachan
tCox's
Christmas
Cockle's
Pippin, Cox's
Pearmain,
Pomona,
marck, Byford Wonder,
of
Pearmain, tCellini Pippin, tDuchess
tClaygate
Orange
Pippin (wall). Col. Vaughan,
Domino
tDevonshire
Codlin, tEarly Julian, Early Victoria,
Oldenburg,
Quarrenden,
Alexander
+Ecklinville
(wall), Early Red
Pippin,
Seedling, Emperor
Margaret, Fearn's
Scarlet
Spire, tGolden
Pippin, *Gascoigne's
Seedling, + Golden
tGalloway
Noble,
Grieve, tKeswick
*tGrenadier,
Seedling, tirish
Peach, tjames
Codlin,
*Hambling's
Prince
Sudeley, tLane's
tKerry Pippin, +King of the Pippins, *tLady
Albert, Langley
tMr.
*Lord
tLord
Grosvenor,
Pippin, tLord
Suffield,Margil, Mother,
Gladstone,
Derby,
Nonesuch
Mrs.
Phillimore, Northern
Peasgood's
(wall),
Greening, *Newton
Wonder,
Ross
tPott's
Russet,
Juneating, tRibston
Nonpareil,
Seedling, Red
Pippin, Rosemary
Golden
Scarlet
*Royal Jubilee, Seaton
Nonpareil, tSummer
Pippin, or Ingestre,
House,
of Glamis,
tStirling Castle, tStone's
Apple, Striped Beefing, St. Edmunds'
Russet, tTower
The
King, tWellington, tWorcester
Pearmain,
Queen, *tWhite
Transparent, tWarner's
White
Ingestrie.
Juneating, tYellow
in many
and
does
succeed
in the open
Cox's
Orange may
parts, but it is worthy of a
wall
in
*
the
North.
Refers
to
which, although
sorts
not
well
yet
desirable.
most
Cherries.
Black
Nectarines
Pine
prove
Apple,
and
Peaches
others.
Outdoor
for
Culture.
Early Grosse
Hitive, *Waterloo.
*Early
Castle,
likely to
Morello,
Apricots.
Figs.
are
Late
Wood,
Early Rivers, Frogmore
Early Bigarreau, Governor
Duke,
Bigarreau, Windsor
Bigarreau.
Napoleon
Breda
New
(very free), Hemskerk,
Moorpark,
Large Early.
Marseilles
Ischia, Brown
(all for open
air).
Turkey, White
Outdoor
Culture.
Lord
for
Dryden, Elruge, Humboldt,
Napier,
Duke,
May
known
in the North,
Specially recommended.
York,
Violette
ander,
Condor,
Dymond,
Bellegarde, *Early AlexHale's
(fine)^ Stirling
Goshawk,
Early
Mignonne,
d'Hiver, *Beacon
Mello, Bellissime
(Rivers'),
d'Amanlis, Beurrd
Capiaumont,
Easter, *Beurrd
*Beurr^
Beurr^
Beurrd
Chretien
Gififard,Beurre
Superfin, *Bon
Fouqueray,
Hardy,
de Lamy,
Conference
(Williams'), Belle Julie, Catillac, *Colmar
d'Ete, Comte
(Rivers'),
du
Emile
d'Etd, Doyennd
Comice, Durondeau,
Boussoch,
Doyenne
*Doyennd
d'Heyst,
Fondante
de
Fondante
Glou
Thirriott, General
d'Automne,
Todtleben,
Morceau,
de
Grosse
^Jargonelle, Josephine
Calebasse, Hacon's
Incomparable,
Malines, *Louise
Bonne
of Jersey, Marie
Louise, Marguerite
Fulvie, Passe
Colmar,
Marillat, Nouvelle
Petite
Souvenir
du
de
Pitmaston
Marguerite,
Duchess,
Vienne,
Congr^s, Triomphe
St. Germain,
Verulam
Uvedale's
Nelis.
(baking), Winter
Thompson's,
Pears.
Beurr^
Aston
Will
stock
for
in
succeed
south
or
Baronne
Town,
Beurr^
Brown,
Bosc,
some
de
*Beurr^
situations
as
standards
the
others
are
best
on
the
Quince
walls.
west
do well on
walls
in the North, and
As
rule these
in some
a
places as standard
de
*Black
Blue
^Belgian
Purple, Belle
Septembre,
Diamond,
Prolific,*Cox's
Golden
Comte
d'Atthem's
Emperor,
Gage, *Coe's
Drop, Denniston's
Superb Gage, *Early
Prolific(Rivers'),Gisborne's, *Green
Gage (old),*Jefferson's Gage, Kirke's Blue, *Magnum
Bonura
Bonum
Orleans
(white). Magnum
(red). Monarch
(Rivers'), *New
(early),
Yellow
OuUins'
Golden
Gage, Pershore
Egg, *Pond's
Seedling, *Prince
Englebert,
of Wales,
Reine
de Bavay,
*Prince
Claude
Sultan^ *The
Czar, Transparent
Gage (early),
Gage (original),*Victoria.
Transparent
Damsons.
Hereford
Prune.
Frogmore
(early),*King of Damsons,
Plums.
trees.
For
standards
; rest
on
walls
south
or
west.
OF
SELECTIONS
Recommended
Apples.
Cornwall
for
Dessert.
*Lady
FRUITS
Devon
and
Pippin,
Kerry
Sudeley,
269
Coasts
Mother,
Russet,
Egremont
Cox's
Orange
Pippin,
Pippin,
*Boston
Derby,
Warner's
*Allington
Pippin,
Russet.
Pearmain,
*Mannington's
Sturmer
Nonpareil,
Ecklinville,
Suffield,
Lord
Culinary.
*01d
Spire,
*Golden
^Lord
Prince
King,
Bismarck,
*Alfriston,
Wellington,
*Bramley's
*Lane's
Seedling,
Albert.
Pears,
*Louise
Jargonelle,
*Emile
Pitmaston,
Plums.
*The
Czar,
*Williams',
Bonne,
Glou
d'Heyst,
Victoria,
and
for
Monarch
*Doyenne
Durondeau,
Diel,
Beurrd
Morceau,
Bergamotte
standards,
du
Cornice,
Esperen.
and
for
walls
?Dennis-
ton's
Superb,
Jefferson,
Peaches.
Hale's
Coe's
Golden
Early,
and
Drop,
Monarch.
Crimson
*BeIlegarde,
Galande,
*Dymond,
Violette
Hative.
Nectarines.
Lord
Strawberries.
Napier,
*Elruge,
Gunton
Countess,
*Dryden,
Humboldt.
Latest
Park,
Royal
Sovereign.
*
These
are
the
most
reliable.
of
all,
*Monarch,
*President,
XXIV
CHAPTER
PROPAGATION
OF
GEORGE
Bv
Apples,
plums,
pears,
September
and
heals
sooner
the
important
should
planted
be
stocks
the
they
and
heat
following
For
there
should
be
[b) rind-grafting
first
the
woody
the
should
of
bark
the
woody
the
branch
opened
is
(wedge-shaped)
is
upright
The
well
and
have
is
with
closely
tallow
made
is
done^
They
graft
them
does
not
local
July
the
easily
would
learn
gardener
than
Amateurs
some
March,
the
by
up
to
stock
the
by
foot
and
of
fit
the
raised
first
one
of
but
and
bound
straw
or
used
growth
they
are
not
bark
of
wax
clay
or
removed
be
may
soon
as
resin
for
bast,
placed
is
manure,
;
is
the
three-sided
cut
if
inserted,
of
end
or
and
removed,
the
the
rind
outer
is
In
graft
be
in
obliquely
cut
the
scion
Russian
with
As
In
branch
the
only.
side
air
the
the
can
is
In
stocks
branches.
is made
which
bark.
and
small
notch
it.
the
grafts
two
horse
the
the
round
hot.
stock,
receive
under
upper
exclude
to
the
to
mallet,
opening,
on
be
chisel,
chisel
the
in
they
rising.
is
large
to
grafting
grafted
upon
upon
cut
their
take
the
be
sap
of
they
at
to
the
and
tongue,
cut
inserted
tightly
it
must
notch
stock
and
the
in
intended
until
then
down
cut
be
two-thirds
(a) Whip-grafting
long
can
{c) cleft-grafting
with
be
are
grafted
grafting
with
cut
they
soil
April
or
should
grafted)
with
March
trees
not
be
to
covered
standard
is
with
fit
around
slightly loosened,
are
trees
short
this
in
older
flattened
bending,
work
mixed
pressed
to
if
of
shoots
dwarfs
corresponding
portion
required
or
methods
exactly
stock
and
February,
scion
fit
to
part
scion
but
is
April.
and
before
dried
and
it
case
March
planted
all
them,
bark
{i.e.the
place
stocks
upon
the
{a)
until
in
three
are
and
satisfactory.
operation
shady
If the
back
cut
the
scions
large espaliers
if
There
in
remain
to
but
season,
desired
laid
better.
stock
to
seldom
are
bud
the
in
at
are
perfect
either
established.
done
growth
they
is the
more
In
well
best
August
description.
the
and
tree
not
when
centre
by seeing
grafting,
length,
the
minutes
free
If
better
inserted
woody
written
the
from
the
ten
long
poor
of
and
is
ones.
be
is
grafting
season.
it is
Buds
spring.
from
in
by
is
same
should
of
use
healthy,
the
upon
The
usually
scion
grafted
in
former
by budding
April.
and
and
stock
made
increased
are
March
in
than
November
clean,
are
growth
separate
more
in
quinces
of
trees
stocks
budded
be
can
and
union
budded
upon
BUNYARD
by grafting
The
that
If
also
operation.
easier
cherries,
and
TREES
FRUIT
the
then
clay,
some
graft
the
over
of
used, composed
grafts
have
is
removed
and
month,
until
"
taken
the
the
and
resin
"
ties
union
and
are
is
APPLE
GRAFTING
ON
CUT
BACK
ESPALIER.
on
a:;
:?;
'-.
h,
tq
ft;
ft;
OF
PROPAGATION
complete.
growth
If the
ties
loosened
not
are
FRUIT
will
they
TREES
into
cut
271
the
and
stock
its
arrest
resting-placefor
Budding.
shoots
off
cut
the
lifted
(by
central
of
it down
the
with
shoot
note
that
the
the
The
down
end
of
edges
bark
bud.
inserted
with
the
those
also
be
prepared by
smooth
portion,
the
gently bent,
is then
go,
in
of
the
from
tops may
is then
cut
receive
bud
it will
as
The
ends
the
stock
transverse
T.
knife) to
and
cut
ivory
the
tiny
die.
bud
that
so
"
is
the
under
"
the
cut
woody
lips
cut
upwards
eye
then
are
The
press
the
grow
and
in
bud
in
the
shoot
the
late
or
the
to
as
buds
In
remains
the
when
should
be
not
the
woody
the
Practice
alone
the
bud
bud
will
will
begin to
its growing
upright,
the
just above
away
insure
is
when
is removed
inserted.
tied
or
entire
wood
following April
the
the
ties
green,
It is important to
altogether.
bud
the
looks
bud
cut
direction.
This
and
shoot
of
the
removed
out
work.
is then
tree
be
"
and
open,
comes
empty
good
autumn
sloping
Layering.
bush
if that
Therefore
not
they can
"
or
pin
neck
;
celerityand
insure
does
cut
later
is removed
portion
so
far
as
and
letter
leaf-stalks
of
The
water.
long
extracted.
be
falls,the
loosened
be
that
bow-like
6 inches
about
in
the
stalk.
budding knife to the base of the leafIf a portion of the bark
that
protrudes beyond the T it is cut away,
so
and
lips fall over
envelop the bud entirely. Then
lightlywind round
bud
After
about
fourteen
raffia,leaving the dormant
exposed.
days, if
must
by
by applying
leaf-stalk
will
inches
i^
above
"
"
the
ends
together forming
flat end
of the budding
portion can
T-insertion
the
the
off
cut
and
buds,
place
cut
be
the
the
the
should
furnish
upright
cuts
of
out
shoots
an
two
leaves
to
are
the
making
The
which
is thus
insects
is
accomplished
forms
formation
the
encourage
portion
The
U.
letter
the
by selectinga
central
placing the
lowest
of
towards
the
base
below
the
soil,so
inches
should
point
and
roots
shoot
few
well
be
of
first notched
be
secured
beneath
the
soil.
Stocks
may
Rivers'
real
two,
For
Broad
or
advantage
and
Pears
also
may
cordons
trees
Apples.
for
used.
be
the
and
the
strong
Orchards.
but
sturdy
ones
These
used
for
espalier and
the
The
de
two
la Cour
reliable
and
two
other
stock
more
Marie
are
Free
or
Dutch
or
of
these
growing
apple
Paradise
four
apples
stock
stock,
stocks
has
fit the
best
or
any
first
latter.
should
trees
stocks
None
smaller
Crab
the
English
it.
the
grafting,Conseiller
the
of
varieties
other,
standards
either
into
come
Plums.
garden
orchard
trees
Nonesuch
and
for
be
over
For
be
the
upon
Pear
free-growing garden
should
be
quickly.
used,
"
are
Brompton
and
But
trees.
as
this
upon
mothers
D'Uccle
Louise
the
As
stock, which
"
for
the
for double
suitable.
the
Mussell, the
272
THE
FRUIT
Propagation
GARDEN
by
Grafting
274
THE
FRUIT
Propagation
GARDEN
by
Budding
PROPAGATION
Mussell
than
Plum.
the
Most
other, but
in August.
budded
Apricots
cuttings
of
length in
in
Currants
and
three-quartersof their
buds,
as
the
Black
by
inserted
one
better
are
always
Plum
division
of
stocks.
the
by
roots,
three-quarters of
end,
upper
best
are
their
up
inserted
are
If wanted
upon
stem
; the
buds
must
not
furnish
the
tree
with
them
be
removed
the
young
fruit is borne.
cuttings,the
latter
rooted
being
pots in
in
house.
warm
Nuts
bushes
from
cuttings, which
removed.
are
low
as
from
soil in March.
the
propagated by layersand
moderately
Cob
the
spring
which
are
They
Common
or
shoots
raised
are
below
length
at
which
upon
Figs
a
four
except
Currants
shoots
growths
are
this.
increased
tops of
the
by
Mussell
soils suit
some
determine
can
the
on
stock
275
soil in March.
Gooseberries
all
experience
August
TREES
FRUIT
either
upon
Brambles
and
roots,
do
local
only
and
the
the
of them
budded
are
Blackberries
OF
and
Filberts
raised
are
by layers; they
do
not
from
true
come
seed.
Medlars
budded
are
Pear
the
on
stock
Propagation
Budding.
o.
Portion
of
"taking"
White
Thorn.
Budding
by
and
well-hardened
of the
season's
current
growth,
apple shoot
petiole
buds;
{g) point of cutting leaves, leaving part of the leaf and
direction
in
handle
of knife
to
verticall lines indicate
(leaf-stalk)to serve
as
a
the^bud ; (A) dotted
shoot
Note.
The
buds
of a shoot, often
"taking"
buds, the trimmed
being called a "stick."
upper
the
and
borne
soft wood,
small
basal
buds
of
not
fully developed
on
are
usually discarded, as also are
the shoot
bud
almost
of the apple and
(i). p. Proper bud, long and pointed ; a wood
always in the case
but
in the
and
wood
not
portion of bark
so
cherry, nectarine, peach, and
plum ; {J) shield
or
pear,
with
bud
and
and
short
bud,
rounded,
bud, such
stout
portion of leaf.
Improper
as
Q.
; a blossom
the
season's
of the
plum, especially when
weakly or
occurs
on
growth
cherry, nectarine,
peach, and
stunted.
and
bud
R.
bud, long, narrow,
being usually a wood
pointed ;
Triple bud of peach, the centre
be [a wood
and
whether
bud.
Bud
there
three
s.
must
properly taken
two,
buds, one
are
or
one,
pared
prefor insertion
in stock
exposed
by cut of thin-bladed
sharp knife in taking off bud ;
; (i) bark
The
is usually about
the wood
removed
whole
bud
has
been
leaving the eye intact.
(i)part from which
long.
I inch
inch
inch and
Inserting
Bud.
vertical, an
or
a half
long,
the
t.
Making incisions in stock ; one
the other
Both
reach
thus
inserted,
cuts
must
through the bark
only. u. Bud
forming a T.
transverse,
raised
bud
be pushed
the corners
of bark
to
partly by the
to allow
in, this being done
are
a little so
as
showing
mode
of
the
or
strong
the
fingers and
when
the
finished
whole
of
the
by
handle
it cannot
be
below
the bud,
usually started
end
being secured
by drawing
itself.
Attention
afterwards
of
into
placed
v.
to
the
month,
loosen
portion
tied
Bud
the
stock
stalk
Take
over
course
not
care
in
bandage
the
below
cut
(^) bandage
second
the
remove
or
of
leaf
the
upon
cleft,
bow
is necessary
usually be done
safely within
kept clear of useless growths,
the
end
the
a
knife
the
passed
to
due
off
foot
it, and
the
the
over
time.
bud
of
top
i
bend
should,
bud
the
about
long,
upper
bud
This
in all
cases,
may
be
In
slightly shortened.
6 inches, may
left
be
shoot
to
from
bud
from
bud.
Growth
for securing the growth
the inserted
w.
; (j)secured
; (r) vigorous
scion
bud, performed when
remaining
portion of stock ; (i)point of cutting off portion of stock above
the growth
when
in some
inches
is necessary
A stake
to secure
no
cases
part
12
growth is about
high.
autumn
of the
the
stock
stock
may
be
cut
but
back
the
to
shoots
2
inches
above
above
must
the
be
preserved
bud,
or
or
very
portion, 4
to
is left.
Budding
Stocks.
influence
For
of
root
only, as the Quince stock for the pear, 3 inches ;
branches
not
or
nearer
generally on dwarfing stocks, 6 inches ; for trees required with a stem
should
be budded
of their own
the
at
than
standards
the ground
not
i foot, 9 inches
having stems
; and
condition
and
of growth.
desired.
the
The
time
season
height of stem
ofibudding depends upon
this
later is preferable.
do
and
sometimes
of June, but
Always
Cherries
apricots are
ready by end
wood.
The
the
order
of budding
while
the bark, with
from
work
the
be .properly detached
bud, can
follows
be
taken
apples, pears ; fourth,
as
first, cherries
:
second,
apricots ; third, plums,
;
may
and
nectarines
peaches ; fifth,walnuts.
Heights
for
trees
276
THE
Propagation
FRUIT
by
GARDEN
Layers
and
Suckers
Quinces
raised
are
from
Raspberries
cuttings
increased
are
Walnuts
Layering.
bud
i.e.
the
wood
joint,
and
with
kept
[z)
shoots
buds
entire.
K.
budding
soil,
detached
in
Layering
shoots
in
the
or
is
"eye,"
plant
if
and
August
firm
and
necessary,
and
each
soil
good
(i)
buds
be
must
inches
wanted
not
case
to
below
just
to
secured
and
deep,
left
(2),
wood
two-year-old
or
by
parent
of
is
shown
left
with
tongue-
three
at
or,
one
and
with
many
they
detached
left
at
may
formed
have
the
left
are
planted
for
above
the
buds
ground
be
layered
"
"
crown
The
the
young
same
way,
with
Secure
summer.
plants
the
in
detached
be
then
can
and
over
bud,
level.
the
in
bent
cane
strong
soil
turned
freshly
will
roots
autumn
gooseberries
in
of
point
the
severed
being
and
them
in
and
cane
Currants
layering
as
sometimes
now
then
with
blackberry,
emitted,
freely
the
here
generally
though
year,
and
encouraging
planted.
of
plant
quantity
previous
Budding
for
for
process
are
entire,
left
then
the
The
cross-lines,
dotted
properly
are
and
autumn
of
soil
the
layers
the
Quince
and
with
layered.
shoots
by
from
growth,
shoots
{t)
layering
desired.
where
of
in
layers
Plum,
level
practised
layer
roots
year's
next
planted
points
the
in
for
be
then
can
selecting
peg
formed
Cane
m.
Pear,
year's
L.
following
autumn
soil
good
the
with
nothing
leaving
branch
all
ringing,
(j)
wide,
the
layering,
one-year-old
of
down
cut
indicated
as
course.
with
commonly
soil,
Shoot-Tips.
covered
layered
as
previous
the
due
Apple,
or
not
is
the
of
shoot
be
may
of
low
very
process
above
grafting
or
kept
[a]
notching
three
most,
Stocks
plant,
possible
the
layers
inch
an
below
through
stone
cross-lines).
Securing
Stock
as
but
The
small
through
In
half-way
or
half
wood.
covered
manipulation,
soil,
than
soil
the
below
part
of
branch
the
half-way
piece
April.
in
with
less
cut
out
the
of
rooting.
for
].
from
point
cutting
open
not
transverse
taking
upwards
the
barks
inner
mal"ing
especially
near
and
outer
March.
in
plants.
Suckers
i.e.
it
inserted
old
sown
and
keeping
upwards,
i.e.
(dotted
Layering
the
cut
encourage
Grafting.
the
slanting
shortened
layering,
both
removed,
to
or
good
of
Layers
277
are
the
seed
(.;)tongue-layering,
incision
an
notching,
inserted
peg
moist
entire
ring
;
a
be
must
grow
with
modes
making
and
off
taking
but
Various
I.
joint
or
long,
from
from
by
TREES
foot
taken
raised
are
Propagation
these,
suckers
by
Chestnuts
and
FRUIT
OF
PROPAGATION
transplanted.
,
Suckers.
detached
fair
with
of
for
roots
they
such
for
or
inches
suitable
so,
high,
stocks
the
from
and
the
and
emit
budding
sucker
(/)
or
when
grafting
in
one
in
due
plum,
course.
"
old,
in
the
stools,"
earthed
are
autumn
are
cut
up
following
with
with
other
plum,
pear,
be
seldoin
and
and
and
damson,
can
stem,
detached,
Apple,
called
year
Lifted
summer.
from
properly
stock.
for
or
stock-plants,
The
shoots,
freely
spawn"
from
nature
varieties,
suckers.
roots
"
it
as
distance
little
some
or
similar
of
at
desirable
usually
not
produced
respective
resulting
sucker,
stem
sucker
Suckers
of
for
{d)
suitable;
being
raised
filbert;
attached
()
planting.
nearly
or
of
increase
sometimes
are
ground
form
roots
and
used
stocks
about
roots,
lifting
sometimes
the
good
amount
stock
Root
N.
trees
level
good
with
and
are
quiiice
and
down
good
with
soil
planted
278
THE
Propagation
FRUIT
by
GARDEN
"Eyes"
and
Cuttings
CHAPTER
WHOLE
By
There
are
surplus
method
to
fruit
be
to
observed
preserved
off"
as
on
[in)
\o)
vine
fruit
the
vine
to
as
strongly
about
forming
being
these
with
to
piece
or
should
root
inches
joints
three
joints,
care
the
cases
greatest
will
show
care
in
the
needed
and
Eye,
the
(those
blackberry,
summer's
to
inches
soil,
loose,
to
old
wood
of
spreading
fig
the
bud
cutting
below
properly
and
growing
[r) triangular
in
of
after
or
eyes
roots
prepared
are
neck
and
Vine
freedom
the
cork
above
G.
great
cool
"eyes,"
with
forming
usually
in
one-bud
triangle.
Pour
the
into
transversely
cut
eye
forming
cuttings
rich
of
the
cut
soil
out
of
all
of
the
buds
the
from
and
of
highest
on
similar
way,
bud,
cutting.
279
heel
with
the
of
roots
below
form
at
the
base
soil, except
be
inserted
if
and
from
the
to
two
[t) cutting
the
between
well-
in
long,
horizontally
cutting
the
ing
deala
springs,
it,
wood
[w]
with
apple,
cutting
nearly
formed
are
wood
the
to
planted
roots
of
shorten
two-year-old
heel,
the
cutting,
the
two-year-old
of
intended
part
the
length,
of
in
which
Chapters
the
[s) cutting
from
branch
from
inches
fig
parts
the
in
shown
are
vine
and
length
the
2
portion
with
off
removed
are
(u) cutting
mulberry,
base
taken
formed
diameter,
Gooseberries
and
fig, mulberry,
buds
are
in
Currants
two-thirds
or
roots
inch
of
growth
The
branch.
to
one-bud
or
vine
of
(/) triangular
water
set
and
cutting
for
eye
the
skimming
tightly.
syrup
of
This
cold
and
part
the
marked
below
from
such
bud,
to
cane
downwards,
below
lower
Cuttings
[n)
rooting
Apple,
about
and
the
and
and
below;
Forms
previous
{v) cutting
inserted
is
in
above
vine
fire
fit
will
aid
cold.
minutes,
ofi^the
that
into
peeled
of
pint
one
between
the
applied
fifteen
or
pan
with
are
as
fruit
the
best.
H.
of
of
bottles
Cut
previously
be
add
ten
up
inch
above
wedge-shaped,
freely.
the
the
about
deep
from
Great
be
above
buds
blackberry
I
all
the
and
bottle
the
having
ready
"Eyes"
cut
upwards
the
cut
the
of
heel
which
three
or
Fruits).
shoot
ripened
{p)
Various
of
with
In
dry.
must
the
only
\\
Portion
f.
transverse
for
corks
by
in
loaf-sugar
draw
wedge-shaped
back
the
;
roots
[k)
above,
[q] transversely
Cuttings
soil,
from
growing
wedge-shaped
with
is detailed
large-mouthed
and
which
gently
it, but
of
Cuttings.
;
of
boil
cover
space
transversely
cut
and
the
they
success.
every
them
ready,
well-cut
eye
inserted
bud,
which
chapter
mark
have
autumn,
pears
this
quite ripe,
tablespoon,
surface
some
so
place
pound
one
to
Have
(/) wedge-shaped
cut
many
clean
syrup
fire,and
or
it rises
One-Bud
ok
as
of
Propagation
is
it
perfectly
size
to
some
To
bottle, allowing
Eyes,
and
and
In
use.
it, for
ready
are
handle
Have
cold.
the
they
the
or
gas-stove
until
cuttings
before
Victoria)
summer
invariable
bruise
to
Have
according
follows
as
scum
the
not
Queen
cherries,
with
gathered
as
that
wood
the
on
syrup
it, so
care
carefully.
prepared
the
years
be
must
quarters,
flat
off
place
many
Majesty
during
spring
taking
or
place
and
for
me
who,
apricots,
winter
Nectarine.
and
of
skin
gardens
Late
fruit.
required,
piece
by
handling
Peach
halves
for
Her
to
nectarines,
preserve
preserved
in
of
owners
practised
PRESERVATION
{Confectioner
peaches,
like
-FRUIT
ponder
many
fruits
would
is
S.
XXV
of
of
and
latter
and
vine
with
the
blackberry
joints.
root-
THE
8o
the
former
rinsed
tie
the
of
deep
firmly
the
bottles
iron
or
of the
bottom
the
wood
bottle
in
on
fire
without
cork-presser and
with
well
tough string
some
the rim or
string tightlyunder
and
securely corked, place them
the
Arrange
gas-stove.
or
little distance
pan,
pressed in
bottle; then
in the
filled
being
on
pan
first
be
times, securing
three
The
copper
in the
wood
rest
water
cork
bottle.
the
GARDEN
should
in ; the cork
before
being put
is put
in cold
over
FRUIT
touching
each
piece of
coarse
apart,
other
in
slipsof
some
that
so
bottles
the
the. sides
or
neck
bottom
or
flat
may
of
pan.
Fold
each
in
the
the
neck
of
place
pan
point.
the
bottle.
on
For
or
with
then
pan
the
cloth
cold
Cover
gas-stove
all
fire,heating
or
be
to
towel
coarse
the
arrange
lower
of the
level
the
to
with
over
it is well
this work
fill
water
them
linen, and
quickly
contents
provided
with
almost
metal
of
material
other
or
fully
care-
part
ing
boil-
to
thermometer,
the
of the
between
bottles,and as soon
placed in the centre
pan
the quicksilverrises to 200
as
degs. Fahrenheit
immediately take the pan oS the
fire and
with
its
in
cool
contents
cellar,and there let it remain
room
or
a
place
until quite cold.
Then
take out
the bottles,and place in a cool cellar or cupboard
of preserving summer
economical
fruits
until wanted.
This
is a simple and
way
should
which
for winter
the
dessert,and
of which
use
will
be
remain
Apricots.
and
the
The
will
small
flesh.
an
the
bottles
of
quart
or
mouth
in
about
of the
and
peach
properly
in
water,
it
to
has
rim
sugar
of the
the
been
bottle.
be sound
have
candy.
add
should
This
and
the
or
case
the
be
of
10
then
these
the
same
heated
unblemished
half
an
inch
peach,
and
piece
a
a
or
15
so
as
proof) add
thoroughly, mixed
completely to melt
of well-softened
then
arrange
To
each
under
tie down
filledwith
be
reaching
bladder
into
three
with
the
the
within
over
it.
with
be
gathered
fruit.
piercing the
well-fittingbung
inch
and
long, and
bottles must
brandy. The
added, covering the fruit and
Place
following will
the
and
crushed
be
must
carefullypress
three-quartersof an
of
about
chance
no
bottle,and
half
given
the
It should
a
piece
of
At
the
place in a cool, dry cupboard.
of two
untie
the
take
three
the
and
add
out
or
months,
one
or
string,
bung,
of the candy and
ounces
brandy syrup, to replace the quantity absorbed
by
fruit.
A small
three inches
tage
or
piece of vanilla,two
long, may with advanbe added.
The
will be fit for
cherries
Replace the bung and tie down.
string,as
two
the
the
fruit
stalks
of
ounces
of the
of
the
sugar
cool
sugar ; when
brandy after
inch
that
quarters, and
or
peach.
For
preserving
must
plan.
the stalks,leaving them
brown
four
halves
in
cut
best
of
ounces
the
for the
Sweet.
or
The
Cut
so
be
must
detailed
as
Morello
excellent
perfectlydry.
three
They
afterwards
Cherries,
end
months.
time
same
any kind, to
this way,
the fruit
in
injure the
found
go
the
spiritsof
but
treatment
an
At
for many
be
not
or
Preserved
objection.
kernels
the
in
fruits should
aid of chemicals
the
strong
perfect condition
nectarine.
coloured,
to
have
many
in
without
that
CHAPTER
INJURIOUS
In
INSECTS
of
culture
the
of
question
efficient
and
Attacks
1.
Professor
by
such
damage
and
plant,
the
are
in
state
difficulties
in
follows
counted
direct
and
of
with
some
as
upon
manent
per-
the
perhaps
most
alertness.
mental
fruit
glass, the
upon
be
to
under
or
looked
be
to
rarely
growing,
which
have
of
eat
chew
or
of
whole
the
of
part
application
the
by
include
insects
which
insects
by
caustic
the
of
plant
for
killed
are
These
which
the
poison,
some
tribe
of
pillars,
cater-
beetles.
destroyed
tribes
insects
therefore,
and
worms,
and
of
as
garden,
open
is apt
are
grower
those
green.
Attacks
{b)
diseases
types
by
which,
Paris
as
orchard,
these
Bailey
TREES
insects.
by
The
(a)
the
fruit
general
three
are
classified
in
FRUIT
WILLIS
rightly they
the
keeping
J. J.
all
considered
AFFECTING
By
and
after
but
of
means
There
been
insects
injurious
factors,
DISEASES
whether
fruit,
dismay,
of
amount
AND
XXVI
suck
applications
lice
these
and
which
scale
resin
which
of
placed
the
All
pests.
under
and
washes,
therefore,
are,
bodies
be
may
emulsion,
kerosene
the
injure
insects
and
food,
their
this
like
the
ing,
headthe
are
specifics.
Parasitic
2.
leaf
blight
characterised
or
less
the
general
The
mixture.
it is
difficult, if
before
the
obtaining
will
3.
the
not
of
part
off
be
of
of
seen
in
to
into
it.
made
applied
be
the
less
headway,
the
and
early
plant,
host
is
applied
of
danger
thorough
rule,
fungicidal
fungicide
will
more
from
some
of
the
there
has
is
tissues
If, however,
established
fungus
it
as
the
As
drop
to
with
spray
are
fruit.
or
are
its
ing
spray-
its progress.
physiological
In
and
these
parasitic fungi,
it, shows
the
if the
is
proportion
gets
kill
to
permanently
Even
troubles.
attacks
in
leaf,
grape,
like
the
which
tendency
the
of
and
excrescences,
have
diseases
once
impossible,
foothold.
these
useful
disease
parasite gets
check
The
is
treatment
After
thoroughly.
for
or
branch,
root,
attacked
are
treatment
of
mildew
scab,
gall, canker,
currant
pear,
surface
which
apple
the
as
discolorations,
spots,
the
over
fruits
and
The
tree.
definite
by
such
and
plum
the
distributed
leaves
diseases,
fungoid
of
the
general
source
of
yellowing
diseases
there
cases
entire
general weakening
accustomed
the
but
bacterial
are
leaf,
or
dearth
as
Such
of
the
which
any
if
are
definite
the
even
by disease,
nourishment.
and
those
or
rarely
spots,
plant,
entire
there
were
diseases
foliage
the
very
stitutional
con-
in
as
or
the
large
cutting
some
are
in
termed
likely
dying
of
to
the
INJURIOUS
leaf
along the
which
one
there
is
the
on
veins
affects the
for
tree
time.
which
further
So
as
is
ravages
of
extent
follow
by
be
cut
development
of
matters
and
away
of
the
sanitation
specifictreatment.
swiftlyon the heels
the
All
burned.
disease
much
destructive
of
disease,and
of insect
agency
disease
year,
feeders
giving
that
on
kind
one
of
orchard
opportunity
every
for
tree
the
is
usually
pests.
an
in which
areas
moved.
re-
more
at
the
be
the
be
must
is often
experience shows,
our
thus
year
the insect
283
that
edges, showing
must
the
in
attempt
likely to
the
after
favour
to
management
strengthened
far
are
parts
or
DISEASES
diiEcultyis
not
particular part of it. In general
any
wither
and
to
plants so attacked
hang
up
troubles
for
of
this
treatments
no
specific
leaf,and
plant
the
foliagein
There
seem
Careful
AND
around
entire
diseased
conditions
and
for the
tendency
The
sort.
main
INSECTS
fruit
or
insect
from
increasing
bush
established
is
grown
settlement
of
special crop.
APPLE
Under
the
treatment
proper
It is chiefly when
insects.
attacks
of
insects.
over-luxuriance
The
Blight.
the
diseases
The
first is caused
opposite
chief
weakness
or
chief
most
heat
The
that
of
trouble
Soil and
ensues.
apple disease,and
of
causes
injury may,
either
also
disease
for
or
of
want
climate
are
frequently invite
therefore, be
stated
to
of
growth.
attack
the apple are
canker, mildew, and
bad
the
second
arises from
drainage,
by
such
causes,
that
by
starved
improper
as
manuring,
over-cropping,
American
and
many
excess
of
moisture.
or
The
American
known
as
woolly apple aphis, commonly
of
orchard
infestation
which
is
exceedingly
example
and
is very
injurious by destroying the health of the tree, and yet at
common,
trouble
the
time
is so
or
to
same
remedy that it may with little expense
open
The
be stopped at the outset.
of the apple bark plant louse or
even
presence
the
detected
be
aphis
woolly
easily
by
cottony growth on the insects,giving
may
the
of
be
appearance
wool
cotton
several
inches
With
can
aphides
the
taken
of
as
an
film.
white
When
sticking to
were
in
regard
sticky that
all the
of
attack
Blight, may
the
there
bough
are
or
many
even
it
as
appears
loose
hanging
if
in
knot
pieces
length.
to
be
that
remedies
well
it
rubbed
soft soap,
tar, or, in fact,anything oily,greasy, or
and
which
by adhering for a time will choke
on,
touches, will
be
of
use.
insects
that
attack
the
THE
84
because
grower,
which
attack
and
although
only
be
codlin
of
plums,
pears,
Walnuts
of
one
the
the
maggotty
too
well
GARDEN
and
peaches, quinces,
and
also
chestnuts
have
from
part the
fruits
mischief
been
found
of the
is due
also liable
are
apricots
fruit
the
fruit,
young
of
this infestation
to
As
injured.
much
infested.
be
larvae
the
to
sometimes
are
to
of
quantitiesbefore it is large
or
apple saw-fly presence
fall in
to
arise
use
any
condition
worm-eaten
or
causing it
as
sometimes
may
for
the
most
infestation,yet
Other
moth.
of our
orchard
to
other
the
is
know
we
enough
from
the
FRUIT
prevention
a
hay-band in three
remedy, the following plan may be adopted : Wind
coils tightlyround
of a tree
little distance
from
the ground, and
the trunk
at
a
should
These
bands
be placed
apply other hay-bands to the larger branches.
in
around
till
the
and
fruit
harvest
tree
June,
kept on
early
; further, they
that
should
and
be pushed up or down
the worms
were
or
chrysalidscrushed
and
under
free
them
from
the
lastly,
great
old
ground
Cherry
looking
week
every
rough
larvae
of the
leaves, are
from
appearance,
be
Saw-fly
which
of
the
should
tree
be
kept
place of shelter,and,
blackish
small
moist-
and
pear
little
the
often
trunk
as
slug-worms, from their
saw-fly,known
sides of the
slimy slugs feeding on the upper
their
from
not
recognised as caterpillars
very peculiar
leaves
of
the
they take their name.
They feed on
sometimes
peach and quince, and they do serious
on
cherry
to
the
other
no
give the worms
free
rubbish.
from
kept
[Selandria atra). The
to
as
itself should
resemblance
infested
so
Pear
and
Also
two.
or
bark
appears
side, which
destructive
The
like
attack
may
throw
can
off
off the
moulting
therefore
second
kills them.
and
the
of
untouched
and
at
by exuding
obnoxious
matter
application
a
powder
caustic
first
good
of
held
turns
the
that
leaf, so
together by
deep brown
a
the
skin
colour.
of
the
the
The
times
at
or
coating
but
they
powder
is allowed
time
to
of
on
a
the
side
upper
veins
be
caterpillars
can
checked
by dusting
be
If
of
skin
network
the
annoyed by throwing
it
is left
of
work
the
of
slime, and
cannot
continue
thus,
as
this
it were,
process,
to
regained
produce the slime exudation, and the
they
power
with
application will do little service.
Heavily syringing the tree
strong
soapsuds applied by a powerful garden engine are very effective in getting rid
liberal dressingof lime
of this pest.
Also
and
well
mixed
soot
a
together is
the
in
this
the
case
a
a
capital remedy ;
thorough washing of
foliageon
off
the adhering coating, is needed
to
complete the
following day, so as to clear
will
the
have
work.
CURRANT
Currant
upon
the
drawing
so
often
Aphides
under
away
seen
side
of
on
the
the
or
of
Green-fly
the
{Aphis ribis)are
injurious by crowding
and
innumerable
their
by
punctures
the
to
brightly-colouredblistered growths
attacks
the currant
in bad
nearly
leaf,and
leafage,and
sap,
give
upper
side
rise
of
INJURIOUS
the
whole
the
fruit
of
the
INSECTS
foliage will be
blighted. Where
DISEASES
AND
285
and
of shape
and
crumpled out
damage is being caused, it is a good
In dry weather
plan to break off the leaves and burn them.
plentifulwaterings,
to
so
as
keep up good growth of the foliage,are a great check
to
aphis increase.
Currant
Gall-mite
deformed
{Phytoptusribis). The
bud-growths, which
will
be
distorted
much
for
many
caused
are
have
years
by
been
exceedingly
an
great trouble
of
source
minute
mite,
black-currant
to
small
growers,
by the naked
unnaturally large development
too
to
be
seen
in the buds
and
causes
an
eye, which
propagates
of these into spherical
outside
of greenish scales or abortive
knobs, formed
green
leaves folding over
each
inside
of the
various
would
other, and
parts which
graduallyhave
of the
buds
healthy
as
mites.
much
as
numbers
of the
mites
Prevention
off
breaking
of
the
mites
plan
the
which
two
or
are
got rid
of
far from
eggs.
The
burning
which
would
three
large pail of
frequently tried
most
in
is
this
otherwise
of water,
and
water,
is
and
though
way
many
spread infestation,yet
be wished.
from
treatment
Among
dressing of 2 lbs. sulphur and 2 lbs.
have
was
gallons
which
them,
could
as
resulted
good
in
method
and
answering
of
together
pints to
three
infested
galled buds
amount
boiled
some
Remedy.
the
is very
some
lime,
and
and
further
diluted
applied
with
at
a
the
rate
syringe
to
of
the
bushes.
GOOSEBERRY
The
gooseberry
several
when
insect
planted
in suitable
soil is
troublesome.
are
shelter
any
of the
pest.
make
the
At
that
sure
bushes
currant
pruning
should
bushes
the
on
pruning
and
collected
and
ground
pruning
there
are
trained
be
can
not
are
beneath,
time
on
walls
deferred
take
the
place
possibly infested
burnt.
Flowers
after
rubbish
of
is
better.
until
sulphur
of
to
get
rid
to
over
carefully gone
When
a
caterpillar.
may
especiallyrequisite. The
longer
the
Pruning and dressing under
be
hold
which
search
advantage
taken
should
bushes
the
leaves
no
be
must
the
from
dusted
fall of
beneath
on
the
the
the
leaves
leaves.
bushes
when
All
the
should
be
the
dew
is
286
THE
or
on,
and
liberal
hatch
pierce full
mid-rib, is
from
flies
After
air.
in
in
out
come
serviceable
are
remedies
powers
life
eggs
the
on
the
operation
the
soil
to
of
where
in
they
are
of
their
removal
winter
be
may
that
in
dug
be
surface
of
out
also
into
soil
hole,
under
from
place
The
the
recommended,
is
soil
other
some
in it is buried.
taken
picking
of
with
removed
addition
the
dressingsof
of
sulphur powder
be
is
THE
The
Hand
the
dew
die
soon
When
fruit would
cleared
it is well
Most
observed.
on
are
on
to
The
as
the
in grass
plan
of
the
on
turning
leaf
pear
orchards
to
there
pick
of the
pear,
are
only
those
leaves
off
insects
that
and
should
be
the
disease
cylindricalfour-legged mite
Where
fallen
the
up
maggots,
quently,
Conseof
the
crack
the
or
is in
crop
fruit and
destroy
having sheep
the
gather
where
cases
pear
grown
ofi^ by
also
treatment
so
in
measures,
pears,
this
tree
well.
by a
leafage.
found
To
surface
the
minute
pear
little stunted
pears
answer
caused
small,
be
near
would
preventive
spreading a coat of
slaking it, might
then
maggots.
too
As
infested
Also
and
not
off the
the
of
boughs
off.
possible.
as
service.
tree
the
drop
reach, pick
be
is
PEAR
gnat
pear
from
to
ever
what-
replaced
be
manure.
when
hole
bushes.
the
as
autumn
with
may
in
borne
deep
soil
some
saw-
broods
bushes
tails
the
late
bushes.
fruit
the
the
time, they
which
of
case
the
which
under
they
legs,their
last
the
from
state,
the
grubs
leaf,excepting
fore
for
the
in
or
summer,
saw-fly
The
destruction, moulting
work
pupal
its
attacked
placed, which
with
the
the
leaf.
all the
skin
most
of
female
the
leaf
the
the
account
on
the
their
the
to
of
until
upon
casting
turn
weeks
leaf
to
on
is that
skin
of
one
leafage of
the
ruining
the
continue
they
perhaps
with,
history
beneath
feed
to
hanging
three
of
The
is
contend
to
should
by
Thus
and
time,
to
themselves
bury
great
continue
devoured.
time
the
holes, and
of
have
growers
the
attack
saw-fly
of acres.
by scores
May and lays her
and
begin feeding
about
appears
or
similarly used,
currant
fruit
and
recurrence
leaves, even
soon
and
bush
that
frequent
on
soot
of
application
gooseberry
destructive
the
GARDEN
safe.
The
in
FRUIT
few
and
prove
dealt
deal
earth
fallen
of the
If the
ground.
with
known
as
"
{Phytoptuspyri),
infested,or
disastrous
as
to
as
the
roots
tree
are
pests
is
blister," which
leaves
them
infested
its contained
does
burn
with
soon
apple
great
the
as
may
already described.
the
harm
trees
attack
are
is
frequently
INJURIOUS
INSECTS
The
plum aphis
and
the
sides
the
leaves
bodies.
of
by
As
of
because
is
The
mischief
and
the
in
numerous
collected
found
shoots, and
young
washes
the
with
the
up
exudations
mealy
colonies
sometimes
are
found
great
moth
of soft soap
foundation
of
advantage
in order
insects.
is
excretions
close
these
their
under
the
on
in
pores
from
the
parties on
fruits.
necessary
orchard
be
to
green
winter
takes
tenacious
the
Remedy,
they have
which
their
are
leaves
of the
our
insects
They
stems
or
fly{Aphis pruni) is to be found on apple, medlar,
green
is exceedingly destructive.
plication
Multibesides
the plum, and
apricot,
of
of
287
PLUM
THE
peach,
DISEASES
AND
sticking
in
desirable,
most
degree
aphides,
the
to
kill them.
to
perhaps
[Cheimatobiahrumata)
is
In
favoured
years, when
some
widespread.
the
are
some
caterpillars
prey
The
the
and
by drought
the
on
leaves
all
injuriousof
most
and
heat, the
of plum,
buds
apple,
In
currants.
on
cherry, and nut, and sometimes
regard to this
pear,
it
be
well
call
attention
fact
the
that
where
to
to
trees
are
pest
may
young
fastened
stakes it is necessary
to
that something be done
to
stop the traffic up
these
also where
and
thence
bundles
of sticks are
tied
the
trees
to
supports,
;
round
the
trees
will
probably
well
looked
to
be
their
prevent
source
after.
The
guards
the
late Miss
and
cheapness,
The
to.
for
E.
the
is
employed
is
better),being passed
enough
whole
for
is made
edge.
bands
This
the
considered
both
the
as
to
round
ends
kind
grease
be
to
to
lay
of band
width
it
stem
of
with
on
way
thin, flat
of
far
of
all the
diseases
more
than
fruits
any
other.
ripe.
It
is first detected
by
trees
suggested by
by its simplicity
was
have
trees
is used
fit
fastened
by
by
grocers
by
the
women.
preferred, but
piece of wood,
paper.
wider
(the
should
band
round
attended
grease-proof
thought
are
be
to
be
the
long
cut
The
paste.
the
each
near
paper
On
the
best
paper
is
way
plentifully,
and
layer.
VINE
under
worst
shanking, the next
being
makes
generally
Shanking
change colour, and is continued
is
done
any
thickness
of
tied
mat
well
THE
Probably
themselves
in
itself
The
these
bast
in
as
tree.
and
rapidly and
and
wide
of the
spread
be
guards
paper, which
is known
as
tough
like,and
inches
piece
be
can
may
of
the
fruit
hundreds
some
overlap well,
by
secure
work
the
to
for
recommends
which
when
the
time
at
grease-banding
wrapping
This
by animals,
spring unless
hatching
should
well
be
tarred, and
stakes, therefore,
above
the supports or protections.
LL.D.,
consideration
material
or
tree
of
Ormerod,
being gnawed
attack
caterpillar
of
culture
hot-house
The
the
most
vine
is
is that
troublesome
subject
to
known
as
mildew.
just
its appearance
with
more
the
formation
or
of
when
less
the
berries
activityuntil
slender
black
thread
begin
the
crop
round
to
is
the
288
THE
berries,healthy growth
become
shrivelled
found
a
in the
soil
stoppage
overcharged with
stalks
The
sour.
very
of
GARDEN
arrested, the
is
and
FRUIT
of
flow
proper
organic
lose their
primary cause
healthy sap.
which
matter,
and
the
vitality,
of shanking
This
condition,
may
combined
be
berries
wrill
be
caused
by
with
bad
develop luxuriance
acidity of the soil ; the vine will then
It
be
that
the foliage has
maturity and ripeness of wood.
may
been
and
red
invited
too
too
atmosphere
an
spider,
high
dry
destroyed by
by
is
raise
and
A
for
the
to
roots
a
shanking
never-failingremedy
temperature.
composed of good virgin turf.
relay them in new
compost
Mildew
forms
of disease.
two
[Peronosporaviticola).This
fungus causes
If the leaf is attacked
mildew
if
the
the disease
is called
fruit, it is
downy
;
Leaves
affected
this
known
brown
show
their
rot.
as
fungus
by
upon
upper
surfaces
side of the
leaf
the under
on
spots of a greenish yellow colour, while
These
be seen
opposite these spots may
peculiar downy or frostygrowth.
a
in number,
be quite small
and
few
abundant, the frosty
or
spots
may
very
almost
lower
When
the
surface.
the
growth
covering
fungus is abundant, the
leaf soon
In severe
brown, and falls from the vine.
yieldsto the disease,turns
drainage,
causes
than
rather
disease
the
cases
extends
to
generallyearly,causing
fall off.
In
treating
effect.
good
in
various
size
resembles
the
host
through
surface
them
covering the
and
shape.
delicate
plant,
these
of the
but
saps
leaf.
to
cease
attack
growing,
disease,Bordeaux
the
upon
mixture
turn
be
may
fruit
brown,
used
of
of
with
It attacks
summer.
a
upper
powdery growth.
surfaces
Sometimes
it
of
The
cells with
fruit when
It
leaves,
young
from
the
differs
leaves
send
not
epidermal
adjoining cells,while
taps the
the
the
with
with
from
its
filaments
minute
numerous
attacked
shows
upon
the
into
are
the
shoots,
downy
patches of
white
It does
spider'sweb.
the
is
and
middle
the
fruits,covering
mildew
for this
The
branches.
berries
may
Mildew
about
young
of the
found
have
spores
Powdery
and
many
grapes
Early washing
which
appearance
the
surface
the
suckers,
spread over
surface
and
tissues
of
and
the
whitish
the
berries shrivel
and
the skin
rapidly spreads, and soon
cracks,
other
of
which
of the
fruit.
decay,
admitting
complete the destruction
spores
the surface, this disease
to
Being confined
yields to the applicationof almost
fungicide,but flowers of sulphur is probably the best.
any
dust.
This
Insect
Red
Pests
Spider
is the
THE
290
FRUIT
GARDEN
of
in
once
of
when
that
the
destructive
"
unless
certain
soil is
the
disease
under
epidemic
when
to
soft
"
and
foliage,
in hand
it is
Measures.
dimensions
the
assume
is wise
that
so
to
the
in
spray
only
such
If
the
of
by spraying.
admitted,
thoroughly
can
only
attacking plants grown
consideration
with
the
solution.
with
it.
Diseased
the
thoroughly
one
ounce
the
leaves
drenched
with
gallon of
be
disease,using
3
surfaces
be
crop
of "
solution
plantsare
insects
and
to
be
has
of
adding
water,
be
Jeyes' Fluid,"
in
be
It
potassium
oz.
thoroughly
also be
before
removed,
well
should
moisture.
solution
leaves
burned
been
air
cannot
kept
of
drenched
they decay
the
soft
wetted
and
soil should
the
be
proportion
of
CROPS
WILLIAM
liable to serious
parasiticfungi.
practise successful
CRUMP
injury from
Where
impossible
promptly and thoroughly with these
best be accomplished by spraying with
it is
attack.
disease
water.
By
Growing
can
with
soil should
the
and
gathered
SPRAYING
noxious
of the
present
diseased
production
if it appears
it can
end
fair
a
supply of
gallons of
under
disease
the
to
under
the
even
constantlysaturated
not
of
oz.
should
After
is
atmosphere
anticipation
ground.
to
and
accomplishthis
To
If
assume
present.
are
soft
epidemic,
an
to
year after
It
sterilized.
recur
Preventive
fall
is almost
disease
of moisture
and
high temperature
an
excess
of
conditions, accompanied by a deficiency
light,result in
Such
of
is
the
infected
remember
to
proportions
glass,and
soil,and
the
that
house
a
year
is important
the
in
another
to
season
fruit
either
classes of
organisms,viz.
is allowed
therefore
cultivation,
enemies.
an
two
of these
we
to
flourish
must
the
insecticide,
deal
can
thorough application
CROPS
SPRAYING
of which
and
will
methods
all these
their
of
than
at
if
of
weaker
are
understood
development
organisms
existence
her
better
be
or
has
one
sometimes
We
other.
any
291
of
hear
Nature
preserving
own
when
with
interfered
not
multiplyingenemies.
Insects
How
others
Feed.
suck
fruit
of
Insects
which
; those
their
host
bite
take
take, piece by
of
Because
plant.
food
their
this
and
suck
coating
out
the
their
food
their
enter
plant
with
safe
bite
some
of
and
leaf,stem,
or
destroyed by placing
leaves,i.e. by spraying. A large
they
kind
poison,
the
into
such
must
one
cells
be
cannot
for
is also
there
but
way,
this
consequently
be
may
they push
of
particles of
of the
insect
be
and
insecticides
insect
use
portant
im-
an
the
of
plant
destroyed by
particles will
against
second,
external
into
them
not
an
used
use,
pores
or
the
most
paraffin emulsion.
two
classes,viz.
by being
irritants,or
breathing
Substances
common
or
divided
effect
take
in
powder
broadly
which
by closing the
either
outside
such
alkali
caustic
spraying may
poisons, or those
internal
the
several
are
being
in
used
food
There
and
Insecticides
from
Insects
alimentary system,
kills by contact.
Insecticides.
important
ordinary
proboscis
juices.
ways
tissues
that
insecticide
First,
have
sap
that
two
piece, the
of the
the surface
particles of poison upon
proportion of the injurious insects feed in this
class which
in
with
eaten
those
which
causing
the
act
death
by
called
insects
are
destroy
most
important
destroy fungi, fungicides. The
the
these insect pests and
connected
with
on
matter
spraying is to attack them
old adage, "prevention
the
first signs of their presence,
better
to
act
on
still,
or,
hand
to
than
is better
they are
cure," for once
they are allowed
get the upper
the
themselves
in
roll
leaves,
difficult to dislodge,especiallythose which
very
all the
The
remark
to
the insecticide
where
cannot
applies
same
penetrate.
found
that an
have
such
with
breed
startlingrapidity. We
aphides, which
time
is
the
kill
at
same
when
insect,
insecticide,even
strong enough to
every
Hence
in their
we
harmless
the eggs, enclosed
to
shining, hard, shell cases.
to
endeavour
intervals
wet
to
the
have
at
as
so
to
daily
every
sprayings
repeat
their reaching
thus prevent
the egg, and
from
it emerges
as
tiny insect as soon
in Worcestershire
fruit and
the adult stage for further
hop grower
egg laying. A
has
ladybirds,as an
recently imported a large quantity of Californian
the
in
devour
will
whether
same
good way as
to
aphides
see
they
experiment
intense
irritation
insecticides
they
do
those
in their
an
The
common
used
native
experiment
has
the
of
with
skin.
to
to
country.
much
We
shall watch
interest.
The
worst
this
interesting
feature
and
is that
prising
enter-
spraying
the
most
informa-
FRUIT
THE
292
GARDEN
and
so
dilatoryowners
growers
less
and
have
far
gainers
spraying,
occasion
with such winged speciesas the pear
with
insect pests, especially
to
cope
in the
which
its
opening buds of the
deposits
midge [Diplosispyrivora),
eggs
tion ; and
as
some
flowers
pear
and
their
from
neglected
which
and
the
as
and
should
in
When
water.
add
then
lb.
soft
water
and
clothes,and
do
of
it is about
the
and
branches
of
stems
and
and
direct
soda
caustic
have
in
other
trees
in
the
it will
rid
the
that
the
wetted,
bark
bright
be
can
are
add
until
the
spraying
handy
and
added
and
most
aphides
to
40
50
parts
so
with
hands
time
clear
from
apple
If the
all lichen
Vermorel
enable
the
worker
himself.
of
concentrated
this
through
use
ready
is a
Knapsack pump
The
old-fashioned
remedy for
in quantity on
the
premises, and
soft soap,
with
100
gallons of
for
Vermorel
is still
be made
largelyused, as it can
cheaply. Boil 10 lbs. quassia chips, 7 lbs.
water
syringe freelywith this solution.
;
Poisons.
The
above
kill by contact,
but
when
each
to
come
we
have
to
to use
poisons, which
we
destroy the leaf-eatinginsects,far greater
and
skill
winter
and
be
must
the
moth,
In
exercised.
mottled
some
umber,
the
we
have
arsenic
small
copper.
percentage
is advisable
the
and
to
spraying
add
It
is almost
soluble,and
a
mixture.
little lime
Paris
to
insoluble
prevent
water
green
virulent
if
seasons
the
The
It
in
best
is
water,
moth,
of
and
the
there
and
the
the
care
the
others,
poisonous
insecticide
chemical
but
from
attacks
(made
a
heavy powder,
is
to
American
is then
water,
or
machine
up
the
spider, the
by contact.
shining.
is
of
of
If
crude
together,
upon
best
vv^ash will
gallonsof paraffin,mix
produced ; one
part
two
emulsion
machine
well
trees
killed
trees
is made
make
The
weevil, thrips,red
insects
tube
brass
or
effective
the
lb. of
two
it.
quite a creamy
with
emulsion, mixed
then
water,
the branches
and
spray well up among
away
Dissolve
emulsion
is prepared as follows
2
:
the
Paraffin
is
distributing
and
well
are
the
make
propagate
therefore, that
to
way
dissolved,mix
been
exercised
many
the
growths,
mossy
nozzle
is used a long rod
to
or
February,
apple blossom
and
but
breeding grounds
necessary,
they encourage.
there
this purpose
of
maggot,
sucker, scale,earwigs,
It
to
nothing so
(a burning wash) syringed through
The
wash
machine.
hop-washing
alkali
be
must
middle
codlin
blight,the
them
ten
care
allow
formed
are
pick
to
care
only remedy;
pests
For
both
common
make
to
Thus
taken
have
is the
is very
compelled in some
be
insect
an
ordinary garden engine
by dissolving i lb. of commercial
We
which
season,
infested.
are
with
potash
insecticide.
spread.
to
caustic
all be
dilatoryneighbours
our
Orchards.
as
upon
should
any
pear each
various
Old
economical
so
long
so
orchards
by
Cleansing
put
from
orchards
of such
is caused
that
safe
trees
other
owners
be
we
and
secure
every
is hopeless
case
on
could
pressure
universal
little infested
burn
the
all
if
compel
to
to
use
compound
is often
foliageit
water)
is
difficulty
to
to
CROPS
SPRAYING
it
keep
settles
in
strength,
too
have
we
in
widely
form,
some
is
mixture
that
used
to
at
least
poisonous
combat
as
excellent
some
sulphide
for
of
mildew,
the
of
spraying
will
successfully
against
hand,
they
offered
or
potatoes,
or
shortly
destructive
imposed
be
removed,
insects
useful
generally
good
and
dealers.
found
potassium,
much
are
especially
by
have
we
have
excepted,
they
are
cultivator,
restrictions
compounds
but
ground)
We
colour
above,
insecticides,
other
small
cheaply
now
for
remedy
of
the
and
the
to
forms
On
quassia
such
compound
unequal
finely
article.
safer
powder
of
(more
and
superior
the
becomes
improved
An
much
newer
amateur
of
and
the
growers.
the
extract
fungicide
Bordeaux
hoped
large
For
is
mixture
the
foliage.
stirred
constantly
is
consequently
the
similar
of
many
for
is
and
liquid
the
vessel,
injure
to
offered,
tried
convenient
unless
the
purple,
effective.
sulphur
liable
now
expensive
As
of
London
used
and
is
is
is
green
and
bottom
and
Paris
also
for
suspension,
the
to
293
better
nothing
liver
sulphur,
of
other
ground
upon
so
and
as
but
the
It
crops.
sale
the
than
to
diseases.
enable
of
these
growers
fruit-
XXVII
CHAPTER
CONSTRUCTION
OF
a.
By
fixing
In
Vinery.
The
circumstances
be
must
lean-to, semi-span,
made
and
height
of
there
Although
of
be
feet,
17
say
will
that
In
shape,
If
span.
for
very
rafter
the
not
fair
of
18
is
feet
with
of
such
22
left
largely
to
be
considered
of
rafter
sag
the
in
very
This
brackets
is
of
bolted
top
in
quite
Another
method
to
Another
Ventilation.
the
and
bottom,
and
top
air
affect
foot,
in
lower
the
as
suitable
at
be
may
out
of
ordinary
The
now
the
many
of
glass, the
the
reason
When
top
to
the
sashes
vine, especially
be
wheel
be
lever,
or
when
hinged
should
This
are
which
the
done
top
both
should
and
is
to
be
early
i
the
one.
inch
or
bottom
substantial
very
cold
injuriously
an
open
and
top
front
the
points
may
house
the
at
the
that
centre
on
top
bottom
In
outwards
open
simultaneously,
bottom
Both
end.
to
matter
by
and
order.
of
wiring
and
further
distance
pipes.
should
the
end
similar
ventilation
outflow.
from
to
substantial
No
full
have
and
inflow
the
at
the
by
vinery
hinged
required.
kept
of
worked
Trellis.
being
top
should
continuously
and
ventilation
top
easily put
the
portion
gearing
be
hot
the
on
may
controlling
extend
should
sashes
gets
the
Similarly
not
should
impinge
air
of
and
very
each
end
cast-iron
strong
ventilation.
is the
matter
be,
from
makes
construction.
essential
shape
means
ventilation
may
cold
with
opening
the
the
or
length
latter
feet
it will
or
under
framework,
sound
ought
22
pillars
front
with
of
necessity,
A
by having
This
of
which
supported,
whole
wall.
size
what
feet
20
wall
back
must,
upright
the
the
to
suitable.
structure.
must
is
it should
things
be
back
the
accordance
bolted
details
the
by
running
rafter
each
inches,
given
that
nearer
with
certain
of
sufficient
front.
in
are
angle-iron
pillars.
bottom
the
at
and
strong
the
by
the
at
bracket
roof,
with
rafter,
feet
stability
be
may
and
of
most
and
feet,
15
vinery
there
by 2^
say
support
but
the
First,
section,
ordinary
supported
end,
hands,
essential.
badly.
alternate
builder's
the
be
desirable
very
feet,
4
a
be
is
under
be
to
size
construction
it
course,
it is
whether
wall
existing
an
local
vinery,
decide
must
of
will,
vinery,
is, it ought
is
of
site
the
as
and
there
lean-to
width
well
as
consideration,
the
fixed
no
give
Stability.
full
or
MACKENZIE
the
into
aspect
managed.
be
can
is
width,
good
if this
good
DONALD
upon
taken
HOUSES
FRUIT
10
was
best
vineries
further
to
14
gardeners
given
being
has
away
inches
prefer
that
to
the
294
developed
from
the
later,
this
have
vine
the
leaves
in
the
direction
glass.
Forty
increased
was
wiring
are
24
less
of
years
to
to
apt
30
to
16
the
the
ago
inches
inches
get
wires
from
scorched
CONSTRUCTION
chilled
or
wires
with
the
themselves
Early
liberal
Vinery.
wall
of
would
and
they
two
would
be made
be
much.
heating
power,
fuel will
take
too
not
than
more
be
best
the
next
rows
should
pipe
not
every
and
be
between
to
apart, and
inches
12
The
leaves.
the
glass and
the
10
295
must
be
hy lightiron bars.
If for early forcing,a vinery 18 feet wide
would
require
There
foot of
be
less
than
should
about
I
not
certainly
from
This
would
cubic
feet
of
25
give eight rows
space.
power.
to
distance
HOUSES
FRUIT
rafter
each
heating
4-inch pipe
end
to
end,
front
increased
should
below
supported
OF
six
It
as, when
the
at
is the
I.
In
exposed
and
front
the
worst
about
situations
four
ance
largerallowthe
next
rows
have
possible to
economy
of the
Early
in front
rows
temperature
saving
Fig.
six
passage.
rows
low
the
place,and
placed
heavy firingand
comes,
of
capital
cost
two
of
rows
passage
little
too
waste
of
4-inch pipes
Vinery
(Lean-to)
(In Section)
is
or
on
boiler
same
a
pillarsand
supported
to
aid
Thomson
the
the
be
where
be made
for
vinery
arched
over,
light iron
on
to
house
such
beams
as
or,
or
morning
and
and
of Clovenfords
or
heating
The
is better
anxiety when
more
every
main
the
still,
houses
house
wall
wall
are
there
are
20
from
heated
separately. Fig. i
must
between
be
supported
the
pillars
plates.
the
Vinery, when
preferable to the lean-to.
ripening
two
described.
what
and
trouble
of the
that
mentioned
Semi-Span
The
speak
to
provision must
of
section
not
up,
30 degs. of frost.
It need
hardly be
the
is
swallowed
soon
aspect
is south
or
nearly south,
the
is
sidered
con-
late
with
case
a
Especially is this
evening sun shining through the back roof is supposed
late Mr,
William
colouring very considerably. The
The
of
mode
held this view
constructing
very strongly.
296
a
THE
FRUIT
GARDEN
similar
semi-span vinery is practically
greater
even
there
should
be
roof
construction.
the
south
different
will
the
and
width
that
the
good
it may
in
grapes
best
is
Fig.
2.
no
Fig.
Semi-Span
should
grown
rule
fixed
In
grapes.
house.
poor
very
be
cannot
grapes
There
slope.
follow,better
not
roof
semi-span
that
so
principle of
true
always
be
on
exceptional reasons
exist,should
dealing with these two
types of vinery
and
assumed
an
slope,but it is by no
In
very
is the
Probably
roof
where
is taken
different
on
unless
side.
north
but
more,
grow
on
inferred
width
grow
will
no
walls, which
the
on
ventilator
account,
on
already described.
thoroughly binding the
in very
thrust
roof
assumed
an
be
to
means
outw^ard
no
be
construction
be exercised
The
side
ventilator
the
should
care
lean-to
the
to
in
:
of
houses
the
wide
house
represents
section
of
Vinery
(In Section)
Span-Roof
of
form
grapes
should
In
the
south
each
Vinery.
are
will
be
of
as
may
as
is
and
For
market
is
seen,
the
practically
in construction
same
as
case
where
and
there
lean-to
or
and
west
and
purposes
there
are
no
be
must
semi-span
aspect
north
as
and
where
large quantities
very
high walls, the span-roofed
radical
a
change in aspect.
the
face
the
vinery should
be
may
south
practicable,
the
but
span-
possible,so that
The
of
and
heat.
portion
equal
sunlight
span-roofed
get an
it were
wider
if a large crop
two
lean-to's,should be very much
would
be 30 feet,equal to two
lean-to's
at
good width
15 feet,
rafter
with
also
should
be
giving
this
east
should
vinery, being
expected.
the
little
structure
side
required, or
be
adopted,
case
with
roofed
of
as
lean-to.
glasswork framing.
run
not
about
There
too
steep
4 feet
should
a
i
be
pitch
foot
evenly
as
of
about
of wall
ample
means
above
of
as
19 feet.
The
floor level
sides
and
ventilation,an
in
feet
opening
THE
298
FRUIT
GARDEN
wall surface
be utilised,the front
back
upper
may
should
The
front trellis wires
half up the rafter.
"
drum
vine trellis,
but generallyit is best to have
a
it and
between
front
the
allow
to
free
trellis should
be
trellis
The
passage.
only be carried
glass than the
the
nearer
"
here
should
6
about
and
the
well
as
inches
inches
clear,
wires
here,
front,about
in
Fig.
apart.
section
full space
be wired
with
wall
back
of
as
6
is
lean-to
When
form
for
the
north
be
Fig.
s.
Peach-House
Span-Roof
the
semi-span
peach-house,
rafter
the
back
wall
of
not
space
span
roofed
and
is
peach-house
south,
with
lower
the
to
for
trees.
The
form
should
in order
short
limit
(In Section)
the
adopt
to
north
still,
span
6 feet
Cucumber,
Melon,
Tomato
Houses.
and
and
Melon
cucumber
houses
are
lines of
practicallyon
ordinary forcing-house,
be anything from
lo
may
the
feet
be
wide
taken
giving
feet
as
feet
for
fair
average,
the
passage,
for
bed
I
of
feet
to
should
the
side,
each
foot
for
the
this
the
have
floor
Fig.
3 feet
The
eaves.
pitch
level,and
pipes,which
be
may
Fig. 6 shows
of
walls
feet
house, with
high and 2J
glasswork, giving 5 J
section
side
to
side framework.
a
and
the
allowing
and
feet
the
may
altogether for
be
Melon
or
Cucumber
House
(In Section)
roof
of
about
go
down
34
degs.
about
partly leaders
surface
6.
heat.
for
The
feet
bed
walls
below
supplying
so
a
should
as
section
to
be
form
of the
2|
a
feet
channel
house
or
above
for
may
CONSTRUCTION
The
equal
remarks
force
of the
heating
below
each
four
one
the
should
bed
walls
the
to
also
bed
should
ventilator.
made
attempt
no
to
should
apply
vineries
economise
at
four
have
the
with
expense
of
rows
pipes
"^
There
and
in the
openings through
close to the front,
heated
air
escape.
circulations
nat^ay
below
All
to
various
be
3-feet melon-house
heat,
1
pathway,
grating,and
be ventilators
the
bed
of
heating
299
itself
allow
the
should
the
with
the
be of
each
row
beneath
connection
for bottom
below
should
in
There
surface.
bed
rows
which
made
here.
HOUSES
FRUIT
OF
the
of
pipes
have
controlling valves
for regulating or cutting off the
heat when
required. The wire
trellis
side
each
on
extend
beyond
the
should
be about
10
need
not
doorpost, and
12
or
Fig.
inches
house
a
glass. Such
has just been
described
is
as
excellently suited for the growing
general forcing purposes.
from
7.
Lean-to
Early
well,
the
Strawberries
main
of
either
requirements being
House
(In Section)
the
For
Strawberry
melons, cucumbers,
the
lean-to
shelves
or
close
as
and
tomatoes,
shape will
span
for
equally
do
be
glass
may
ties
faciliand
practicable,
easy
for watering. Figs. 7
the
to
and
as
of lean-
sections
are
and
to
strawberry-
span
houses.
Stove.
Pineapple
For
of
introduction
the
cheap
it is
8.
Span-Roof
gardens
House
Strawberry
(In Section)
is considered
fruits.
20
The
well
maintenance
degs. of frost
repaid by
of
the
temperature
outside, requiresgreat
heating
finer
70
to
quired
re-
home-grown
degs.,with
a
of
maintain
high temperature
the
of
cost
necessary
and
the
number
the
the
about
power,
that
fuel
possessionof
of
of
foreign article,and
only in a comparatively
limited
Fig.
down
gone
very
to
pineapple
the
glasshas
under
vation
culti-
the
time
some
construction
perhaps
with
limited
as
form
Fig.
be
pine
is
less
capacity as
with
stove
section
than
feet
with
should
height
Some
passages.
wide
sunk
walls, or
face
this
passage
sufficient
allow
to
span
15
kept
as
in
the
six
rows
and
described,
It
by
or
is advisable
control
the
front
ventilators
box
with
that
ToMATO-HousEs.
and
The
top
back
wall
surface
demand
of
pipes
the
bed,
front,
edge
on
no
at
the
is
in the
to
mediately
im-
already
manner
in
front.
the
should
valves
pipes, separate
box
by
wall
the
those
for
the
tion
ventila-
necessary
be
got
in
the
at
glass framework
similar
of
power.
shown
the
at
is
must
need
ventilation
arrangement
an
the
the
the
in
such
heat
bottom
rows
may
ventilators
pipes, and
of
There
front,
the
is
rows
edge
on
four
any
{In Section)
six
bottom
back.
Stove
there
heating
with
here
be
must
plenty of heating
The
as
all
glassas
the
practicable,and
be
flat
passage
bed
near
should
as
The
raised
house,
and
low
as
round.
behind
along
summer
wide,
feet
possible,with
Pineapple
in the
walk
to
man
9.
bed
9-feet
a
a
about
Fig,
lean-to
the
reason
only be
prefer the
growers
the
into
should
which
house,
For
practicable.
be
may
thick
of such
15
The
middle.
the
cubic
of
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
300
pipes.
for
for
tomatoes
number
of
has
years
It is one
of those
likely to continue.
easily grown
very
will thrive almost
fruits which
anywhere with a little protection from the cold.
Where
large quantities are
required, other things being favourable, a spanroofed
house
answers
admirably, running north and south in the usual manner.
width
is 1 5 feet,although houses
feet or even
A convenient
often
wider
are
20
been
great,
and
is
built.
The
latter
be
a
vinery
must
grown
trellis.
If
the
in
in the
sides
An
in
is made
beds,
wide
without
be
Orchard-House.
glass structure
of ample
means
or
adopted
soil,suitablyprepared.
may
open
and
floor
the
on
tomato-house
arrangement
or
pots
will
construction
higher
have
An
as
is
and
orchard-house
ventilation
orchard-house
;
to
second,
be
worth
the
up
The
front
large quantities,a
for
The
beds.
is
practicable with
trained
two
means
the
plants
simply
as
may
large
that
except
be
and
and
sides
in pots
grown
commodious
should
not
on
simpler
much
necessary
arrangements
of
thorough heating well
trouble
the
plants may
be
less
first,
tributed.
disthan
CONSTRUCTION
FRUIT
OF
HOUSES
301
feet in
There
is no
in
width, better still,
practicaldifficulty
25 or
30 feet.
such
constructing
in heating it, but the ventilation
is not
a
house, nor
quite so
simple. It is easy enough ventilatingas for a vinery, but this is not enough for
20
orchard-house.
an
the
roof
and
play through
to
desirable,and
with
this
old
it would
be
worth
well
the
sashes
one-half
be
be
be
in
tubs,
pots,
of
judgment
trellis
wire
Boilers
the
like
of
the
Orchard
Apparatus.
what
or,
boilers
is
as
the
wanted
case
whether
or
Coming
to
will
go
for
The
think,
common
need
furnace
of horizontal
saddle
should
be
rather
is
mechanical
hours
without
many
fire which
will keep
smouldering
a
garden
reason
would
We
furnace
assistance
the
of
than
heat
ample
feet
there
means.
that
;
in
up
than
should
trees
individual
the
boilers
boilers,
hot-water
With
and
few
are
hot-water
garden
boilers
boiler
steam
frequent stoking,
It is the
opposite with a
requires little attention, and
is best is a slow
short, what
from
to
P.M.
capacity,and
form
fruit
to
generally with
dogmatic. There
careful
of vertical
well-known
whether
deal
it is this.
overlooked, and
clear
combustion,
quick,
be, stoking by
the
left
be
must
be
not
is
may
furnace.
hot-water
must
ultimate
erection,25
to
as
when
exposed
House
border
or
planted
gardener in charge.
be
an
inside
be
to
boiler-setting,
chimneys, "c., it is undesirable
which
there
has
been
more
subjects upon
controversy
between
and
it is still going on.
One
great difference
steam
remove
warm
represents
10
the
could
area
expensive
peach-house,
the
and
and
to
power
this
arrangement
10.
in
Heating
and
Fig.
The
open.
As
somewhat
it.
Fig.
should
the
weather,
warm
hindrance.
done
were
though
results would
wide,
the
If
end.
be
wind
allowing
is
or
quite impossible the
have
all
sashes
the
in the
front
to
to
slide,which
slide horiroof also might be arranged in sashes
zontally
to
from
of
down
from
but
to
sliding
ridge
way
eaves,
The
in
not
to
vifould
ventilation
in
let
it is
to
frequentlydone.
end
ideal
altogether
without
approach
nearest
IS
The
sides
on
8
the
For
a.m.
face
of
this
it,one
form.
of
boiler.
There
are
many
modifications
the
purposes,
form
of
the
of
for
controversy
it
some
old
more
latter
the
might
Cornish
the
-Ordinary
Plain
boiler
for
have
boiler,it was
in
use
hot-
keen
and
naval
if any,
boilers still hold
much,
boiler
and
Saddle
found
that
their
own
furnace
Fig.
old
in
type.
economical
still in
are
-The
12.-
as
ever
what-
neither
Terminal
favour.
Saddle
Boiler
saddle
water
been
fighting machine,
the
advantage over
Boiler
The
has
for marine
water-tube
horizontal
the
boiler
steam
trial in
Lancashire
and
that
there
efficiencywas
nor
best
recent
Belleville
the
other
generators.
It is thus evident
Fig.
In
boiler.
There
improvement.
an
regarding the
cylindricalor Scotch
the
cylindrical,
economy
On
land
less of
or
GARDEN
time
water-tube
advantage
steam
FRUIT
THE
302
boiler
may
be
said
to
the
represent
portion
upper
of the
suitable
for horticultural
work.
cylindricalboiler,and made of ample size is most
the
when
Fig. 1 1 shows
suitable,
ordinary plain saddle, very
favourably
placed, for 600 or 800 feet of 4 inch pipes.
When
the
apparatus
is from
800
to
feet the
2000
should
terminal
be
used,
less space
than
saddle
plain
For
Fig.
13.
Steel
Riveted
Modified
Cornish
Boiler
heat
with
not
a
the
very
desirable
to
results.
depend
Of
one
upon
boiler
shape, 21
diameter, with
15,000
valuable
where
course
there
;
13
writer
should
feet
4-inch
modified
certainly
shows
has
feet
to
up
of
the
such
used
a
one
long, 4I
bars, to
4-inch pipes,
water
of
be
it is
of
breakdown.
It
of
best
The
is
this
feet
Fig.
feet
riveted
boiler
boiler.
of
the
would
steel
Cornish
best.
occupies
length of the
require.
15,000
or
12,
it
still largerapparatus
10,000
pipes
saddle. Fig.
because
is unnecessary
and
all "shapes
to
refer
sizes"
to
which
the
army
are
on
of
small
the
independent upright
market.
These
may
do
boilers
their
CONSTRUCTION
work
well
of
form
these
stage
is
well
very
be
writer
to
have
the
boiler
1000
feet
of
feet
750
with
of
knows
essential
most
one
FRUIT
HOUSES
well
with
pipes
5 feet.
the
feet
of
success
this
at
proper
of a hot-water
boiler
should
head
and
errors
grave
be
may
its work.
10
Many
It
for
point
below
303
the
advantage they have over
to several
disadvantages,one
no
necessityfor
that
out
heat
than
more
the
being
apparatus
the
for horticultural
point
to
but
enough,
horizontal
OF
which
might
be
not
trouble
great
to
put
might
avoided
not
hy giving due weight to this fundamental
principle,and while
in
I
would
that
boiler
should
low
the
be
dogmatising
sufficiently
any
way
urge
down
of rise on
to
inch
feet of piping,and
give at least one-half
10
as
every
much
more
as
might be reasonably practicable.
It need
hardly be said that while it is very desirable to choose
a
good type
of boiler,it is also essential that ample size should
be allowed
for.
incident
An
which
within
came
of
1879, which
gardens of Sir
be
put
in.
week,
and
to
of
2
the
30
had
type
to
January
as
Scotland, a
The
Glen,
Tennant,
this
half
sit up
in, but
the
from
the
in
the
weather
was
new
tons
very
had
coal
per
boiler
new
size,which
took
only
morning.
next
a.m.
winter
one
of
fuel.
till 7
p.m.
3f
on
the
well-known
the
and
way
double
than
of frost
gave
In
this.
consumed
night putting
more
December
as
illustrate
saddle-boiler
boiler
attention
required no
well
will
experience
in
severe
put
was
and
degs.
writer's
December
During
week
per
During
very
Charles
man
same
tons
the
was
from
severe,
to
20
night.
the
The
writer
has
60
known
from
flue
absolute
be
an
yards long,
Such
a
give a first-rate draught.
as
nearly watertight as possible.
that
to
the
which
upon
other,
to
make
sure
of
soft.
to
the
of
all is
gallon
to
incrustation
be
great
Where
be
the
is avoided.
made
for
no
at
air
is
can
be
heating
When
clearing
locked
where
no
hard
to
attempt
with
water
the
can
the
water
to
use
rain
and
water,
for
and
be
long boilers,
boiler
that
the
end
higher^than
the
boiler.
bars.
These
applied,but the
eight or nine grains
water
inches
30
brick
good
inch
inches,
be
is used
boiler
one
inside
up
than
more
least
at
made
they
apparatus
out
of
setting the
in
be
been
has
anything
and
should
be
made
be
36
to
desirable, especiallywith
is
end,
is fixed
advantage
should
It
boiler, 15x15
enlarged
when
should
flue
one
Reference
there
there
feed
be
socket
that
Bars.
undoubtedly
must
flow
the
Water
should
socket
flow
terminal
6-foot
failure,but
bars.
then
The
all
water
of
are
must
hardness
best
danger
way
from
heating purposes
provision
pipes adjoining at frequent
THE
304
intervals,
up
otherwise
from
carefully
avoid
regulating
the
longer
to
attendant
experience,
at
English
to
more
formulate
be
he
learns
ascertain
pumped
water
counties
should
be
rule
boiler
amount
degree
to
an
study
of
or
on
restriction
careful
restriction
equal
apparatus
each
in
and
It
from
valve
is
circumstances,
day
must
to
be
in
done
valves
intelligent
necessary
chance.
all
the
level
higher
be
can
that
necessary
in
apply
the
is
difficulty
great
deal
good
it
of
would
which
while
where
apparatus,
often
is
manipulated
the
the
heating
there
pipes,
circulations
encouraged
what
and
the
be
nearest
sluggish
any
should
hot-water
levels
fixing
should
circulations
and
the
circuiting,
circulation
watched
carefully
The
lime.
with
southern
various
carefully
by
Those
of
working
short
or
trouble
each
manner.
and
eastern
circulations
blocking
this
the
to
several
are
choked
get
may
the
GARDEN
against.
reference
preventing
to
in
guarded
With
there
whole
the
chalk
the
FRUIT
should
be
to
give
quite
and
day
set
until,
to.
possible
imthe
by
COCOANUT
PALMS
ON
Till':
FLORIDA.
SIKiRES
OF
LAKE
WORTH.
CHAPTER
FRUIT
By
The
H.
E.
of
VANDEMAN
country
practised
fruits.
cereals
vegetables
the
on
lemon,
produced
The
Fe,
the
now
and
California
the
European
them
what
first
and
the
few
that
the
way.
fruits
of
at
what
is
lemon,
orange,
the
trees
rude
border
of
orange,
the
other
southern
planted
and
the
their
some
the
with
established
of
in
call
we
along
seeds
them
peach
they
grape,
fruits
natives, seeing
places along
in
few
the
to
south-western
before
years
planted
the
attention
arid
Spaniards
with
the
culture,
easy
other
and
palm,
the
the
and
introduced
and
of
cultivated
fruits
of
of
When
of Agriculture)
only slight
tribes
thousands
grew.
other
Fathers
States
date
olive, apricot,
for
Department
paid
other
probably
were
Mexico,
United
U.S.A.
Mission
New
AMERICA
America
and
they
perhaps
fruit
Catholic
Santa
which
of
and
good
North
and
them,
coast
lime,
of
Aztecs
irrigation, perhaps
reached
colonies
IN
(Ex-Pomohgist,
The
civilisation
and
CULTURE
inhabitants
aboriginal
culture
XXVIII
more
common
fruits.
French
of
valley
we
who
that
addition
great
value
true
have
been
first
very
was
time
there
are
berries,
with
from
which
those
the
earliest
growing
settled
by
the
In
seas.
and
within
mostly
especially
The
them
the
fruits,
wild.
aborigines.
with
beyond
and
in
settlements
the
by
native
are
we
settlements
brought
many
that
The
region.
north.
mind
country
fruits
other
that
the
of
out
cultivation,
under
brought
from
World
old
the
of
The
same.
all their
in
Lakes
New
the
in
prized
developed
centuries
two
little
progress
transportation,
of
expensive.
The
Refrigeration,
varieties
been
in
and
in
grape
dates
from
not
mentioned
our
the
Great
culture
apple
the
orchards
the
planted
European
other
well
nuts
of
the
last
supplied,
is
same
partly
grape.
the
means
all
if
homes
and
just
and
along
shores,
some
did
grape
first
perhaps
Philadelphia
over
the
fruit
establish
fruits
that
the
For
there
they
knew
principally
of
and
1620,
and
earliest
the
peach,
pear,
American
our
to
Nearly
century.
have
on
came
at
brought
of
many
apple,
that
the
to
of
Mississippi
see
made
were
Those
fruits
the
Penn
England
New
the
planted
Thus
that
of
foundation
the
the
planted
William
of
colony
Fathers
Pilgrim
also
in
Virginia,
Jamestown,
at
They
pear.
The
fruits.
the
and
apple
were
settlers
English
The
the
were
both
principal
evaporation,
mostly
uses
after
in
fruit
at
home
for
fruits
and
was
culture,
and
then
canning
and
inferior,
America
to
foreign
were
the
were
of
some
35
for
and
the
several
in
white
of
slow
was
wine
and
unknown.
quality
were
race
The
reasons.
countries,
making
practically
best
the
and
cider.
The
unadapted
U
3o6
to
the
last
climate.
Tools
fiftyyears
than
over
of
there
sciences
and
line
dividing
Before
time
that
best
endeavours
those
within
ten
of the
dreams
been
But
respects
great
two
lasted
which
of
eras
in the
progress
of culture, and
1861
from
fruit growers
This
realised.
than
more
of
There
fruits
1865,
to
horticultural
our
noble-minded
many
origination of new
varieties
men
and
the
was
progress.
of the
was
were
the
times
chieflyexperimental. Many
and
under
trial,or
proved satisfactory,
they were
not
the
to
century
the
culture
have
Civil War,
The
between
the
in
fanciful
most
crude.
were
of
fully kept pace with the march
improvement of varieties,of methods
has
by the
planting.
culture
of
The
last
GARDEN
improvement
more
before.
the
arts
of
extension
been
time
of
early part
industry in America
methods
and
has
in all the
the
the
FRUIT
THE
being
their
gave
of
others.
testing
who
C. M.
P. Wilder
of Massachusetts
Hovey and Marshall
;
Dr.
Patrick
York
and
A.
Warder,
Downing
John
Barry of New
;
of Ohio, and
George W. Campbell, Jared P. Kirtland
more.
many
first
half of the great
last
the
of
the
the
eastern
During
fiftyyears
century
which
and
lies between
the
the
Mississippi Valley,
Alleghany Mountains
The
being settled.
MississippiRiver, was
pioneers carried the seeds, cuttings,
and
the Appalachian
their
homes
eastern
across
plants of the best fruits from
the
soil
of
chain
of mountains, and
in
the
them
territory then
planted
virgin
Among
them
were
Charles
called
The
"
than
had
exceptions,
were
awakened
to
other
any
Mountains
crops
and
Indians
trees
to
cotton
parts of the
the
interest
greater
finer
The
country.
apple, pear,
manifest
was
and
peach
few
and
miners,
stockmen,
the
pioneers' cabins.
trappers,
Civil War
of the
there
Federal
devastate.
and
tobacco
was
great expansion of
soldiers,who
land, and
with
had
seen
the
our
here
grown
first commercial
with
and
industries
natural
in
there
specimens
few
very
The
States had
Southern
planted then and there.
in
fruit culture, for under
slave labour
possibilities
than
tobacco, and sugar were
produced. The
cotton,
Pacific
States
territories
covered
were
mere
by roving
States,purchased
Southern
helped
size, of
planted around
the
Many
old
vines
After
older
and
their
and
or
before
long
larger crops
the
in the
seen
considerable
of
not
was
of
reason
been
ever
orchards
It
West."
fruit-growing by
not
of
bands
there
and
yet
scarcely
Rocky
some
tion.
popula-
advantages
of the
had
the
into
The
garden.
building of the Transcontinental
railways solved the
Pacific
settlement
of
desert
of
the
the
and
the mythical American
Slope
question
dotted
The
with
that was
supposed to lie in that direction.
great prairieswere
and
orchards.
The
Mountain
farms
of the Rocky
dry plains and tablelands
with
stunted
brush, cacti, and
regions, sparselycovered
grass, being naturally
and
made
to
fertile,were
irrigated
produce the best fruits in abundance.
The
invaded
were
giant forests of Oregon and Washington
by lumbermen
and
been
and
home-seekers, and they have
berry
partly replaced by orchards
fields that
of
the
and
fruits
America.
best
in
now
yield some
largest
grown
The
fruits of California
almost
known
all over
the globe for their abundance
are
and
In
excellence.
its early days California
was
thought to be suitable only
a
fruit
FRUIT
for
cattle
ranches
IN
CULTURE
AMERICA
307
of
diversity
grown
flourishes
succeed
and
its climate
somewhere
within
in the
in the
soil
and
is such
limits
the
mountain
of
the
sections, to
sheltered
valleysalong
the
THE
Of
all the
fruits in America
almost
that
the
every
State, from
and
mango
southern
kind
of fruit
most
The
the
which
apple
tropicalfruits
other
be
can
that
coast.
APPLE
is none
that equalsthe apple in excellence,
brought here by the English pioneers who
settled on
Roanoke
Island, North
Carolina, and at Jamestown, Virginia,and a
little later,by the Pilgrim Fathers, who
founded
Plymouth and other colonies
the New
It is perhaps
here
with
than
on
England coast.
greater success
grown
ing
accordwith
anywhere else in the world, for it attains its highest excellence
us
of the jurors at
the verdict
the World's
to
products of
Exposition, where
orchards
from
all countries
World
have
been
shown.
few
of
the
OldOnly a
varieties are
considered
value
of much
flourish here, but
that they do not
; not
in many
them
been
which
as
basis, seedlings have
a
having taken
grown
popularity,and
cases
to
the
corners
rows.
The
other
but
only
in
They range
commercial
list
of
where
in
about
from
season
comprises
of sufficient
the
too
to
northern
most
it is
old
come
seedlingorchards,
commonly
the
in
or
in
grown
May.
fence
nursery
have
to-day
varieties
introduced
those
next
in
up
in our
orchards
grown
named
nearly five thousand
are
varieties
new
sorts
to
early summer
fiftyvarieties.
every
supply the
States
of
Many
warm.
adds
have
our
of
from
orchards.
The
popular
has
apple
Canada, a
less than
Almost
size
year
Pomology, including
on
hundred
two
Each
seedlingsthat
now
are
books
Orchards.
Apple
flavour.
chance
are
There
this way.
in
orchard
them
out-of-the-way
and
most
popular
mentioned
apple
and
size, colour,
of
choicest
the
abroad,
there
first
was
places, in
originated
few
in
them
surpass
and
most
list,
and
It
profit.
of
these
farm
in
home, except
Republic,
the
small
America
North
orchards
in
parts of
some
and
in
furnish
the
a
extreme
an
south,
than
clear money
the crops
apple trees yieldmore
of
the
settlement
about
the
to
early
country
on
cider
for
in
cultivated
America
mainly
making,
fifty years ago, apples were
fathers
forefor this fruit in Europe, whence
the prevailing use
that was
our
because
have
But
cider is now
even
plenty of
came.
rarely made
by those who
Commercial
of fruit eaters.
have
apple
developed into a race
apples. We
hundred
It
attained
began fullyone
orcharding has
gigantic proportions.
years
about
that time,
which
stimulated
the
trade
with
England,
up
sprang
by
ago,
Albemarle
more
Pippin.
or
lately,
through the sale of a variety called Newtown,
last
in
the
of 20,000
of
this
orchard
was
One
planted
early
trees
variety
from
which
New
River
in
Hudson
in the
York,
apples were
Valley,
century
This
sold
in London
as
high as ^4 per barrel,wholesale, for a short time.
Civil War, or about
until after our
fell into decay, and
it was
orchard
not
finally
in a practicalway.
that
to
develop
vigorously
apple-plantingagain began
1865,
and
sometimes
all the
rest
the
few
of the
acres
farm.
of
From
FRUIT
THE
3o8
The
broad
fertile
and
mountain
prairies of
Central
the
States
and
valleys and
the
of
plateaus
GARDEN
the
for
growing apples on
orchard
of fiftyto
a
to
others, belonging
orchard
of
companies,
than
more
thousand
two
in
acres
extent.
Methods
Horse
ago.
has
are
harrows
There
ground
thus
over
much
so
grow
those
aside
The
space.
had
the
their
plan
of
fruit
is
orchards
so
in
for
that
leaving
the
few
Even
labour.
improved tools.
pulverisethe
stir and
orchard
apple
be
to
of
those
other
kinds
found
of
manual
place of
cases
of
it,is
bad
in grass,
The
one.
largerand finer,that
have
ploughed them
up,
grass
favourable
results.
Although
much
trees
of
many
and
are
of
with
most
most
ground good tillage,
in the States west
of the Mississippi River, there
are
large apple orchards
of considerable
size along the
chain, which
Appalachian Mountain
the
giving
the
some
and
north
south
is
the
through
Dwarf
Apple
We
orchard
open
with
trunks
from
trained
beneath
driven
trunks
thus
are
tall,and
they
Another
fruit.
the
Instead
of
the
they
become
This
is the
into
such
trees
permanent
approved
It
they
in from
are
ten
until
Varieties.
make
four
to
twenty
thirty to
to
As
corresponding
The
rays
from
wind
convenient
for
in
apple
feet apart,
50
sun,
pruning,
culture
they
as
espaliers.
headed
are
in
than
be
about
The
districts
some
if the
trees
spraying,and
of
small
few
branches.
were
gathering
of close
system
about
set
which
is the
are
in
or
are
famous
lateral
is less
region
were
apple orchards
might
waggons
trees
abundant
danger
and
ploughs
of the
direct
older
the
now.
make
to
walls
are
runs
climate
is also
except
on
thus
half
more
of
those
that
that
the
ing.
plantdistance,
when
trees
left.
are
of
An
one
plant
variety,
for the
bearing early for the temporary
trees, and
into
as
come
bearing later,and will live to an old age.
commercial
adopted by our
plan now
apple orchardists.
of good flavour
that
there
varieties
other
and
with
are
is,fortunately,true
that
points of excellence
bear
to
30
this
come
the
of
that
and
York
America,
latter
in the
soil
trained
trees
rarely seen
induced
advance
intention
upon
will
as
trees
marked
crowded,
improvement
and
in
high
land
the
New
kind
any
8 feet
this is
more
trees
ultimate
with
such
much
are
of
to
from
injuriousto apple
prove
ground
shaded
Western
rarely grown
trees
The
but
mountainous,
culture.
style. Many
but
them,
the
from
feet
it
of
are
fruit
are
the
use
2^
Trees
gardens, nor
fruit
tier of States.
eastern
hilly,and
some
mostly
especiallyadapted to apple
district for apple culture.
to
old
pasture
or
advance
in
the
many
of various
of all other
much
in
horse-hoes
better,and
have
who
laid
and
meadow
of
been
wide
making
methods
has
power
plough
The
fruit culture
of
branches
years
the
Culture.
of
suit the
six years
years
fifty
years
might
be
differences
two
planting,and
old, while
old
or
the
the
temporary
need
permanent
not
will
ones
be
dug
will
trees
begin
until
out
remain
fitable
pro-
more.
expected, the
in
The
purposes.
after
to
wide
behaviour
variation
of
varieties
in
of
climate
and
apples.
soil
Some
It.
o
a,
2;
It.
o
J-f
??
-J
a;
2:
-J
'O
"5
rei
*??'?,;
iS4'Bi;?ifsa
of
seedlings is
modern
methods
with
almost
now
of
Chinese
character.
the
Central
Florida, where
peculiar
Peen-to
The
strain
China
way
before
type
is of
and
the
to
has
will
earlier in
months
two
Chinese
All
varieties
have
grown
of all
been
market
our
Elberta,
The
originated.
peaches, came
into
is
existence
by
in
North
varieties
are
generally
By crossing
have
we
ever
popular
most
accidental
an
favour
are
the
to-day
of
others.
The
ripen.
in
for a slightblush.
white
both
flesh and
skin, except
creamy
valuable
varieties
with
others
of the Persian
of
the
most
type, some
which
the
finds
The
in several
superior character
respects.
very
of them
the largestof all peaches.
They
are
mostly large,some
types
varieties
the
ripening than
taste, but
bitter
flavoured
better
largerand
last
added
is almost
succeed.
not
peculiar, rather
the
have
of these
and
China,
ones
common
one
One
which
planted,
tropical in its
but will
larger part of the peach territory,
Northern
and
extreme
south, especially
the
over
seasons
the
districts where
remote
introduced,
in America.
Southern
of
from
is small
fruit
limited
few
been
have
peach
is from
the
are
in
except
types
of the
hardy
is not
endure
the
unknown,
commonly
practised. The Persian strain is most
within
about
the
However,
Spanish type.
not
are
varieties
some
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
3IO
of
cross
this
kind.
Distribution.
extensive
that
as
is less
peach
The
of the
and
hardy
which
territoryover
apple, and the two
be
cannot
are
farther
The
south.
hand, it extends
the
the
Peninsula,
peaches are
Chesapeake
Eastern
the
of
plain regions
Georgia,
includes
Ohio
of Arkansas
parts
and
Western
Michigan ;
and
Colorado, Utah
in Western
Peach
Orchards.
others, peach
culture
thousand
and
acres
hundred
made
acres
up,
fruit
are
is sold
in
and
for
the
crops
large
size
of
CaHfornia
peaches
the
and
in
one
homes
Scarcely a
and
many
fruit.
It
is very
in the
the
year,
of our
regions along
York, Northern
In
is
production
alone
consumed
California
This
and
the
this
product
absence
together
and
the
have
amount
Rocky
Mountain
regions
parts of California.
in
or
of
less
are
in
degree
orchards
and
person,
in
the
rains
two
of
those
trains
fresh
state
used
by
the
portion
finest
to
many
of
Railway
Most
single station.
considerable
is of
There
enormous.
at
Large quantitiesare
sun.
fruit
New
leading industry.
firm
belonging to one
use.
Oregon
favoured
cars
Western
several
Idaho,
many
districts,and
peach
markets, and
the
growing
land,
Mary-
Western
and
loaded
On
for
Plateau, which
all these
common.
winter
slopesof
as
Ozark
valleysof
warm
The
gigantic evaporators.
is dried
in
is
more
daily, of
housewives
In
the
regions
the
Texas,
;
quite
that the
apple.
the
as
mountain
Ontario,
is
identical,except
famous
most
Missouri
and
Lakes,especiallySouthern
Great
the
succeeds
peach
far north
so
grown
other
latter
the
almost
canning
of
quahty,
damage it
the
are
of this
canned
or
by
the
factories
enormous
because
while
of
the
curing.
lbs. of dried
shipped over
40,000,000
is soon
exceeded.
But
it is
be
to
likely
is
elsewhere.
than
peach
enjoyed more
common.
or
country
Whether
eaten
fresh
from
the
trees, served
with
cream
and
FRUIT
CULTURE
Culture.
heads
and
sandy,
about
set
are
tilled
thoroughly
properly. In soils not
it becomes
the
most
and
dissolved
to
necessary
being,
common
German
too
to
are
by those who
it is
plant-food,for instance, where
There
various
of doing this,
are
ways
in
fertilise.
kind.
some
are
kept
branches
an
The
from
are
abundance
spring
is the
southern
is done
potash salts,Chilian
find
growers
between
crops
ways
the
of
of
nitrate
saving the
trees
every
soda,
expense
few
years,
trees
which
headed
are
about
when
season
and
on
the
through
Thinning
this work
is done
Pacific
slope,where
the
winter
Fruit
the
24
inches
from
The
often
trees
ruined
or
very
in
the
and
east
the
winters
north,
but
in the
usuallymild,
are
it
season.
after
one-fourth
it is about
to
12
hands.
The
in wise
making long and stragglinggrowth when
back
that
there
cut
quite severelyevery year,
constantly be
may
it
of new
is only on
this that the fruit is borne.
wood, as
Early
States
all
and
low
with
careless
clover
20
except
apply German
to
to
15
rich
of the
such
trees
311
in
unknown
land
the
them
treat
The
AMERICA
IN
set
much
so
many
weakened.
even
that
by
they
Some
is
grown
the
would
now
common
progressive peach
most
be
broken
unprogressive
down
growers
and
allow
things to exist at the present day, but they are gradually coming to
distance
that thinning is profitablefrom
see
standpoint. The
apart for
every
6 inches, but
of the most
the
branches
is usuallyabout
the
some
peaches on
8 and
It is the large
advanced
inches
thin
them
to
10
even
apart.
growers
of
flesh
with
the
as
compared
fruit, containing a large portion
stone,
and
dealer
and
satisfaction
the
that
the
to
profit to
brings most
grower,
this
state
of
consumer.
Varieties.
Early Crawford,
and
The
are
largelygrown
Late
Crawford,
Chairs, Fitzgerald,
varieties
most
Elberta,
Oldmixon
Mountain
Rose,
Free, Salway,
Carman.
sent
barely begun. A few were
that
the
but
were
so
to
charges
England some
transportation
great
years ago,
show
has
been
done
that
been
to
further
have
rare.
However,
enough
attempts
in
Government
and
done
the
it is possible,
it is now
experimental
an
being
by
modern
methods
of the trade under
determine
the possibilities
in order
to
way,
of 32 degs. Fahrenheit
to
of refrigeration. A temperature
seems
give the best
be that
in 1902
results.
The
were
profitable. It may
shipments to London
low
will
and
in
American
at
sufficiently
prices for
peaches
quantity
yet appear
the English public to taste
freely.
them, if not to eat them
the usual downy
Nectarines
are
covering. They
merely peaches without
because
of
the
of
in
the
east
Mountains,
Rocky
rarely
are
regions
very
grown
such
is no
and
the Pacific
side there
the curculio,but on
trouble,
as
are
many
The
exporting
of
American
peaches
has
FRUIT
THE
312
as
grown
because
the
Even
desired.
are
does
trade
there, only
call
not
GARDEN
for
Along
with
PEAR
condition
hundred
and
Europe came
standing near
planted by the
that
now
were
fiftyyears
the
from
apple
seedling trees
are
bearing
the
While
ago.
cultivated,however,
are
many.
THE
There
few
French
and
missionaries
boast
of
first settlers.
the
Detroit, Michigan,
cannot
we
with
pear,
in
more
than
more
healthy
than
two
few
such
old, and
fiftyto a hundred
bearing
years
call
which
Bartlett, was
we
abundantly.
brought
variety
hundred
and
from
planted at
England to America
nearly one
years
ago,
and fruiting.
It is still in a
Dorchester, Massachusetts.
healthy condition
called Williams', but
This
it
varietyoriginatedin Berkshire, England, where
when
it was
the variety was
this
the
lost,and
was
name
brought to
country
in honour
first propagated it and
renamed
the
sent
out
of Enoch
Bartlett, who
in America.
It
both
for
home
scions
is
and
our
leading
to-day,
pear
young
from
France
and
Most
market
of our
varieties
use.
came
Belgium, but some
and
Russia.
There
from
were
brought from China,
came
England, Germany,
trees
have
we
that
many
first tree
The
from
are
of
the
'"
1850,
about
"
Sand
of the
seeds
because
pear," perhaps
proved to
The
be
trees
between
bloom
the
1870,
about
of
of
of
these
and
acrid
from
Bartlett
greatest
drawback
the
bearing.
culture
pear
KiefFer
the
fruit is of
encourage
in
There
are
in many
respects.
delicious
in
flavour
of all pears.
most
almost
proof against blight. While
the
and
of
some
are
seedlingsby
Mexico,
crossing, and
Culture
Alaska,
It is remarkable
in America.
used
more
form.
grocers.
superior
pomologists
our
Pear
the
main
largershipments.
origin that
which
is
and
how
While
or
Canned
common
the
thus
points
in
Seckel
is
small,
is
but
varieties
most
and
one
the
sales
are
to
seem
of American
of
these, and
tree
is very
efforts
it is
hardy
seedlings,
accidental
are
systematic
originatedseveral
exporters
to
produce
of excellence.
varieties
in every
part of the Continent, except Southern
northern
and
British
Columbia.
parts of Minnesota
this
the
fruit
tree
every
evaporated
California,where
It
seedling pears
other
many
The
careful
made
have
well
less in almost
and
have
cross
far away,
has almost
is the
blight,which
and
constant
America, its vigour, and
the
and
million,
are
to-day planted by
trees
pear
fruit.
supposed
Poor
fair way
the market.
it is,the
to
as
capture
fruit to England
and
other
foreign markets, and the
fruit is in
sending
to
the
The
pear
think it very poor
it is large and
; but
many
may
It is a great canning pear.
But
and
the flesh is very firm.
almost
the
its favour
of the tree
from
are
perfect freedom
abundant
of
standing not
KiefFer,
named
have
we
character
and
named
been
which
country,
vigorous,
and
trees
came
revolutionised
that
gritty and
the
healthy
very
one
of
pear
common
is
adapts
not
itself
to
nearly so
family,and
pears
all conditions
are
popular
is sold
to
every
the
as
in all
the
among
seem
almost
our
soil and
to
it is
apple, yet
markets
in
some
supplies of
standard
conspire
climate
the
success
all
of the
FRUIT
business
of this
of
and
growing
IN
CULTURE
curing
Trees.
Many
years
quite general,
now
are
well and
places. Dwarf
trees
grow
nearly so profitablefor commercial
but
if
trees
there
needed,
are
is anxious
one
stock.
than
acre
New
York
used, as
dwarf
and
better
and
often
little of
and
warm
culture
wet
in
the
dwarf
The
at
in
the
to
wood
thing
to
In
is moist.
A
it.
rank
furnish
does
to
of
conditions
allow
diseased
the
to
are
each
not
and
include
has
gathered
every
fruit was
of
early colonists.
are
cases
European
varieties
almost
fruit
planted
is the
variety
which
at
apart
in
to
in
pear
object
The
only
to
the
States,
and
that
weather
leads
of
to
system
rank
there
is both
of
It
growth.
known
affected branches
until
they are
fighting fire, is
Eastern
the
States
stimulation
grow
is the
Far- Western
This
spread.
in America
of
keeping
almost
it is often very
;
dead.
Cutting out
about
the
only
successful
PLUM
grown
distinct
and
of
in America
country,
botanicallyand
value.
There
from
the
by the aborigines
comparison with the
domesticOythey are
Prunus
European, Japanese,
plums growing
regions
from
the
to
times
plums
being
of
and
by
Europe,
and
sour
very
in
tropics,and
the
earliest
cultivated
poor,
characteristics,
in their
native
are
Arctic
eaten
in
the
in
inedible.
Plums.
When
new
the
world,
best
the
European
trees
grew
there
varieties
rapidlyand
were
in
planted
some
cases
in the
bore
in
But
soon
appeared a dread enemy
good quality in abundance.
plums. They hatched
shape of a little beetle that laid eggs in the young
grubs and caused the plums to sicken and drop off. It had always attacked
of them
able to outgrow
native
other
but most
were
plums and some
fruits,
fruit of
the
the
But
into
culture
other
the
plums
the
the
Quince
more
were
distance
branches
the
for its
grass
like
classes of
three
section
which
much
Angouleme
pear
parts
it appears,
as
almost
some
pear
grow
do.
American.
the
the
orchards, especiallyin
California
growth
ideal
which
east
detect
There
and
an
on
bear
The
than
orchards
every
other.
any
planted is from
prove
only
have
to
nearly
not
small
them, or,
advantage ;
trees
case
do
Where
to
Pear
was
in
except
they
trees.
able
than
THE
and
pounds
trees
pear
but
in which
the
on
dwarf
space
dwarf
are
the
diseased
dwarf
them
standard
as
greatest enemy
practice
common
of
destroys whole
climate
the
is very
as
Blight.
blight,which
is
of
16 feet,and
to
are
12
commonly
they are kept
from
set
to
are
20
by annual
prunings. Standards
30 feet apart,
closer planting is
pruned very severely,except in California, where
the trees
are
pruned annually and severely.
American
where
bear
longer, and
Jersey, and
trees
not
are
followed
pear
New
it does
pear
back
headed
and
millions
many
planting of
will
plant
an
early age,
who
the
fruit very soon,
much
better
trees
are
larger,live
grow
dwarfs.
Most
the
They
the
ago
few
growers
small
very
of
because
have
to
produces
313
product.
Dwarf
few
alone
pears,
AMERICA
THE
FRUIT
favoured
sections
314
the
In
injury.
case
and
now,
favoured
of
some
there
these
the
choicest
regions is
GARDEN
this
varieties
insect
are
did
such
exist,and
not
grov/n
is the
The
in abundance.
most
Pacific
has never
Slope, for the plum curculio
been
of the continental
Mountain
which
the
chain.
is
west
seen
divide,
Rocky
Prune
In
Idaho
Orchards.
and
California, Oregon, Washington,
prune
culture
is a leading industry. There
devoted
there
vast
areas
are
largelyto
very
orchards, and the size and qualityof the fruit,as well as the immense
prune
crops
the
are
grown,
in
Oregon
down
but
wonder
that
under
they
alone
all who
to
together weighed
are
produced in
has
them.
see
of
for
Last
prunes
year I had three
trouble
the trees
is that
One
pound.
fattened
fruit.
Hogs are sometimes
curing and sellingin a dry state.
a
lbs. of
dried
In Oregon, Washington,
air.
and
open
evaporating-housesbuilt for the purpose.
By the excellence
Idaho
that
State
done
of
the
summer
autumn
seasons
home
product
all that
we
French
markets.
almost
have
we
are
shut
them,
California
In
prunes.
and
rainless,
practically
drying is
100,000,000
over
year
trays in the
on
our
one
and
on
grown
break
and
had.
in
quantity
great
which
foreign prunes,
out
it is done
were
once
are
Instead, we
English and
now
exporting prunes
and
are
Agen
Tragedy, Golden, Fellenberg, Sergent, Sugar,
the leading varieties used
for drying.
In
Eastern
the Central
succeed
and
States these
fairlywell, but the
prunes
of
the
curculio
This
be
is
done
must
overcome.
shaking the trees
by
ravages
and
the
catching
tedious
and
beetles
rather
the
Among
best
in
of inverted
sort
No
costly.
Within
work,
already
plums are
Burbank,
has
named
of Santa
produced
well
and
last
the
have
triflora,
have
Luther
east
Green
drying, are
to
It is,however,
very
trap.
of
the
Mountains.
Rocky
Egg,
Yellow
Gage,
Grand
Lombard.
species,Prunm
ones.
umbrella
dried
are
prunes
sorts, unsuited
the
to
quite hardy
years
imported from
seeds.
There
with
those
of
received
Japan,
been
the
in
crosses
and
been
most
this way,
some
Their
bearers.
hybrids
and
European
the
more
many
numerous
American
active
of
in
which
The
by practicalfruit-growers.
abundant
most
of
of
varieties
many
have
thousands
and
twenty
been
are
Japanese
is variable
fruit
this
in
varieties
are
size, but most
are
purple, red, yellow, and almost
large. They
blue.
The
flavour of most
of the varieties is sweet
and very
are
white, but none
and
Satsuma
Burbank,
Abundance,
agreeable.
are
some
Ogon, Wickson, Kerr,
of the best.
Strange as it may seem, they are almost proof against the curculio,
which
makes
them
very
Plums.
American
our
fruit
native
growers
Upper
are
were
now
any
the
was
brought
curculio, and at
is very
brought
numbered
low
under
among
within
only
attention
MississippiValley,where
temperature
wild
It is
This
plums.
proof against
gave
desirable.
about
the
by
cultivation.
standard
time
twenty-five years
of
changes
of
plums
and
such
hardy
first the
Some
last
need
the
same
At
the
cultivation
climatic
the
in winter.
the
about
the
to
best
them
of
are
of
of
would
be
as
prairiesof
violent
very
the varieties
proved
orchards
improvement
sorts
the
on
and
so
that
and
the
the
growing
that
good
they
nurseries.
The
FRUIT
varieties
of Prunus
than
and
drops
not
to
the
Although
The
acres
or
choice
varieties.
In
the
because
of
more
succeed
several
are
distance
common
tillageis
Thorough
is essential.
necessary,
zero.
There
of them
more
But
great
of the
orchards
prune
natural
richness
varietyare
one
the
and
rule,
the
of
of
the
form
and
then
moderately
prune
the
fruits that
many
about
as
grown
which
has
from
came
long
proved
but
as
any,
terrible pest
faults is
chief
in the
to
Europe
owing
it,it
over-cropping.
and Idaho,
valleysof California
Arizona, Utah, and
are
use
consumed
are
annually sent
New
York,
about
25
in the
with
fruit
varieties
of
of
way
ready to
have
in
to
been
those
most
and
varieties
are
have
been
of cultivation.
those
of
about
There
four
are
fruits,but
other
to
years
America
the
of
ravages
the
it
secure
and
There,
with
are
to
the
very
in
Colorado.
In
canning, although
state, and
many
alone
ease
extensive
extent
some
of
greatest
region
found
indeed
apricot
west
one
orchards
Oregon, ton,
Washingthose
regions they
all that
sold
needed
are
thousands
has
bore
tree
in all the
for
bushels
of
are
30,000,000
over
one
in
especially
planted
are
beautiful
loaded
apricot orchard
best
be gathered. The
trees
require frequent pruning. The
Europe and a few from Asia, but
brought from Southern
highly prized are seedlingsof native origin. Royal, which
growing
grown.
no
fornia
single point, in Caliof prune
acres
orchards,
only occasionallythat
California
markets.
fruits
can
Moorpark,
Newcastle,
THE
There
hundred
one
variety,and
varieties
and
to
the
was
There
part
and
fresh
the
eastern
apricots in
apricot is
the
French
popular
origin.
our
feet apart
sight
many
is a
to
of dried
pounds
western
for drying
principally
grown
home
the
of
after.
year
of California.
profitablyuntil the settlement
of the Rocky Mountains,
apricots are grown
of their
is
plum trees
manuring
little fertilising
is
for
APRICOT
THE
Of
each
factory.
satis-
soil is thin
very
of
all
are
interest.
greatest
Orchards
From
there.
common
west
that
all these
between
orchard
soil.
temperature
already very
are
the
vation
culti-
Ocheeda,
species
of the
where
the
the
native
hybrids
and
and
where
other
the
in
apart
under
are
Stoddard, Hawkeye,
will
They
best.
315
work
feet.
20
hardiest,and
species. Wyant,
the
have
AMERICA
this
Culture.
about
but
IN
the
are
native
among
degs. below
hardy
species and
other
are
45
very
amer'tcana
of any
Rockford
CULTURE
cherries
brought
of
be
an
of
of
two
are
of
the
most
Californian
CHERRY
importance
from
than
Europe
indigenous
from
the
to
time
America.
of
the
The
best
earliest
settle-
31 6
of
ments
Within
the
the
recent
years
north-western
of the
Russia, but
compared
them
is
will
that
endure
poor
which
by
the
are
Distribution.
The
where
region
sour
into
classes
diameter,
and
those
inch
an
in diameter
are
over
common.
succeed,
United
will
cherries
the
province of Ontario
is more
States, cherry culture
includes
which
of the
most
endure
more
cold
severe
and
of
regions
Canada
in
less
there
are
Over
addition
successful.
violent
more
valleys
Southern
year.
in
ordinaryfruits
other
or
and
to
fruit in
been
quarter
York
and
in
have
and
these
of
Pacific
the
on
foothills
New
the
slender
heads,
Some
The
all have
is
inch
an
Western
Appalachian mountain-chain, from
In all
Virginia,are well suited to cherry culture.
which
have
borne
than
trees
more
single
fiftybushels
the
of
where
the
the
rest
apple, peach,
territory
of
best
grown.
although
Mazzards,
These
California.
and
from
grown
valuable
divided
succeed
cherries
little value
of
from
been
and
Morellos.
cold
severe
varieties
are
most
sweet
they
the
of several
Germany.
and
introduction
are
now
among
classes of cherries
two
are
France
the
Many
sorts.
classification
rational
more
such
varieties,and
imported
Generallyspeaking, there
there
caused
of
are
chiefly from
for varieties
demand
standard
the
and
now,
plainshas
of
most
with
first
the
until
country
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
changes
to
Sour
than
the
others.
Culture.
Cherry trees
planted differently. Trees
30
feet
over
25
that
is
and
distant
feet
of
excellent
the
sometimes
apart.
varieties, of
which
class,which
English
has
Morello
Windsor
the
THE
all orchard
Of
Almost
sparingly.
sometimes
and
cool
orchards
very
is the
are
small
as
low,
but
fruits
and
not
kept
40
in
there
Champion
or
is the
small
is found.
high
are
and
Van
there
is
need
not
are
about
be
be
to
the
soil
manuring
large list of
very
Duke, Napoleon, Bing,
a
the
among
Of
best.
the
Dyehouse, Montmorency,
trees
of
number
Deman
least
valuable, and
a
place
quince delights in
In
The
state
them,
has
country
The
climate.
acres.
growth
to
sour
and
QUINCE
quince
farm
severe
best, although
early,and
the
every
orchard
large as
are
Richmond,
popular.
most
of
do
and
class
varieties,the
fewer
are
and
habit
varieties
sour
for
sweet
and
generally require
Tartarian, May
the
the
is best
the
size
class
but
culture
Of
variable
sweet
more,
Clean
naturally rich.
not
of
being
districts
some
are
set
about
cultivation.
that
more
late
ones.
The
are
only
are
feet
moist
Rea
soil
commercial
apart, trained
varietycalled
good.
grown
and
two,
or
rather
there
15
is
tree
and
Orange
Missouri
FRUIT
IN
CULTURE
Grapes
No
colonists
the
made
Spaniards
and
hardiness
of
part
did
of
is
wine
of
same
at
their
at
all found
part of
it inferior
of
Roanoke,
made
that
naturallyconcluded
particulars.
America.
The
as
from
if wild
the
of
grapes
their
native
countries.
native
grapes
Improvement
varieties,and
developed
long since
American
of
Varieties.
of
began
wonderful
into
been
The
the
grapes
grew
them
from
to
them.
proof against
were
here
next
for
The
which
better
came
of
accidental
the
of our
native
cross-pollination
foreign varieties that had so utterlyfailed to
Catawba, and Delaware, all being of distinct
of them
were
eminently successful,and the
after
than
more
successful
had
grape
our
the
seedling of
chance
grapes,
Massachusetts,
and
there
Gulf
the
the
Mexico.
of
seedlings, directlyand
varieties.
from
Some
southern
intermediate
are
Europe.
The
and
planted by
Nicholas
The
of
results
the
Isabella,
the
were
of
delicious
Delaware
and
to
introduction
the
all.
It
and
of
the
are
All
now,
It is
it in
it have
been
thousands
meet
about
grown
been
have
which
result
first commercial
Longworth,
pure
blood, being a
of our
leading
they
selected
of
vary
except
vineyard
10
miles
much
as
of
in
choice
flavour
varieties
all the
and
other
for raisins.
importance
below
valuable
many
wants,
our
Canada
from
of skilful
are
wild
growing
native
of
acres
varieties
to
discovered
was
is of
to-day one
bearing, scattered
tints, and
seem
the
Catawba
Fitis Labrusca.
From
characteristics,but they
Vineyards.
of
1850,
about
from
indirectly,
of them
shades
the
species
millions
are
have
stimulus
great
delicious
the
and
most
among
the
Concord
and
introduction
of
discovery
influence
potent
with
some
grapes
flourish.
These
and
wild
has
grapes,
first varieties
these
gave
best
trial,counted
But
grapes.
most
Concord,
near
to
of
of
fiftyyears
our
the
which
importance was
seed, that were
self-sown
from
up
native
ones,
epoch
next
select
to
was
Although
they
proportions.
culture.
step
of
improvement
abandoned
grape
varieties
three
that
other
settlements
to
St. Lawrence
the
in many
North
as
grapes
Florida
in
them
fruit,and
native
in
from
America,
are
character
rich
so
North
There
vine,
world
the
French
the
they
They
in every
of Mexico.
Gulf
in
varying
wild
grow
the
to
317
GRAPE
THE
river
AMERICA
in America
Cincinnati,Ohio,
was
on
the
THE
31 8
hills
there,
set
were
vineyards, but
ruined
them
Western
Erie
grapes
and
soil
of
grapes
of their
The
the
countries
protect
nothing
grapes
reach
15
vineyards are
California vineyards of
wine-cellars
will
to
2000
of
three
and
planted in
gives
which
only
or
the
mere
other
that
will
and
few
support
not
of the
endure
to
work
The
grows
are
out
and
wood
needed, except
this treatment,
the
soil and
trained
each
are
in the
and
region
no
States
to
lbs.,and
size
and
world.
of
year.
left at
cases
in
the
while
eastern
varieties
Sultana.
grapes
The
closer
styles
many
but
posts with
are
grown
4 feet in the rows.
the trimmings and
about
of each
top
a
vines
few
are
feet
pruning
is very
varieties
usually
This
fruit.
high, from
severe,
No
stem.
very
In
pruning.
they
stumps
with
are
of
system
vating
culti-
well
vineyards
training;
are
vines
do
trellises instead
of
use
There
spur
the
and
not
eastern
long
where
marketed
planting,training,and
would
the
are
Nearly
the
as
in
are
There
of Alexandria
remove
to
they
numbers
There
principal
the
are
Muscat
It
of California.
extensive
as
of
ing
glow-
the
management.
one
of
Mediterranean
the
equal those
weighing 4
grapes
planting and the
apart, and
vines
is
other
industry is immense.
been
large freight cars, have
European
the
there
some
the
In
with
raisin
planted
are
where
feet
young
our
wider
to
the
cases
is
and
culture.
covered
regions nothing
America
native
common,
region
bearing wood
stubs
other
10
most
are
but
grapes
in perfection under
under
acres
The
rows
different
by
opportunity
led
vines
all the
squares
better
all but
In
the
attached
wires
California
more
Tokay
making raisins the
European methods
the
that
rare
feet,with
trellises used,
see
Texas,
and
market
grape
and
of
delicious
most
followed,
This
pruning.
California
are
grapes
and
Corinchon
Flame
justify.
It is
all North
6000
raisins,filling
of
fresh
Shipments
vineyards were
short
in
in
to
down
all the
in
But
extent.
of stakes.
suited
it does
or
in
than
but
the
acres
many
lbs. of
110,000,000
in a single year.
such
them,
find
laid
be
to
singleclusters
lbs.
Their
qualityis excellent.
without
comparison anywhere in
of the
markets
of
the
to
in
ready
States, especiallyKentucky,
well
are
have
Carolina,
North
central
vines
as
there
uncommon
sometimes
The
home.
at
The
skies.
is
the
There
Slope.
are
lakes
favourable
so
which
character,
same
Michigan,
and
flourishes
grape
Pacific
the
to
the
is necessary.
California.
Vine
in
where
not
are
smaller
the
among
conditions
earliness.
Minnesota
winter
during
kind
and
States, especiallyFlorida,
Missouri, Kansas,
Illinois,
the
more
Catawba
with
fungus diseases,almost
variety. In Northern
Ohio,
in this
Ontario,
climatic
Many
dotted
were
native
two
rot,
Catawba.
much
better.
of car-loads
Many thousands
very
New
York
all
from
Western
to
shipped
parts of the
The
varieties
low
at
are
price.
a
mostly Concord,
very
almost
more
Delaware, although there are many
equally
southern
and
around
blood
Lake
where
sold
many
because
Wisconsin
black
the
succeeds
Niagara,
north
miles
for
European
eastern
annually
The
good.
also produce
chieflywith
and
of the
and
States,and
Catawba,
river,and
mildew
York,
are
GARDEN
hillsides
the
Catawba
disease, the
the
until
the
New
eastern
Ohio
because
Lake
along
of
the
overlooking
FRUIT
are
young.
for
trellis
grown
FRUIT
In
all parts of
the
horse-power
is the
be
hand.
done
fertile
by
enough,
all classes
for
and
country
Tools
practice.
common
AMERICA
IN
CULTURE
but
of
grapes
made
that
are
is resorted
to
Manuring
until
this is rarelythe case
319
the
where
thorough tillageby
leave
soil
vineyards
the
little
very
is
have
to
naturally
not
borne
several
crops.
BERRIES
THE
Undoubtedly North
They are not a luxury
leads
America
world
the
in the
article
popular
of food.
of
use
berries.
The
with
aboriginal
us, but a common
freely,as they grew in the wild state, and they are still
native
so
people ; but almost
gathered in large quantitiesby our
species
every
cultivation
under
and
others
introduced
from
has been
countries.
foreign
brought
This
made
in every
work
is still going on, and
conceivable
crosses
are
many
inhabitants
used
them
between
varieties,
way
results.
favourable
Strawberry.
The
is
not
State
the
when
The
is in
fruit
it is
cultivated
the
modern
of
to
the
with
of
the
fruits
of
most
fruits
Mexico.
is the
There
in
consumed
strawberries
means
for thousands
class
Bay
and
people enjoy
country
sent
are
Hudson's
and
not
species,
all this
of
common
Alaska
By
season.
between
cases
most
from
strawberries
cars
some
territorywhere
Both
city and
or
abundance.
great
in
wild
It grows
strawberry.
and
and
cream
transporting in refrigerator
it is possible to
miles,and
almost
of year.
time
at
During the floodany
in at least an
occasional
feast of fresh
indulge
ripening the humblest
may
retailed at five cents
There
strawberries.
They are sometimes
are
per quart.
from
which
car-loads
stations
than
of
more
100
16,000 quarts
single railway
Fields
of
each
in one
to
sent
100
season.
acres
belonging to one
are
50
The
methods
of culture
do not
not
uncommon.
are
vary greatly,and
grower
include
of horses
all of them
the use
the
of modern
tools
use
largely.
By
very
Even
little
hand-hoe
do.
left
for
the
is
done
is
there
to
planting
by machinery
find
tide
of
in
few
matted
3^
5 feet apart.
loose
where
some
spread
over
feet wide.
foot
apart,
bear
young
labour
on
was
thus
By
work.
than
this
two
It is
to
in the
either
very
the
and
soil with
and
keep
It
the
but
and
troublesome,
to
native
varieties
varieties.
But
the
originated that
first attempts
two
plough
at
specieswere
surpasses
either
berries
the
better
the
horse-cultivators
line
of
it is
plants,
the
allowed
from
to
to
3
the plants a
3 feet apart, and
all the runners
off.
This
cut
produces
and
caused
the
from
are
largestberries,but
allow
the plants
left longer the
not
are
so
large as on
under
and
spend the
the
best growers
never
If they are
one.
plantations. The
cheaper
is called
that
rows
immediate
about
system.
some
is what
in
plants are
young
wish
of the
grower,
the
rows
method
apart
The
to
rows,
stool
the
feet
necessary.
put
crops,
become
grass
new
berry, and
is
plants.
English
plan
little more,
what
is called
or
more
and
weeds, except
is often
strip,varying, according
requiresmuch
weeds
the
Another
necessitates
to
the
in
from
handwork
a
of cultivation
system
common
2
plants are set about
By frequent stirringof
free
and
markets
most
The
row.
to
kept
The
cases.
some
fancy
in the
are
them
well
cultivation
soon
alone.
flavoured
to
be
hybridised,and
We
now
but
made
have
small
with
new
varieties
in
the
race
of
THE
320
exquisiteflavour
about
are
year.
Glen
The
Gandy
and
Williams,
6000
to
There
yield from
20,000
quarts per acre.
varieties of good quality,and
more
are
being raised every
Bubach, Warfield, Marshall,
Mary, Crescent, Aroma,
named
500
GARDEN
will
that
Michel,
FRUIT
are
Raspberry
few
of the
is another
best.
fruit in America.
common
very
It grows
wild
There
least three
at
are
everywhere.
species in
many
cultivation.
Fewer
than
of most
raspberries are
gathered in the wild state
but
flavoured
small.
The
other
because
first
not
or
berries,
they are
poor
cultivated
of the European
soon
species,but they were
raspberrieswere
dropped
valuable
for the more
natives.
By the selection of the best seedlings and by
tinct
distwo
are
crossinga very choice list of varieties has been developed. There
is a native species,Rubus
One
classes of raspberries in general cultivation.
which
the roots, but
occidentalis,
spreads from
never
layers at the tips. The
black
best varieties
of the
fruit is either
or
are
yellow. Some
Kansas, Ohio,
and
all
which
black.
The
of
other
class is a
are
Eureka, M'Cormick,
Gregg,
in
but
regions,
of
combination
not
species,R.
two
our
species,R.
European
occasional
yellow variety.
of
the
Golden
and
in
apart
manure
and
prevent
is the
common
means
fiftyyears
hundred
have
in rows,
as
varieties.
The
are
are
desirable
the
among
best
Gooseberries
and
native
sorts
are
culture
from
moisture
wild
in the
is used
the
an
keep
to
subsoil.
only
that
state
cultivation.
under
We
Stable
within
have
manure
litter
or
is
the
last
than
more
Snyder
and
are
troublesome
more
of
season
they
excellent.
or
of their
Sometimes
raspberries.
the
Erie, Eldorado,
to
mulched
are
The
are
much
Kittatimy,
few
of
earlier
cultivate
and
ripening. Lucretia,Mayes,
the
best
than
the
train,they
and
Windom
varieties.
are
only
also
berries, and
better
crosses
except
maintaining fertility.
for
although they
because
of
escape
brought
dewberries
class,and
other
Horse
feet apart.
10
of
coarse
Minnewaska,
is
fruit
few
of very
choice
quality,including the dewberries,which
the
upright blackberries
blackberry family. The
are
of
Agawam,
to
the
described
Any
straw.
so
varieties
trailingspecies
The
abundant
been
they
named
grown
with
loose
are
Idaeus.
and
neglectus,
a
red
purple,
or
from
are
Blackberries
are
the
are
that
rows
soil
the
Queen
R.
and
strigasus
grown
because
proof against
to
limited
mildew
disease,but
this
extent,
affects
the
their
because
we
European
fruit
is small
have
other
Our
ones.
although
of
The
and
Atlantic
water.
Cranberry
coast
For
to
many
grown.
is a native
Alaska
years
on
no
the
of
the
west.
attempts
were
bogs
It
and
loves
made
to
marshes
cool
from
climate
cultivate
and
it,because
the
North
plenty
the
of
wild
c:
ft;
ftl
g
?^
f-H
Cl
as
oq
!!
u
to
t/l
FRUIT
THE
322
GARDEN
of little consequence
California,orange-growing was
call Bahia,
now
1870, of a seedless varietythat we
This
Navel.
was
procured by our national
Bahia, Brazil,
from
although
Arizona,
While
reason.
in
principalvariety
is
7,000,000
boxes,
grown
with
there, and
only
small
named
other
some
class
require from
25
tools.
orchard
to
of the
the
30
feet.
3,000,000
there
is
than
500
are
steady
trees
They
is
introduced, and
named
Eureka,
The
several
is seedless
foreign product,
how
and
it is
States
are
best
varieties
by
first
of the
and
gather
probable
there
lemons,
cure
the
Florida, and
as
so
About
annually,
of
California
to
importation
more
have
been
of
with
compete
lemons
of
and
which,
people have
Our
quality otherwise.
that
of
have
modern
most
in California.
from
from
varieties
most
the
sections
Southern
in
seedlings
choice
very
and
to
in many
eastern
orchards
There
extent.
and
when
the
to
but
apart,
sent
now
feet
15
necessary
Arizona.
and
The
quite
and
Sweet,
this country.
feet
to
40
dwarfish
15
to
10
as
are
is the
varieties,but
The
used.
close
as
increase.
in
acres
It
originatedin
from
set
are
is also grown
boxes
some
good flavour, in
as
considered.
now
hundred
two
varieties
in California
Lemon
The
learned
of
Manuring
extent
some
state
that
orange
exceed
set
to
orange
and
climatic
sometimes
are
of
an
varieties
requirements
which
for
abundantly
the
California
in
success
few
grown
of
in
ington
more
commonly, Washdepartment of Agriculture
California,
in
and
native
the
not
varieties
that
none
bear
introduction,
the
or
eminent
most
it does
other
are
there
the
proved
Florida
there
respects,
some
and
before
the
will
soon
decrease.
Citrus
The
East
other
colour.
most
tree
The
to
trees
produce
net
thimble.
best
tons
have
Citron
varieties
of
the
proper
quality,and
revenue
of from
smallest
The
are
delicious
and
it will
not
article
in
be
have
long
j^io to ^20
Citrus
or
fresh
it is
in
not
trees,
an
one
season.
in
and
shape,
larger
much
the
colour
of
are
state.
A
few
as
little,
yet, in America.
have
recently been introduced, and
been
bear
for
being
and
and
uncommon
fruits,not
oblong
in
California
for
growing
made
requirements
until
lemon
or
orange
high price
flavour,
the
very
Corsica
all other
round
but
Italy and
for
as
at
of the
are
good eating in
is grown
preserved
soil
about
fruit sells
varieties
from
the
is
the
is the
Kumquat
of
that
treated
are
As
They
oranges.
although they are
The
member
countries
abundantly.
The
than
is
Indian
abundance
is
and
Florida.
citrons
produced.
of
of
the
the
few
We
best
FRUIT
CULTURE
Figs
have
been
centuries, but
in
grown
until
the
the
323
FIG
THE
for
AMERICA
IN
introduction
of
America
of
portions
warmer
in
small
way
fig wasp
the
{Blastophagopsenes)
from
have
in large commercial
orchards.
Turkey
they been grown
Many
varieties have
been
of them
bear abundantly ; but only in
introduced, and some
California
have
famous
brand
of
they been dried with profit. The
Smyrna
dried
has
been
in
that state
figs
recently duplicated
tings
by the importation of cutfrom
the choice
that are
Turkey, where
figsare grown
packed at Smyrna
and
excel all others
in the markets
of the world.
The
wild or Capri figtrees,
not
"
"
with
little insect
the
also
variety, have
orchards
of
that
been
the
carries
this
variety in bearing
to
already been sent
dried
figshave
Smyrnas.
pollen
safelyestablished
and
market
culture
at
until
not
within
about
pushed.
Now
there
large orchards,
are
quality of
the
both
of
markets
have
we
pickled olives
In
of the
some
climatic
seed
from
still
are
male
at
trees
have
stations, and
in
winters
believe
now
few
of
tons
many
best
grade
of
that
years
the varieties
did
well
its culture
from
and
The
there.
imported
been
Europe,
established
best
climatic
olive
the
has
pickle factories
is equal to the
of Mexico
unfavourable
to
found
Gulf
the
from
the
Arizona
mild,
that
and
have
America
been
the
few
these
mission
have
opposite
enough
of
Arizona
Catholic
of them
the
of
dryest parts
the
choice
sex
best
trees
stations
that
was
were
varieties
the
to
alone
or
to
from
brought
few
than
more
produced
were
palm.
borne, owing
fruii
California
and
date
there
are
trees
century
fact that
they
far from
too
Arabia,
in
ago
were
those
the
encourage
over
grown
Algeria,
1889 by
portation
imand
our
quality. Already
varieties
are
DATE
suitable
suckers
Department
more
and
and
However,
first of
foreign countries
to
of
rooted
The
National
land
but
those
or
of
trial
of
some
bearing pollen.
Many
hottest
conditions
standing ;
Persia.
edible
the
Europe.
THE
ideal
owing
of
most
and
oil presses,
oil and
along
twenty-five
State
that
in
and
fathers
last
the
that
success,
conditions.
but
inside
There
just started,and
are
equal to the
Carolinas
no
early date, but with almost
In California,the mission
an
flowers
OLIVE
in the
attempted
was
the
to
California.
others
THE
Olive
in
some
sent
of
can
and
have
east
will
been
to
show
produce an
cured, and
what
can
abundance
clusters
be
grown.
of dates
of
fresh
dates
of
the
best
of several
THE
324
FRUIT
MANGO
THE
In
from
Southern
seed,
individuals
India.
trees
but
mangoes
of acres
frost
in
fruit
there
trees
large mango
many
inferior our
Government
are
have
and
sprung
some
up
private
secured
variety,the
planted with
choice
varieties.
PINEAPPLE
THE
Of
that
being mostly
of several
of the choicest
varieties from
grafted trees
and
in
of the older
is
some
already
bearing,
Mulgoba,
have
fruit of this variety is said by those who
eaten
quite large. Our
Thousands
there.
in India to be equal in size and
flavour
to
any grown
below
the line of danger from
be planted with
if desired
can
mangoes
California.
Orchards
and
in
few
in
are
Florida,
now
a
being
places
have
One
are
Florida
the
GARDEN
all the
that is grown
so
extensively
strictlytropical fruits there is none
thousands
culture
devoted
its
in Southern
of
to
as
pineapple. Many
acres
are
States.
is the
within
the United
it succeeds
Florida,which
only region where
Our
well
markets
the home-grown
are
supplied with
so
product that but few
consumed
were
pineapplesare imported, although a few years ago all that were
in
and
islands.
methods
of
other
There
two
Jamaica
are
tropical
grown
ing.
growOne
is in the open
The
other
field,
plan is to
just as cabbages are grown.
lath sheds, which
admits
tender
varieties ; fruit
of growing the most
plant under
of the
The
delicious
obtained.
flavour
is then
largest size and most
variety
and
under
is the Smooth
Abakka
others
sheds
generally grown
Cayenne.
many
also
and
These
sheds
about
feet
to
extent.
are
some
are
are
high
7
grown
in a substantial
made
It has
been
found
manner.
by experience that shedding
it possible to
is a little frost by
there
not
only makes
pineapples where
grow
in winter, but the shedding does
with
muslin
covering over
by
good in summer
the
fierce
of
the
Red
the
is
tempering
sun.
Spanish
varietycommonly
rays
and
in the open
field.
The
feet apart each
about
set
2
plants are
grown
way
the
with
hoe.
kept free from weeds
They bear two
good crops, and are then
dug up and the ground replanted.
the
TENDER
MISCELLANEOUS
There
are
many
tropical and
these
Among
Sapodilla,Kaki, Loquat,
extent.
well
and
are
interestingbut
are
FRUITS
to
are
some
semi-tropical fruits which
grown
Avocado
Banana,
Pear, Guava,
Tamarind,
the
Some
of
Pomegranate.
and
cultivated,so
quite profitable.
becoming
and
improved
them
flourish
that
they
are
exceedingly
not
only
NUTS
The
fully 100
The
Cocoanut
miles
Sweet
in Southern
northward,
Almond
but
Florida
more
is grown
as
an
in
is grown
with
ornamental
Californian
success
tree
than
orchards
from
for
of
Key West
profit.
500
acres
or
FRUIT
in
more
extent
quality is equal
of the
some
The
have
forests
and
There
and
have
the
bear
The
forests
varieties
seedlings have
many
few
a
been
best
chestnut
made
have
been
orchards
by grafting the
been
of
down.
cut
each
chestnut
from
large
in America.
year
from
than
more
choice
There
from
and
Europe
growrn
of
in
quality,but they
gathered
are
of
true
ceased.
proportions
of excellent
The
year.
this
California
in
almost
considerable
nuts
bushels
of
prices.
are
ones
where
orchards
moderate
is grown
importation has
assuming
each
Especially is
nut
its
that
thousands
imported,
smaller
sprouts,
is also
species
Many
better.
that
extent
an
native
at
Madeira
or
325
produced
are
of any
Walnut
to
car-loads
many
such
sold
been
and
cases,
Culture
small.
many
that
twro
rather
even
to
Persian
Chestnut
have
some
varieties
orchards,and
We
in
AMERICA
IN
CULTURE
them
also
Japan
that
are
and
200
acres,
native
on
varieties
are
are
the
few
small
that
trees
are
grafted nursery-grown
bearing abundantly.
that
is found
{Hicoria pecan) is a native nut
abundantly in
lower
the
the
often
attain
trees
Mississippi Valley, where
large size.
very
Texas.
from
Within
Large quantitiesare gathered and sent to market, especially
last twenty-five years
the
cultivation.
this nut
has been
under
Many
brought
choice
native
varieties have
selected
and
been
ding.
propagated by grafting and budOthers
have
been
have
choice
now
a
originatedfrom seed, until we
very
list of named
The
vated
cultiin orchards, about
for apples,and
sorts.
trees
set
are
as
until they begin to bear, which
is usuallyabout
old.
The
ten
pecan
years
the summers
are
requires very rich moist soil,and does best where
long and hot.
Filberts
cultivated
because
are
a
only to a very limited
fungus
extent,
disease
leaves
wood
the
and
of
the
in
most
European
on
species
regions.
preys
In
Washington and Oregon this trouble does not exist,and the best varieties
known
think
that
are
planted there and are beginning to bear abundantly. We
in
Our
there as well as in England or
native
they will grow
any other country.
The
wild
Pecan
hazels
small.
abundant
are
Some
of the
in
in the
fruits
fruit-houses
Central
States
being
now
CULTURE
FRUIT
Practicallyno
the
largestare
are
tested
bear
and
under
UNDER
well,
but
the
nuts
are
cultivation.
GLASS
under
glass in
grown
wealthiest
few of our
America
except
European
in the
Eastern
open
fields.
States.
people
out-ofto
thus, because
they are grown
grow
much
doors
more
so
cheaply. A very few peaches, nectarines, pears, and pineapples
in
done
There
but
this
is
are
fruit-houses,
as
a
mostly
hobby.
grown
three
firms growing
strawberries
under
are
or
perhaps two
or
glass,but
persons
have
in
the
Florida
and
of
California,which
difficulty meeting
prices
they
grapes
There
furnish
is very
the
of
markets
with
them
this fruit in
FUNGUS
The
of
fungus
little need
American
diseases
insect
has
pests.
of
swarm
There
is
the
INSECTS
AND
DISEASES
fruit-grower
and
from
winter-time
enemies
to
fightin
scarcely a plant or
tree
the
that
shape
does
326
THE
have
not
of
some
overcoming
have
them
books
evils.
of
nearly
for
While
the
average
the
replete
of
the
year
They
the
first
were
and
in
months
until
built
of
invention
improved
way
without
the
of
the
aid
next
of
the
the
kind
cold
i860,
about
for
we
bulletins
combating
these
diseases,
fungus
cooled
Apples,
It
crop
is
ready
cost
by
cold
pears,
is
and
grapes
practice
common
for
means
storage
and
market.
cities
of
the
have
helped
of
natural
houses
and
to
keep
enable
abundantly
greater
part
materially.
ice,
have
now
are
fruits
be
to
during
these
houses,
storage
and
varieties
numerous
towns
moderate
at
refrigeration
condition.
year's
means
which
station
for
remedies
the
and
of
some
cheapened.
perfect
of
STORAGE
climate
of
fruit
chemical
found
papers
directions
with
of
basis
inhabitant
or
have
pests.
range
fresh
with
supplied
great
farmer
rural
experimental
agricultural
FRUIT
the
industry
The
check.
are
insect
and
science
in
the
ones
is
copper
all
But
them
fruit-growing,
on
Sulphate
arsenic
good
lOO
GARDEN
kind.
this
holding
or
than
more
and
of
enemy
FRUIT
but
kept
apples
since
greatly
been
for
many
in
this
XXIX
CHAPTER
FRUIT
Note.
of
The
inch.
an
of
formed
for
the
of
view
feet
(These
cultivation
points
or
(im.)
metre
of
gardens
fruit
hardy
amateurs
in
trees
thirdly,
and
The
proper
wrhich
and
important
much
actual
in
and
most
Of
course
the
spot
deficient
Normale
gardens
Indeed
most
grounds
not
to
and
serve
said,
serve
give
rise
as
to
to
only
also
those
every
these
for
the
Versailles,
for
so
field
to
access
tions,
demonstraof
fruit
advantageously
often
is
of
art
methods
variety
of
models
of
trees
combined
utilise
to
necessary
in
are
kind
are
de
Paris
at
fruit
done
fruit
gardens
fruit
3=7
have
land
in
L'Ecole
Mand^,
Villepreux
at
their
most
St.
PEcole
de
experimental
direction.
this
point
under
of
having
in
careful
most
collections, constantly
These
are
these
encourage
for
of
Vaujours,
the
All
gardens
de
known
tree
they
Notre
made
appearance,
le
also
have
fruit-growing
and
the
I'Ecole
research.
culture
The
kitchen
of
la Ville
training.
their
make
fruit
de
nurserymen
pomological
Gardens.
They
not
the
of
all varieties
F^nelon
have
common.
in
processes.
societies
which
of
correct
as
improved
Amateurs'
and
gardens
d'Igny, I'Ecole
firms
big
basis
teach
it
best
horticultural
of
one
novelties
by
capital
the
de
Freres
the
but
lies
easy
suitable
be
always
not
Versailles, I'Scole
Many
is
of
nomenclature,
added
des
Soissons
of
Paris
of
de
Meudon.
sous
different
d'Instituteurs
O.), rcole
Fleury
all kinds
be
to
as
to
as
growing
lack
contain
interest
as
methods
quality.
d'Horticulture
I'Ecole
their
neighbourhood
the
Nationale
et
from
and
such
are
those
object),
the
varieties
therefore
special
so
by widely
of
and
conditions
these
size- and
in
In
forms,
teach
to
nevsr
in
gardens
situated
be
gardens
inquirers.
to
be
of
study
secondary
three
gardens.
only
not
and
Their
trees.
open
design
capable
be
all
same
the
fruit
should
the
from
i.e. in
private gardens,
market
is
These
is considered
laid
in
these
in
on
cultivation,
known.
of
garden
amateurs
varied
their
(S.
observation
it should
and
in
and
of
further
to
of
well
(which
experimental
students
in
produce
instruction
The
methods
collections
varied
also
but
trees,
newr
sufficiently
not
are
fruit
wfhh.
experiment
to
of
of
centimitre
regarded
gardens,
carried
as
practised
as
object
cultivation
inches;
be
may
experimental
secondly,
(om.io)
France
in
study
Gardens.
Experimental
decimetre
equivalents.)
conducted
of
purpose
inches;
3J
FRANCE
NOMBLOT
approximate
are
firstly, as
the
ALFRED
M.
By
(om.i)=f
IN
CULTURE
carefully catalogued,
gardens,
as
amateurs,
we
have
and
often
profit.
amateurs
combined,
by
are
the
far
the
production
most
of
THE
32 8
FRUIT
GARDEN
These
fruit gardens
with
that
of fruit.
vegetables being intimately connected
generally comprise a part only of the whole
tion
property, their size being in proporstandard
of cherry, plum, apricot,
the required supply.
Sometimes
trees
to
of the hardiest varieties of pear and
medlar, quince, walnut, "c., as well as some
latitude ; a
the
with
The
varies
orchard.
in an
apple, are
aspect
grown
southern
wind
suits the
aspect
For
the
is
and
is made
of from
forming squares
of the garden ;
they
marked
off inside
walks;
they are
cordons,
formed,
coping.
sides
and
as
and
rows
according
iron
wire,
between
kinds
of
rods
are
the
wood,
The
or
the
stone
carts
around
and
the
soil,its
wood
the
to
wall,
lines of
with
which
No
either
two
of
made
wood
The
of
three
or
soil,are
the
two
south.
to
fixed.
are
the
work,
parallelto
rods
projecting
trellis
in
to
espaliers,
which
north
placed
supports
and
by
are
the
enclosure
the
built,of
is from
covered
the
margins
as
squares
are
Borders
only.
walls, surmounted
are
right angles,
at
levelled, and
be
walls
these
other
planted with
are
should
of, they
wood
of
north
the
of the
nature
barrows
partition walls
of
of
of
or
brick
or
districts
height
crossbars
or
south.
from
metres
ground
made
are
the
each
cutting
metres,
wide,
altogetherof
to
to
of
metres
direction
walls
the
iron
in cold
planted
what
commonly
to
of
taken
lines
square
I
passage
possible,of
as
be
from
Sometimes
are
matter
the
500
from
are
pyramids.
far
to
the
sheltered
composition.
lOO
for
required
are
also
suits the
aspect
situation
by straight
walks
the
northern
France
must
its chemical
Design
The
of
north
Account
preferable.
physical state,
of France
north
and
centre
most
distance
pine. It ought, if possible, to be painted. The
for
other
and
the
from
is
for
to
vines,
uprights
peaches
om.30
om.25
short
the
in
fruit.
For
the
order
better to secure
shoots, two
peach,
are
used
is
added
between
preferablymade
each
of
the
vertical
The
uprights.
edgings
to
walks
of box.
garden is a matter
qualityrather than
good
also greatly
of the trees
of large size,and
abundant
The
distribution
bearers.
influences
results.
Thus
the
the vine, the peach, the
Doyenn^ d'Hiver
pear,
and
the Calville apple,requiring much
and
heat to ripen their fruit,
dislikingthe
What
cold,
Plant.
to
requiring the
careful
The
planting
selection
planted against
planted against a west
varieties
of cherries, are
are
south
wall.
of
of
amateur's
an
varieties
or
east
Summer
walls.
of the
best
and
Autumn
winter
of
and
some
pears,
wall.
the
north
the
most
are
pears
fertile
make
trees
are
slender
good
and
reserved
for
spreading branches,
horizontal
The
cordons.
are
all suitable
distance
apart
richness
planted
soil,the vigour
wall, aspect, humidity of the soil,"c.
varies
with
the
of
the
at
which
of the
these
trees
variety,height
of the
The
the
number
distance
of
between
branches
fan-trained
it
is desired
trees
to
should
obtain.
be
as
times
many
Pyramids
are
om.30
planted
as
3 m.,
330
THE
FRUIT
GARDEN
FRUIT
CULTURE
IN
FRANCE
331
thousands
less than
much
when
the
trees
by specialistsin nurseries
are
cost
by private individuals.
and
shorter
than
those which
Transplanted trees have more
roots
numerous
and
for
their
from
the surface
not
are
this
derive
nourishment
transplanted,
reason
of the soil.
To
obtain
which
have
been
the best results,trees
not
transplanted
in the
should
Pears
than
and
be older
not
:
apples,two, three, or four
nursery
three years at
or
years at the most
; peaches, apricots,plums, cherries,"c., two
the
Trees
and
which
in
the
have
been
most.
: Pears
transplanted
nursery
be
old
apples may
plums, and
three, four, five,and six years
; peaches, apricots,
three
to
not
cherries,three, four, and five years ; standards
formed, one
years ;
standards
formed
and
transplanted,from three to six years old.
Fruit
Trees
Pots.
This
method
of cultivation
is now
in
spreading more
and
and
more
where, deprived of gardens,
especiallyin towns
amateurs,
among
but also fruit trees, which
people appreciate not only flowers in their rooms
valuable
An
in blossom
and
for their
fruits.
are
charming when
orangery,
courtyard, terrace, or balcony is sufficient for these trees, provided they are
sheltered
from
allowed
the frost in winter
and
become
to
too
not
dry in summer.
annual
An
with
repotting in the autumn
good fresh soil and watering during
the summer
often as required are
Once
week
is
as
a
liquid manure
necessary.
given. Cherries,plums, peaches, and grapes are the chief fruits cultivated in pots ;
but currants,
figs,pears, apples, raspberries,apricots,medlars, and even
quinces
afford
much
satisfaction
idea of this most
when
The
thus
interesting
grown.
minimum
fruit as possiblewithin
phase of culture is to obtain as much
a
space.
The
Soil.
To
land
know
the
for
fruit
must
one
a
plantation
prepare
needs
and
which
the soil will have
and
the
its
state
to
supply,
nature,
proper
of modifying the composition in order
therefore
ameliorate
it. Let
means
us
to
examine
these questions in connection
the humidity, physical constitution,
with
grown
chemical
and
composition,
Humidity
of
land, because
aeration.
Soil
the
it prevents
Drainage.
aeration
and
Moisture
warmth,
tends
in
to
is hurtful
excess
late
encourage
to
the
frosts,and
soil are
sensitive
in a wet
more
spring. Trees which
grow
frost
after
also
difficult.
is
to
more
rooting
transplantation
;
To
either
of humidity drainage is resorted
to
overcome
excess
by open
;
filled
still
trenches
with
better
drains, or by
or
by drain-pipes,the
stones,
off.
be carried
diameters
of water
of which
the volume
to
vary according to
retards
The
depth
sufficient
other
other.
to
depth
of
manure
drains
or
from
varies,
their
inclination
mm.
resistance
greater
to
the
per
flow
metre
is
of water,
require more.
border
carry
If the
drains
trenches
pipe-drains,but
drain
thing
water.
the
the
to
the
of
for
drains
To
as
in
vegetation
water
is
the
to
plant
soil
water.
to
be
foot
upon
of
from
If
of
impoverishes
must
of
none
or
the
soil
be
turn
these
is
taken
methods
mounds,
trees
may
little by
into
must
it aside
slope, recourse
elevations
the
and
be
so
placed
means
or
by some
had to wells,into which
is sufficient,
the
only
that
by increasing the
foundation
wail, the
wall,
a
cultivated,
This
the
permit
not
themselves.
Drainage
in the
away
soil does
empty
do
the
at
so
be
above
carrying
account.
the
away
level
some
of
the
soluble
THE
332
Physical
FRUIT
Constitution
GARDEN
Soil.
the
and
manures,
provides
certain
mineral
of soluble
amount
Sand
element.
or
flint
renders
the
soil workable, permeable
and
to
water
air, and consequently promotes
which
of manure,
the retention
to
quick growth, but it is not favourable
Humus
be frequently renewed.
quickly disappears in it,and must
or
vegetablemould
is an element
and
of fertility
it is workable,
permeable to air and water.
;
It heats, cools, and
it facilitates
dries quickly ; also, by absorbing oxygen,
the
decomposition
A
sand
to
than
50
less than
with
the
road
is
the
best
will
too
than
do, or
in
the
of
to
20
30
clay,and
need
one
If
even
in
little
form
of
order
it
sandy
is treated
in
not
must
also
If
the
be
the
same
clay,
10
its
compare
to
;
abundant
be
soil is
and
cent,
per
less
of
it contains
if
hot
cent,
per
of sand.
cent,
added
too
marl
may
land.
and
ought
be
is
clayey
manure
to
what
must
of
than
sandy
per
it,and
70
mould.
cent,
less
to
50
cent,
per
per
60
learn
to
10
40
analyse
to
turf, or
horse
of view
sea-sand, if lime
manure
With
any
composition
done
sweepings
to
obtain
from
in the soil.
the
If it
of the lime
alimentary point of view, the influence
If the
be diminished.
must
neutralisingeffect of sulphate of iron does not
half the soil must
be
suffice,one-third
or
even
removed, and replaced,in order
reduce
the proportion of lime, by soil containing none
to
of the latter.
Chemical
Composition
Manures.
We
have
that
the
of
seen
physical
properties of a soil are very varied according to the proportion of its constituent
that
elements, that drainage impoverishes the
soil, and
land,
light warm
if
than
is
much
exhausted
cold
land.
From
more
especially chalky,
rapidly
these facts it follows,that
in order
obtain
the
best
to
results,the quantity of
in which
the manner
of using it,and
the
form
it is employed ought
manure,
As
soil will require more
the quantity, a warm
not
to
always to be the same.
It must
than
cold
and
vice versd.
be given more
manure
a
one
often, and
;
less at a time, to warm
cold
than
For
land.
cold
from
to
warm
manure
land,
should
while
for cold
be taken
well-decomposed heaps
manure
land, warm
;
in active
decomposition is preferable.
The
elements
of fertility
but
found
We
in the soil.
most
are
are
many,
will only concern
ourselves
the four principal,
with
namely
nitrogen,phosphoric
too
chalky
from
is
clayey, sand
too
earth, or
cow
point
it is
do,
to
too
than
more
clay ;
cent,
per
if it has
lime
of
cent,
per
of
chalky
too
given above,
notes
results.
form
mechanical
it be
that
sand
10
cent,
per
light,strong
Humus
in the
of
cent,
given soil,all
from
(pulverised)
; 5
per cent,
cold
if it contains
than
more
more
10
contains
chalk
and
per
clay, and
manures.
Soil
10
clayey
too
of
Perfect
the
FRUIT
acid, potash,
cent,
water
cent,
lime
13
per
and
chalk.
0.13
0.49
per
woody
and
little
Though
richness
nitrogen
cent,
is
manure
in
it does
humus, yet
valuable
complements
because, taught by the
5 per
0.49
acid
of
the
their
little less
than
suffice,and
not
per
nitrogen
and
manure.
to
to
ensure
artificial
many
the
soil its
manures
are
manipulation
in
economy
80
metre
minerals
cent,
cubic
cent,
per
farmyard
indispensable in order
account
on
acid
333
per
night-soilcontains
Town
phosphoric
more
FRANCE
contains
manure
phosphoric
cent,
fibre.
natural
IN
Farmyard
per
cent,
potash,
CULTURE
and
and
of
Nitrogen
not
yet
the
chieflyupon
acts
Phosphoric acid, on
fruit
production. Potash
vigorous.
very
and
growth,
not
valuable, though
very
leaf growth, and
is recommended
is
plants
ensures
the
absolute
for
contrary,
favours
indication.
trees
fertile
allays foliaceous
of
good growth
wood.
The
of land can
improvement
only take place by
well together. This
is effected
being mixed
by digging
and
The
soil must
A good
the
be moved
varies.
trenching.
depth to which
alluvial soil requires but
soil
little digging, while
demands
deep tillage
clay
;
with
trees
trees
deeper tillagethan the same
require much
tap roots
upon
stocks with
the quince.
spreading surface roots ; for example, the pear upon
For
the
the
the
almond,
peach
digging to the
stock,
pears upon
upon
pear
Aeration
the
of
different
Soil.
the
substances
depth
a
of
depth
apricot
is
of
are
m^tre
om.8o
is necessary
while
for pears upon
the quince, and for cherries,
;
the
is sufficient ; finally,
peaches upon
plum stock and the
satisfied
employed,
with
it is well
to
from
om.6o
perform
it
to
some
Whatever
om.70.
before
months
method
of
digging
planting.
the beginning of
to
Planting is done from the end of October
it
is
not
prevented by frost,heavy rain, or scorching
April, always supposing
are
sun.
Planting in dry and light soils is best done early ; in those which
late.
When
in
it
done
and
it
is
wet
spring
planting
cold,
preferably
strong,
the
adhere
the
if
in
order
make
earth
roots
is well to soak every
to
to
plant
;
the
in
tub
late in the
and
it
is
to
roots
a
season
a
good thing
steep
warm,
In
for
of liquid clay and
manure.
cow
preparing trees
containing a mixture
Cut
ofT
and
broken
branches.
bruised
trim
back
roots
planting cut
any
in order
obtain
of
their
to
branches
third
length
a
to
a
or
a
vigorous
quarter
caused
the
the
the
is
When
tree
swelling
planted
by
graft
symmetrical tree.
collar of the tree
the
In
soil.
should
be just above
the
planting wall trees
facilitate the developin order
to
little distance
from
the wall
should
be some
ment
well
that side.
When
the soil has been
of roots
prepared beforehand
on
hole suited
the extent
make
to
indicated
it is only necessary
to
a
in the manner
done
is
which
these
of the roots, around
men
by two
are
spread. Planting
;
Planting.
one
holds
it is made
the
more
tree
while
or
less
other places
firm, according
the
fresh
to
soil round
the
state
the
of
the
roots.
soil.
Afterwards
A
wet
soil
THE
334
should
about
spaces
Care
to
the
especiallynear,
given
are
the
evaporation and
confounded
be
not
consists
with
could
First, their
roots, which
and,
the
the
of
There
is
natural
richness
of
greater
leaf
than
roots,
as,
re-establish
is turned
lessen
leaf
weak
the
their
acid
of, and
food
in
the
absorption by
that
in
and
stomata,
contained
relation
this
the
roots
fruit-bearing
fruit, it is
production
Leaves
it.
inspired by
are
But
not
production of fruit.
also
be in proportion to
the
of
be
Vigorous
Trees
than
of
that
there
tap-roots
equal vigour
quince
fruit-tree
require a
(for
trees
with
trees
the
grafted on
before
of
So
stock.
was
culture
is raised
in order
of
air,light,and
the
preferablyleft upon
Winter
Work
strong
Vertical
and
than
more
with
much
de
tour
The
main
in
any
following operations,
enable
the
obtain
to
one
by cutting
branches,
strong
and
or
removed
are
favourably
more
horizontal
branches
an
the
enfeeblement
leaves
thus
from
in
favour
weak
is thus
half, so
the
weak
as
order
obtained.
to
ones.
sequently
con-
branch
to
to
The
abate
their
Fruit
is
shoots.
of
and
than
it.
heat
branches
latter
in order
weaken
to
is diminished
in
leaves
pears
said
Branches.
branch
action
surface
functions
means
foot
soil dissolved
the
means
vigorous.
more
oblique branches,
down
the
the
to
trees
of
sources
of
is the
the
practitioner,for in
allied
be
the
of
than
a
the
less
two
carbonic
between
to
have
we
to
should
balance."
"
Direction
situated
need
example,
but
skill of
is the
which
for
principles;
the
by
the
it is upon
culture
and
tree
those
heat,
its factors,should
of
one
have
all fruit
of
the
at
in order
tightlyas
so
standard
soil
elements
absorb
leaves,and
aim
life of
surface
vacant
no
staked
are
tied
be
The
trees
soluble
relation
constant
stems
straw.
Fruit
the
air,light,and
a
trees
of
the
be
Finally,waterings
farmyard manure.
soil should
be top-dressed; this retards direct
plants.
pruning (which must
principlesof reasonable
some
people have for cutting everything)
of the
the
rest
plants and elaboration
sap,
a
plan to render fruit culture possiblewhere
practised.
the
by
indispensable to the
leaves
the
only are
for
mania
absorb
the
Now, as
that pruning,
should
with
leaves, which
influence
elaboration
is based.
be
not
second,the
atmosphere.
and
The
the
it otherwise
water
of the
food
the
supply of
upon
but of a trick of the hand
depend
under
The
that
Pruning.
of
little
is covered
The
soil.
the
by
needful.
as
checks
Principles
with
sun
fruit wall
often
as
and
trees
hot
planting,standard
not
espaliersmust
After
Wall
from
little ; there
very
howrever.
settlingdow^n
their
GARDEN
all,or
at
Planting.
wrind.
sheltered
be
down
roots,
after
resist the
prevent
pressed
be
not
FRUIT
FRUIT
and
air
tree
Old, weak,
those
balance
when
and
the
their
at
To
bases.
be
to
not
the
upon
stopped depends
are
apricot trees
Beurr^
First
or
FROM
pinch
begin
must
one
Crassane,
ought
commenced
all
done
at
once
branches
stronger
the
upon
and
same
higher
parts.
afterwards
are
Pinching
buds
be
335
and
that
surpassed
It
regularly.
more
it should
FRANCE
IN
CULTURE
with
upon
the
longer
Diel, "c.,
Maiden
the
left
of
than
How
are
and
tree
those
left
of
longer
Pyramid
Growth
it, therefore
weaken
to
strongest.
sort
pears
is
shoot
to
have
of
secure
Pear
Louise
Tree,
Two
Bonne,
Winter
Years
Old
Graft
are
pinched late
leading shoots of the principalbranches
and
but little. The
practice of turning the extremity of a shoot back towards
varieties in order
to
rare
its base instead
of pinching it is practisedwith
or
new
increase
the surface
production.
the vine,
Incision.
This
Annular
operation is practisedespeciallyupon
result
the
berries
As
become
flower.
and
before
below
the
bunches
a
they
largerand ripen sooner.
fruits
individual
Fruits.
Thinning
apples, or
the
Twenty
pears,
The
reckoned
of tree
a
good
metre
are
thinning
average.
peaches
per square
and
little
later.
flowers
have
the
be done
fallen,
a
again
must
soon
as
as
early
Doyenn6,
"c.
The
It has
while
been
the
remarked
reverse
that
is the
case
in
bunch
with
of pears
apples.
the
central
fruits hold
the
better,
336
THE
Pears
The
little
with
to
are
and
bags
are
applesare
put
holes, so
often
in
on
as
FRUIT
to
put
June
in
bags in order
July. They
and
allow
GARDEN
the
air
to
reach
to
are
the
avoid
made
fruits without
insects.
in
The
Winged
the ravages
of insects.
of paper
and
pierced
from
are
wasps.
very
giving access
These
bags
beneficial.
Pyramid
and
Raspberries,gooseberries,cherries,plums, apricots,
when
Peaches
and
nectarines
are
fullyripe.
gathered
may
for conbe gathered twenty-four or
sumption.
forty-eighthours before they are wanted
be squeezed.
not
They should be gathered with great care, and must
wanted
is
best
done
before
The
are
gathering of summer
eight
days
they
pears
before.
Winter
for eating, and
that of autumn
are
seven
days
pears
pears
and
middle
of
of
the year
October, according to the season
gathered about the
Fruit
other
Gathering.
similar
fruits
THE
338
FRUIT
GARDEN
cordons
oblique cordons, double-U
shaped and horizontal
(allon short stems),
the palmate on
a
long stem.
Pyramid.
The
consists of a stem
ordinary pyramid,which
bearing secondary
branches
in cycles of five,one
the other, is especiallyto be recommended
above
for varieties of
for some
of apples,cherries,and
vi^ith erect
branches
sorts
pears
and
plums.
In
order
graft
from
at
om.40
first branches.
is
weak,
is
cut
the
bottom
The
other
do
the
10
to
ground, reserving
five
will
the
the
two
every
last
while
form,
to
branches,
the
In
years.
the
at
taking
care
in
same
to
of
top
is
stem
If
the
case
the
cut
growrth
stem
year;
of the
tree.
spire.
to
of
shoots.
more
Spindle
the
Column
or
Shaped.
is suitable
pyramid,
at
om.30
vigour
of
the
less
diminishing
length
apple
it,
Tree
the
the
deavours
from
the
order
to
three
will
stock
is
six
those
scion
of
branches,
these
is
which
Standard.
well-trained
head,
standards
leave
This
make
sixth
the
cut
form
is
pretty
in
to
maiden
the
the
others
top of the
This
is
the
third
obtain
of
tree
from
at
the
are
In
om.30
second
year,
Let
tree.
especiallyuseful
and
stock,
Doucin.
required.
one
varieties
vigorous
at
cut
a
pyramid, are
the total height,gradually
the
from
at
the
than
the
of
towards
Paradise
cut
in
branches
give the twelve
rarelyvigorous enough for
work
to
by is necessary.
The
in
on
is
is
narrower
upon
buds
ground, leaving three
branches
equally distant
Each
centre.
obtain
buds,
standard
obtain
to
for
wards
after-
are
formation
year, according to
secondary branches, which
Form.
the
on
and
graft,and
the
or
Goblet
or
trees
degree,
Apple
fifth
in
is made
than
numerous
their
this,every
The
tree.
less
for the
from
its branches
but
slender
more
cut
above
length equal to
Vase
Vase-Shaped
om.8o
or
to
much
and
first
better,
form,
The
om.io
way
wind
gardens
trees.
om.70
the
the
This
small
for
pear
order
to
which
from
each
to
this
add
from
one
en-
and
buds,
two
that
for
less
obtain
to
other
being again
us
om.40
from
year
in
also,
cut
the
to
in
two
Paradise
regularity; however,
avenues
best
best
10
to
or
20
the
is
nothing more
good growth
the
assure
the
height
there
stages
the
obtain
intermediate
total
of the
opposite
cut.
this
the
cutting,in
four
three, or
order
in
preceding
the
proportionatelyshorter
The
the
of
side
the
on
eye
"
one-third
be
to
as
of two,
pyramids
continue
above
so
be
side
an
"
eyes
series of
fresh
only
is taken
cut
are
branches
to
obtain
opposite
centimetres
branches
is
scion
cut
year, to
the
on
bud
1 1
or
growing
than
it,the
series of branches
back
In
the
Every
higher to
om.40
obtain
to
FRUIT
then
very
order
form
to
the
frame.
It
is almost
of
them
make
for these
forms
and
good
admit
cut
back
its branches
and
of
its
bear
with
same
the
in
plums
vi^ould observe
six
or
middle
Plum
Vase-Shaped
years,
succeeding
and
of the
that
trees
when
tree,
one
of
a
at
is
the
years in
vi^hich
peaches,
vase
w^ith
high
endeavours
or
condition
funnel,
essential
Tree
exception,for it requiresto
producing at the
tendency to cease
apricot,however,
account
on
to
to
longer
339
shape, generallythat
well-balanced
plentyof air
The
fruitfulness.
the
FRANCE
left
are
We
year.
the first five
Standard
to
IN
CULTURE
an
be
stantly
con-
base
of
extremities.
Palmates.
The
the
buds
the
terminal
two
should
other
The
should
which
peach,
the
on
should
stem
be
should
one
be
then
cut
be
at
om.30
established
the
each
taken
In
are
last series
to
form
palmates
with
(Palmate)
OF
obtaining a
The
the
union
branches
peach
at
om.5,
and
the
for
showing
Branches
op
thought
the
Tree
Pear
three
these
graft swelling,and
the
as
for
Of
om.50.
produced
not
to
be
is
year.
order
side
same
Series
the
Fan-Trained
stem
to
om.40
(Palmate)
above
branches
the
on
First
kinds
from
at
Fan-Trained
other
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
340
at
first
of
from
om.20
the
branches
the
constitutes
Finally,nothing
double
Pear
Tree
stem,
with^Two
ground,
at
more
easy
is made
by
Series
Branches
and
then
beginning
oblique branches
palmate with
Cossonet
the popular
form.
is
beginning
than
om.io
to
or
transform
proceeding as
om.30
and
with
from
that
the
with
palmate
single
ground.
a
horizontal
with
oblique
branches
into
the
upon
long
palmate
and
horizontal
with
flexible
shoots
Fan-Trained
Tree
Pear
branches, by operating
weather,
v^arm
Three
with
341
they
when
are
full
Series
Branches
is still the
Verrier,
either
among
the
with
forms
an
of branches.
number
uneven
Candelabrum
The
palmate
best
The
or
even
vertical
even
or
during
OF
of sap.
FRANCE
IN
CULTURE
FRUIT
and
the
square
forms
fast
are
disappearing.
CP-*
'
AND
UU
vigorous, are
very
cutting the maiden
(Double
in
to
"
CossoNET
poor
two
U)
Form
Forms.
land,
or
buds
at
of
Fan-Training
The
those
om.30
U-shape
for
high
suits
trees
(forthe peach
which
are
It is obtained
walls.
at
om.40
to
not
by
om*5o)
The
'
'
Palmette
Pear
FRUIT
THE
342
Tree
Vekrier
with
' '
'
Three
The
WITH
GARDEN
Palmette
Four
Verriek
Verrier"
"Palmette
The
"
Five
with
Branches
Branches
Branches
The
"
Palmette-Verrier
Six
Branches
"
with
The
Double-Stemmed
"
with
Palmette-
Eight
Branches
Vkrrier
"
Pear
Tree
FRUIT
from
the
in
CULTURB:
Each
FRANCE
343
upwards
from
at
the
distance
axis
horizontal
then
branch
of
of
(the peach
back
them
cut
is trained
shoots
the
om.io
(the peach
distance
buds
two
to
om.i8
at
at
om.io
the
above
om.12
or
order
in
om.20),
or
shoots
obtain
to
.GPS
U-Shaped
XS
Pear
for the
forms
fruit
The
or
the
should
in
perish, it
does
branch
Oblique cordons,
fence, have
All
degs., from
facing east
ground
The
U.
this
varieties
one
the
or
rule
in
and
double
the
is
for
not
are
Cut
and
each
stem
year
planting is om.40.
particularlysuited
are
the
back
of
permit
to
great
small
gardens,
of
number
for
varieties
for sloping
is also useful
oblique cordon
for non-vigorous
Finally,if a tree
growing varieties.
leave a large gap, and can
by
easilybe replaced even
neighbour.
of its
with
the
the
and
exception
There
same
horizontal,
west,
which
little space.
distance
apart for
only.
stem
incline
not
used
is but
These
soils,and
training in the
spurs.
the
only
is
that
reason
being grown
land, for poor
for
The
vigour.
Cordons.
Oblique
This
there
where
its
to
Cordon.
is also used
gardens
according
of
branches
two
freely.
Vertical
pillars. It
in small
Training
OF
is,the
that
frame,
Form
U)
(Double
Tree
towards
disregarded,and
on
the
those
the
south
the
east
if
the
trees
are
either
at
wall,
if
on
at
they
a
an
are
south
trained
end
than
other
branches
no
are
direction
towards
of
in
the
of
angle
of
planted
wall.
the
wall
60
about
on
On
direction
or
fruit
short
the
walls
sloping
of
the
THE
344
ascending incline.
greater length of stem
Pear
the
Tkees
incline
stems
at
an
of
angle
Oblique
as
stems
angle
of 60
not
are
the
reduced,
still further
It is easy
high.
so
Semi-Fan-Trained
Cordons,
incline
the
the
GARDEN
be
can
walls
if the
pronounced
more
increased
with
The
FRUIT
farther
degs., the
the
apart
distance
the
reduces
distances
to
trees
ought
them.
to
be,
for
For
should
them
that
End
between
between
allow
understand
Each
at
will
which
an
trees
be
for
="6;iDOUBLE
SINGLE
AND
HORIZONTAL
CORDON
AT
peaches,
stock, and
plums
apples upon
m.
the
planting
several
branches
Horizontal
as
well
as
some
Cordons.
varieties
cross,
The
of
pear
trees
the
upon
and
for
pears
PLANTING
together, so that
training is obtained.
on
the
the
upon
Quince
Tree
form
network
apple
FOR
apricots,om.6o.
Apple
of this
USEFUL
TREES,
Borders
of
Doucin
V-Shaped
By
APPLE
Edges
cherries, om.8o
stock, and
and
THE
either
Quince,
Paradise
do
very
the
or
well
Doucin
as
stocks,
horizontal
346
THE
Cordon
length
trees
of stem,
and
Generally speaking,
than
quickly
well
and
with
with
or
low
cover
make
to
om.8o
at
double
the
which
at
bear
apples do
fruit freely
and
apples,
pears,
also
are
used
the
from
om.40
more
of
bear
of
good
repeatedly.
room,
ground,
those
have
to
varieties
cordons
from
with
row
little
All
varieties
Horizontal
is
slightlyand
but
fruits.
only those
pears
do
to
shoots
up
coloured
chosen.
branches,
two
walls, or
in rather
be
thing
the
take
treated
give
cordons, but of
chief
pinch
to
better
vigorous must
not
one
thus
trees
others, and
horizontal
as
are
The
easilymanaged.
during growth,
are
GARDEN
FRUIT
to
ground
large borders.
V-Shaped
Trees.
By training an apple or a pear tree so as to form the
fruitfulness
and
favourable
is obtained.
to
one
practicable form
the
distances
trees
at
to
are
Young
planted
height of the
varying according
trellis and
the vigour of the variety. With
fence
trellis
im.20
a
or
high, and
the
om.8o
forms
is 2
trees
metres
arm
an
angle of
long, and
apart, each
the ground.
With
be well
to
a
plant the
high trellis it would
35 degs. with
closer ; with
lower
trees
a
trellis,
good soil,and a vigorous variety,they should
be planted farther
still.
apart
letter
V,
The
Trained
fan-trained
the
as
soon
example,
easilyfinds
room,
one's
covering
and
or
TREES
apricot, on
Light
stem,
without
above.
in
being
This
is
the
lucrative
way,
of
way
the
and
be
to
of
APRICOT
its
feared.
should
early flowering,
It
requires
planted
be
sheltered
situation
as
where
much
as
wind.
north
soils
warm
CULTURE
THEIR
suit
the
apricot
better
France
the
than
those
which
heavy
are
damp.
Propagation.
almond,
France
it is better
stock.
This
Leroy,
is used
In
The
all
we
grown.
as
the
south
good.
cases
of
have
In
with
the
obtain
to
locahty :
said,
apricot
much
stock
is
of
grown.
Terraud, Avignon,
in
stem
Anjou
the
is first
considerable
Around
Bordeaux,
"c.,
of
St.
grafted
Paris
the
upon
the west
and
damson.
of
to
of
may
form
be
the
intermediate
an
Julien, or
the
It
latter
the
is had
recourse
Julien,Krazenski,
is
apricot
neighbourhood
the
St. Julien plum or
trees
palmate, but from
or
order
of
in the
grafted upon
standard
varies
fruit
Clermont
In
or
either
grown
fruit is not
so
as
while
The
AND
account
not
are
possible from
and
other
house.
THE
spring frosts
desired
any
houses
FRUIT
The
like
is obtained
windows.
two
which
form,
is of the
stem
walls
high
between
This
the
as
parts of very
upper
for
Standard.
tree,
Gvr.
d'Andr^
"c.
grafted
market
upon
value,
the
and
St.
Julien.
therefore,
Paris,
at
bush
or
half-standard
trees
are
FRUIT
Pruning.
The
apricot bears
Fan-Trained
or
upon
spurs
Typical
are
of
stopped
the
tree.
at
this
Shoots
IN
CULTURE
will
of
suggest
the
the
Apricot
Apricot
with
the
Four
Series
pruning
Bearing
FRANCE
Wood
347
of
shoots
of
and
The
Fruit
year'sgrowth,
Branches
required.
Buds
one
growing
shoots
Buds
to
the
vigour
THE
348
The
Varieties.
FRUIT
GARDEN
following varieties
those
are
generally grown
most
rather
large ; July, August.
Tree
fertile,spreading ; fruit
vigorous and
(Large Ordinary).
very
the
for preon
side, excellent
oval, whitish
yellow, and
speckled golden brown
sunny
serving
of July.
; end
small
rather
fertile ; leaves
Tree
vigorous, very
medium-sized,
Jacques.
; fruit
of August.
flat-ovoid, pale yellow, shaded
; middle
grey
fertile ; leaves
Tree
LlABAUD.
large ; f7-uit globular, strawvigorous, not
very
carmine
side ; July.
the sunny
coloured
and
on
orange
of July.
Tree
LuiZET.
vigorous, fertile ; fruit large and sweet
; end
de
Tree
PfeCHE
fertile; leaves
(Peche
vigorous, very
large ; fruit large,
Nancy).
of August.
where
exposed to the sun
oval, yellow carmine
; end
PR:fiC0CE
BOULBON
Tree
fertile; leaves
DE
(De
Boulbon).
vigorous, very
large;
of July.
the sunny
side ; beginning
fruit large, oval, yellow carmine
on
Tree
rather
Prc0CE
fertile ; /rKz/
Monplaisir.
de
vigorous, not
large,
very
where
of
the
to
sun
yellow,
purpled
exposed
beginning
July.
orange
;
Tree
PriScoce
D'Esperen
fertile,spreading;
vigorous, not
(Esperen).
very
very
the
leaves
side ;
on
large, oval, straw
yellow, intensified
large ; fruit rather
sunny
very
Julymedium-sized
Tree
Royal
fertile; leaves
(Royal de Wurtemberg).
;
vigorous,
very
the
and
on
purple
fruit large, globular, flattened, yellowish white
yellow,
sunny
orange
of July, August.
side; end
Holub.
TV^^
Sucre
de
large, rounded
moderately vigorous, fertile ; /^aw^j rather
;
and
marked
with
the
on
yellow
red,
purple
fruit large, rounded-ovoid,
orange
sunny
Defarges.
Gros
Fruit
CoMMtTN
....
side
August.
The
most
Liabaud,
useful
varieties
de
Boulbon,
Precoce
for
commercial
The
almond
in
best
the
obtained
also renders
and
south
grown
In
vicinity of
as
high
sheltered
south
the
Paris
the
Paris
Around
France
Gros
Commun,
but
little
grafted
and
the
upon
it much
suits
pruning,
its very
It does
almonds
green
and
deep land
Dry
it is
St.Julien plum
It needs
standard.
the
injury from
situations.
of
to
temperature
to
France.
by planting
its fertility.
to
Propagation.
the
ALMOND
it liable
of
west
in
favourable
in
rather
requires
P^che, Royal.
THE
early blossoming
are
purposes
that
most
almond,
It
better.
but
is best
for the
more
be
can
is
sake
of
symmetry.
Varieties.
La
Princesse
are
grown,
and
August
The
;
as
best
they
well
ripe
are
Ronde
as
September.
varieties
in
July.
Fine.
They
are
excess
cherry
likes
of moisture.
frequently near
the
open
It
is found
sea.
It
For
market
The
in
are
culture
gathering
of
cookery,
"c.
Soft
Shelled
these
two
almonds
takes
and
varieties
place
in
CHERRY
situation
an
amateurs
used
THE
The
for
wild
is grown
with
more
in
a
or
mellow
less
gardens
in
soil ; it
greatly dreads
throughout France, but
pyramid,
vase,
and
an
less
palmate
FRUIT
and
forms,
open
other
especiallyas
bushes
fields,
at
5
plants are
grown
apart.
Propagation.
hot
for
For
standard.
metres,
or
the
at
trees, these
The
Shoot
cherry
is
Rhone, Lyonnais,
much
cultivated
Pruning.
for the
largelygrown
manufacture
of
Paris.
of
"
the
In
Beak
the
distance
cherry
in dry
sometimes
in
Var,
in
when
Ste. Lucie
Cherry
WILL
planted
the
delta
of
Shoot
Fruit
east
of
France
it is
Kirsch."
and
shoots
is necessary,
of
one
only
tree.
five distinct
are
it is
sometimes
still greater
balance
to
There
environs
The
year's growth.
sufficient
the
cherry ; the
forms, and
THAT
and
apart
at
are
Two-Year-Old
of
Cherry
349
cultivation
8 m(^tres
the wild
upon
other
short-stemmed
or
standards.
One-Year-Old
the
FRANCE
commercial
standards
between
for half-standard
soils
IN
By grafting
is reserved
and
CULTURE
sorts
of cherries
almost
colourless
Flesh
vigorous, long
crisp, sweet
; branches
; juice
divergent ; flowers large, half-opened.
almost
colourless
Cherries
tender,
(properly so-called). Flesh
; juice
;
sugary
medium
branches
medium
size,
flowers
or
divergent
size,
erect,
very
;
many,
open.
the
in the
coloured
Flesh
GuiGNE.
same
as
soft, sweet
; branches
; juice often
Bigarreau ; flowers large, half opened.
and
Flesh
Griotte.
astringent
slightly
tender; juice clear, acid, sometimes
rather
and
bitter ; branches
divergent.
slender, numerous,
Cherries
Kirsch.
for
Special varieties for distillation.
BiGARREAU.
and
few,
often
THE
3 so
FRUIT
GARDEN
CHERRIES
BEST
THE
BiGARREAU
the
red on
fertile ; fruii isolated, very large, yellowish and
Moderately
white
pink
mid-June.
; JlesA
;
sunny
fertile ; /rmf
in pairs, very
Cceuret
Gros
(Cceur de Pigeon). Moderately
large,
yellow ; Jlesk yellow ; mid-June.
rosy
fertile ; fruti in threes, large, purple red : _fiesk brownish
Moderately
JABOULAY.
red ; end of May.
Fertile ; /rzV
in threes, medium
Buttner
(Buttner's Yellow).
size;
de
Jaune
_^es/iyellowish ; end of June.
Napoleon.
large, pinkish red; /lesk whitish ;
Very fertile ; fruii in pairs, very
D'ESPEREN.
side
mid-June.
Pelissier.
and
fertile
Very
/ruii
red
large, deep
very
JlesA blood
red
end
of
May
early June.
Reverchon.
pinkish white
mid-
fertile; /r7a'i in
Moderately
June.
Cherries
pairs,
rather
large, bright
red; /iesk
(True)
red
Hative
Jies/igarnet
red
GuiGNE
fertile ; fruii in threes, cloudy red ;
(Early Black). Moderately
beginning of June.
Beaut^
l'Ohio
fertile ; fruit in pairs, globular,
de
(Ohio
Beauty).
Moderately
reddish
yellow ; flesh yellowish ; mid-June.
d'0rl:6ans.
Belle
Very fertile ; fruii in pairs, large, rosy white ; flesh pink ; end
of June.
of May, beginning
Mai
De
red ; flesh garnet red ; end
(d'Annonay).
Very fertile ; fruit in pairs, brown
of May.
A
Gros
Fruit-Noir
flesh garnet-coloured
FRUIT
Elton.
Fertile
IN
CULTURE
; fruit
in bunches,
FRANCE
351
with
pink
flesh whitish
July.
Precoce
Rivers
Ramon
Oliva.
good
very
end
(Early Rivers). Fertile ; fruit large, red ; flesh pink ; end of May.
Very fertile ; fruit large or very large, black
red, sweet, perfumed,
May, beginning of June.
of
Griotte
Du
NoRD.
fertile
Very
red
red
flesh garnet
August-
September.
KiRscH
Noire
Cherries
Vosges
des
deep
black
heart-
The
Best
Commercial
rather
Varieties
de Mai,
Guigne
Bigarreau
Jaboulay,
Bigarreau
cPEsperen, English
Cherry, Imde
Griotte
du
peratrice. Belle
Magnifique,
Nord,
Bigarreau
Reverchon,
Bigarreau
Black
NapoUon,
Early
{long-stalked), Montinorency
Guigne,
Montmorency
{shortdes
stalked). Noire
Vosges, Rouge des Vosges ( for Kirsch).
THE
The
CHESTNUT
flourishes
in
the
mountainous
flowers.
Propagation.
as
grown
one
Varieties.
de
The
differ
chestnut
is
but
pruned
the
best
Lusignan.
sorts, which
The
chestnut
and
when
year'sgrowth
Matron
The
standard
tree
is
varieties
For
upon
little.
The
eight or
are
commercial
little from
very
when
is eaten
grafted
years old.
de Lyon,
ten
Marron
purposes
each
other.
cooked
in
wild
the
water
roasted
or
upon
wood
de
Luc,
Marron
district
each
It
chestnut.
fruit is borne
its
grows
and
own
it is also used
is
of
in
confectionery,"c.
QUINCE
THE
well
throughout France, except
grows
it
is
sea
quite hardy. It will flourish in almost
;
The
of lime.
does
contain
and
excess
not
an
water-logged
The
near
quince
the
by
the
is
grown
for
amateur
quince.
Portugal.
for
The
home
preserves,
varieties
use.
From
the
liqueurs, "c.
commonly
most
commercial
It
is
grown
dry
any
situations
soil
quince
point
grafted
are
in
upon
the
of
that
is
or
not
is cultivated
view
the
Angers
its fruit
Fontenay
and
the
FRUIT
THE
352
GARDEN
FIG
THE
The
fig is
neighbourhood
in the west
grown
of Paris it needs
wall
or
France
of
south
and
best
suits
the
fig.
may
it in
have
but
little
the
When
Fig
of
Branch
(Pinched),
Successional
and
plants are
the
row,
previous
the
wood
which
has
Varieties.
La
has
The
La
Dauphine,
district
year, except
borne
fruit
best
Raspberries are
also
soil.
and
from
year
in
stems
a
shoots
order
crop
wood
and
The
the
upon
which
best
as
base
buds
secondly, in
upon
shoots
removing
the
spring gathering.
Fig, the Violet Fig, La Barhillonne,
the
for
in
the
as
is effected
These
no
hot
the
and
taken
are
more
tion
situa-
excessively
by means
full
in
have
to
abundance
very
well
produce
to
continuous
of
in
consists,firstly,
year
littoral,
as
an
avoid
to
clumps
should
Pruning.^
August
have
situations,as
clump
This
same
Each
Western
to
Propagation
one-year-old suckers.
every
Each
the
varieties.
fastidious
not
order
soils.
dry
of
In
fruits it is well
shaded
root
RASPBERRY
THE
good
after
White
preserving or
largely grown
are
purposes
apart in
4 metres
between
the
metres
Argenteuil.
Brittany,and
or
for
will
shoots
the
at
Bordeaux.
Provence, the
Bordeaux,
The
commercial
own
used
fresh,
Figs are
confectionery. They
of
de
Rouge
its
two
immediately
:
place
garden.
Pruning.
or
are
should
of the
layered.
Showing
Shoot
one
amateur
room
land
who
placed
with
The
removing
of
light
for commercial
the
the
must
by covering
The
corner
grown
rows.
Fruit
warmest
soil,
it also
and
Warm
straw.
the
warm
Here
in winter
protection
have
with
In
air.
open
and
situation
Argenteuil.
at
as
Part
in the
sheltered
bearing.
than
finest
six
fruits
crop.
The
second
September
same
wood
has
growths
crop
is borne
year,
of the
produced
of
the
and
of fruits in
the
upon
for the spring
Fruiting
Shoot
of
Raspberry
preceding year.
Every year, therefore,in winter the
fruit in spring,and which
is dead, must
be removed.
be
and
must
these
will
be proselected,
year
upon
THE
354
The
de
Black
Naples
FRUIT
Currant.
black
common
and
currant
the
variety
Noir
Dijon.
neighbourhood
liqueur,notably
Chagny, Pantin, Sceaux, Mantes, Vernon,
Langres, "c.
The
The
Gooseberry.
gooseberry is not much
in
the neighbourhood of
cultivated
in France
except
cultivated
are
The
GARDEN
for the
in the
of
Beaune,
Dunkirk.
The
preparations
numerous
THE
The
any
medlar
is grow^n
forms
best
With
by
more
suited
Fruit
IN
fruit is
is
almost
when
eaten
Common,
the
from
and
that
increased
the
The
Large
The
any
out
hazel
soil.
It
that
hot
and
unsound,
of
shade
situations
that
lessens
borne
on
wood
of
both
for
garden
will grow
nut
is nevertheless
young
one
an
the
in almost
well
render
exceptions
than
the
are
any
for
standard
the
market.
and
The
pruning.
no
land
the
fruit
wfhich
shoots
young
one
Medlar.
NUT
any
position,even
under
point
to
the
fruit
of moisture
excess
few^
or
almost
or
fruit is
fertility. The
shoots
which
spring from
Cultivated
year's growth.
its
and
ornament
of
Dutch
HAZEL
THE
in
spring
The
medlar
year's growth.
the
thorn.
The
by grafting upon
with
varieties most
two
usually met
are
of
branches
rotten.
called
preserves.
amateurs
it
to
it requires little
;
of
is borne
the ends
at
GoosEBERRy
and
planted
be
may
situation.
bush
Standard
MEDLAR
medlar
and
The
are
Winham's
in
varieties
common
Golden
Maraby
Rouge,
and
most
production
it
amateur,
is also
in
the
grown,
veille de Bollwiller.
THE
WALNUT
Part
of
Branch
of
Fruit
The
and
to
the
avoid
walnut
sudden
wet
dreads
severe
chills of
land, for
winter
spring often
there
the
and
Nut
Hazel
with
Catkins
frosts,
frost
it is therefore
severe.
prudent
rather
light
FRUIT
soil
and
sheltered
exceptions, begins
IN
CULTURE
situation
bear
suit
fruit
FRANCE
walnut
the
355
best.
The
with
walnut,
rare
It is grown
of
as
a
eight or ten years
age.
standard
in orchards, and
is increased
grafting.
by root
by sowing seed or
Walnuts
for the
market
come
Dordogne, Isere, Correze, Puy de
chieflyfrom
The
fresh or dry.
Sa6ne, Anjou, Cher, Savoy, "c.
nuts
eaten
are
D6me, Haute
The
Oil and
from
them.
best are
the Common
Walnut^
liqueursare also made
De
la
St.
Jean
Walnut, Bijou,
Walnut,
Soft-shelled
to
at
THE
The
requires
the
south
and
long
and
in
the
and
regular crops
bear
to
and
west,
exceptions,
rare
very
live
it is cultivated
France,
Paris, with
to
order
In
heat.
of
centre
in
peach,
PEACH
in certain
open
especiallyin
in
the
in
the
neighbourhood
the
and
east
good fruit,
districts
favoured
air, but
of
north,
it
of
must
?b
Shoot
Wood
Buds
Blossom
be
grown
frost when
are
the
centre,
in
flower
wit
Growth,
Buds
Blossom
Blossom
of
west,
and
suits
shallow
by
The
wall, and,
south
or
peach
the
to
south
vigour and
damp and
and
east
an
Propagation.
in
Shoot
Peach
Bearing
Buds
Buds
upon
harmful
Characteristic
Short
ing
Show-
Peach,
of
by
or
canvas
other
peach
it is very
is increased
means.
liable
in such
either
moreover,
the
to
must
be
protected
Wet
and
unaerated
almond
soil.
The
soils ; the
soils
gum."
"
by budding
the
from
or
upon
St.
Almond
plum,
on
contrary,
suits
356
FRUIT
THE
Forms
short
Trees.
of
open-airculture
For
walls
Upon
U, oblique cordons,
however,
remark
to
Peach
Shoot
Wood
Buds
peach
the
stems.
double
of
Wood
Buds
trees
to
as
Obtain
Shoot
Cut
(Subsequently
Away)
both
and
Suc-
Shoot
CESsioNAL
and
for
Peach
to
Fruiting
right,
Buds
culture
market
the
so
is
suitable
the
Tree
when
has
only
upon
U
or
It
is
Pruning
or
forms
branches.
costly and
ing
Prun-
Shoot
For
amateur.
the
six
bush
fan-shape.
districts
in cold
and
If any
branches
perish
it is often
their
places
easilybe filled.
can
Pruning.
that
each
make
Those
shoots
with
shoots
and
and
to
bears
shoots
prevent
of
several
first examine
fruit
peach
fresh
must
to
overcrowding.
bearing both
the
also
those
wood-bud
flower-buds
pruning
introduce
with
of one
branches
fruit upon
old
trained
in and
be
Fruiting
size
average
flower-buds
and
a
with
growths
The
year
and
room
follows
us
the
restrict
to
and
successional
Blossom
garden
grown
is grown
as
in trained
Peach
THE
Practised
better
be
long
of
only
the
the
peach
can
is
Method
with
the
with
this work
that
GARDEN
all
one
the
wood-bud.
shoot
to
The
to
fruit-buds,weak
extremity only,
As
so
removed
distinguishedas
are
and
wood-buds
two-year-old branch.
for the
following
wood-buds
(unless they are
of
new
and
at
shoots
year'sgrowth,
wood
the
and
pruning,
object
year.
weak)
The
are
short
is
to
let
get
strongest
cut
back
FRUIT
the
and
short
alone.
To
weak
shoots
leave
closely.
there
also weak
always
growths
these
often
difBcult
divert
we
to
of
OF
turn
shortening
of the
the
will
a
shoot
also
shoot
shoot.
Disbudding
shoots
these
as
will
from
sap
are
not
is
but
little
them
the
to
always
to
Pinched
to
of
By
cutting
ones,
of
always
the
shoots
cut
to
to
wood-bud,
and
latter),
are
pruned
practised
in
order
or
required. One
develop properly.
fruit
bear
two
to
in
to
to
in
it is
strong
make
so
of
parts,
the
so
tree
to
as
Development
to
fruit
should
take
its
be
place ;
moved,
re-
this
When
succeeding year.
former
fruit-bud
are
(the
that
is
on
the
upper
side
spring.
growths
leave
above
Lateral
not
fruit,
Growths
borne
the
wood-bud
the
assist
cut
and
to
back
not
back
part
other
Successional
has
that
throughout. Wood
trained
next
year'sfruiting
shoot
each
treat
for
is
which
from
weaker
needs
the
to
or
left
are
do
which
fruit,and
shoots.
Production
the
produce
than
The
and
shoots
strong
successional
Stopped
Peach,
Fruits
balance
elongated
more
of
flow
the
the
the
and
in its
good
leaf-bud
terminal
to
give
357
it short
even
a
word, it is necessary
its needs
and
in relation
Shoot
preserve
that
and
are
In
strong.
according
the
is
there
ones
obtain
to
flower-buds
Where
FRANCE
IN
unpruned
reason
why,
this is the
vigorous shoots
are
with
branch
it ; and
weaken
CULTURE
the
shoots
to
form
fruits must
are
stopped
be
at
as
new
many
left,otherwise
three
or
four
THE
35i
leaves.
The
regulate
them.
ends
laterals from
of
the
When
FRUIT
its base
Peaches
vs^ith
may
in
great
growrn
are
GARDEN
Away,
appreciatedin
peaches,
Pkhe
the
peaches
The
market.
de Montreuil.
This
of
country
round
is grov^^n
Admirable
(Large
Jaune
large, globularj greenish
September, October.
rather
Yellow
Best
one
Fruited,
(that will
One
to
the
the
The
is
Cut
Fruit
SHORTENED
IS
and
Burgundy
of
Peach.
of
has
SeASON)
order
throughout
season
Upper
following
THE
The
the
which
the
and
vigorous,
replace it.
Shoots
One,
in
too
to
Terminal
Lower
part of France.
be
early in
quantitiesand
Pruning
southern
to
slightlypinched
trained
be
advantage
be
Paris
furnishes
"c.
Varieties
Peach
yellow, carmined
or
Apricot
on
sunny
Peach).
side
Very
flesh
fertile ; fruit
bright yellow ;
Alexis
carmine
red
where
'
FRUIT
yellowish, crimsoned
September.
Blondeau.
CULTURE
in
the
sun
IN
flesh yellowish
FRANCE
359
white, carmined
at
the
core
mid-
Fertile
rather
large, rounded,
; fruit
depressed, shghtly furrowed,
the sunny
side ;
on
purple, violet-coloured
of September.
flesh red at the core
; end
BONOUVRIER.
Very fertile ; fruit large, spherical,yellowish
and
of September.
white ; end
purple in the sun
; flesh greenish
Cumberland.
fertile as
Very
espalier ; fruit medium
an
and
size, spherical, whitish
bright red in the sun
; flesh white
;
July.
Galande
Pointue.
Very fertile ; fruit very
large, rather
irregular, oval or globular, whitish yellow, carmined-purple in the
sun
; flesh reddish
; mid-August.
Mignonne
Grosse
(Mignonne
Ordinaire, Belle de Ferriferes).
Very fertile ; fruit very
large, spherical, flattened, with pronounced
furrow,
greenish yellow, purple red in the sun
; flesh
whitish, pink at the core
; mid-August.
HAtive.
Mignonne
Grosse
Very fertile ; fruit very large,
furrow, yellowish green,
spherical,with pronounced
pale red in
of August.
white
sun
; beginning
; flesh greenish
I grandes
Madeline
Courson
de
(Madeline
fleurs).
fertile
as
standard;
a
Very
fruit very
large, spherical, clear
the
of
at
core
pale pink in sun
; flesh whitish, pink
; end
green,
August, September.
U-Shaped
Peach
fertile ; fruit rather
Malte
(Malte de Lisieux). Moderately
Tree
in
marbled
the
sun
large, spherical,greenish yellow and purple,
;
beginning of September.
Fertile ; fruit large, deep red, furrowed
Noblesse
Seedling
(Alexandra Noblesse).
;
flesh pink at the core
; mid-August.
Pr^COCE
Hale
standard
fertile as
de
(Hale's
Early).
Very
a
large.
; fruit
almost
Fan-Trained
spherical, narrow,
purple
at
Reine
with
core
the
core
des
Tree
with
Series
One
of
Branches
with
well-marked
; end
of
Vergers
nipple, furrowed,
;
Peach
mid-September.
SALV7AY.
Fertile
fruit
veiy
large,
almost
spherical,
with
pronounced
furrow.
THE
360
nippledj whitish, golden
; end
core
FRUIT
yellow
and
deep
GARDEN
in
purple
the
sun
at
of October.
TiTON
white,
Venus.
DE
red
brown
in
sun
sun
Fan-Trained
Peach
Tree
Two
yellow, purple
BEST
Series
in
the
of
sun
Branches
flesh yellow,
red
orange
at
NECTARINES
the
red on
Moderately fertile ; ^Wz'/ medium
size, spherical,whitish
of August.
flesh pink at core
; commencement
Elruge.
Fertile ; fruit large, red, carmined
in sun
agreeably
; flesh juicy, sweet,
under
variety for culture
perfumed
glass ; end of August.
; a good
Galopin.
fertile ; fruit oi the largest, spherical, yellowish green,
brown
Moderately
red
in sun
of August.
at core
; flesh greenish, red
; beginning
Lord
Napier.
with slight furrow,
Very fertile as a standard
; fruit large, rounded,
red
in sun
whitish
greenish yellow, brown
flesh
mid-August.
;
;
Orange
Pitmaston
de
(Pitmaston
Orange).
Very fertile ; fruit large, rounded,
deep red in the sun;
mid-August.
Prcoce
Croncels.
faint
Fertile ; fruit rather
with
de
furrow,
large, spherical,
and
of August.
red in sun
pale yellow, whitish
garnet
; beginning
; flesh white
Pr^COCE
Fertile ; fruit large, handsome,
Rivers
(Early Rivers).
deep red colour,
of the best and
beautiful
most
one
; mid-August.
Victoria.
brown
Very fertile ; fruit rather large, spherical, ovoid, yellowish green,
red
in sun
of September.
; end
; flesh whitish, purple at core
Violet
Musqu:^.
an
espalier ; fruit medium
Very fertile as
size, roundish-oval,
in the sun
of
and
yellowish white
at
red, violet carmine
core
; /iesh pink
; beginning
September.
De
sunny
Felignies.
with
side
Classification
According
to
Time
of
Peaches
Middle
Amsden
and
Latter
Half
of July
Cumberland
Ripening
FRUIT
THE
362
moisture
lessens
always provided
GARDEN
fertility.The
its
that
it is neither
likes
pear
wet
too
rich
Propagation.
The
Pyramid
Quince.
When
of
nature
the
is
pear
Pear
grafted
Tree
grafted upon
soil,though it
the
must
Two
with
wild
have
stock
wild
the
upon
Series
the
does
depth,
pear,
is less
pear
no
excess
The
consistency,
contain
not
and
stems
all forms
an
intermediate
stock
standard,pyramid,
trained
is often
used.
the
upon
exacting
of
water
the Quince.
latter stock
when
grafted upon
for the crop
frequently used (except in hot and calcareous
soils),
finer.
more
quickly obtained, and the fruit is much
Forms.
All varieties of the
do
not
equally well, so in
pear
grow
form
good
Branches
of
and
and
of
and
lime.
much
more
dry,
too
nor
soil
The
pear
as
to
the
but
it
is much
is
larger
order
is cultivated
to
in
trees, "c.
air are
supplied by many
regions,especiallyfrom
open
Angers, Nantes, I'Aisne, PEure, La Seine et Marne, "c.
Some
also sent
Choice
from
from
are
espalier trees come
Burgundy.
pears from
the neighbourhood of Paris
Groslais, Montreuil, Rosny-sousMontmorency,
Bois, Fontenay-sous-Bois, Bagnolet, "c.
Pears
the
basin
grown
of the
in
the
Loire
FRUIT
Pruning.
In
CULTURE
pruning,
IN
be
taken
FRANCE
363
of the
of the
influence
Pyramid
of their
Pear
account
must
stocks.
Tree
with
Thus
Three
Louise
Series
of
Branches
du Congres, Colmar
I'Assomption, Souvenir
Clairgeau,
d'Aremberg, Beurr6
limited
the Quince
Marguerite Marillat,"c., which, making
growth when
upon
Beurr^
Superstock, require small forms.
Hardy, Doyenn6 du Comice, Beurr6
fin,Bergamotte Esperen, Doyenne d'Alengon, "c., are vigorous, and require
Cur^, Triomphe de Jodoigne, G6n^ral
large forms.
Todtleben, "c., are still
and
order
of
be satisfactory.The
in
to
more
room
vigorous,
require plenty
de
up
left
wood
(provided the
pear
March.
to
above
When
the
is
PvRAMiD
Old
trees, and
young
hard.
is left
and
A
those
vigorous
Pear
which
trees,
good proportion
long, and
in winter
strong
in order
bud,
or
eye
Tree
are
on
of
be
frozen) may
not
pruning
"
"
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
364
the
to
or
millimetres
prevent
Four
with
Series
the
vigorous, should
are
pruned
not
cut
is
kept.
short, in
On
order
whole
the
of
drying
wood
winter
of the
up
be
must
latter.
Branches
of
contrary,
shoots
branch
pruned during
the
to
be
later
same
first pruned,
and
tree
not
a
re-establish
cut
weak
while
back
so
branch
equilibrium.
FRUIT
A
which
branch
pruned
In
ones
is
pruned
FRANCE
IN
CULTURE
early,or
all,is
at
not
3^5
favoured
more
than
branch
late.
shorten
summer
four
to
five.
or
the
On
strong
Double-Stemmed
form,
The
?'eyes
according
of
to
follows
with
their
:
two
or
Peak
Branches
will
be
Tree
cut
leaves,and
three
of
branches
Three
third
the
Each
Stem
down
year
the
weaker
has
three, four,
to
will
spurs
five
or
The
fruiting growths of the pear are
bearing various
growths, twiggy shoots,
five
that
leaves, and
portion of a shoot
tinguished
dis-
vigour.
-Those
three, four,
to
the
Fan-Teained
growths
shoots
portions
or
short
from
ii
Growth
that
will
Develop
Fruit
Shoot
where
various
which
the
into
-Bearing
(Peak)
fruit
has
been
gathered.
the
ages, generally upon
from
usually are developed
mentioned.
This
Growths
Fruit-Bearing
evolution
must
short
The
pear
of
bears
fruit
the
upon
three
Pear
growths
old,
of
and
growths,
years
twiggy shoots and short growths previously
therefore
be encouraged.
the
two
or
366
THE
FRUIT
branches
three
Upon
years
untouched, wood
growths only
according to their vigour. The
be
trained
and
tree,
om.io
below
above
and
the
spurs,
them,
pinched
side
twiggy shoots,
and
back
the
at
never
from
the
third, fourth,
the
right
and
front.
point
where
Upon
Portion
HAS
BEEN
Fruit
buds
fruit
have
formed
Upon
piece of shoot
form
the
to
are
retained,
pruned
is
taking
and
the
to
while
practisedin
too
also
to
if
much
the
order
to
sap,
is
tree
base, and
it
arrest
ensure
shoots
the
the
strengthen neighbouring
The
are
cut
growth of
production
back
be retained
of
latter
half their
certain
will
should
pruning.
well, the
bearing sufficiently
twiggy
to
when
Pear
of
stalk)
ered,
gath-
is
pear
fruit buds
mains
re-
branch
formerly
was
therefore
Shoot
Characteristic
the
that
the
on
after
gathered.
was
ered
Gath-
there.
(and
joined
latter,
unfertile
Branch
of
where
should
an
fruit
from
left
leaf
left of the
and
the
or
branches
main
the
to
are
fifth
growths
twiggy
the
at
shoots
other,
each
and
short
the
old,
are
from
om.i2
or
GARDEN
shoots
good
buds
growths
length.
prevent
to
at
their
are
ing
Pinchtheir
bases,
shoots.
Varieties
Best
stalk
Andr
medium,
Desportes.
size, turbinate;
Fertile; fruit medium
greenish yellow, tinged with
cavity ; eye slightly open ; skin
obliquely set in small
pink; _/Z?jAvery delicate, sweet
; July- August.
fertile ; fruit
rather
large,
Crassane
Moderately
Bergamotte
(Crassane).
FRUIT
rounded
stalk
long, wiry
perfumed
sweet,
end
skin
FRANCE
IN
CULTURE
yellow, with
greenish
tawny
367
spots
of autumn.
Bergamotte
Esperen.
sized, rounded
Very fertile ; fruit medium
thick,
; stalk
straight, in small cavity ; eye large, deep ; skin greenish yellow, speckled ; flesh melting
and juicy, very
of winter.
perfumed
sweet,
; end
Beurr^
Bachelier.
Fertile ; fruit very
large, oblong, turbinate
short,
; stalk
skin
and
obliquely inserted ; eye large, half-closed
yellowish
speckled,
tawny
;
green,
vermilion
the sunny
side ; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet
on
; November-December.
Beurr^
Bretonneau.
of
Moderately fertile ; /rzV large, good for cooking; end
winter.
Beurr
irregular
Clairgeau.
eye
open
skin
sweet
eye large,
red
and
August
Catillac.
in the
open
sun
September.
long, thick
; stalk
Very fertile ; fruit very large, turbinate, rounded
and
spotted with bright browngreenish yellow, speckled, marbled
; skin
and
for stewing
cooking ; Februaryjuicy, crisp,excellent
; flesh coarse,
April.
straight,
large, oval ; stalk
Very
vigorous ; fruit rather
skin
delicately
punctured vnth brown
at
deep ;
;
pink yellow,
; eye
open,
flesh slightly granulous, sweet, perfumed ; February.
Fertile ; fruit large, pyriform or turbinate, angular ; stalk short,,
Ernest.
Charles
cate,
small,
pink, speckled grey ; flesh white, deliyellow, shaded
thick, wiry ; eye
; skin
open
melting, very juicy,sweet, perfumed ; November-December.
Cogn^e.
Charles
swollen
end
THE
368
FRUIT
GARDEN
PARIS.
Fertile ; fruit large, elongated ; stalk medium
DE
size,obliquely
half-open,
slightly
depressed ; skin greenish tinged with red, speckled with
; eye
brown
juicy and sweet
January.
; December; flesh very
Cur:6
(Belle de Berry).
Very fertile on Quince ; fruit very large, elongated ; stalk
of fruit ; skin
red ;
thick ; eye large, level with surface
brown
clear, greenish yellow and
flesh white, melting, perfumed ; good for cooking ; December-February.
Fertile ; fruit rather
Tongres
De
(Beurr^ Durondeau).
large, pyriform ; skin
tinted
red, and
speckled grey ; eye half-closed, in slight depression ; stalk short ;
tawny,
ilesh whitish, rather
acid, very juicy, perfumed
; October.
Fruit
Docteur
Jules Guyot.
large or very large, pyriform ; stalk irregular ; skin
lemon
yellow and pink ; flesh melting, juicy, sweet
; November.
DoYENNi;
size, rounded
Very fertile ; fruit medium
oval, irregular ;
d'Alen^on.
marbled
stalk short, thick, wiry ; eye small, half-closed
; skin yellowish red, speckled, and
and
with brown
; flesh white, juicy, sweet
; December-February.
grey
d'Hiver
de
A
fertile pear ; fruit very
Doyenne
(Bergamotte
Pentecote).
very
skin
greenish yellow,
large, globular, irregular ; stalk short, thick, swollen; eye large, open;
at the
speckled and spotted brown
; flesh whitish, melting, a little granulous
core,
very
to April.
sweet, perfumed
; January
DoyenN]^
fertile ; fruit small, spherical ; stalk
thick, wiry,
de
Juillet.
Very
the
surface
of
fruit ; skin
with
swollen, in deep cavity ; eye small, half-closed, level
the sunny
on
%\6l^;flesh, melting, perfumed
greenish yellow, carmined
; mid-July.
DORii
St. Michel).
DoYENNfi
(Doyenne
Very fertile ; fruit medium
Blanc, Doyennd
rounded
oval, irregular ; stalk
size,
short, thick, oblique ; eye small, half-closed
; skin,
in the
vermilion
whitish
flesh melting, juicy,
yellow, with brown
sun;
spots, red and
and
sweet
; September-October.
stalk
fertile ; fruit large, regular, turbinate
DOYENN^
CoMlCE.
DU
Moderately
;
swollen
and
oblique, no
cavity ; eye in a large irregular cavity ; skin straw
yellow,
in the
marbled
with
vermilion
sun
brown,
speckled, and
; flesh white, melting, juicy,
COMTESSE
inserted
; November-December.
sweet
very
D'ANGOULfeME.
DucHESSE
half-closed
eye
vinous.
melting, sweet,
; eye
vermilion
in the
Favorite
half-closed
eye
sun
de
FONDANTE
of
fertile
large, oval ;
pale pink in the
fruit
very
sometimes
yellow,
to
January.
fertile; fruit medium
stalk
sun
short, thick ;
; flesh white,
size, elongated,
cylindrical; stalk
long,
clear
yellowish green,
open,
greenish veins, very juicy, rather acid ; end of July.
; flesh white, with
short
Clapp
Fertile ; fruit large, oval ; stalk
(Clapp's Favourite).
;
and
not
a
narrow
deep cavity ; skin greenish yellow tinged with
very
and
dotted
red
in the
with
sun
; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet;
level
BoiS
DES
stalk
Very
with
the
surface
of
fruit ;
skin
in
greenish
October
Very
small,
Epargne.
swollen
skin
in
swollen
Fertile
(Beurr^ Spence).
large, oblong
; y^iazV very
deep cavity ; skin golden yellow and bright red in the
half-
; y
sun
end
autumn.
d' Angers).
Panisel
(D^lice d'Hardenpont,
DU
Very fertile;/ra2/ rather
in cavity;
round, very irregular; stalk short, thick; gy^ small, half-closed
red in the
sun
size, melting, sweet, perfumed ;
yellow, dark
; flesh medium
FONDANTE
large,
skin
oval
or
lemon
November.
Josephine
short, thick
de
skin
Malines.
lemon
GARDEN
FRUIT
THE
377
September-October
Louis
Picquery
Beurre
Doyenn^
des
Fondante
November
and
De
Dumont
Panisel
du
plus Meuris
Nee
d'Angouleme
Duchesse
Tongres
Fondante
Cornice
du
Doyenn^
Esperen
Bois
October
Beurr^
Bonne
Seigneur
Dore
November-December
Beurr^
Diel
Beurr6
Bachelier
Charles
Clairgeau
Soldat-Laboureur
Crassane
Bergamotte
Ernest
December-January
Beurr^
Comtesse
La
Le
d'Hardenpont
de
Paris
Colmar
Triomphe
France
January-March-
Josephine
Bergamotte
Esperen
Cognde
Doyennd
d'Alengon
de
Malines
de
Olivier
d'Hiver
,,
Market
Clairgeau
Serres
Chatenay
Remy
for
Jodoigne
Crassane
Passe
Varieties
de
April
Charles
Beurrd
Lectier
Passe
Culture
d'Hiver
Doyennd
Diel
du
Cornice
d'Hardenpont
Hardy
Epargne
d'Amanlis
Louise
Bonne
Ernest
Passe
Crassane
d'Angouleme
Duchesse
Charles
Williams'
Curd
Cooking
Varieties
Cure
d'Angleterre
Beurrd
Martin
Bretonneau
Sec
Catillac
Messire
Varieties
Perry-making
for
Carisie-gros.
De
Maude.
De
Cirole.
Carisie-petit.
Ragnet.
De
Sauge.
Varieties
All
Cooking
Beurrd
and
Jean
Perry-making
Standards
for
varieties
and
also
d'Amanlis.
Epargne.
Hardy.
Comtesse
Dumont.
Louise
de
Paris.
Bonne.
Bergamotte
Esperen.
Doyennd
d'AIengon.
Soldat-Laboureur.
Williams'.
FRUIT
IN
CULTURE
Varieties
FRANCE
371
Pyramids
for
Andre
Desportes
Bergamotte
Esperen
Doyenne
Beurr^
Bachelier
Favorite
Clairgeau
Fondante
du
Duchesse
Cornice
d'Angoulgme
de Clapp
des
Dumont
du
Bois
Panisel
Giffard
La
France
Gris
Le
Lectier
Hardy
Louise
Picquery
Madame
Superfin
Chrdtien
(Williams')
Bon
Charles
Ernest
Comtesse
de
Nee
Bonne
Treyve
plus Meuris
Olivier
Passe
de
Serres
Colmar
Paris
Crassane
De
Tongres
Docteur
Jules Guyot
de Juillet
Doyennd
Remy
Chatenay
Seigneur Esperen
Sol dat- Laboureur
Dore
Josephine
Triomphe
d'AIengon
Varieties
All
the
varieties
mentioned
and
Epargne
Beurre
Diel
de
Malines
de
Jodoigne
that
it
Propagation.
especially
Passe
THE
The
Vienne
Beurre
d'Aremberg
Crassane
Bergamotte
Charles
Cognee
d'Amanlis
Josephine
Triomphe
Malines
de
Palmates
for
for Pyramids,
de
is
a
Net-Wokk
APPLE
hardy
and
rather
strong
It is increased
Colmar
grows
well
of
anywhere, provided
soil.
i-wjaAo
by grafting upon
Fokm
almost
Training
the
wild
stock
for standard
(Apple)
Paradise
the
pyramids, palmates, "c. ; upon
not
are
sufficiently
vigorous are grafted
de Vitry, or
intermediate
Noire
Genereuse
an
stock; for example, upon
upon
The
de Vitry, "c.
Paradise
stock
does
not
apple upon the
require a deep soil,
cool one.
In dry soil and
it is better
but it must
have
that containing lime
a
Doucin
The
have
the
for the
small forms.
stock
to
trees
on
apple tree is
trees
stock
the
upon
for cordons.
Doucin
for
Varieties
which
FRUIT
THE
372
often
most
bearing
value
ones.
are
In
as
grown
In
market
upon
amateur's
the
the
cultivated
GARDEN
varieties
garden only tender
trained
vase-shaped in the
apple is cultivated in the form
walls, or
garden
the
the
to
pear
varieties
cordon.
The
one
cut
may
remarks
in
the
and
and
those
the
free-
of great
open.
convenient
most
upon
shoots
pruning
rather
the
more
closely.
for ciderthroughout France, sometimes
cultivated
for the
market.
especiallyfor these
They are
making, sometimes
in Normandy,
Sarthe, La Mayenne,
Brittany, Picardy, Artois, La
purposes
Le
Nord, Le Puy de D6me, La Limagne, Le Limousin, La Seine et Marne, "c.
In
at
the
Montreuil,
neighbourhood of Paris the best apples are
grown
Rosny, Sannois, Versailles,"c.
Apples
are
more
grown
less
or
The
Best
Varieties
rather
side
thick
eye
small
skin
clear
yellow,
marbled
with
tawny
brown
on
the
sunny
Not
fertile ; fruit medium
S.
size,flattened, globular ; stalk
very
in the sun
cavity ; eye large ; skin
greenish yellow, brown
; flesh
and
perfumed
yellowish, firm, sweet
; November-March.
oval
De
Chataignier.
size, spherical,rounded
Very fertile ; fruit medium
; stalk
greenish yellow, tinged with carmine
short, swollen ; eye large, half-closed
; skin
; flesh
white and
sweet
yellowish, crisp, rather
; December-April
; standard.
fertile ; fruit
oval ;
De
rather
(Reinette de Mans).
Jaune
Very
large, rounded
stalk very
clear yellow and red brown
short, very strong
; eye large, open
; skin
; JanuaryMay.
De
L'Estre
fertile ; fruit rather large, elongated,
(L'Estre, De la Fengtre). Moderately
red
skin
marked
clear
cylindrical ; stalk variable, large ; eye very
yellow,
;
open
in the sun
and
pink, carmined
; December-May.
De
L.\nde.
Productive; fruit medium
size, red; flesh firm, good for preserves;
February-April.
Verit
De
Fruit
small, greenish and pink ; April, May.
fertile ; fruit medium
Gris.
Fenouillet
Moderately
size,globular ; stalk short in
large cavity ; eye small ; skin dark yellow, tinged with red grey ; flesh white, rather
soft,
scented
sweet
; December-April.
Court
Gri
Pendu
short, strong
in
deep
FRUIT
FRANCE
IN
CULTURE
373
in
Alexandre.
variable
December-March.
flesh firm, sweet;
fertile;fruit large,
(Reinette de Bolleviller). Moderately
thick, short ; eye large ; skin yellowish, tinged carmine, and
round, conical ; stalk very
acid ; January-March.
spotted brown
; flesh somewhat
fertile ; fruit very
Blanche
Canada.
large, globular,
Reinette
du
Moderately
elongated or flattened, conical ; stalk short, in large cavity ; eye very large ; skin golden
side ; flesh yellowish, rather
yellow, spotted with brown, speckled grey, red on the sunny
in the
brown
sun
Baumann
Reinette
soft,sweet, juicy,with
delicate
very
flavour
January-March.
flesh
sweet
de
January-May.
Dor^e
Reinette
usually ; eye
flesh white, sweet,
short, in
Grise
size, variable
yellowish, crisp, sweet
Grise
Reinette
;
medium
golden
; skin
size, globular
yellow, brown
j/a//6
in the
December-April.
cavity ; skin
perfumed ; December-May.
stalk
(Reinette Haute
rather
long ;
Saintonge
de
in
medium
globular
/r//
form
usually
; stalk
large, of variable
fruit rather
pale yellow, spotted with grey ; flesh yellowish white, crisp,
Fertile
narrow
sweet,
Reinette
fertile ;
half-closed
exquisite flavour
of
and
Franche.
Reinette
very
VlTRV.^Very
or
large, open
de
rather
short
sun
Caux.-
form
stalk
Bont^). Moderately
deep
large ; skin
eye
fertile
grey
; /rzV
;
flesh
January-April.
(Canada
large, very
Canada
du
short, strong
; eye
large,
fertile; fruit very
greenish yellow, tinged with
Gris). Very
open
skin
perfumed ; November-April.
or
size, conical, rounded
Very fertile ; fruit medium
halfor
short, stout, in large cavity; ^yu large, open
spherical, flattened; stalk very
with
red ; flesh rather
soft,
marked
and
closed ; skin
greenish, tinged with grey brown
brown
grey
Reinette
sweet,
de
deliciously perfumed
Vitry.
sweet,
December-April.
FRUIT
THE
374
RiBSTON
Pippin.
large ; skin
perfumed
sweet,
ROYALE
golden
eye
GARDEN
short, wiry ;
fiesh yellowish,
stalk
December-March.
(Reinette d'Angleterre).
large,
Very fertile ; fruit very
half-closed
lemon
rounded, conical ; stalk short, thick, oblique ; eye large, open
or
; skin
side ; flesh yellowish
the sunny
yellow, orange
yellow, and clear red, with tawny
spots on
perfumed;
September-December.
sweet,
Pippin
Sugar-loaf
(Reinette Pain de Sucre).
Moderately fertile ; fruit moderately
skin
beautiful
less pointed or
large, truncate,
conical, more
pale green,
or
rounded;
and
medium
turning to yellow ; eye half-open, in narrow
or
short, in
deep cavity ; stalk
of August.
acid ; beginning
large cavity ; flesh whitish, rather
crisp, somewhat
TjlANSPARENTE
Croncels.
Fertile ; fruit rather
DE
large, spherical ; stalk slender
;
side ; flesh
the
large, open
or
half-open ; skin yellowish white, pale pink on
eye
sunny
salmon-coloured, juicy, rather
acid, perfumed ; August-December.
d'Angleterre
Classification
End
Astrakan
Rouge
Beauty
of
Time
to
according
Ripening
of
of July
I
Borovitsky
Bath
August
Sugar-loaf Pippin
A
ugust-September
d'Ete
Rambour
Transparente
de
Croncels
Sefitember- October
Grand
Alexandre
Peasgood's
Nonsuch
Gravenstein
October, November,
Jeanne Hardy
Menagfere
December
Reine
Royale
des
Reinettes
d'Angleterre
December-January
Fenouillet
Linnaeus
Gris
Reinette
I
I
Pippin
Baumann
Doree
de
Vitry
January-April
Rose
Api
Calville
Reinette
Blanche
Blanche
du
du
Canada
Pigeon
d'Hiver
Rouge
Canada
Grise
Franche
Rambour
d'Hiver
Grise
de
Saintonge
Grise
de
Vitry
Reinette
de
Caux
de
Cuzy
Varieties
for
Dwarf
Grand
Alexandre
Transparente
Reinette
Culture
Trees
Reinette
de
Blanche
Grise
Market
Croncels
du
du
Canada
Canada
Api
de
Caux
Rose
Calville
Reinette
Blanche
de
Cuzy
FRUIT
CULTURE
FRANCE
IN
375
Standards
Belle
Fille
I
I
Chataignier
De
Varieties
De
Jaune
De
Lande
Cider
for
Making
October
Blanc
Mollet
Reine
des
St. Laurent
H4tives
November
Amfere
de
Berthecourt
Martin
Fessard
Argite Grise
Medaille
Barbarie
Passe
De
Rouge
Rouge
Moran
Godard
End
of November
and
Bedan
Binet
Dufray
Rousse
Latour
All
cider
the
Astrakan
de
|
|
Grise
Hauchecorne
Dieppoise
de
varieties
Reinette
Gris
Reinettes
des
Reinette
Royale
All
as
de
Caux
de
Cuzy
Vitry
du
de
Canada
Saintonge
de Vitry
d'Angleterre, "c.
Baumann
Varieties
best
Doree
de
Grise
d'Ete
Reine
Nouvelle
Blanche
Pipoin
Rambour
Vache
Standards
for
Gravenstein
Linnseus
Treves
Bouteille
Rouge
Fenouillet
Pommes
December
Peau
Varieties
des
Bruyfere
De
Blanc
Marin
d'Or
Reine
except
Grand
trained
trees
Alexandre,
Peasgood's
Nonesuch,
of the
account
on
Pyramids
for
and
M^nagfere.
Calville
Blanche
These
are
requires
wall
culture.
THE
The
as
far
as
plum on account
possible,a sheltered
of
its
PLUM
earlyflowering dreads
It
situation.
is
not
frosts,and
the
difficult
suit
to
as
requires,
regards soil,
moderately
and
wet
excessivelydry nor
almost
the
whole
of France.
deep.
permits
throughout
local
varieties
The
Some
are
propagated
plum tree is propagated by grafting.
The
by suckers.
seedling St. Julian is the stock generally used ; the variety
both
by amateurs
plum is extensivelygrown
changing with the locality. The
always provided
that
This
and
for sale.
gardens
each
Amateurs
standards
other.
this
of
The
alone
is neither
its
culture
the trees
grow
recommended
are
plum
is grown
in various
trained
forms.
For
6 metres
market
from
they are planted 5 or
throughout France, but especiallyin the
;
THE
376
FRUIT
where
GARDEN
the
sale of
fresh
plums
In
is certain.
the
are
Argenteuil, Sannois, Epinay, Raincy,
Rosny-sous-Bois, the valley of the Bicore, "c.
districts
The
belles.
France
furnishes
Tourraine
and
of
east
In
are
prunes
Pruning.
in great
grown
The
prunes
the
and
region
quantities.
fruit is borne
upon
of
mira-
Agen
branches
This
be
must
year's growth.
remembered
taken
in pruning, and
not
to
care
cutting the shoots ; cut
destroy fruit-buds when
"
wood
to
"-bud, always more
pointed than a
a
"
The
flower "-bud.
disbudding and pinching
In training the shoots
should
be moderate.
must
and
handled
with
in good time
be taken
care, for
brittle.
are
they
very
and
twigs
of
one
Best
The
Varieties
Bry.
Fertile ; fruit small, spherical;
DE
slight cavity ; skin reddish black ;
short, in narrow,
flesh greenish ; end of July.
Drop
Coe's
Golden
(Goutte d'Or de Coe). Very fertile ; fruit large, elongated,
furrow
oval, with a marked
cavity ; skin
golden yellow,
long, slender, narrow
; stalk
October.
tinged with red ; Jiesh yellow ; end of September,
furrow
D'Agen
(D'Ente).
Very fertile ; fruit elongated, ovoid, with pronounced
;
stalk
violet pink, plum-coloured,
bluish ;
rather
or
long, in narrow,
deep cavity ; skin
beginning of September.
Fertile ; fruit rather
De
Montfort.
rather
thick, deep
large, long, ovate
; stalk
cavity ; skin dark violet, slightlytawny ; flesh greenish yellow ; mid-August.
furrow
skin
fertile ; fruit
Jefferson.
Very
large, round, with
large shallow
;
side
end
of
the
greenish
greenish yellow, rose-coloured
on
flesh
August,
sunny
;
;
September.
rather
Fertile ; fruit large, spherical, large shallow
furrow
Kirke'S.
long,
; stalk
in deep
colour ; flesh greenish
cavity ; skin violet purple, or whitish
yellow ;
plum
Bonne
Shoot
of
Tkee
Plum
in
Fkuit
^falk
September.
fertile ; fruit medium
Moderately
size,spherical,
short, slender, in narrow,
deep, regular cavity ; skin
with pure
of August, September.
rose
yellow, marbled
; end
PETITE
Metz.
MiRABELLE
DE
small, roundedVery fertile ; yVwzV small, or very
furrow
slight cavity ; skin golden
ovoid, broad, well-marked
slender, in narrow,
; stalk
with amaranth
red ; flesh yellow ; August.
yellow, marbled
HAtif.
furrow ;
Monsieur
Very fertile ; y"-K;V medium
sized, rounded, with shallow
stalk
rather
short, in narrow
cavity; skin intense
purple, tinged with
yellow; flesh
of August.
yellowish green
; beginning
i Fruit
fertile ; fruit medium,
Monsieur
rather
Moderately
large,
Jaune.
or
rounded-ovoid
in regular cavity ; skin yellow, speckled
with
medium,
gold, and
; stalk
MiRABELLE
broad
shallow
Grosse
furrow
DE
; stalk
N.\NCY.
rather
carmine
red ; flesh yellow ; mid-August.
D'Allemagne
fertile ; fruit medium,
(Altesse-Ordinaire).
Very
or
Quetsche
rather large ovoid, or
cavity ; skin
regular elliptical; stalk thick, rather
long, without
violet purple, plum-coloured ; flesh yellow green.
Prune.
September.
d'Italie.
{evtile ; fruit
rather
or
medium,
Quetsche
Very
large, long-ovoid;
stalk
whitish
rather
thick, long, in narrow,
deep cavity; skin violet, and
plum-coloured.
Prune.
End
of September.
Reine
Claude
d'Althann.
Very fertile ; fruit large, spherical, broad, slight
striped with
FRUIT
THE
378
GARDEN
VINE
THE
The
vine
be
aspects
dreads
for
found
Moreover,
saying
to
Black
Madeline^
the
walls
facing the
east
The
soil
Golden
and
be
must
fruit
that
frosts will
good,
ways
there
is
exception
Cordon
Forms.
vertical
of
entire
varies
For
cordon.
is
cordon
grafting.
"
the
has
"
stocks
in
form
about
simple palmates
be
must
to
of Paris.
neighbourhood
As
calcareous.
as
had
the
roots
Vines
The
of soil.
cultivated
palmates.
according to
horizontal
This
which
the
of
im.50
the
is
vine
last
withstand
ancient
tree.
"
For
ployed
generally emphylloxera.
Thomery
form, as
is
the
"
the
that
space,
distance
apart
in several
propagated
method
is
"
Thomery
is 3
I
metres
metre
"
each
for the
;
and
for
For
om.6o.
and
or
palmates, om.50
ordinary cordons, 2 metres
;
cordons
with
long shoots, i m. or im.50.
The
soil having been
Planting.
first prepared and
strongly manured, a
alternate
for
vine
and
cordons
the
utilise certain
The
Planting
side
to
depth
crop.
which
is
is necessary,
others, recourse
in the
good
good
early varieties,such
few
light,siliceous,or
rather
by cuttings, layers,or
in order
few
culture
for vine
of great
need
no
of
with
of
prospects
high temperature
the
Chasselas,and
south
situations
sheltered
spoilthe
often
rather
with
Single
spread
unless
frosts, and
it,spring
the
ripen
to
tantamount
hard
FRUIT
trench
a
is
depth
opened
of
the
om.30
depth
deep
the
at
wall
at
the
of from
In
the
other
Dwarf
side,and
on
the
the
south
shoot
m.
hand,
Tall
and
espalier,
or
Contrary
to
in
land
hot
Cordon
brought through
to
the
im.50,
wet
the
dry
Vines
the
the
the
vine
alternately
wall
plant
in order
is
placed in
practice, which
is buried
stem
planting is
soils
the
ancient
in
done
is
the
close
soil
to
planted on
the
the
at
manded
deom.50
foot of
north
Arranged
that
it may
be
trained
back
pruning of the first year consists in cutting the cane
better
of the
the soil,choosing the
two
to
lay the
shoot
be made
the plant : in case
of accident
the other
can
use
towards
formation
of
directed
the
following years, pruning is
the regulationof the shoots.
The
"
"
two
rather
wall
379
side.
Pruning.
to
and
is
of the
om.35.
or
utmost.
on
foot
FRANCE
IN
CULTURE
foundation
eyes
of
of.
For
the
the
frame,
and
above
THE
38o
The
best
and
growth,
at
1 1 cm.
cut
pinched
to
brittle.
In
leaf
above
training
When
the
it
potash manures,
vigour indispensable to
the
down
cut
just above
Pruning
incision
vine
back
bunch
the
in
be
must
of
vigour
it
productiveness.
soil.
This
care
Pruning
Vine
trained
up
to
gives
take
finer
the
place
bunches
of
to
even
to
are
to
are
the
restore
have
to
be
vigorous shoot,
Three
Shoot,
Years
sometimes
be
very
especiallywith
order
in
may
growth of
the
shoots
young
vine
om.6o
from
manured,
be
short
The
induces
the
must
back
pruned
shoots
other
grapes,
great
retard
to
should
it is necessary
every
year
buds.
Fruiting growths
two
to
with
work
shoots
the
Shoot
afterwards
is
Annular
late
spring, suflEiciently
The
frost.
cut
danger from
the
One-Year-Old
Vine
which
fruit
its
GARDEN
pruning
diminishes
vine
and
of
risk
eye.
have
borne
one
In
om.8o.
the
the
which
is
pruning
diminish
so
above
those
for
time
FRUIT
Old
of
the
weakened
and
grapes
one.
hastens
their
ripening.
Let
buds
are
look
alternate, and
to
the
that
formation,
it bears
and
fruit
on
find
we
the
that
shoots
in
which
the
are
vine
the
produced
The
cordons
are
year'sgrowth.
formed, of course, as each of
should
where
it
bifurcate
the
vines arrives at the height
into the T.
The
T.'s
form
of training are
formed
in the "Thomery"
by cutting to a bud at the
for the
height of the iron-wire, and
by taking the bud
immediately below
also
branch.
This
be
done
when
the
shoots
can
opposite
operation
are
by
wood
first
us
green.
The
of
one
formation
year
shoot
on
either
side
is taken.
The
shoots
from
are
om.15
om.i8
to
381
FRANCE
IN
CULTURE
FRUIT
apart.
palmates
Simple
Annular
ring
ViNE
Shoot
Pinched
Above
able
for walls
Method
The
for
shoot
those
of
beyond
which
do
are
bend
t
is
of
stopped
the
to
higher. The
of
Incision
bark
and
below
and
exceed
not
Forming
the
Leaf
Bunch
the
which
One
at
metres
Vine
cause
in
for
bud
shoots
are
the
set
to
alternate
and
height ;
bend
is
tissue
the bunch
moved
re-
hasten
Form
Thomeey
the
at
suit-
are
to
up
grow
at
of
this
from
palmates
Training
is then
oin.20
trained
to
in.
om.25
THE
382
from
each
other
taken
are
each
and
FRUIT
first is
the
according
year
cordons
Horizontal
at
GARDEN
soil.
the
One
shoots
two
or
vigour.
and
obtained
are
from
om.25
their
to
treated
in
the
same
simple
as
way
cordons.
As
in
for
varieties
with
produce fruit,and
to
successional
secure
vines
are
Of
for
This
shoots.
and
;
necessary
all these forms
the
Grapes
the
should
another
table
to
them
palmate
is
down
to
produces
much
should
be
in
eyes
fruit,but
trained
order
to
vigorous
is needed.
practical.
most
chiefly
two
much
manuring
far the
by
furnished
growth
one
cut
cultivation
secure
are
be
year
from
the
southern
regions,and
!^^
Another
Method
By
from
next
Conflans,
pinching
the
Forming
of
the
shoot
the
little below
neighbourhood
of
for
the
Thomery
the
training
and
Form
growths
two
Paris,especiallyfrom
of
the
Vine
from
Training
there.
districts
of
Thomery,
"c.
Thinning
the grapes, which
consists of removing with
the scissors the inner
close
too
are
berries,and of thinning those which
together,takes place at the
till mid- July.
It serves
end
of June, and
continues
hasten
the ripening,to
to
and
their
the size of the individual
increase
make
to
berries,
preservation easier.
should
Gathering
dried
them.
fresh
the
the
grapes
Bunches
water,
of
with
must
grapes
flasks and
to
fruit-rooms
a
be
can
are
good thing
moisture.
be
in dry rather
be done
Bunches
of
than
weather.
wet
or
preserved by placing them
racks,
suspending
by
upon
be kept by insertingthe stems
fresh grapes
in flasks of
can
little charcoal
in it to prevent
In
this case
decomposition.
in
length of shoot to fix them
gathered with a sufKcient
enable
to
them
more
even
burn
to
draw
necessary
little
very
up
Double
moisture.
for grapes
sulphur
now
than
and
for
partition walls
apples and
then
to
lessen
pears.
the
in
It is
pheric
atmos-
FRUIT
The
Chasselas
coloured
Blanc
excellent
Chasselas
yellow
Chasselas
Rose
thick, brown
round
pink
skin
Vibert.
filled
Royal).
fertile
stalk
shoots
skin
than
rather
less
stout,
long,
amber
and
transparent,
Chasselas
Dor^,
but
amber
Not
medium
Berry
shoots
rather
long,
medium
berry
compact;
sized, excellent
large, white
stalk
excellent
fairly fertile
vigorous,
very
round
large,
fertile
very
not
size,
mid-season.
Vigorous,
shouldered,
rather
berry
large, short
Larger
Rose
Berry
Malakoff.
DE
mid-season.
Sup^RIEUR.
Rose
Chasselas
well
quality
excellent
Chasselas
Due
not
berry
voRdixcax^ elongated,
and
mid-season.
(Chasselas
bunch
Vigorous,
Montauban.
de
quality
Dor^,
Chasselas
mid-season.
quality
Hatif
excellent
than
larger
rather
Berry
383
Culture
Open-air
for
Fontainebleau.
de
excellent
Chasselas
;
Royal.
large, elongated
plum-coloured
white
Varieties
quality
Dore
bunches
Best
FRANCE
IN
CULTURE
short
strong,
medium,
bunch
skin
mid-season.
mid-season.
shouldered,
white
golden
excellent
mid-season.
Foster's
Seedling,
White
shouldered,
excellent
rather
compact
violet
black
Madeline
skin
violet
cylindrical
PARC
ovoid;
bunch
medium
greenish
white
skin
large,
or
and
yellow
thick,
deep
strong,
round
large,
very
stalk
yellow
rather
long,
fertile
bunch
not
compact
very
berry
small,
Saumur.
Fertile
spherical
small,
bunch
shoots
rather
short, thin
stalk
shouldered,
large,
short,
skin
slender
golden
rather
compact
bunch
yellow
berry
early.
large,
mid-season.
(Schaous).
stalk
shoots
late.
Fertile
fertile
early.
de
berry
black
compact
thick
and
Vigorous,
short
berry
fertile; bunch
very
white
greenish
and
under
medium
golden,
rather
size,
large,
late.
Pr^COCE
MaLingre.
shouldered,
yellow
black
Versailles
DE
oblong,
size
berry
vigorous,
Very
d'Espagne.
Noir
spherical, deep
shouldered
excellent
Pr^coce
Muscat
small,
Noire.
elliptical
fertile
very
medium
vigorous,
Moderately
elongated,
large,
very
beautiful
under
mid-season.
Frankenthal.
bunch
Vigorous,
berry
very
golden
or
berry
fertile; bunch
very
small, ovoid
; stalk
vigorous,
Fairly
compact
medium
or
medium,
slender
cylindrical,
skin
early.
Classification
to
according
Time
Ripening
of
Early
Chasselas
Blanc
Madeline
Noire
Royal
de
Precoce
Saumur
Malingre
Mid-season
Chasselas
Hitif
Chasselas
Fontainebleau
Dore
de
Rose
Royal
Foster's
Rose
Supdrieur
Noir
White
de
d'Espagne
Vibert
Late
Frankenthal,
Due
de
Malakoff,
Pare
de
Montauban
Seedling
Versailles
greenish
CHAPTER
FRUIT
IN
CULTURE
By
culture
Fruit
although
with
Channel
the
orchards
in
for
cleared
the
at
vast
with
export
and
wending
of
well
land,
Nearly
markets.
This
be
to
with
by
money
and
if such
millions
little
mainland
with
for
taste
industry
and
we
than
would
such
the
spirit
produce
home
many
in
of
laden
vans
the
to
less, born
or
interest
better
surprised
that
much
land
rea;d
are
and
carts
so
advantage
great
Ireland,
supplied
better
less
and
of
the
who
islands
these
send
intelligent
their
to
item
cider
out
Many
astonished
is, more
remote
and
held
certainly
are
can
growth,
the
important
down,
cut
stream
quays
Islander
most
England
be
considerably
and
the
In
an
worse.
from
long
the
to
way
Channel
takes
in
flowers
witness
steady
steadily declining,
time
the
carefully cultivated,
proved
has
would
England
and
every
existed
spirit
who
their
and
cultivation,
islands.
like
visitors
was
been
for
and
export,
ruthlessly
for
changed
has
turn,
fruit, vegetables,
produce
patches
soil
its
of
volume,
its
in
for
has
This
and
long
startlingly rapid.
been
been
having
of
been
This
farmer.
culture.
early potato
has
has
ISLANDS
GROWER
cider, largely
times
recent
but,
prospects,
Islands
for
Island
more
ISLAND
channel
apples
of
CHANNEL
THE
development
its
culture
Channel
the
times
at
the
past
in
XXX
of
believe
the
if
encouraged,
were
she
is
at
present,
be
annually
for
paid
foreign produce.
THE
Figs
the
first
days large
from
trees
feet
for
grown
favour
great,
but
many
year.
owing
old
Some
now
grower
trained
effect
over
in
by
trees
roof.
restricting
of
for
excess
during
would
the
few
winter
trees
in
and
early
height
still
into
came
instances
course
This
very
doubt
no
of
months
actually
were
in
those
are
some
of
was
years.
valued
be
in
forcing
profit
of
after
now
these
glass, and
increase
died
In
varying
of
When
with
Islands,
fruit.
cut
the
out
time.
glass, however,
pot
grows
In
Many
season.
The
water
which
framework,
covered
treated
Channel
the
exported
we
back.
natural
were
so
lack
under
generally
the
its
trees
trees
trees
prices falling
to
in
at
before
wooden
the
in
grown
air,
over
feet
employed.
the
large
few
fruit
were
of
to
well
and
open
flat
6
large
these
largely caused
was
front
supplying
boilers
and
trained
the
of
the
in
course,
were
at
many
pipes
of
instance,
largely
been
always
have
FIG
the
of
plants,
latter
are
or
small
still
doing
trees
root-pruning
case
Generally
vigour.
384
well.
planted
is found
speaking,
But
on
to
the
the
have
crop
the
floor
new
and
excellent
may
be
386
THE
portion
of the
increased, and
grapes
selection
and
grading
of
the
6 tons;
and
in
increased.
and
in
In
so
increased, the
less.
feared
The
this
Former
not
to
These
other
In
on
In
the
1866
In
markets.
from
hold
hand,
In
sold
out
now
value
the
find
to
1859,
had
grapes
86 1, 9 tons,
of
of
the
question.
the
fruit
there, but
quantitiesrequired were
the
1864
the
the
market
It
the
so
prices
nificant
insig-
too
of
the
many
6d. and
for
report, which
states
all in
borders.
and,
tons,
prices were
lb.,the depreciation being attributed
tons
were
good prices being
sent,
quantity
1865
the
throughout
but
owing to
good grapes,
8d.
12
was
In
season,
of
instances
sent
obtained.
16
about
commencement
firm.
were
was
diminish
and
till the
month
prices continued
maintained
fruit,prices
were
good
1867 the season
opened well,
not
good
tons
in
attempt.
Quantities.
glutted
for
1857
fruit;
In
market
so
demand
see,
growers
1
greenhouses.
with
steady prices for good
salesmen
but owing to shippers and
grown,
and
were
prices
quently
conseoccasionallyglutted,
the
remunerative,
first-class
we
some
In
contempt.
Guernsey
So,
shipped,
fruit
realised
did
been
the
for
1855.
more
were
things would
Paris,hoping
visited
justifythe
to
other
of
state
have
not
was
with
and
of
demand
in
days, though
those
erection
market
in
sent,
were
regulatingof
original exporter
would
tons
the
exported
matters
with
tons,
the
having
these
that
being
were
overlooked
justifiedthe
This
fruit.
was
1858, ^\
i860, 7
in
sent;
were
tons
not
foolishlytreat
present
were
nearly
GARDEN
result
the
exported,
was
crop
FRUIT
Mr.
lb.
per
the number
lb.
to
2s.
to
scarcityof
per
season.
over-supply the
after remaining some
an
Crousaz
here
quotes
prices
days
market
that
from
of
houses
as
but
to
outside
many
allow
the
market,
are
a
planted
free
majority
and
in
and
inside
for
are
since,
Muscats
borders.
the
passage
still outside.
borders
in
all others
many
roots
Some
houses
to
either
were
grapes
much
When
cases
treated
were
inside
were
too
so.
have
or
ever,
how-
Now,
arched
outside
walls
so
borders,
first
cultivated
deep.
Then,
for
later.
FRUIT
many
taken
CULTURE
IN
troubled
growers
in this
THE
little how
CHANNEL
border
the
ISLANDS
made
was
but
now
387
more
is
care
and
have
been
tried.
The
nearly all methods
English
horticultural
has
been
read
local
the
and
he has tested
closely
press
by
grower,
carrion
hot-water
nearly everything suggested, from
to
pipes in the border ;
both
of these he has long since abandoned.
Vineries.
considered
Formerly lean-to houses were
best, but now
large
in favour.
A larger area
thus
be
of land can
span-roofed houses are the most
matter,
covered
at
less
for the
solid walls
Varieties.
The
than
expense
avoided.
building is thus
Of
of the
all
majority, however,
culture
is concerned.
following
Islands
in the
grown
Alicante, Gros Colmar, Gros
This
last is
conditions
Black
as
Maroc,
but
yet
be
the
among
is
results, there
be
may
many
this
firingare required,
wintry weather.
tried as
they appeared.
market
to
as
suitability
far
taken
to
to
standard
the
represent
of Alexandria,
Canon
Hall
Black
Muscat.
consider
the local
growers
variety,and hold that, space for
good
profitable
most
wall
heavier
been
so
in
expense
in cold
Muscat
Hambro\
Appley Towers, and
largely grown,
being peculiarlysuited
not
it will
space,
have
failures
proved
sorts
and
better
warmth
varieties
new
Considerable
piping
more
keep
have
The
lean-to.
the
course,
lean-to
Nearly
with
If
grapes.
the
is borne
hope
doubt
Canon
Hall
will
find
no
by
plenty of growers
its
culture.
take
At
the
view
it somewhat
to
as
a
ready
majority
up
present
will-o'-the-wispvariety."
Planting.
too
Formerly the canes
were
planted much
thickly (in some
inches
natural
result that
the
the
fruit grown
of
cases
was
15
apart), with
and
vines
the
the
ever,
howas
so
quality,
Now,
was
worse.
aged
quality
poor
in the majority of cases
this evil has been
is afforded
corrected
; more
space
each
still is required. But
the grower
room
although many
cane,
say that more
out
"
has
consider
to
of
crop
have
this
grapes
already fallen
the
cases
many
culture.
This
concerned,
been
the
become
grower
market.
have
for
that
been
not
cut
only use
introducing
of
of
the
grapes,
this
cultivation
introduced
gardener
the
to
the
Rev.
planted
with
wise
course
as
far
is that
to
tomato
to
over
about
were
undergo
the
is
grower
have
occasionally
the
as
they
grapes
who
ultimately
retailingcustomer,
may
this is poor
satisfaction
the
best article.
to
Though
the retail
it will be beneficial if it helps to increase
new
MELON
for
market
Channel
this
La
at
of
piping
the
grower.
melons, and
As
the
of
plants
James
we
cally
believe, practi-
Davis,
at
one
time
St.
the
were
time
was,
At
Martin's, Guernsey.
with
industry, small houses
employed, and the results were
larger span-roofed houses
on,
Favorita,
branch
new
plenty
purposes
by Mr.
Islands
J. Watson,
and
is
turned
houses
inferior
melons
the
of
commencement
of
into
the
vineries
more
THE
The
and
out
many
doubt
of
the
inferior
present
will
(1902)
winter
buyer
low
have
He
fair
must
prices of grapes.
a
inferior
the
of
indeed,
prices
grades
pay ;
they leave no profitto the producer, so that in
the
vinery
Without
means
of
so
vines
treatment.
same
with
the
or
went
trained
up
trellises almost
as
with
THE
388
had
larger spans
for very
;
and
in
system
grown,
than
but
small
While
tomatoes.
are
selected
form
In
the
the
instances
years
profit could
be
house
old
Golden
profitably,
though
following the
introduction
Prices
were
upon.
pricescommenced
melons
Davis,
less
profitsare
ones
new
many
still largely
are
the
failure
so
to
far
of melon
high
and
fall,
tried,
are
doubt
without
market,
for
steady, but
very
it is
profits
are
as
culture
and
not
now
as
unusual
good
more
to
hear
concerned.
first started
used
to
many
growers
several
shoots
from
taking
were
either
produced by
now
the
heat,
Perfection.
relied
bottom
Melons
is better.
several,and
are
grown
first grown
those
by Mr.
as
began the
growers
of a melon
crop being
When
small
very
for
good arrangement
Heavy crops were
varieties
same
of the
GARDEN
provision.
earlygathering the
many
formerly. The
most
had
houses
such
no
FRUIT
allow
plant
one
to
is still
This
it.
favoured
"
PEACHES
Peaches
and
nectarines
NECTARINES
AND
were
taken
soon
in
hand
the
by
when
grower
first
the
at
peach
was
fruit-growing industry was
early stages.
thought
the
vines
to
might be made
yield fruit while
growing.
Naturally, it
were
in
not
was
planted against the back walls, for in those days the span-roof was
favour
such
it is to-day. Peaches
and
almost
nectarines
as
were
entirelygrown
the
hard
and
pinched in summer,
on
single cordon
strictlykept as
system
cordons.
But
culture
such
not
was
a
consequently many
great success,
growers
allowed
extension
this very
the
to
more
growth, and
on
naturally led them
the most
trees
approved,
instances, fan-trained
To-day, in most
are
system.
and
and
for
without
doubt
their
is
and
more
rightlyso,
reliable,
yield
greater
life
of the trees
the
longer.
culture
commenced
Although peach and nectarine
was
so
early in the
Islands
diminution
Channel
This
it has, to
diminished.
a
large
degree,
very
fruit on
the
from
t
he
his
in
largelyarose
experienced
placing
difficulty
grower
the British
markets
in a sound
condition.
All methods
of packing were
tried,
but the uncertainty of safe and
sound
arrival
still existed, and
the culture
siderably
con-
in its
It
the
decreased.
popular, and
would
We
very
do
not
mean
probably
have
that
none
were
disappeared
had
grown,
it not
but
been
it got
for
less
the
FRUIT
CULTURE
introduction
valuable
of
the
entered
cases
ISLANDS
CHANNEL
THE
IN
fruit-packing cases
the
the
field,
389
When
(referredto elsewhere).
trouble
chief
far
so
these
deliveryw^as
safe
as
gradually disappeared, w^ith the result that the culture of peaches and
is yearly more
favoured
He
Island
has
by the Channel
grower.
plenty of sunshine, and a soil suited to the requirements of the peach except
that
Islands
it contains
lime.
soil shows
but a
no
(The analysisof Channel
of lime ; it is,indeed, imported
from
for
trace
England
building purposes.)
concerned
nectarines
But
for the
except
well
under
very
from
uncertain
no
life
early spring
Christmas
is thus
size and
best
are
highly
climate
the
would
wrong
and
should
be
been
have
for
thing
in the
have
to
are
probably
and. varied
such
culture
these
fails
Islands
such
than
air
as
of
are
PEAR
and
years,
many
in
fact, they
chosen.
THE
Pears
at
nectarine
peach
of
unreliable
season.
nectarines
and
culture
unusual
no
for culture
suited
coloured
is
welcome
be
the
to
peaches
grow
is very
It
months.
at
can
glass,"for, as a matter
air.
Open-air
open
the
favourable
Guernsey.
Early varieties
good
in
which
encouraged
distinctlymore
be
"under
say
grown
that
than
cause
and
at
Plant
to
when
other
late winter
weather
We
glass.
Islands
lime, the
of
absence
are
well
still,very
in
grown
the
Islands.
Channel
This
is
so
particularly
more
in the
extensivelygrown
devoted
to
in
than
attention
have
pears
much
the culture
has of late received
Jersey,where
Chaumontel
the
was
Formerly
Guernsey.
variety
latter island, but
walls
that
now
formerly were
many
the
have
and
trees
greenhouses against them
pear
in
disappeared.
their
From
THE
The
has
tomato
of fruit culture
it is true,
only
but
for the
before
years
Potatoes
when
growers
to
Williams',
as
for
market.
for
on,
goes
be given all it
TOMATO
played certainlythe
in the
way
started
most
Islands.
Channel
the
with
important
part
in
the
It did
initiate
the
not
object in
they would
English markets, they knew
benefit
material
could
for
hope
they
any
of
view
have
from
to
growing
wait
their
ment
developindustry,
two
or
grapes
three
outlay.
floors
of
the
FRUIT
THE
390
GARDEN
growers
found
was
that
good
very
built
it became
prices for
easy, while
for market
with
purposes
Land.
Buying
what
in
and
property,
annual
the
charge
capital from
the
offer it
may
Of
course,
prospects
from
is
which
annual
paid
ruled
much
answers
a
owner
^i
of
landowner,
If he
to
the
the
for land
prices asked
in comparison
high
very
were
he
or
may
of
of
that
houses
glass-
is
the
system
mortgage
sterling secured
But
repayment
as
this
of
this
wheat-rent,
his
any
and
conditions
the
on
long
so
in
bought
be
as
security to
such
under
could
realise
to
sell his
months
range
demand
wishes
few
it
capital.
debtor.
the
cannot
tomato.
purpose
20
were
And
wheat-rent
same
of
by
holder
land.
the
the
capitalvalue
payment
of
The
some
vines
the
start
land
the
to
(after the
houses
not
was
crop
occurred
remarkably good
so
high, to
Quarters.
or
wheat-rent
the
within
were
little actual
It represents
England.
in
returns,
tomatoes
Wheat-rents
Islands
Channel
the
does
obtained
be
indeed,
comparatively
frequently happened that
It
locallycalled
are
The
glass-house.
could
return
having
the
other
he
buyer.
with
such
treatment.
ordinary agricultural
with
the
or
only require an acre
so, he was
its agriculturalvalue
he
:
even
he
was
supposing its agriculturalletting value
j, lOS. an acre
per annum,
would, by buying in wheat-rent, be willing to undertake
to
^15
annum
per
pay
in perpetuity, but he reallyoften
paid ,7.0. The
quantity of land he required
little that he deemed
himself
safe in paying for the accommodation.
was
so
Building.
the land, then
the
came
Having secured
question of building
The
if the
houses.
serious
not
was
however, was
a
man
difficulty,
grower
considered
Timber
hand
be reliable.
merchants
take
at
to
to
were
some
ready
risk,and the glassmerchant
well, with the result that the grower
as
frequently
found
himself
selling
himself
as
and
ground
good
results
to
then
occurred.
sure
Advent
many
after
time
as
houses
went
built
were
of
at
Tomatoes
diseased, and
uncertain
and
the
replacingwith
surface
year
very
soil and
successful,but
perfect hotbed
That
to
which
become
this
of
was
disease.
not
grower
in
and
crop
Of
the
their
of
the
the
first
were
to
This
of
show
which
culture
could
be
good profits,
the
meant
final
and
their
all that
stalling
in-
pretty
on
opportunities
days
continued
of
cost
was
beginnings
the
results
the
crop
same
result that
fresh
soil
certain
cure.
course,
some
paid
the
tomato-growing only.
soil,with
year
had
moment
were
this
he
high
trace
can
right
houses,
and
on,
for
to-day
the
same
in
the
prices were
floors of the
the
on
before
even
While
growers
many
Disease.
of
but
tomatoes
taking advantage
always planted
wished
his
grower.
were
tried,and
And
soils
in
gave
in many
time
the
out
sooner
cases
proved
soil became
than
others.
UJ
:3
-J
IS
o
THE
392
The
tomatoes.
that
who
grower
advantage of
the
is
if the
OTHER
The
Channel
fruit and
to
Island
vegetables in
have
demand
part
crop
in money
in the dull
late autumn
is from
the
bring
the
repeat
we
character
of
the
establishment,
and
other,
in
goes
markets, will
British
the
his
such
care,
when
season
the
fair-sized
under
But
this.
he
this is
by
CROPS
on
under
do
to
he
market-grower, though
other
some
has
grower
and
system
one
able
not
entirely with
rests
system
So
under
GARDEN
hard
forces
either
follows.
which
summer
FRUIT
is
These
flowers.
as
there
strongly for
generally be found
most
no
found
are
This
to
season
He
therefore
early spring.
grows
and
in some
arum
freesias,narcissi,and some
lilies,
foliageplants,as asparagus,
instances
be
smilax, which, under
regarded as a profitable
good culture, may
in pots is frequently made
follow
to
plant. Smilax
an
early tomato
crop.
Arum
also
follow
the
lilies
to
tomatoes.
are
largely grown
Formerly
made
with
this plant,but now
have
good profitswere
more
very
growers
many
taken
the culture, and
lower
Some
the prices are
and
the
profitssmaller.
up
the
others
drying-ofF system, giving the plants a rest, while
approve
growers
the
whole
But
in
the
the
to
prefer
keep
plants growing
season
even
through.
latter
the
while
plants
the
case
spring
in
flower
the
and
planted
due
blooms
well
are
in
making
and
boxes
wooden
be
in
had
front
or
is taken
with
and
that
into
out
air
open
standing
themselves
side
out-
stances.
circum-
to
frequent complaints
hear
we
the
lots
such
see
adapt
to
earthenware
square
a
new
they
purposes
They
pans.
induced
to
usually
are
require
start
so
as
to
be
to
secure
When
autumn.
glass,and after
early in the
lean-to
to
severe
season
bloom
lightsof
sight
treatment
following.
for forcing
largelygrown
;
placed under
as
turned
are
effort
strong
this
to
the
plants
unusual
no
it be
rest, though
It is
bud.
probably
scarcity of
Freesias
receive
prices fall,the
greenhouses
It is
of the
do
and
comes
and
winter
to
or
year.
span-roof greenhouses
beneath
the
vines, and
if
care
well.
watering they bloom
Narcissi
in boxes, planted early in the
are
chiefly grown
kept
summer,
outside
till thoroughly well rooted, then
under
forced
and
placed
according
glass
to
the
This
circumstances.
Island
will
grower
Spanish
others
The
are
irises
colours
and
are
planted
profitson
on
irises
bulbs
is
probably
are
which
branch
of
flower
culture
which
the
Channel
increase
future.
considerably in the near
also
boxed
and
forced,
some
are
largely;
grown
very
of
cold
the
floors,mostly
{i.e.unheated) grape-houses.
The
essential
thing is to have distinct
very variable.
will yield a large percentage
of flowers, otherwise
a
loss is certain.
Chrysanthemums
grown,
some
of
entirely in
varieties
the
open
suited
air ;
to
market
others
in
purposes
the
open
are
are
also
lifted
largely
in
the
FRUIT
CULTURE
while
autumn,
some
in
pots
good deal
full enough.
his hands
consideration
Cypripedium insigne is
growers.
representative collection
suited
fruit-growing for
diiKcultythat
faced
the
to
Southampton or
passage
After
the
in which
seeing
way
steamer,
to
destination
suppose
other
than
companies
had
that
he
had
largely
the
summer
Channel
some
but
the
in
produce
such
and
Island
have
some
fairly
his fruit
Weymouth,
after
is not
in
trade.
commenced,
when
sea
of
393
CASES
market
grower
labour
largelygrown,
most
FRUIT
When
of culture
of
hands
the
at
cut-flower
to
ISLANDS
last mode
The
in pots.
has
grower
CHANNEL
necessitates
receiving
are
THE
grown
are
followed, growing
the
months, when
Orchids
IN
addition
hurled
was
treatment
into
fruit
the
hold
the
could
of
arrive
the
its
at
would
be absurd.
Then
the railway
seriouslyblemished
basket
of
charge of so much
heavy or
per
grapes,
the
the basket
contained
light. Two
was
shillingseach
price, and whether
hmit
of 28 lbs.
believe,a maximum
always 2s., with, we
7 lbs. or 27 lbs.,it was
It
is safe
uniform
say that
grape-growing would
conditions
these
till now,
continued
Channel
Island
almost
have
disappeared. It was
long felt that some
the
situation,and ultimately Mr.
urgently required to save
could
be placed
J. H. Parsons, of Guernsey, invented
large fruit cases, wherein
number
shallow
of
baskets
choice
a
containing
fruit,freshlygathered, and conveyed
London
To
undisturbed.
this invention
to
safelybe credited the
may
Island
of the Channel
He
success
now
places his goods in the
grape
grower.
hands
in open
of the local forwarding agents
baskets, and he knows
they have
of
in
the
condition
he left
chance
same
practically
arriving
as
possible
every
result
them.
idea
with
the
So good an
imitations,
naturally produced many
fruit cases
of a somewhat
similar type.
that to-day there are
They are,
many
however, no
longer restricted to grapes, but are used for all kinds of choice
better
had
to
system
was
produce.
FUEL
The
item.
fuel
The
This
grower
evil
prices have
1
is often
the
Islands
called
for
to
upon
6s. 8d.
has
up.
gone
to
during
grown
8s. per
few
ton,
the
years
whereas
last
ago
past
per
change
ton,
in this
benefit, we
years.
be
serious
very
where
the
And
find
there
is
though
growing
up
consensus
to
the
former
all growers
consider
an
have
Growers'
Association
matter.
As
Welsh
the
to
bought free on
occasionally runs
up
unfair
which
Guernsey
the
few
it
now
is
purposes
pay
it could
even
2s.
cultural
his
coal.
anthracite
at
in
consumed
local
they
now
of
dues
the
wharfage
For
several
diligentlyto
worked
have
opinion
quays
35s. and
to
harbour
island
tax.
coal
the
received
among
the
and
is
years
secure
no
actual
governing
THE
394
bodies
of the
burden
For
be
to
pay
The
did
growers
authorities
still further
tax
production
value
grower
views
margin
of
of
with
side.
The
had
additional
an
Great
from
exported
been
have
without
the
is
any
time
in
entirelyswept away,
situation
is certainlyone
the
governing
likelythat
certainlywould
burden
by having
Britain.
from
was
relief.
of
The
better
tax
future
near
of
cost
demands
the
his present
balance
This
prospects.
when
give place to
which
this
but
and
be
the
disallowed.
for
to
it is
exempt
promise
gradually
continue
to
by
and
This
they
approached, but the claim
the
justifies
grower's plea
produce
apprehension the
profit may
afforded.
be
would
hope
wise
not
Association,
has
grower
all coal
gradually increasing,
is
market
were
on
relief will
it is
industry taken
Growers'
local
of late the
as
that
fruit-growing
the
the
material
some
local
additional
wrong
of
to
shillingduty
one
home
The
are
welcome,
the
great
view
GARDEN
public in general
industry.
the
due
future
near
most
the
wider
the
thanks
in the
and
heavily this
so
bodies
island
FRUIT
the
on
serious
most
and
consideration.
generous
PROSPECTS
Tv/enty
floated,and
so
or
years
in the
ago
number
quite a
majority of
cases
were
of
companies
liability
limited
disappointments
sore
the
to
were
unfortunate
shareholders,
and
with
very
few
disappointment,
the
and
the
disappointment
may
not
be
the
It
is the
s,erious part
most
of
venture.
The
French
fattens
the
master
has
ox,"
an
have
and
eye
by
and
which
proverb
deduction
is
If
fattening the ox.
you
Channel
Islands,you must
and not
by proxy.
it is
willing
make
at
the
to
up
same
use
"
says,
advice
prudent
had
it,he
mind
your
time
make
to
better
to
start
up
master's
say,
that
that
eye
unless the
your
mind
to
work
self,
your-
thorough and
of failure through lack of these qualities
honest
with
himself, but the
refrain
is so abundant
in the Islands, that we
from
cannot
giving expression to
little capital,plenty of energy
the above
facts.
and
A
diligence,may
bring
but
without
the diligence and
much
application of the prosuccess,
prietor
money
is in imminent
condition
a
danger of being lost. Insolvency is not
unknown
Island
the Channel
instances
exist where
fruit-growers; jnany
among
other
lack
have
failed
than
the
of those
men
cause
signally
through no
apparent
It
which
make
the
business
is
safe
to
to
success.
qualities
are
a
say,
necessary
himself
that unless the grower
he
had
better by far abandon
can
depend upon
We
have
no
desire
to
daunt
any
evidence
one
who
is
prepared
to
be
2;'
2;
-J
I/)
to
HI
2;
o
3J
FRUIT
the
of
idea
of
it
themselves
to
in
than
time
the
is
is
grower
it.
who
as
certain
that
the
the
margin
of
caution
All
is
willing
be
can
to
work.
future,
profit
by
said
of
it
past
the
so
has
now
now
has
that
passed
its
golden
putting
offers
cases
will
places
weak
will
it
many
future,
contemplate
is
395
shown
near
declines
who
those
the
and
industry
The
required
that
If
Islands.
these
ISLANDS
CHANNEL
THE
numbers.
greater
ever
into
quite
for
more
even
and
in
fruit-growing
failure
more
IN
CULTURE
good
duce
proshow
days,
money
living
As
further
aid
fruits,
hardy
outline
Peaches,
they
of
the
Unless
fruits
it
drawings
from
are
which
with
they
to
exact
drawings
"c.,
made.
outline
these
of
size
culture.
ordinary
size
rich
actual
the
stated,
same
in
the
show
given
were
the
Strawberries,
otherwise
the
fore
there-
cultivated
together
taken
from
not
which
when
when
is
do
to
Nectarines,
be
may
and
prepared
and
size
attain
soil
Those
Cherries,
been
the
represent
of
Plums,
fruits,
orchard-grown
will
following
the
useful.
have
varieties
that
of
prove
Pears,
Gooseberries
garden
hoped
will
drawings
Apples,
of
is
it
identification
the
to
the
fruits
398
APPLES
Allen's
Everlasting
AllingtonPippin
Beauty of Bath
399
Annie
Baumann's
Red
Elizabeth
Winter
Reinette
APPLES
400
Beauty
Belle
of
Kent
Pontoise
APPLES
401
Bismarck
lenheim
Orange
2
402
APPLES
Braddick's
Nonpareil
Seedling
Braraley's
Brownlee's
Russet
APPLES
403
Calville
Calville
Blanche
Malingre
404
APPLES
APPLES
Claygate Peannain
Cockle's
Cornish
Gilliflower
Pippin
APPLES
Cox's
Orange
407
Pippin
Cox's
D'Arcy
Spice
Pomona
APPLES
4o8
Devonshire
Duchess
Duke
Quarrenden
of
Oldenburg
of Devonshire
APPLES
409
4IO
APPLES
"
APPLES
411
Golden
Golden
Reinette
Spire
412
APPLES
Gravenstein
Grenadier
Codlin
APPLES
414
Hormead
Hubbard's
Pearmain
Pearmain
Irish
Peach
APPLES
415
James
Grieve
Kerry
Keswick
Codlin
Pippin
APPLES
APPLES
417
4i8
APPLES
Lord
Burghley
Lord
Derby
APPLES
419
Lord
Grosvenor
Lord
Suffield
APPLES
420
Margil
Mere
de
Menage
422
APPLES
Newton
Norman's
Wonder
Pippin
APPLES
Peasgood's Nonesuch
424
APPLES
Red
Juneating
APPLES
425
Ribston
Rosemary
Pippin
Russet
Ross
Nonpareil
426
APPLES
Roundway
Graham's
Magnum
Royal
Bonum
Jubilee
APPLES
427
Royal
Late
Cooking
Sandringham
428
APPLES
430
APPLES
Stone's
Striped
Apple
Beaufin
APPLES
431
'S.
a.
a,
a.
O
V
B
B
432
APPLES
Tower
of
Glamis
Wagener
APPLES
Waltham
Abbey
Warner's
433
Seedling
King
2
APPLES
434
B
o
APPLES
435
White
Transparent
Winter
Queening
APPLES
436
Worcester
The
Pearmain
Barberry
CHERRIES
438
Nouvelle
Royale
Old
Black
Heart
CHERRIES
439
St. Margaret's
FIGS
44CO
Bourjasotte Grise
Osborn's
Prolific
Malta
Negro
Largo
FIGS
441
St.
White
Ischia
John's
White
Marseilles
Green
Hedgehog
Warrington
Bright
GOOSEBERRIES
SMALL-FRUITED
442
Venus
(white, ^ size)
Cheshire
Lass
(white)
Yellow
(red)
Yellow
Ball
Red
Champagne
Champagne
Crown
Bob
(red, i size,
Large-fruited)
GOOSEBERRIES
LARGE-FRUITED
Lord
Derby
Rifleman
Lady
(red,J size)
(red,J size)
Leicester
(white, i size)
Bobby
(red,J size)
Napoleon
Smith's
Lancer
the
Great
(red,4 size)
Nonpareil(white,J size)
(white,J size)
Dan's
Mistake
Lancashire
Lad
Careless
Alma
(red,J size)
(red,J size)
(white,J size)
(white,J size)
LARGE-FRUITED
444
Criterion
(yellow, J size)
Telegraph
Leader
(green)
(yellow,i size)
GOOSEBERRIES
High
Sheriff
Langley
Leveller
(yellow, J size)
Beauty
(yellow)
(yellow, i size)
446
MEDLARS
Dutch
Royal
Medlar
Medlar
NECTARINES
Cardinal
Humboldt
447
Early
Lord
Rivers
Napier
448
NECTARINES
Newton
Rivers'
Pineapple
Orange
Victoria
PEACHES
449
Beliegarde
2
PEACHES
450
Early Alfred
PEACHES
Late
Devonian
451
+5-
PEACHES
Peach
Nectarine
Prince
of
Wales
454
PEACHES
Sea
Eagle
Stirling Castle
PEACHES
455
Violet
te
H^tive
Waterloo
Walburton
Admirable
456
PEARS
Beacon
Bergamotte
Esperen
PEARS
457
Bellissime
d'Hiver
458
PEARS
Beurr^
Diel
PEARS
459
Beurr^
Fouqueray
460
PEARS
Beurre
Jean
van
Geert
462
PEARS
Clapp's
Favourite
PEARS
Conseiller
de
la
Cour
463
464
PEARS
Doyenn^
Boussoch
PEARS
Dr.
Jules Guyol
2
PEARS
Durondeau
PEARS
Fondante
de
Thirriot
467
PEARS
Glou
Morceau
470
PEARS
Marguerite
Marillat
PEARS
Marie
Louise
471
PEARS
472
Passe
Crassane
Olivier
de
Serres
PEARS
Pitmaston
Duchess
473
PEARS
474
Souvenir
du
Congr^s
PEARS
475
C^
Triomphe
de
Vienne
476
PEARS
Verulam
478
PEARS
winter
Nelis
Z^phirin Gregoire
PLUMS
Denniston's
Superb
479
Diamond
PLUMS
Green
Ga"e
Kirke's
PLUMS
President
2
PLUMS
482
Sultan
The
Czar
PLUMS
Shropshire
Damson
483
The
Myrobelle
or
Cherry
Plum
QUINCE
48+,
The
Pear-Shaped
Quince
486
AND
LOGANBERRY
The
WINEBERRY
Wineberry
STRAWBERRIES
Auguste
British
487
Aaguste
Nicaise
Queen
Black
Nicaise
British
Queen
While
early
Black
Countess
^Qfg_
Strawberries vary
shaped,
greatly in
later
ones
are
size
Prince
Prince
Countess
and
small and
shape.
round
or
oval.
The
fruits
two
of
some
types
are
varieties
therefore
are
shown.
large
and
wedge-
STRAWBERRIES
488
Dr.
Dumbarton
Castle
Eleanor
Hogg
Dumbarton
Eleanor
Castle
STRAWBERRIES
489
Elton
Filbert
Pine
Pine
Fillbasket
Fillbasket
STRAWBERRIES
490
Frogmore
Givon's
Late
Late
Prolific
Kitley's Goliath
Pine
Frogmore
Givon's
Late
Pine
Late
Kitley's Goliath
Prolific
STRAWBERRIES
491
La
Grosse
Latest
The
of
Laxton
Sucree
All
La
Grosse
Latest
The
of
Laxton
Sucrfe
All
STRAWBERRIES
492
Louis
Newton
Gautier
Seedling
President
Louis
Newton
Gautier
Seedling
President
STRAWBERRIES
494
Vicomtesse
Sir
Charles
Sir
Joseph
H^ricart
de
Napier
Sir
Sir
Paxton
Thury
de Thury
Vicomtesse^^H^ricart
Napier
Charles
Joseph
Paxton
TroUope's
Victoria
STRAWBERRIES
495
Waterloo
Walluff
Hautbois
Waterloo
Walluff
Hautbois
496
STRAWBERRIES
Alpine
Strawberries
INDEX
fruit
America,
Anona
culture
Cherimolia,
A.
207;
Apparatus,
Apple,
stock,
207
as
5;
main,
12
Bath,
of
Pippin,
of
Bess
Pool,
Bismarck,
Pippin
21
18
Bielo
Blenheim
Borovitsky
Brownlee's
13;
16
10
Calville
Malingre,
Calville
15
Gowrie,
18
Pippin,
Countess
Warwick,
of
Cox's
10
Crimson
19
10
11
Early
Victoria,
Early
Essex
T.
9 ;
II
11
Constantine,
Codlin,
12
Crimson
;
Irish
Peach,
12
11
Grieve,
12
Keswick
John
13
Acre
King's
Beauty,
London
Major,
13
Lord
Lord
13
22
13
Derby,
Hindlip,
22
Giant,
Lord
18
12
of
13
for
for
cordons,
26
Apricot,
park,
17
29;
29
24
20
Queening,
gardens,
best,
recent
duction,
intro-
of
eight
of,
27
under
19
planting,
ment,
treat-
summer
fruits,
the
best,
19
26
enemies,
blossom,
Favourite,
Pearmain,
larger
gardens,
thinning
for
insect
the
lington,
Wel-
Pearmain,
Winter
selections
Blenheim,
29
25
glass,
Large
Boulbon,
29
Breda,
29;
Frogmore
Hemskerk,
;
Early,
;
small
pruning,
13
Lord
23
18
Nonpareil,
27
training
;
;
varieties,
28
13
14
the,
and
;
for
protecting
20
purposes,
OuUin's
2g
29
29
Kaisha,
;
Shipley's,
Peach,
29
Grosse
Large
29;
Moorpark,
Early
Early
28;
Early,
29;
Peach,
17
profitable,
market,
special
Grosvenor,
Suffield,
Ingestrie,
Yellow
Apricot,
23
the
13
Seedling,
Lord
19
15
King,
Winter
;
Venus'
Court,
; Worcester
19;
17
Warner's
Williams'
22
Pippin,
; White
15;
Quarrenden,
; Woodstock
21
James
Albert,
Burghley,
13;
14
Henniker,
Loddington
Winter
13
18
Wealthy,
19;
Greening,
ig
for
10
18
Bill,
Queen,
Walmer
Calville,
'IVansparent,
Hereford
Pippin,
Winter
19;
18
17
Pippin,
Duck's
Glamis,
Seedling,
; White
White
Apples
Grenadier
King
Prince
Lord
Due
Grand
Wagener,
Abbey
22;
of
17
Pippin,
The
9;
Castle,
Beaufin,
Golden
14
Seaton
Stirling
Sussex
Tower
Waterloo
18;
;
Spire,
County,
Lady
22
10
17
Selina,
Sturmer
St.
Lincolnshire
10;
Wonder,
13
10
Summer
Peach,
16
17
Striped
10
Newton
18
Cup
Pippin,
Tompkin's
Lane's
13
18
; Summer
Pippin,
Pearmain,
Kerry
King,
12
Irish
Quarrenden,
Waltham
18
17
Late
Russian,
Queen,
South
Ribston,
Apple,
Calville,
12
Farther,
7
Ross
Royal
Nonpareil,
no
Spring
7;
Tompkins,
Golden
Seedling,
11
of
Pippin,
Langley
11;
12
King
Sudeley,
Lady
12
Peel,
;
11
Hormead
Jackson's
Codlin,
Pippins,
Clyde,
12
Pearmain,
12
13
Seedling,
Hambling's
11
Golden
17
Seek
du
Bonum,
Saltmarsh's
Scarlet
Red
16
16
Ribston
Sandringham,
;
;
Worcester,
Stone's
Taylor's
Fish,
Gold
;
22
Gravenstein,
Queening,
Hubbard's
11
Pearmain,
Winter
Golden
11
de
11
Medal,
Reinette,
Golden
11
Seedling,
England,
of
Gold
of
Alexander,
Pippin,
Scarlet
Seedling,
Emperor
Fearn's
Glory
Tasmania,
Noble,
10
10
Transparent,
Ecklinville
;
17;
Summer
Crofton,
Early
Early
;
11
Gascoigne's
Gilliflower,
of
22
Russet,
Spice,
18
15
House,
Striped
18;
16
Seward
17
10
16
Magnum
Pearmain,
Apple,
Sanspareil,
11
Russet,
Graham's,
15
Prince
Reinette
Dor^e,
Russet
Pippin,
Pippin,
g;
Devonshire,
of
18;
Margaret,
Egremont
D.
10
Pomona,
Harvey,
Sack
Edmund's
21
Spice,
Dr
; Duke
Seedling,
Red
Cox's
D'Arcy
10
Queening,
10;
Oldenburg,
of
Dumelow's
12
Quarrenden,
Duchess
10;
10
Jubilee,
16
Peter
Quarantine,
12
Roundway
Calville,
Rosemary
13
Pomme
Seedling,
Stubbard,
Reinette
16
Royal
Red
15
Cooking,
o'
Ross,
15
15
Pearmain,
Cowarne
Pippin,
Quoining,
Devonshire
12
Orange
Clifton
Nonesuch,
9 ;
Cornish
Gilliflower,
g;
16
Carse
; Chas.
Christmas
Pearmain,
Cockle's
15
Juneating,
15
;
Bismarck,
Red
15
Newton
13
Pippin,
12
Greening,
Pott's
Prince's
Pearson's
Prince
15
Nonesuch,
10
13
17
Pippin,
Nonpareil,
Pearmain,
Pomona,
22
Nonpareil,
22
Pike's
Quoining,
Pippin,
Reinette,
;
Albert,
Canada,
Jubilee,
16
15
Prince
Hal],
Preco9e,
Pippin,
Pippin,
Wonder,
Claygate
11;
Rouge
Grise,
pareil,
Non-
Blanche,
Canadian
9 ;
Carey
Bunyard's
Calville
Cellini
Chelmsford
9
Hill
Brayton
Phillimore,
House,
Northern
Winter
15
Mother
Mr.
Niton
Peasgood's
14
Great,
18
Paroquet,
14
Norman's
Old
9 ;
22
14
14
Wonder,
Nutmeg,
Edward,
Gladstone,
22
Margaret,
Manage,
Wonder,
Ontario,
10
21
Bow
Calville
d'Hiver,
Rouge
Cardinal,
21
8;
Wonder,
Red,
Braddick's
Seedling,
Russet,
Byford
Wilts,
Ben's
Boradawka,
Bramley's
Orange,
of
Beauty
Pontoise
,
21
Beauty
14
de
Beauty,
the
Mr.
Wonder,
Pear-
Beauty,
Reinette,
Kent,
Belle
17;
AUington
7;
Arundel
Mtre
Normanton
11
; Barnack
10
Winter
Beauty
14
Norfolk
Custard,
Alexander,
Everlasting,
Red
Beefing,
11;
The
i;
Elizabeth,
Baddow
Paradise
Pearmain,
14
Newton
15
Allen's
Baumann's
21;
213
Annie
7;
Margil,
Apple,
walls,
on
Pearraain,
6;
Pippin,
ticulata,
re-
14
pruning,
Golden,
Alfriston,
', A.
208
207
cordon
Adam's
Apple,
Mannington's
muricaia,
301
summer
The
; A.
squamosa,
heating,
the,
in, 305
208
29
29
Syrian,
2
New
Early,
Large
Preco9e
29
Moor-
Pdche,
de
INDEX
498
the, 211
Banana,
Barberry, the, 30
Bars, water,
303
Blackberries
Red,
allied
and
30 ;
Lucretia,
; Whitewash
30
Bush
Channel
30
Wilson
the,
of
Prune
301
160
Shepherd's
Cheshire
Prolific
Hereford
White
shire
Shrop-
or
Farleigh
Damson,
Prolific
160
208
Kaki,
Diospyros
EriobotT-ya japonica
Ugni, 215
Eugenia
in the,
Fig,
; The
Morello,
tree,
; trees
39
planting, 37;
protection from
37;
38
diseases,
39;
walls
for
insect
40;
walls,
protecting
birds,
38 ;
on
enemies,
under
and
Heart,
Black
Bigarreau,
; Black
Coe's
Carnation,
42
Tartarian,
42;
45 ; Cleveland
45 ; Duchesse
Bohemian
Bigarreau,
de
Palluau,
42;
45
Windsor,
bush
trees,
44
for
for
various
pruning,
positions,
33;
34 ; garden,
35 ; the best, 41
orchards,
33;
33
the, 51
varieties,
the, 45
apple,
blackberries,
315;
chestnut,
Transcendent,
citron,
the
almond,
322
sweet,
berries,
321 ;
; citrus
the,
cherry,
fruits,
rants,
curcranberry, the, 320;
321 ; date, 323 ; figs, 323 ; filberts, 325 ;
fruit culture
under
326;
glass, 325 ; fruit storage,
eases
disfruits, miscellaneous
tender,
224
; fungus
and
insects,
gooseberries,
325 ;
320 ;
huckleberry, 321;
juneberry, 321;
317;
grape,
lemon,
tarine,
neckumquat,
322;
322;
mango,
324;
; peach,
311
324
309 ;
; nuts,
; olive, 323
pineapple, 324;
plum,
325;
pear,
312;
pecan,
322
; quince, 316 ; raspberry, 320
;
313 ; pomelo,
vine
in California, 318 ; walnut,
strawberry,
319;
Fruit
in
nectarines,
392
325
the
384 fig,
and
peaches
tomato,
389 ; other
Channel
Islands,
melon,
385;
388 ; pear, 389
grape,
crops,
324;
Persian,
culture
384;
; fruit cases,
393
387;
;
;
fuel, 393
prospects,
394-
culture
in France,
apples,
cherry, 348;
371
the black, 48
Currant,
Currants, red and
white, 46 ; culture, 46 ; pruning,
best
black
46 ; the
Baldwin's,
49 ; Black
Carter's
Naples,
Boskoop
Giant,
49 ;
49 ;
Champion,
Bud, 49 ; Mammoth,
49 ; Green
49 ;
best
red
Bud,
Maple,
49 ; White
49 ; the
Red, 49 ; Cherry, 50 ; Chiswick
Red,
Champagne
Cornet,
Defiance,
50;
50;
50 ; Fay's Prolific, 50;
VerCastle, 50; La
Fertile, 50; La
Houghton
Dutch,
saillaise, 50 ; Late
Victoria,
50 ; May's
Moore's
Dutch
Red, 50 ;
Seedling, 50 ; New
50;
Prince
Albert, 50 ; Raby
Castle, 50 ; the Scotch
325
cocoanut,
321;
Fruit
45
305
apricot, 315;
320
; blueberry,
307;
319;
the
290
in America,
culture
the, 205
protection,
tion,
56; training, 55; varieties, the best, 57 ; ventila56
BourBlack
Ischia,
Fig, Angelique,
58;
57;
wick,
Turkey,
jasotte Grise, 57 ; Brown
57 ; BrunsRouge,
58;
D'Agen,
58; Gourand
57;
Bianca,
Madeleine,
58 ; Malta, 57 ; Monaco
57 ;
Largo,, 58 ;
Nagronne,
58 ; Nebian, 58 ; Negro
Osborne's
de
Mel,
Prolific,
Pingo
58;
58;
St.
Reculer,
Singleton,
John's, 58;
58;
58;
de
Violette
Bordeaux,
Sepor, 58;
58; Violette
White
Ischia, 58 ; White
Marseilles,
58
Figs, the best, 57
Filberts, 92
fruit culture
in, 326
France,
324;
Citrus
spraying,
215
cultural
the second,
notes
57;
crop,
under
fertilisation, 57 ;
glass, 54;
thinning the fruit,
pruning, 54;
54;
culture
53;
Fruit
45
35
384
31
Black
Crops,
White
Versailles,
212
King,
Bradley's
Frogmore
glass, 41
de
Belle
Belle
Cherry, Archduke,
Choisy, 41;
41;
de Montreuil,
d'Orl^ans, 41 ; Belle de
45 ; Belle
Belle Francoville,
St.Tronc,45;
45 ; Bigarreaude
Mezel,
42 ; BigarreaudeSchreken,45
; Bigarreau
de
Noir
Guben,
Jaboulay,
Bigarreau
42;
45;
Bigarreau Noir de Schmidt,
Eagle 45 ;
45 ; Black
Citron,
the, 160
Damson,
Damson,
fruit culture
Islands,
tree,
; varieties
Cherries
50
protecting, 47
Cherry, the, 32
of
36; form
the
blossom,
under
glass,
40
Blanche
Grosse,
160
fruits,
Checker
Lawton,
30;
betacea,
Cyphomandra
Cumberland
Bramble,
the, 31
Junior, 31 ; Mahdi,
Boiler, setting the, 303
and
Boilers
heating apparatus,
BuUace,
Bullaces, 160 ; Black
BuUace,
white
best
fruits, 30
Parsley Leaved, 30
Early King, 30 ; The
The
Blackberry,
Blackcap,
the
49;
White,
Shilling's Cut-Leaved
White
Dutch,
Transparent,
50
50;
50
the
327
best,
cherries,
almond,
372
the
best,
348 ; apple,
apricot, 346 ;
350;
nuts,
chest-
currant,
353
INDEX
the
peaches,
best, 366
the
best,
358
361
pear,
best,
quince,
; raspberry,
351
352
332 ; vine, 378 ; walnut, 354
Fruit
house,
Fruit
houses,
how
erect
to
preservation, whole,
planting, 255
pruning newly planted,
Fruit
soil,
perfect,
of, 294
265
storage,
279;
propagation
as
256 ; trees
trees,
trees,
Grape
the
pears,
261
a,
construction
Fruit,
Fruit
499
of,
271
flowering
orchard,
Houses
for
cucumber,
252
in
69 ; canker, 65 ;
; fig, 66 ; houses,
insect pests, 65 ; manure,
the best, 60;
tarines,
64; necand
lemon,
allied.fruits,67 ;
67 ; orange,
69 ; plums, 68 ; pots, 63 ;
peaches, 68 ; pears,
potting, 6i ; pruning, 65 ; soil, 62 ; successional
60 ; temperature,
64 ; top dressing, 62 ;
crops,
after
trees
forcing, 65 ; trees, longevity of, 66;
watering, "c., 63
Fruits
for
certain
of, 268 ;
districts, selection
gathering hard, 262 ; protecting bush^ 47
trees
apples,
59
of trees, 61
pots,
; choice
68
cherries,
Insects
indica,
Mangifera
the, 210
Mango,
the,
Medlar,
the,
Gooseberry,
culture,
methods
71
of,
71
70
bird
pruning,
enemies,
70
72
training,
market
Melon
various
Melon,
fruited, 75.
large
Hero,
Conquering
White,
Ho
77;
'Transparent, 77 ; Velvet
177;
British
(Green) Admiration,
Whitesmith,
77.
Cheerful, 78 ;
Queen,
Oak,
;
77
78 ; British
78;
Lancelot,
Greenock,
78;
77;
Diadem,
First, 77;
78;
Philip the
Overall,
Ocean,
77;
78 ; Stockwell,
Brown,
Plunder, 77 ; Sir George
78 ; Thumper,
78 ; Surprise, 78 ; Telegraph,
Broom
Girl,
Kent,
Berry's
( Yellow)
7B.
Criterion,
Drill, Garibaldi,
Cobham,
Catherina,
Sheriff, Keepsake,
High
Gipsy Queen, Gunner,
RanLeader,
Leveller, Lord
Beauty,
Peru, Ringer, Stella, Thatcher,
cliffe.Marigold,
Two
to One, 78
small
fruited,
(Green) Early
73.
Gooseberries,
Langley
Hairy,
Green
Gage,
(Sed)
73
73
Glenton
Green,
Gascoigne, 73
Gage,
Langley
73 ;
; Green
73 :
Aston
Ironmonger,
Red,
74
74
;
Dobson's
Keen's
73
Shiner,
Granadilla,
74
74
; Velvet
the, 213
Scotch
White,
Rosebery,
Seedling,
The
flesh,
88
86
frames,
watering,
deliciosa,
Monstera
Mulberry,
the, 89
under
peach
and
Nectarine
Cardinal,
Nectarine,
Rivers,
114;
Elruge,
114;
Humboldt,
chinensis,
M.
115
Apple,
T15 ; Pine
Rivers'
Orange,
Spencer,
Elruge,
Nectarines
outdoors.
; the
III
the, 90
cob, 92
best,
filbert,
Hardwicke's,
Early
115;
Newton
115
Orange,
; Pitmaston
;
Red
160
Napier,
115
115
M.
glass, the, 94
Dryden,
114;
114:
Lord
211
Burbank,
160 ;
Botan,
Fruited, Masu,
Yellow
Fruited,
211
sapientutn, 211
the,
Myrobelle,
Nut,
85
214
Cavendiskii,
Musa
115
glass,
in
115
Stanwick
for
walls
114
92
the, 205
house,
Orchard
300
74
best,
Red
73
alata,
Passijlora
73,
74
Red
74.
298
crop,
hog'
Hedge-
; Green
Seedling,
81
Orange,
Rough,
74 ;
pagne
( Yellow) ChamSuperb, 74 ; Warrington,
74.
Drop,
Yellow,
74 ; Golden
74
; Golden
Ball, 74 ;
Lion,
74
Gem,
; Yellow
74 ; Golden
Yellow
(White) Bright Venus,
Sulphur,
74.
Lass, 74 ; Columbus,
75 ; Eagle,
74 ; Cheshire
Eagle, 74 ; White
74 ; White
74 : Snowdrop,
Champagne,
houses,
market
as
in cold
houses,
215
raising the
82 ; shading, 85; successional
85; temperatures
crops,
flesh,
and
ventilation, 85 ; varieties, green
flesh, 88; varieties, white
87; varieties, scarlet
Nuts,
Green
Japanese,
85 ; canker, 84
general culture, 83
enemies,
87 ; planting, 83
; insect
seedlings, 82 ; size of bed, 81 ; soil,
80
the,
Nottingham,
Monstrous,
Dutch,
2r3
210
cucumber
and
culture
(Red) Beauty,
panion,
Clayton, Comof
Duke
Crown
Dan's
Bob,
Mistake,
shire
LancaFalstaff, Guido,
England,
Sutherland,
the
Lord
Lad,
London,
Derby, Napoleon
Prince
Lion,
Great,
Regent, Rifleman, Roaring
Whinham's
Industry, Wonderful,
Speedwell,
less,
( White) Alina, 75 ; Antagonist, 75 ; Care75.
dom,
FreeFascination, 77;
75 ; Faithful, 77;
Hero
of the
of Trumps,
King
75;
75;
Leicester, 77 ; Lancer,
Nile,
Lady
;
77
;
77
of Trumps,
Overseer,
77 ; Queen
77 ; Postman,
Smith's
Nonpareil,
77 ; Tally
77 ; Shiner, 77 :
Gooseberries,
75 ; Bobby,
78
; the
79
water,
and
melon
282
diseases, injurious,
and
Royal,
; the peach,
297
300
early strawberries, 299
298 ; tomato,
300
House,
carfa,
213;
gularis,
213
flower
Passion
Peach
and
in the
213
P.
; P.
; P.
edulis,
maliformis
raddiana,
no;
under
213
213
P.
P.
macro-
quadran-
213
fruit, 213
the, bush
nectarine,
open,
and
glass, 94
standard
border,
trees
95
disbudding,
thinning
the
99 ;
fruit,103
training, various
methods
INDEX
500
of,
ventilation, 95;
102;
culture
walls
on
138
iii
Noblesse, 112
Alexander,
; Alexandra
;
T12
Amsdenjune,
; Bellegarde,
; Barrington, 112
Crimson
Galande,
112
112
Condor,
112
;
;
;
Duchess
Doctor
of
Hogg,
Dagmar,
114;
114;
of York,
Ducliess
Dymond,
Cornwall,
112;
112;
MigEai-ly Grosse
Early Alfred,
112:
112;
Golden
Goshawk,
Eagle,
112
112
;
;
nonne,
Early,
Mignonne,
113 ; Hale's
113 ; Grosse
Palmerston,
113;
Lady
113 ;
Prince
Nectarine
of
Sea
Wales,
Eagle,
no
Hative,
Wales,
the
134
best,
Pear
for
training,
gardens,
orchard
140
133
132;
Beurr6
Geert,
133:
Beurr6
Perran,
133;
Superfin, 134
; Beurr^
Mortillet,
Ranee,
'138;
133
Bonne
Durondeau,
d'Heyst,
140
; Duchesse
de
Easter
Beurr^,
135;
13S
tomne,i35;
Fertility,140;
135
Fondante
deThirriot,
Fondante
135
135
Emile
137;
Nouvelle
Parrot,
Fulvie,
137;
Olivier
best,
the
132
winter
143;
148;
treatment,
stove,
Early
Duke,
159;
White
159
; General
de
Alderton,
Plum,
d'Au-
140;
140;
139
for
139:
introduction,
recent
Transparent,
158 ; Fonthill,
159 ;
Gage,
158; Green
158; Golden
158 ; Golden
Transparent,
158 ; Kirke's,
Drop,
Orange, 158; Jefferson, 158; Late
158; Late
Bonum,
Transparent
Gage, 159 ; Magnum
159 ;
Oullin's
Golden
Monarch,
Gage,
159;
159;
Primate,
Pond's
Seedling, 159 ; President,
159;
Claude
Egg, 159 ; Reine
159 ; Prolific, 159 ; Red
Rivers'
de
Prolific, 159;
Bavay,
Early
159;
Czar,
Royal Dauphin,
159 ; The
159 ; Sultan,
159
Transparent
Gage,
Egg,
159 ; White
Wilmot's
Early, 158
; culture
the, 151
155 ; planting,
pruning,
152 ;
155
Plum
for
152
160
pruning,
varieties,
orchards,
Cherry,
the,
; the
Date,
the
best, 158
the, 212
Pomegranate,
Psidium
cattleianum^
best,
156;
Victoria,
151
159
mulching,
152
155
159;
Bonum,
Magnum
Wyedale,
walls,
on
159;
summer
;
;
watering,
varieties, 157;
the
208
Plums,
Pumelo,
Punica
Pyrus
215
; P.
Guava,
215
the, 205
Granaium,
Torminalis^
212
31
serres,
Petite
Crassane,
137;
138 ; Pitmaston
Marguerite,
137 ; Pickering,
Pound
Pear, 134, 138 ; President
Duchess,
137;
Barabe,
Princess, 137 ; Rivers' Conference,
137;
Saint
Saint
Luke,
13B
Edmunds,
140;
134;
du
Congr^s, 138 ; Spring
Seckle, 138 ; Souvenir
137;
; of
small
140
the, 208
Grand
Gilogil, 135;
Glastonbury,
Calebasse,
Glou
136; Grosse
Morceau,
140;
Jersey
Jargonelle,
Hessle,
136;
136;
139;
de
Malines,
Josephine
136 ;
Beurr6,
133
;
Le
Lammas,
Monarch,
136;
139;
Knight's
of
Bonne
Le
Lectier,
136; Louise
Brun,
140;
la
de
136 ; Mar^chal
Jersey, 136 ; Malines,
Marie
Marillat,
136;
Marguerite
Cour,
134;
Louise
Louise, 136 ; Marie
Benoist, 136 ; Marie
Nelis,
Marquis, 137 ; Michaelmas
d'Uccle,
137;
Wauchope,
; for
128
gian
Gage, 158 ; Bel159 ; American
158 ; Black
Purple, 158 ; Belle de Louvain,
Coe's
Gage,
Bryanstone
158;
158;
Mogul,
Comte
d'Atthem,
Golden
158;
Drop,
158;
Comte
d'Atthem's
Gage,
158 ; Dauphin,
159 ;
Denniston's
Superb, 158 ; Diamond,
158 ; Early
158 ; Early Rivers,
Apricot, 158 ; Early Orleans,
Jack,
Bordeaux,
fruit, 123
the
culture,
garden
trees,
storing the
120
pruning,
;
118;
single or
for walls,
dessert,
of
of
and
thinning
139
plant,
to
apart
; forms
market,
Plum,
de
Malines,
138; Catillac, 134:
Charles
Clapp's
Ernest,
Chalk,
134;
139;
Comte
de
Colmar
d'^t^, 134;
Favourite,
134;
la
Conseiller
de
Conference,
134;
Lamy,
140;
De
Crawford,
Tongrfes, 135;
Cour,
139;
134;
Boussoch,
Directeur
Doyenne
Hardy,
134 ;
d'^t^,
Doyenn^
d'Alen9on,
Doyenne
134;
134;
de
du
Cornice,
135 ; Doyenn^
134 ; Doyenn6
Duchesse
Dr.
Merode,
Jules Guyot,
135;
134;
d'Angoul^me,
130;
299
Beurr6
133;
Black
for
139;
standards,
varieties,
Beurr^
Giffard,
Fouqueray,
133:
Van
Jan
Hardy,
133 ; Beurr^
Beurr^
Beurri^
Magnifique,
133;
Beurr6
;
stocks,
fruiting,
Pineapple, the, 141 ; fruit, the ripe, 149;
to
cultural
remarks,
148 ; general
145 ; how
planting, 144;
judge, 150,; insect enemies,
149;
plants in borders,
gation,
144 ; pot culture, 146 ; propatreatment,
; soil, 143
; summer
147;
142
walls
; Baron
132
138; Beacon,
Belle
Guerandaise,
125
; varieties
119
; selections
best
;
Angevine,
140
138 ;
d'hiver,
Belle
Julie, 132 ; Bellissime
132 ; BerBeurr^
Bosc,
Esperen,
;
132
132 ;
gamotte
Diel, 133 ; Beurr^
Beurr6
Clairgeau, 139 ; Beurr^
Beurr^
d'Avranches,
136 ;
d'Amanlis,
133 ;
de Capiaumont,
du Buisson,
Beurr^
133 ; Beurr^
Beurr6
de
Beurr6
Jonghe,
d'Esteren,
135;
139;
133;
cordons,
double
;
in
Aucourt,
; distance
117
espalier trained
trees, 122
gathering
feeding, 124;
117;
and
fruit, 124
summer
; spring
stock, 118; quince stock,
pear
113;
Bartlett,
Belle
walls,
on
best
the
131
Persimmon,
no
the, 128;
open,
culture,
trees
120
114
Aspasie
the
orchard
Walburton
114;
glass,
under
140;
132,
of
113
in
Pear
Devonian,
Noblesse,
Waterloo,
Alberline,
Leroy,
113
Violette
114:
Late
113;
113 ;
Princess
Royal George,
113
Stirling Castle, 114 ; Thomas
culture
for
outdoors,
Pear,
113;
113
114;
Admirable,
Peaches
Peach,
Early York,
Rivers,
Nelis,
Chraien,
Peach,
Rivers'
Bon
Williams'
Warden,
138;
138;
138; Winter
138; Williams',
Zephirin Gregoire, 138
field,
doors,
out-
107
the,
161;
Quince,
the Portugal, 161
Passe
Summer
Crassane,
140;
Beurr6, 138; Summer
de
Thompson's,
138; Triomphe
Doyenne,
134;
St. Germain,
13S ; Van
Vienne, 13B ; Uvedale's
of WinkMarum,
138; Vicar
136; Verulam,
Raspberry,
Raspberries
Perpetuel
Four
the,
in
de
Seasons,
apple-shaped,
pear-shaped,
162
166
Baumforth's
Seedling, Carter's
werp,
AntRed
Norwich
Wonder,
Hornet,
Semper Fidelis, Superlative, 165 ; ( White
RaspbeiTies
Prolific,
(Red),
INDEX
TO
ILLUSTRATIONS
OUTLINE
Pearmain,
Adam's
Apples,
Everlasting,
Allen's
Beaumann's
of
401
402
Orange,
402
Malingre,
403
Calville
405
Orange
Cox's
Pippin,
Spice,
D'Arcy
407
of
Duchess
408
407
Oldenburg,
Emperor
Pippin,
410
Gascoigne's
410
Spire,
412
411
Crimson
Peach,
415
Keswick
King
Acre
Pippin,
Sudeley,
Burghley,
nor,
418
419
420
425
425
Graham's,
Sandringham,
429
;
430
Summer
Tower
435
Walthara
433;
Winter
436
Black
Seedling,
Wealthy,
434
White
435
Malta,
Prolific,
439
Waterloo,
441
St.
John's,
Ischia,
White
Negro
440;
440;
441
441
42B
429
Criterion,
Leader,
Napoleon
423
Nonpareil,
Colraar,
Muscat
445
445
High
Lancer,
443
Beauty,
444:
Derby,
443
Smith's
443;
; Black
445
Seedling,
Foster's
Maroc,
445
Alexandria,
of
White
Court,
Madresfield
Muscat
Hamburgh,
Towers,
Gros
Bob,
;
Sweetwater,
445
444
Appley
Buckland
445
442
Beauty,
443
Rifleman,
445
Seedling,
Pince,
Mrs.
Crown
Lord
444
Telegraph,
Buccleuch,
Gros
443
Langley
443;
445
445
of
Downe's
St.
Great,
443
Duke
Mistake,
443;
Alicante,
Hamburgh,
Dan's
Leveller,
the
443
Leicester,
Lady
Lad,
443
Careless,
;
444
444
Grapes,
;
;
442
fruited), Alma,
443
444
421
Tokay,
445
445
Lady
445
445
445
Loganberry,
the,
486
The
Wagener,
;
Dutch,
Medlars,
446
Royal,
446
Warner's
434;
Transparent,
Worcester
Ball,
442
442
Sturmer
434
433
442
Lass,
Champagne,
Red
Venus,
Stone's
;
;
Bobby,
Bright
Cheshire
Yellow
(large
Lancashire
428
442
442
442
443
422
fruited),
Hedgehog,
Sheriff,
Royal
(small
Yellow,
Gooseberries
Cooking,
Wellington,
434;
Duke,
439
439
440;
Sepor,
Marseilles,
Warrington,
Pippin,
426
432
Grise,
Violette
Green
Nonpareil,
Pippin,
Glamis,
483
Osborn's
440;
Champagne
Juneating,
430
Golden
of
Bourjasotte
Lord
Nonpareil,
Beaufin,
Queening,
Red
Castle,
Heart,
Royale,
Royal
437
438
Nouvelle
Noble,
438
Bigarreau,
Duke,
May
;
438
Tlie
;
Shropshire,
Gooseberries
such,
None-
Sanspareil,
Stirling
Kentish
438
Black
the
White
Manage,
de
Late
Scarlet
44r
Mannington's
Ross
Francis,
Bigarreau,
438
Heart,
439
Werder's
Largo,
Grosve-
Ribston
Red,
Bigarreau,
Old
438
Rivers,
Early
Frogmore
Hedelfingen,
Margaret's,
Figs,
Lady
Greening,
Royal
;
Peasgood's
424
417
Bonum,
428
Gladstone,
424
411
Wonder,
425
Abbey
Nonpareil,
;
423
Striped
431
White
Mr.
410
King's
Lord
Northern
427
Pippin,
438
Kentish
439
Pippins,
the
M^re
Newton
426
434
Magnum
Pippin,
King,
Canada,
Queen,
432
422
Rosemary
House,
Apple,
Roundway
Edmund's
Seaton
421
421
Russet,
Jubilee,
Irish
417
419
420
Seedling,
du
Reinette
424;
40B
Pippin,
416;
418
Suffield,
IVIargil,
Pott's
de
437
437
Emperor
main,
Pear-
Albert,
Derby,
Nonpareil,
;
of
King
Prince
Lord
Pippin,
Winter
423
427
Apple,
Norman's
Old
415
Henniker,
Phillimore,
Mrs.
407
ford
Here-
Ken-y
Lady
420;
Mother
415
County,
Lord
Pearmain,
413
414:
Tompkin's
Heart,
437
Tartarian,
Black
Bigarreau,
Heart,
G^ant
St.
Grenadier
Hormead
413
Lane's
412
Grieve,
416
417
Seedling,
Seedling,
Codlin,
of
416;
Elton
437
de
BigaiTeau
437;
Eagle,
Fearn's
Pearmain,
James
Cleveland
Egremont
Reinette,
Gravenstein,
Queening,
414
437
438
d'OrWans,
shire,
Devon-
409
Scarlet
Hubbard's
414;
409
Golden
Hambling's
437
Damson,
Codlin,
of
Duke
Alexander,
409
Golden
Pomona,
Seedling,
Russet,
Noble,
406;
483
Black
Napoleon
GiUifiower,
436
Belle
Florence
406;
Quarrenden,
408
Ecklinville
Golden
the,
Shepherd's,
Me2e],437;
mas
Christ-
FRUIT
Cherries,
Pearmain,
Cox's
Devonshire
Cellini
405
Cornish
406;
399
ville
; Cal-
404
404
Wonder,
405;
Pippin,
Bullace,
Calvillt
Preco9e,
Claygate
Barberry,
pareil,
Non-
403
Cardinal,
Chelmsford
Pearmain,
398
; Brownlee's
402
Rouge
404;
397
Bismarck,
Braddick's
Blanche,
d'Hiver,
Cockle's
401
OF
Beauty
399
400;
Seedling,
Calville
Rouge
Pippin,
Pontoise,
Bramley's
Russet,
Reinette,
Winter
Blenheim
Pippin,
Elizabeth,
Annie
Belle
400;
Alfriston,
Allington
398
Red
Kent,
397
398
Bath,
of
Beauty
DRAWINGS
main,
Pear-
Cardinal,
Nectarines,
Humboldt,
448
Victoria,
447;
Pineapple,
448
447
Lord
448
Rivers,
Early
Napier,
Rivers'
447;
Orange,
447
Newton,
448
INDEX
Alexandra
Peaches,
449
Galande,
451
4S1
452
Hale's
of
Sea
Violette
Pears,
Esperen,
458
Diel,
458
463
Conseiller
465
Bordeaux,
Beurr^,
466
Malines,
Leclier,
469
469
Marie
Benoist,
Marie
Louise,
Michaelmas
Louise
471
471
472
Congr^s,
Vienne,
Princess,
474
475
473
474
;
;
Thompson's,
Uvedale's
475
St.
White
482
Reine
Prolific,
The
Bur-
Myrobelle,
or
483
Bonum,
Magnum
pear-shaped,
483
484
Carter's
White
Magnum
Stkawberries,
Easter
Prolific,
485
Bonum,
485
4S7
487
Dr.
489
de
Le
490
470
470
488
Superlative,
La
President,
Sovereign,
Napier,
494
Serres,
472
Laxton,
491;
Triomphe
Germain,
tesse
Waterloo,
492
492
472
du
Sucr^e,
Grosse
Queen
Sir
de
495
WiNEBEERY,
of
the,
Thury,
486
Goliath,
of
All,
Seedling,
Denmark,
493:
Charles
Alpine,
The
Vicom-
Walluff,
;
;
Royal
Sir
494;
494
495
492
;
494
Victoria,
491
493
Paxton,
Pine,
Late
Latest
Joseph,
Joseph
Hautbois,
de
476
488
Pine,
Filbert
Kitley's
Newton
Trollope's
Hericart
490;
491
Saint
493;
489
Frogmore
Black
Countess,
Castle,
Pine,
Prolific,
Gautier,
Louis
487
Dumbarton
489
Late
471
Souvenir
488
Fillbasket,
487
Queen,
Elton
Givon's
490:
British
Hogg,
Eleanor,
Cale-
Nicaise,
Auguste
Prince,
Duchess,
;
474
the
Fulvie,
Pitmaston
Seckle,
485
467;
d'Uccle,
de
483
482
Early
Czar,
ling,
Seed-
Pond's
Rivers'
Cherry
The
Raspbeekies,
Fondante
Marillat,
Olivier
;
469
Louise
483
481
Primate,
The
480
Gage,
Duchesse
Jersey,
Nouvelle
;
;
Marguerite,
Petite
Monarch,
Marie
Nelis,
Gage,
482
482
Grand
Kirke'si'
Transparent
481
Bavay,
de
Diamond,
"Transparent
Doyenn^
;
Grosse
of
Golden
Gage,
Golden
480
480
Late
President,
Sultan,
Quince,
Josephine
Gage,
481
Oullin's
479
Early
Transparent,
Green
Orange,
Zephirin
Coe's
479
Superb,
480
Golden
480
478
Bryanstone
Gage,
Orleans,
480
Victoria,
Doyenne
468;
Marguerite
bank,
ThiiTiot,
Bonne
470
Crassane,
Passe
467
469
Knight's
;
;
Beurri^
461
466
Morceau,
482
Directeur
465
de
Jargonelle,
Claude
BeurrS
Clapp's
465;
d'Heyst,
Glou
468;
Beurr^
Louvain,479;
Denniston's
481
460;
464
Guyot,
481
Williams'
477;
Nelis,
Conference,
463
Fondante
467;
468
basse,
Emile
463
Durondeau,
Bellis-
Ranee,
d'^t^,
Jules
466
d'Automne,
Gilogil,
Dr.
462
Boussoch,
Doyenn^
464;
Cornice,
479
Beurrd
Winkfield,
d'Atthem's
Early
479
Late
Ber-
Geert,
Cour,
la
Doyenn^
;
;
459
Van
d'^t^,
de
464
d'Alengon,
de
Colmar
458
Catillac,
;
;
459
Beurr^
461
462
Hardy,
473
Jean
461
Superfin,
Favourite,
Jonghe,
Giffard,
Beun-^
Mortillet,
Beurr^
457
457
Buisson,
Beurr^
Julie,
de
du
459
Beurr^
Drop,
;
de
Cerate
Gage,
456;
Bosc,
Beurr^
460;
Belle
Beurr^
Beurr^
Fouqueray,
Hardy,
454
Admirable,
Beacon,
456;
456
457
d'Amanlis,
479
of
Winter
478
Belle
Plums,
Early
Castle,
477
Gregoire,
Wales,
Rivers'
Vicar
Chretien,
Duke,
Aucourt,
d'hiver,
sime
of
Walburton
Mig-
Devonian,
Stirling
Bon
455
Aspasie
gamotte
452
454
455
Late
Prince
Wales,
Hative,
Waterloo,
451
452
Eagle,
Grosse
503
Verulam,476;
Crimson
450;
Early,
Peach,
Princess
453
450
Alfred,
ILLUSTRATIONS
Barrington,
449
Condor,
Early
Nectarine
York,
du
449
450;
nonne,
455
Noblesse,
Bellegarde,
TO
495
496
FULL
Orchard
Cherry
face
in
Flowers
Spring
and
Paths
Peach,
page
Royal
Standard
the
Orchard
George,
Ribston
of
Kent
107
Nectarine,
Fan-trained
Pear
Tree,
in
Fan-trained
Pear
Tree,
with
markfet
for
packed
Tree,
Pear
.11
in
Trees,
flower
116
central
Tree
Pear
119
Gardens,
Windsor
12
122
......
Apple
in
by
Trees,
kitchen
the
path
garden
garden
Loganberry
18
Fruit
Trees,
Pear
Cordon
Manor
Slinfield
at
Spurs
Pear,
Tree
124
Cordon
Cherry,
Marillat,
36
Pyramid
37
Triple
as
126
cordon
on
Tree,
wall
on
five
Tree,
Cherry
Standai'd
tree
127
Pear
Ernest
Charles
Tree,
128
.
(un-
old
years
six
glass)
diameter
inches
as
Heart
White
of
Branch
of
Wood,
tree
pot
Cherries
.
Tartarian,
Black
Cherry
glass
Way
Best
....
Trees,
Fig
of
Grove
Worthing
near
in
Trees,
Fig
of
Avenue
Worthing
garden
.
Plum
Apple
Trees,
Peach
Tree,
and
Specimen
Early
Rivers'
Cherry,
pots
as
pot
a
Old
Pear
Espalier
tree
pot
Chiswick
40
at
41
Typical
42
Pear,
...
Pyramid
of
House
Queen
the
The
50
Fan-trained
51
Strawberry
Leader,
in
52
Strawberry
Culture,
in
barrel
53
Strawberry
Culture,
in
pots
Langley
Trees,
Plum
Protect
60
How
61
Tomato
Cultm"e,
in
pots
62
Tomato
Culture,
in
beds
63
The
to
Custard
in
in
Nut
in
securing
Melon
Fruits
back
wall
of
210
Fruit
Grape
211
Passion
The
Edible
78
The
Pomegranate
Model
to
in
Flower,
The
fruit
Trees,
Peach
....
Cover
Fan-trained
212
213
Plum
Kelsey
214
....
81
The
Otaheite
86
The
Old
Orange
90
Vine
glasshouse
Stem
of
218
Court
Hampton
at
The
Great
Vine
Vine
Court
Hampton
the
219
Lodge
Cumberland
at
220
.
Vinery
92
Market
96
97
Grape,
filled
Grapes
Alicante
with
221
.
Vine
Seedling
Foster's
Remarkable
in
at
Frogmore
market
nursery
207
and
Daffodils
How
Mangoes
jy
91
Walk
on
195
Winter
Trees,
Peach
194
nursery
206
Summer
Nut
177
nursery
market
....
Nut
Old
market
Apple
of
Bunch
The
80
.
An
Birds
from
in
borders
of
Strawberries
Cob
Melon
Netted
typical
Cob
Medlar
narrow
Method
Effective
An
in
Culture,
170
176
market
for
....
Melon
167
garden
Middlesex
Orange
Navel
The
68
the
161
wall
on
of
144
160
BuUace,
Tree
Branches
140
Pineapple
45
67
flower
Gooseberry
Fruiting
139
.....
Chretien
Bon
William's
...
Standard
upon
d'Amanlis
Beun-6
Pear,
.66
Pear
Pot
typical
138
grafted
Malines,
de
Josephine
13s
Trees
Pear
134
Morceau,
in
Hogg,
pillar
for
Glou
Tree,
...
Dr.
Tree,
Peach
Pot
133
training
of
Victoria
Nectarine,
An
form
upright
Tree,
Rivers
Thomas
Peach,
in
in
132
Turkey
Brown
Fig,
39
Fruits
Bush
protect
to
Pear
Gardens,
Royal
the
38
44
Windsor
The
129
Tree
Pear
Ranee
Beurr6
43
v/all
.
in
Trees,
Cherry
Bush
north
on
under
wall
on
Tree,
Cherry
Morello
Cordon
Upright
....
(under
bloom
pots
Governor
Cherry,
A
in
Trees,
Cherry
in
Trees,
flower
in
Tree,
Pear
Pear,
pruned)
Cherry
Cherty
IVIorello
Fan-trained
wall
as
125
Trees
Pear
wall
west
Pyramid
31
Tree
Pear
....
Dessert
123
wall
on
Espalier
Old
an
Marguerite
30
of
Oblique
Single
19
Bramble
Cut-leaved
The
Double
Over-
at
......
The
13
Pear
Horizontally-trained
...
Espalier
Walk,
Veteran
bush
as
strand
Pot
118
stem
trellis, Royal
arched
on
...
Albert,
Prince
...
The
114
blossom
Wall
Horizontally-trained
Herefordshire
Napier,
Lord
tree
Apple
10
rows
nursery
in
Park
....
Lane's
Cordon
south
on
Apple
Dwarf
in
Trees,
nursery
Apple,
Beauty
Trees,
Apple
Cordon
Tree,
Peach
......
Trees,
Apple
Cordon
wall
at
Tree,
Apple
Apple
Dwarf
106
wall
south
on
Fan-trained
......
Pippin
Ribston
page
To
Grass
face
To
Frontispiece
Spring
in
PLATES
PAGE
Wall
quickly
Peach
Tree
Reine
102
How
103
Vineries,
504
the
in
...
Olga
is Trained
Vine
a
market
223
in
nursery
Maiicet
Nursery.
228
229
INDEX
To
Appley
Grape,
face
j"age
Towers
Muscat
Grape,
ILLUSTRATIONS
TO
of
231
.
Alicante
Grape,
for
grown
market
235
.
Grape,
Walk
Tree
Swallowfield
at
face
page
Park
255
.
Apple
Grafting,
espalier
back
cut
on
270
.
Grafted
Apple
tied
resulting
with
Espalier,
growths
in
271
Hutt
Lady
Pear
234
Alicante
Grape,
To
230
Alexandria
505
Culture
Pineapple
236
in
Florida
Southern
304
.
Gros
Grape,
Colmar
Cocoanut
237
Guillaume
Gros
Grape,
Palms
Florida
in
305
.
Field
238
of
in
Pineapples
308
Florida
.
Court
Madresfield
Grape,
Alicante
Baby
A
in
Grapes,
Basket
in
Exhibit
Champion
basket
baby
Packed
for
Hamper
of
Grapes
the
at
Market
239
242
Prune
Drying
California
in
309
.
Drying
California
317
.
243
in
Raisins
Strawberry
in
Farm
Wisconsin
320
.
bury
Shrews-
In
Blackberry
Michigan
Field
321
.
Show
244
Market
in
Vinery
the
Islands
Channel
390
.
......
Dessert
Decorated
Table
Fig
Shrewsbury
at
Show
245
Cuhure
Channel
in
the
Island
Channel
Islands
391
Vinery
394
....
....
Old
Wall
Pear
Tree,
in
blossom
252
.
The
Wise
Apple
Tree,
in
flower
at
Tree,
in
How
Melons
are
Frogmore
253
Pear
in
Channel
the
Islands
-395
.
Horizontally-trained
grown
flower
254
.
DIAGRAMS
network
Apple,
leading
tree,
second
winter,
fourth
winter,
shaped,
Apple
pruning
in
259
pinching
(summer),
Nut,
2
old,
year
winter,
third
V-shaped,
256
258
344
in
and
horizontal
single
pinched,
28
branch,
25
side
with
Peach
leafless
for
Boiler,
carrying
ordinary
saddle,
plain
Cornish,
modified
fruit,
hardy
302
spring,
302
set,
saddle,
34;
with
shoot
shoot
year-old
of,
shoot,
103
from
growth,
Currant
37
crowded
fruit
(five
38
353
47,
side
99
moved
re-
from
an
preceding
of
three-year-old
branch
366
from
bush
tree
diagonal,
cordons,
double
and
fruit-bearing
of
gathered,
129;
single
366
the,
portion
been
old),
cordons,
branch,
365
has
years
of
shoot
the,
of
where
by
shortened,
buds
106
characteristic
growths
with
shoot
is
ing
fruit-
lateral
fruit
after
successional
100
105
characteristic
shoot,
104
properly
298
99;
and
fruiting
of,
branch,
branch
branch
underneath,
branch,
Pear,
growth
piuched,
shoot
and
elongated
(red) standard,
bush
year's
side
methods
shoots
extension
-buds,
branch,
summer
side
two-
349;
360
357
disbudded
355
terminal
span-roof,
an
fruiting
302
characteristic
of,
preceding
become
spur
annual
349
shortened,
and
stopped
36
branch,
one-year-old
fruiting
growths,
297
blossom
extension
Cherry,
to,
98
102
riveted
steel
terminal
263
of
branches,
the,
of
pinched,
the,
lean
characteristic
347
series
one
of
pruning
nectarine,
and
wood-buds,
Barrow
356
of
house,
Peach
shoots
the,
shoot
with
series
two
359
pruning
35S
shoots
characteristic
the,
of
of
part
shoots
typical
347
branch,
of
portion
growths,
fan-trained,
26
with
growth,
with
characteristic
Peach,
cordon,
of
characteristic
354
-trained,
fan
359
V-shaped,
double
of,
301
tree,
branches,
344
Apricot,
house,
Peach
vase-
branch
of
part
in
338
trees,
hazel,
Orchard
one
or
257
371
the
maiden
training,
of
260
(winter),
the
pruning
Apple
form
growth,
127;
horizontal,
126
48
brancii,
side
prutied,
pruned,
summer
49
cordons,
winter
old),
49
Pear
56
branch,
Fig
pruning,
55
leafless,
extension
(stopped),
and
mode
showing
bearing,
of
and
53
two
of
330
340
four
from
show
method
years
76
(leafless), 73
spur
cutting,
74
bearing
shoot
from
graft,
Grapes
maiden,
bush,
branch
72
70;
364
raising
73
standard,
spurs,
354
71
shoot
from
house,
cucumber
245
properly
winged,
Nut
closely
tree
after
125
series
branches,
341
horizontal
pyramid
forms
branch,
(five
tree
side
years
trees
(leafless),
stove,
branch
of,
in
spurred
shortened
pruning,
to
four
90
winter,
91
wood-bud,
years
from
growths
old,
result
growths
spur,
Plum
92
cob,
shoot
93
S06
of
of,
to
one
157
of
branches,
122
in
tree
in
branch
;
of
third
growth,
standard,
fan-
344
growth,
shoot
standard
three
portion
shortening
376
series
343
cordons,
with
spur,
elongated,
tree,
series
300
298
branch
three
pyramidal
side
V-shaped,
oblique
as
Pineapple
;
;
with
pyramid,
with
four
336
branch
345
335
362
120
summer
shoot
first
of
branches,
old,
with
growth,
trained,
Plum,
pruned
cob,
training,
series
118;
branches,
vigorous
Nut,
of
124
year,
horizontal
two
years
363
the
growth
Pear
of,
bunch
of
season's
246
or
tree,
one
337
stemmed
showing
with
series
to
elongated
Melon
tree,
and
espaliers,
two
branches,
of
portion
335
thinned,
not
thinned,
fruit,
128
series
two
121
fan
three
and
sh3.ped,
double
fan-trained,
340
maiden
column
337;
fan-trained
126;
with
125
walls
old),
(stopped)
growth
forming
and
from
branches,
pruning
of
cutting
from
old
training,
and
pruning
years
71
bush,
Gooseberry
365
growth
123
fruiting,
and
of
(five
tree
shaped,
branches,
for
mode
showing
branch,
Gooseberry
old)
years
years,
modified,
52
standard,
(two
column
fan-trained,
acteristic
char-
columnar
127
131
tree
typical
winter
showing
branch
espalier-trained
trees,
352
growth
of
portion
54;
growths
Fruit
of,
part
vertical,
at
a
152
winter
vigorous
years' wood,
of
branch
; result
in
of
153
shoot,
157:
156
vase-shaped,
339
ing
shorten-
pruning,
side
134
acteristic
char-
in
fruit,
INDEX
ILLUSTRATIONS
TO
Propagation
by budding,
274;
cuttings, 278 ; by grafting, 272
suckers, 276
by
;
and
"eyes"
by layers and
"
507
Verrier
branches,
growths
to
pruned
Strawberry,
runners,
correct
168
methods
; incorrect
of
planting
methods,
169
vine
rooted
of.
double
form
of, 343
; Cossonet
Vinery,
to
third
at
down
to
two
early lean-to,
single cordon,
379
END
Ballantyne,
Sy
Hanson
London
if
Co.
winter
buds,
295
228
semi-span,
296
; span-
roof, 297
form
Edinburgh
eight
planting, 224;
trellis
cut
cane
THE
by
six
buds,
341
Printed
342
;
has been
that in winter
spur
from
226
; growth
young
two
buds, 228 ; in first year's
from
two
after
roof
Vines,
Training,
342
with
on
bearing
of
(double-stemmed),
down
cut
growth
runner
branches,
branches,
342
Vine,
three
five
342
342
branches,
Raspberry
with
Palmate,"
branches,
four
378
; dwarf
and
tall
cordon,