THE

FRUIT

GARDEN

CHERRY

ORCHARD

IN

SPRING.

The

"Couu^ry

Life"

Li'BRARY.

THE

FRUIT

GARDEN
BY

GEORGE

BUNYARD,

V.M.H.

AND

OWEN

THOMAS,

SECOND

LONDON:

PUBLISHED

LIFE," Ltd.,

TAVISTOCK

GEORGE
W.C.

NEWNES,
;

fsf CHARLES

V.M.H.

EDITION

AT

THE

OFFICES
COVENT

STREET,

Ltd., SOUTHAMPTON
SCRIBNER'S

^"

SONS,

OF

"COUNTRY

STREET,
NEW

W.C.

GARDEN,
YORK.

STRAND

MCMVI

IMP
11^

A
^

s^

PREFACE

It

been

has

"

Garden

but

in

has

has

fruit

of

had

this

trees

of

revision

practically

the

by

by

"

the

and

student.
be

in

The

and

that

Britain.

February

1906.

all

it

wider

In

view

by

County
and

will

give

of

still

in

be

that

whether

further

"

in

this

The

the

reach

slight
remains

the

to

amateur

information

able
valu-

equally
in

efforts

the

Councils,

fruit,

the

book

found

gardening

confident

within

the

of

culture

written

be

cheaper

Some

experience

should

of

growers

will

of

the

appeals

plainly

and

practical

feel

authors

by

and

of

invaluable,

welcomed

market,

and

"

The

it

but

culture

lines.

on

placing

Garden

contains,

glass.

teaching

found

made,

concise

fruit

prohibitive.

been

amateur,

announce

book

of

was

Fruit

the

to

finest

price

grower

under

schools

The

it

professional

the

be

of

diagrams

secondary
will

has

able

object

the

higher

same.

out-of-doors,
towards

with

contents

reason

faithful

the

the

to

sound

on

Fruit

"The

extending

practice
be

to

admittedly

the

in

its

glad

help

greatest

influence

very

that

assurances

the

directing

published,

the

gardener

are

whom

to

of

proved

in

work,

yet

those

and

and

therefore,
of

receive

to

considerable

country,

authors,
edition

only

not

also

this

gratifying

very

EDITION

SECOND

TO

fruit

culture

directed

now

and

elementary
Fruit

of

hands

cheaper
for

home

impetus

to

"

Garden

every

edition

or

fruit

will
for

culture

the

PREFACE

In

this

its

recognition
home

to

of

and

of

in

Britain

abroad
for

for

which

the

There

are

waking
of

its

fruit

of

or

important

thought

by

up-to-date

the

Garden
the

at

time,

present
successful

No

that

the

in

trustworthy

professional

have

gardener

guide
who

the

been
to

the

devotes

either

in

is

anxious

to

production
life

it

to

make

of
the

of

and

bringing
that

fruit
the

at
"

was

practical

in

hope

services

spared

his

aid

the

in

lishing
estab-

information

thoroughly

inquiries

for

phases

their

in

comprehensive

various

place

schools

valuable

It

instance,

considerations,

that

render

issue.

authors

efforts

and

question

for

numerous

annually,

these

by

possibilities

Press

experts

the

and

slowly

are

the

ways

in

horticultural

practical experience

public.
"

with

sent

home,

we

and

several

orchards,

other

wealth
at

that

subject

in

Impressed
and

the

the

planted

old

cultivators

doors.

our

subject

are

the

by

dealing

useful,

prove

trees

renovating

authors

to

and

fruit

matter.

worJc,

movement

life-long

of

the

would,

manner,

may

in

of

largely

intelligence

the

well

as

kingdom

the

optional

an

of

at

manifest

is

received

continually

this

now

quite

grown

importance

of

meet

produce

and

share

to

so

the

upon

tinent,
Con-

the

can

Landowners

their

ready

are

This

acres

new

this

the

is

culture

be

can

throughout

signs

development.

hundreds

are

which

to

of

deprived

country

reflection

fruit-growers.

from

depend

to

own

brought

altogether

have

our

serious

markets

both

up,

is

British

best

when

fruit

fail

should

been

has

of

the

received

years

value

which

we

abroad,

articles

Its

America,
That

thereby

are

late

importations

excellence,

enterprise

of

only

deserves.

and

from

such

has

enormous

demand.

supplies

fruit

on

the

Colonies,

increasing

upon

culture

importance

by

us

our

the

fruit

country

EDITION

FIRST

TO

The

their
culture

disposal
Fruit

fruit, both
work,

and

to

to

viii

PREFACE

the

help

of

been

in

engage
in

experts

secured,

have

and

various

their

gardening

methods

Islands

the

they

chapters

appear

names

has

fruit-growing

above

several

The

recreation.

of

branches

special

in

their

those

practised

at

and

fruits,

their

fruit

Thomas

should

promise

obtained.

It

"c.,

trees,
"

is

for

to

Son

be

Messrs.

"

Mackenzie

Sons
;

for

and

the

Bunyard's

outline

Peter

Kay,

of

drawings

fruits

to

numerous

been

selected

illustrating
"

various

Limited

Sons,

Limited
;

and

members

James
of

Thos.

Walker
;

Mr.

George

family.

Hearty
The

Rochford

Joseph

of

Moncur,

"

than

helpful.

Veitch

James

advantage

the

have

found

those

results

that

which

opportunity

the

better

to

of

each

take

to

hoped

also

will

value,

indebted

Rivers

Rochford

able

lead

to

illustrations,

teaching

much

are

be

Channel

the

in

authorities

competent

cultivators

photographic

for

primarily
We

it

present

sketches

and

France,

may
if

advice

by

that

order

America,

in

described

also

are

countries,

of

as

contributed.

The

of

who

amateurs

many

thanks

Garden),

also

are

who

has

due

rendered

to

Mr.

valuable

H.

H.

Thomas

(sub-editor

assistance.

GEORGE

OWEN

BUNYARD.

THOMAS.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER

I
PAGE

THE

APPLE

I
...

....

CHAPTER

THE

II

APRICOT
.

23

CHAPTER

THE

BARBERRY

BLACKBERRIES

III

FRUITS

ALLIED

AND

CHECKER

TREE

30

IV

CHAPTER

THE

CHERRY

CRAB

THE

CHAPTER

RED,

WHITE,

BLACK

AND

46

CURRANTS
.

TREES

FRUIT

IN

THE

-59

VIII

CHAPTER

GOOSEBERRY

MEDLAR
...

CHAPTER

MELON

THE

51

...

POTS
.

-70

IX

.80

MULBERRY
.

CHAPTER

THE

VII

CHAPTER

THE

FIG
.

THE

VI

CHAPTER

THE

32

...

NUT

90

....
.

XI

CHAPTER

THE

PEACH

AND

NECTARINE
.

...

94.

viii

CONTENTS

PACE

XII

CHAPTER
THE

.116

PEAR
.

...

CHAPTER
THE

XIII
141

PINEAPPLE

XIV

CHAPTER
THE

PLUM

THE

QUINCE

CHAPTER
THE

XV
162

RASPBERRY

....

XVI

CHAPTER
THE

IJI

STRAWBERRY

167

...
.

XVII

CHAPTER
THE

TOMATO

...

XVIII

CHAPTER
FRUITS

TROPICAL

AND

HOW

TO

THEM

GROW

CHAPTER
THE

FRUIT

TREES

FLOWERING

AS

TREES

PLANTING

TREES

FRUIT

ERECT

252

XXI

XXII

FRUIT-HOUSE

261

XXIII

STORAGE

265
CHAPTER

PROPAGATION

217

255

CHAPTER
FRUIT

....

XX

CHAPTER
TO

CHAPTER

205

XIX

CHAPTER

HOW

...

VINE
.

I93

OF

FRUIT

TREES
.

XXIV

270

CONTENTS

ix

PACE

CHAPTER

WHOLE-FRUIT

XXV

PRESERVATION

279
.

CHAPTER

AND

INSECTS

INJURIOUS

DISEASES

XXVI

AFFECTING

FRUIT

282

TREES
....

CHAPTER

OF

CONSTRUCTION

XXVII

FRUIT-HOUSES

294
.

CHAPTER

FRUIT

IN

CULTURE

XXVIII

AMERICA

305
.

CHAPTER

FRUIT

CULTURE

XXIX

FRANCE

IN

.327

CHAPTER

FRUIT

CULTURE

IN

THE

CHANNEL

XXX

384

ISLANDS
.

OUTLINE

DRAWINGS

OF

FRUIT

397

INDEX
,

INDEX

TO

497

ILLUSTRATIONS
...

.502

INTRODUCTION

DEFINITIONS

Throughout

this

familiar
be

work

In

necessary.

letter

The

fruit

the

the

and

one,

that

the

terms

authors

and

of

which

it is

variety

be

to

deem

fruits

the

enclosed

are

placed

for

not

are

explanation
first

for

cooking

to

the

is

given

letter

The

brackets.

suitable

is

which

some

name

in

suitable

used

be

may

therefore

lists

synonyms

against

indicates

EXPLANATIONS

possible

reader

descriptions

generally accepted
signifies that

it is

general

the

to

AND

table

dessert.

or

(kitchen)

purposes

important

factor

only.
In
this

fruit

those

late
this

not

are

greasy

one's

set

surfaces

variability

The

make

instance,

entirely
1898

it has

1900,

Midlands
shown
are

that

the

and

made

from

fruits

in

allowed

in

the

happily

situated

more

or

gathering
then

the

develops.

the

best

case

of

gives

fruit

than

the

way
on

the

paler

colour

tints

side,

All

for
that

been
which

most

primrose

whether

for

in

colour,

crimson,

Palace

have

pale
bronze,

have

words,

orange,

the

"c.,

scarlet,

as

less

entirely
The

months.
at

be

must

fruits

few

the

stated

counties

some

our

Kent

in
be

discount

of

have

other

from

or

fruits

in

descriptions

considerable

stored

be

those

colour

which

the

Again,

For

of

it should

thinned,

not

tree

should

like

to

and

exhibition
a

the

Another

colour

named.

districts.

have

they

green

sunny

subject

of

Crystal

the

at

difficulty in

form,

fails

of

so

given

are

degree.

green.

quite scarlet,

favoured

after

to

exhibitions

suitable

of

seasons,

some

and

smooth

badly cultivated,

more

in

but

first

cause

characteristic

this
is

shining

remarkable

cheeks

with

the

those

pronounced

colour

with

possible condition,

appearance

less

fruit

typical specimens,

from

their

of

in

or

rough

be

to

has

almost

as

is said

position

and
a

Seedling, frequently

the

connection

colour

ground

been

alter

In

usually pale.
the

Hereford

is the

to

when

perfectly

Scarlet

while

from

apples

us

North

often

colour

russet

that

texture

skin

smooth

skin

harshness.

or

the

netted

almost

been

terms

fruits

Pippin,

brightest apples, Gascoigne's

the

locality, soil, form,

affect

thin

hardy

the
and

Cockle's

with

covered

to

because

like

apple

an

in

the

russet

of

one

ence
refer-

in

somewhat

apples, although

indicates
such

enable

to

is used
have

earlier

the

fruit

often

as

greasy

dry

is

an

stored,

upon

word

the

hand

from

free

colour

difference,

great

the

term

when

or

surface

is

substance

The

handling

by

are

of

identification,

their

harsh

skin

and

tree

The

it.

when

felt

be

the

developed

from
A

edge

can

whose

fruits

free

on

the

on

often

more

appearance.

teeth

roughness

when
to

ones

is
not

fruits

alone.

means

either

which,

This

hardy

colour, markings,

this

by

fruits

surface.

some

to

identified

be

of

in

considerably

so

to

to

oily

varieties

determining

varies

time

of

appear,
may

be,

xii

INTRODUCTION
The

for

flesh of
time

any

those

firm

term

is different

of

each

The

period.
cooked,

apple

an

when

may
less

when

has

been

described

hereafter
be

fullyripe or

taken

apply

to

it has
tasted
fruits

those

to

stored

been

best

its

at

when

which,

or
semi-transparent, as, for instance, the
jelly-like
word
mealy refers to those which
cooking apple, VVellington. The
fall
are
in cooking, and
cook
into
a
pulp. Such
apples do not
creamy
Waltham
and
excellent
for
Abbey
dumplings, as e.g. Blenheim
Orange
flesh of a
have
those
like
snowwhich
refers to
term
Seedling. The
crystalline
ence
referwith
The
cookers.
term
dry,
rule, are good
a
; these, as
appearance
but
the flesh,indicates
fruits which
neither juicy nor
frequently
firm,
to
are

become

more

or

well-known

"

"

Winter

good baking apples,as

make

Queening.
and
of taste
opinion, is
entirely a matter
but
We
will
useful
the
used
be
terms
give
difficult,
as
a
probably
guide.
may
the
Rich
sweet
(King
or
following examples :
(Egremont Russet), sugary
of the
Pippins),spicy (D'Arcy Spice),aromatic
(Ross Nonpareil), dry (Winter
Queening).
It is premised that all good gardens have
fruit rooms
in which
to
proper
fruit
their
constructed
after
of
such
the manner
conserve
an
inexpensive
; one
effectual one
It must
and
elsewhere
all.
be evident
that detailed
is possible to
as
months
that
it is a
be able
to
keep fruit for ten
great advantage to
in perfect condition.
A
melting pear in March, a cooking apple for April
and
and
choice
dessert
fruit for the
a
same
periods are well worth
May use,
excellent
prices
strivingfor, to say nothing of storage in large quantities,when
be
obtained
for
in
the
the
fruits
that
the
markets
same
on
a
glut
during
may
would
be sold for next
We
is conwhat
state
to
sidered
picking season
nothing.
be
the best period for use
fruit.
In
soils this
of each
to
light,warm
To

estimate

flavour, which

is

earlier,while

be
may
connection

period
this

than

better

late fruits

we

when

Wherever

is

suitable

for

or
"

the

robust, causing

trees
a

the

weeping

orchard

tree

planted
gardens,
The

vary,

or

this will

Where

tree

gardener
be

of
be

fruits

land;
the

fruits

mentioned
have

in
on

be

in the

cattle

stamp

complete,

the

or

may

of

to

Crab

trees

or

refers

are

made

plantation on

the

keeps

no

very

Free
to

dise
Para-

the

on

it is because

fruiting spurs
growth, which

sheep
be

fruit
and

November.

cordons,"

habit

tree

matured

is

In

allowed.
to

form

cultivated

the
"

not

is

suitable
un-

Yet
a

in

cordon,

land.

By
stock, permanently
for planting in
trees

ground.
seen

from

the

sections

given

where

they

descriptions.

accorded

F.C.C.

Society they are

merit). Either of these is a
award
was
granted is given.

for

"Paradise"

word

been

classed

robust

and

it refers

used,

later.

somewhat

into

between

where

standard

can

is

gaps

cultivated

on

well

trees

suitable

valuable

the

trees

be

may

development

"weeping"

orchards

may

is meant

grass
market

form

in

"

"not

wide

indicates

grown
skilful

"

on

it is stated

land

perfectly ripe

perfect unless left on

"
the
term
garden tree

standards"

of

hands

that

its

too

for

cold

before

Where

stock.

the

remark
may
it is gathered

from

be

can

growth

fruit

recognition by

the

Royal

(first-class
certificate)or
of good quality. The

Horticultural

A.M.
year

(award
in

which

of
the

xiii

INTRODUCTION

Great
even

difficulty
hundred

one

really
given

useful
this
be

which

one

of

anxious

purposes

Any
remarks

fair

are

to

addition

in
not

shall

work

to

made,

become

bewilder

given

his
in

the

the

amateur

Great

small

or

but

worthy

have

lists

Short

grower.

new

any

apples
we

of

must

or

other

given,

are

lists

the

omitted,

is

Several

hundred,

information

the

Britain,

to

several

then

even

that

variety

variety.

one

intended

apples

of

for

been

special

guidance.

growth,
tree

of

proportion
is

old

good

standard

list

of

parts

really
a

the

for

all

to

No

it

As

omitted.

apply

to

peculiarity
are

be

to

in

number

the

limiting

fruits

other

and

comprehensive.
bids

culture,

had

in

experienced

been

varieties,

fruits

in

necessity

has

or

flower,
fruits

referred

or

foliage
to

may

is
be

mentioned
taken

as

so

normal.

where

no

I/)

t/5
"/5

FRUIT

THE

GARDEN

CHAPTER

THE

GEORGE

By

The

planting

Free

stock,

of

orchard

practicable
corn

crops
first

the
the

of

of

view

five

about

sufficient
which
grass,
around

in

that
of

be

regularly

be

protected

against

(I

high

and
If

off

from

the

during

growth

annually,

growth

is
the

before

kept
and

open

colour,

in

of

Pruning

Summer
induces

let

and

to

strong

secondary

the

which
should
and

sun

best
is

growth,

the

left

as

to

staves

about

have

made

less

but
which

out,
way

effects

and

the

the

fruit

of

apart.
foot

of

well-ripened
well

ripened

frost

be

of

for

of

centres

will

base,

foot

be

not

may
the

or

the

than

firm,

hard,

square
at

apart

wire-

sufficiently

either

feet

must

of

use

cradles

made

cross

from

this

by

or

are

i|^

thinned

In

tree,

must

trees

the

by

trees

shoots

well

air.

cases

diameter

space

the

with

suffer

may

which

from

top,

sappy

be

the

all

cattle

cradles

manured,

be

quality

better

be

years

should

and

round

the

at

In

the

in

trees

feet

and

weeds,

from

injury

These

should

few

they

boughs

the
to

apart

of

tied

and

just
boughs

or

fruit

orchard
of

eyes

except

shoots

circle

cracking.

of

cattle.

leave

to

grass

soil

the

stakes

feet

winter,

reason

same

and

preferable

taken

from

boughs

by

course

be

is
bud

four

to

central

plant

to

necessary

possibility

horses

useless

This
to

tree

back

with

out

needed,

be

but

pruned

shape.
the

pruned

remove

carried

cup
of

will

pruning
to

often

free

prevent
the

mesh),

3J

to

and

must
tree

upright

the

is

care

to

-inch

keep

to

triangular,

It

each

hoed

netting

branches,

the

case

base

the

growth

shoots

inner

little

or

land,
be

not

be

outside

the

on

the

should

or

ever
When-

cultivated
should

bowl

assume

Planting.

on

trees

Crab

the

upon

arable

in

The

pruning

shoots

keeping

other.

each

cross

and

the

years'

regulate

to

branches

and

outwards,

pointing
after

the

best

are

chapter

trees

them.

subsequent

cutting

making

always

by

and

the

in

with

grown

planting,

which

trees,

orchard

plant

to

be

apple

recommended

as

is best

not

year

attained

out

it

must

BUNYARD

standard

is carried

APPLE

the

good

the
trees

size

well.
until
has

early August,
to

be

removed

starting

as

whereas,

sooner

when

only
per-

THE

GARDEN

FRUIT

Pruning

the

Apple

(Summer)

APPLE

THE

formed
fruit

the

at

The

spurs.

March.

the

named,

time

winter

below

buds

pruning

be

may

swell

done

in

and

lay

foundation

the

weather

open

of

October

from

method
of planting should
be observed,
garden trees the same
soil
for
is
rich
fruit
enough
quite
no
ordinary garden
trees, they need
fresh
Most
of
the
stock ;
manure.
garden trees
apple are }ipon the Paradise
be below
therefore, when
planted, the junction of the stock and scion should

to

but

With

as

the

soil.
Trees

Paradise

the

on

and

preferably in

The

leading

make
for

February.
cordon

of

shoots

and

spurs,

stock

lateral

the
such

be

may
Either

pyramid

should

trees

shoots

of

bush

or

be

not

first

the

pruned

trees

shortened
should

espalier trees

after

year

be

not

planting,

be

may
unless

formed.

they

fail

pruned

to

back

the
of the
proceeding might check
regular formation
but
after
leaders
the
be
a
year'sgrowth
regulated,
;
may
the lower
branches
foot longer than
to
the upper
the
cut
taking care
a
as
ones,
If the
allowed
branches
extend
to
are
beyond the
sap naturallyrises.
upper
lower
the
latter
die
back.
shoots
the
ones
or
Any
long
ill-placed
on
may
laterals
be
shortened
in
within
four
buds
of
their
to
or
August
may
eyes
a

as

season,

lateral

tiers of branches

"

"

bases.

In

and

wood
this

should

cases

As

year.
little

fruit

soon

as

elsewhere.

of

the

trees

should

need

be

be

to

the

once

operation

form

any

garden

When

regularly,this

portion

of

trees

fruit, they require

very

given

are

produce

only

no

first

fruit the

to

much

carry

of
abundance
produce an
Instructions
root-pruned.
formed

have

trees

be

not

allowed

be

fruit

repeated, and, as
at
for, if
once,

spurs

gross
for
and

precaution,

following
The
be entirelylost.
be
dry, the crop may
largesttrees must
with
root
judgment, but after two
prunings they generally bear
fruitful
satisfactorily.Old fruitless trees that have been closelypruned become
allowed
when
the boughs are
well thinned
and
themselves
the trees
extend
to
with, of course,
slightregulation.
a

spring should
operated upon

trees

Characteristic
blossom

between
somewhat

bud
a

spur

Growths.
in the
and

the

be

Pruning

root-pruned

A.

this is

centre

wood

shoot,

buds
in the
prominent
must
stubby shoot, and

not

Short

stubby

fruitful

growth,
and

spur,

extending

axils, and

(Summer)

Apple

the

beyond
by

terminated

the

a
a

leaves
noi

must

few

be

disposed
pruned.

inches

conspicuous

; the

bud,

almost
B.

leavesoften

in

are
a

circle, with
intermediate

Growth

closely set, with

blossom

bud

this

neither
in summer
winter,
Short
c.
nor
stubby growth,
pruned
bold
bud
but not
with
leaves
pointed, not
imperfected
; this is an
disposed in a circle, and the terminal
blossom
it will (most likely)produce
buds
the following
be
and
not
shortened,
must
some
as
spur,
five points long, and
side
shoot
than
A
or
requiring either pinching in summer
D.
more
summer.
basal
counting small
shortening in winter, or both ; (a) point of stopping at third good leaf (6); not
bud
into
characteristic
not
started
fore
with
these
leaves
growths ; {d) basal
growth, there{c). e. Branch
of necessity) to originate a new
branch
available
for cutting down
termed
to (in case
latent, and
;
suitable
for retaining to
form
shoot
incipient spurs ; (/) short
(e) short stubby growths
spurs
; (g) a
intermediate
fruit is borne
the following summer
with
bud
which
blossom
at
on
; (A) a growth
apex,
spur
in some
varieties
of apple,
between
and
shoot, terminated
by a fruit bud ; common
a spur
a growing
either
be
that must
be shortened
for obvious
or
and
to
pinched in summer
not
reasons
; [i]side shoots
for
in winter, or
shortened
furnishing the tree with
required
filling vacant
or
both, unless
space,
of branch
foot
branches
which
be
least
must
at
one
apart ; {j) point of pinching ; (k) continuation
intact in case
of wall or espalier tree, or pinched at (/)if a bush
or
pyi-amid tree.
growth, trained
Pinching
Shoots.
Shoot
Side
at second
stopping ; (m) point of first pinching (see shoot D. );
op
f.
Shoot
second
be
leaf.
after
to
(o) sub-laterals
pinching;
stopped, if
G.
(n) laterals stopped to one
The
but
after early part of September;
object
not
leaf, as shown,
[p] buds plump.
to
one
necessary
the
of stopping
is to make
buds
starting into growth.
develop without
is

short

be

THE

GARDEN

FRUIT

Pruning

the

Apple

(Winter)

APPLE

THE
The

Paradise

particular

Stock.

Much

5
arisen

has

misconception

with

regard

to

this

earlier days of its adoption the

in the
grafting,because
the
This
is a starving stock, and
in general use.
apple
Doucin
The
it are
not
Broad-Leaved,
Nonsuch,
long-lived.
true
English varieties of the Paradise stock, however, are now
found
these
be quite satisfactory.Apple trees
to
are
upon
stocks
have
a
vigour equal to those Upon the Crab or Free stock, but at the same
time
they have the capacity of forming fruit-producingspurs while the trees are
often
taken
from
trees
old, and
are
quite young
only two
; heavy crops
years
it is utter
talk of their giving up
after a few
to
nonsense
or
dying out
years.
the Paradise
There
stock fiftyyears
are
throughout the country apple trees upon
old in perfect health
and vigour,and
have
it must
been
ignorance of their many
stock

for

French

variety was
trees
grafted upon
or
Dutch, and the
generally used, and

virtues

recently
finer

be

to

Bush
1900.
cleaner
fruit, but

stock, and

They

them

condemned

apple
they

as

and

Crab

caused

that

upon

bear

fruit

moreover,

Especially is

on

Paradise

the

is small

and

this

the

comparatively

the
in

case

sells

stock

stocks

five

some

Leafless

that

return

good

so

only produce

not

before

years

be

can

season

it is

freely,because

trees

the

on

from

obtained

then

the

fruit

while

handsome,

orchard

from

trees

orchard

fruit

unsaleable.

Pruning
Characteristic

above

Association

Crab
the
bare.
trees
are
produce freelywhen
least
in
for
to
at
fiftyyears,
keep
good bearing
that
stock
is below
the
the junction of scion and

depended upon
provided they are planted so
soil ; eventually they give double
trees.

the

trees

Herefordshire

the

often

be

may

by

Growths.

h.

(Winter)

Apple

the

Fruitful

spur;

(?)

blossom

bud

from

which

fruit

is

shoot
terminated
forming future spurs for bearing. I. Short
by a fruit bud ; (j)
blossom
bud
buds
in following summer;
lilielyto form
(k) point of pruning if desired
spurs
shoot
for furnishing
the
time.
to originate a growing
tree
bearing for some
; this, of course,
prevents
extension
bud
of bearing in some
by a blossom
a
growth terminated
peculiar mode
J. An
; [v) fruit bud,
varieties.
An
in following summer
into
incipient spur ; {w) terminal
K.
bud, probably developing
a
bud
blossom
Short
vrith wood
buds
usually forming
L.
stubby shoot
; (x) side buds
spurs.
; {y) buds
in following summer
buds
called
remaining
usually developing
commonly
dormant,
spurs
; (2) basal
Side
from
latent.
shoot
of winter
not
M.
a branch
pinched in summer
pruning, the object
; (a) point
formation.
Branch
with characteristic
branches, and induce
N.
being to keep growths near
growths
spur
basal
with
blossom
bud
bud;
[c) incipient spurs ; (rf)perfected spur
at
(page 2 E, Leafless) ; {J})
;
apex
intermediate
shoot
between
(e)short stubby shoot usually forming spurs in following summer
; (/) short
terminated
and
shortened
buds
to
two
by a fruit bud ; {g) side shoots
a
growth
; (A) continuation
spur
for originating growths
furnish
for
with
branches
of branch
to
to
tree
point desired
growth shortened
shoots
desired
shoot
so
growth left
; (?) continuation
bearing or filling vacant
; (/') side
; if not
spaces
side shoot, winter
A pinched
intact,
o.
pruned (page 2 G, Leafless); (^) bud started, and not desirable
in following season
bud, not
pruning bud
plump, and likelyto form
as
a
; (m) basal
; (/) buds
spurs
Branch
in very
desirable
the
latent.
next
P.
state
spring, but remaining
usually starting into growth
side shoot
having in previous year (n^) formed
(n a, not shortened) ; () a shortened
; {0) spiu*s ;
spurs
Three
shoot
and
\p)continuation
2=two
years' old wood.
Q.
3=three
years' old
year,
year,
; i=one
bud
blossom
buds
that
fruited
wood
having formed
; {s) spur
(n as far as g) \ (q) basal
; (r) spurs
side
buds
developed into incipient spurs ; {t) short shoot having formed
and
two
previous summer

produced

{r) side buds

; (t)wood

buds

blossom
has

fruited

shortening
shortened
blossom

and
and

when

desired

side
buds

years' old wood

are
fully grown.

three

incipient

developed
to

spurs

keep

spurs

formed
having
with
wood
[y) growth

shoots
;

spurs

two

this is

common

(a)

with

branch

near

bud

this

and
is best

between

spur

three

incipient

done

after

the

and

R.

which

shoot

;
spurs
fruit is

with
fruit buds
of branch
Extremity
usually developing into spurs the following
of bearing with
varieties, and with most
some

spurs.
buds
mode

intermediate

shoot

blossom

(z*)points of
gathered ; {w]
at

season

points ; (x]
; (a) two

when

the

trees

THE

APPLE

THE
It
on

is very

wall,

and

when

AS

apple

rarely that
but

there

such

trees

are

promoted

are

occasions

which

flavour, and much

improved in colour and
Midland
North
North, and
counties, conditions

and

culture

of

apple

the

to

would
be

hold

given,
seen

ever

the

highest

excellence

out

There

west

the

roof

These

trees

such

of

following, plenty

slated

were

trained

were

roofs

exist

in

wall

many

Scottish,

be
wish

who

plant

had
to

few

inconvenience,

like

recourse

grow

cordon

existing

that
it

finest

the
trees

trees

where

but

the

to

anything

in

had
must

between

spaces

without

doubt,

should

quality

better

unfavourable

be

to

are

conditions

doors,

would

the

Conway.
and

many

no

on

of

In

so

exhibition, a

climatic

vacant

two

or

aspect,
grown

near

shed,

are

cordon

were

Bodnant,
of

by

walls.

their

on

favoured

are

position
culture,

of

larger,of

be

of

method

this

appearance.

if these

for

or

more

those

even

that

apples

for dessert

either

good condition,
to

dessert

best

our

to

prove

dignity

the

to

justify

apples

the

WALLS

ON

CORDON

is shown,

favour

GARDEN

FRUIT

can

have

apples
Wales,
garden in North
tall standards
planted against the wall
This
roof.
is a plan worth
the
over
and
return
at
gardens,
present give no
be

of

best.

shed

The

in

whatever.
The
on

following

wall

devoted

dessert
them

to

varieties
:

would

well

repay

the

for any

grower

space

of Bath,
Irish Peach,
Pearmain,
Kerry Pippin, Lady
Sudeley, Worcester
Beauty
Pippin, Ribston
Pippin, Cox's
ton,
Pomona,
Mother, WashingJames
Grieve, Cox's
Orange
County,
AUington
Pippin, Gascoigne's Scarlet, Scarlet
Nonpareil, King of Tompkin's
Pendu
Plat
also
for
suitable
are
Pippin, Court
(all the above
Rosemary
Russet, Team's
Allen's
lasting,
Everof the
Russet, Adam's
exhibition) ; King
Pippins, Brownlee's
Pearmain,
Sturmer
Mabbott's
Pearmain, Blenheim
Orange,
Pippin.

following varieties,although

The
exhibition

indispensable for

strictlydessert, are

not

White
Alexander,
Astrachan,
Emperor
Peasgood's
Nonsuch,
Transparent,
The
Queen, Golden
Oldenburg,
Noble, Bismarck,
Beauty of Kent, William's
Calville Blanche.!
Wonder,
Favourite, Newton
Red

of

Duchess

The

pots
of

beautiful

last-named

glass,but

under

may

and
be

delicious

apple

planted against

succeeds
warm

best
wall

when

with

in
grown
fair prospect

success.

The

Hundred

Best

Apples

T.
Skin, slightly rough and
dry ; ground
colour, bright yellow
with
striped deeper red, spotted and
patched
russet
; flesh, tender,
basin
in starry
and
russet
rich, first-class ;
; flavoicr, sweet
; stalk, set
A
moderate.
November
to
January ; growth,
compact,
pretty, high-coloured
season,
It is often more
dessert
variety, worthy of a place in a select collection.
pointed than the
fertility.
figure. Of average
K.
netted
with
thin
Skin, smooth
greenish
yellow
Alfriston,
; colour, pale
under
the
skin ; flesh, tender, juicy ; flavotir, sweet
and
pleasant ;
russet, flecks of green

Adam's

with

Pearmain,

coppery
greenish white

red,

t/1

til

THE
January

season,
a

to

fine orchard

time

does

tree

and

;
a

and

growth, sturdy
pyramid on

fertile

Fruits
gravelly soil.
Of average
fertility.
Everlasting,
T., F.C.C.

well

they shrivel.

March

APPLE

the

must

on

compact,
Paradise

large drooping
stock ; keeps

be

the

left

on

tree

well

foliage.
sound
into

for

Forms
a

long

November

or

Allen's
Skin, rough;
ground
colour, greenish
igoi.
with thin brown
red on
side ; flesh, tender, yellowish
yellow covered
russet, coppery
sunny
brisk, aromatic, first-class ; season,
tinged with green
April to May ; growth,
; flavour,
Forms
the
Paradise
full of spurs.
is a useful
trees
neat
stock, and
on
stout, upright, very
Fruit should
be left on
the trees
late as November
as
to be
garden variety in any form.
perfect. A regular bearer.
Pippin
Allinxjton
(South Lincolnshire
\Z"j\.Skin,
slightly
Pippin), T., F.C.C.
rough ; ground colour, yellow to primrose with scarlet flush, striped with deeper scarlet
and
with
russet
lent,
slight russet
pale primrose ; flavour, rich, excelspots ; flesh, firm, very
Reinette
November
to February
resembling Golden
free, twiggy,
; season,
; growth,
and
full of fruit-spurs. Makes
orchard
is most
neat
desirable
the
a
standard, and
on
in any
Paradise
stock
form.
It bears
too
so
freely that it will require thinning, but not
much
It is one
of the most
the fruits become
fruits
beautiful
too
or
large for dessert.
and
in 1896 has
It is in
although
only introduced
already become
popular.
grown,
Cox's
be
of the
considered
finest
season
longer than
Orange
as
one
Pippin, and
may
sorts

the

sent

out.

stalk, and

Trees

often

bear

when

one

old.

year

The

fruit

is sometimes

swollen

near

conical.

Annie
T. or K., F.C.C.
1866.
Elizabeth,
5y^z',smooth, shining; ground colour, bright
round
the
with salmon
red and
yellow suffused
striped with deeper red, faint russet
;
eye
flesh,very firm, crisp, and juicy, yellowish white ; stalk, very
short, frequently knobby ;
and
aromatic
Aavour, sweet
March-April
sturdy, upright, bold ; large
; season,
; growth,
the sea, and
the fruit does
Late
fall in windy weather.
in the
foliage. Succeeds
near
not
it is fit for dessert.
season
Fertility moderate.
Red
Winter
Baumann's
Reinette,
T., F.C.C.
\%^'i.Skin,
rough ; ground
with
rich bronzy
red ; flesh, white, half
almost
colour, bright orange
entirely covered
December
tender
in thin
basin
russet
to
January ;
; season,
; stalk, set
; flavour, sweet
orchard
Forms
bears
neat
a
growth, sturdy, irregular, full of spurs.
tree, and
regularly
Suitable
and
for liberal
for all
to
thinning of the fruits.
so
as
profusely, so much
pay
The
Paradise
fruits are
beautiful
forms
of garden
the
stock.
trees
a
on
colour, and
for
market
culture
bush
One
best
of the
trees
on
keep late.
firm, it
so
; being
very
certificate was
reaches
market
in good condition.
The
R.H.S.
granted to it as a market

fruit.
in places ;
of
T., F.C.C.
1887.
Skin, rough, sometimes
Bath,
russety
and
white
with
crimson
cheek
bright
colour,
yellow
ground
pale
spots, very
pretty ; flesh,
of
white
middle
end
to
melting, greenish
pleasantly acid ; season,
July,
; flavour,
orchard
Forms
full of spurs.
succeeds
neat
a
on
tree, and
August ; growth, compact,
form
of training.
Paradise
to any
Ripens with Gladstone, and is
stock, and is amenable
for dessert
thus
valuable
It pays
for liberal
of the earliest July fruits,and
one
purposes.
the best
and
is so bright that it fetches
its colour
prices in the market.
treatment,
Seward
of Worcester),
K.
Kent
Beauty
or
of
T., A.M.
(Countess of Warwick,
and
1800.
about
colour, greenish yellow
Skin, smooth
dry ; ground
igoi
; introduced
with
brownish
covered
bright red ; flesh,tender, and
nearly white ;
red, striped with
basin
and slightly aromatic
November
stalk, set in silvery russet
; season,
; flavour, sweet
A
to January
vigorous and spreading, apt to droop ; foliage, large and curled.
; growth,
soils under
the Paradise
is superb
on
garden culture
on
warm
stock, but
variety which
soils.
Fertility moderate.
loses quality in cold or uncongenial
and
T.
Belle
Skin, smooth
or
Pontoise,
K., F.C.C.
; ground
greasy
1902.
with
flecked
darker
with
bronzy crimson, striped and
colour, greenish yellow shaded
basin
wide
crimson
\\ inches
white, juicy ; stalk, set in russet
;
; fl^sh, tender,
very
December
to
April ; growth,
vigorous ; foliage
flavour, pleasantly sub-acid
; season,
sometimes
some
large, and
always handlarge. A grand variety for all purposes,
very
very
and
Fertility excellent.
regular in outline.
Beauty

THE

GARDEN

FRUIT

;
1%%7.Skin,
smootli, slightly greasy
K., F.C.C.
brilliant
red
deeper red, sometimes
striped with
pale yellow, carmine
basin
crimson
primrose, juicy ; stalk, set in starry russet
; flavow,
; flesk, crisp, pale
leaves
rather
October
sub-acid
spreading,
to
growth,
very
pleasantly
January ;
; season,
of the
the
end
of culture, and
at
A
for
all methods
valuable
downy.
fruit, suitable
from
the
for market
be
sold
fit for dessert
the smaller
are
examples
season
; it can
to
perfect
fails
thinning
remarkable
trees.
to
requires
get
never
freely
Fertility
;
;
crop

(Prince Bismarck),

Bismarck

ground

colour,

fruit.
Orange
; growtd
(Woodstock
Pippin), K., T.
Skin, rough and uneven
flushed
in patches
and
russet
dots, frequently striped and
yellow with
russet
in starry
with
brownish
red ; flesh, tender, yellowish white, mealy ; stalk, set
rich
and
full ; season,
November
vigorous,
to
basin
February ; growth,
; flavour,
The
fruit for general use.
and
The
best
large
deep green.
spreading ; foliage broad
and
take
conical
splendid for dumplings
tarts, while
a
form, are
more
examples, which
amenable
Best
to
the
smaller
for
dessert.
esteemed
garden
as
a
standard, but
are
be
the
branches
should
culture
when
too
closely cut.
not
duly root-pruned, though
has
the
tree
gained size and age.
Fertility abundant,
though not before
T.
Braddick's
Nonpareil,
Skin, slightly rough;
ground
colour, deep yellow
round
the
round
the fruit and
with
the
set
over
ring of russet
patches of russet
eye,
October
with
and
aromatic
stalk
to
specks ; flavour, sweet
; season,
green
; flesh, white
culture.
full
of
One
the
best
of
for
December
growth,
garden
compact,
very
;
spurs.
the
Sometimes
fruit is
the
Can
ring round
always be recognised by the russet
eye.
cordons.
shown
in the figure. Forms
fruitful
flatter than
good.
Fertility
pretty
Bramley's
slightly greasy
K., F.C.C.
Seedling,
1883.
Skin, smooth,
; ground
faint red streaks
red ; flesh, firm, juicy,
shading to brownish
colour, dull yellow with
white
with greenish spots and
streaks
by a knob
; flavour,
; stalk, frequently terminated
sub-acid
December
able
valuA
to
April ; growth, sturdy, robust, spreading.
very
; season,
and
Its growth
fruit for orchard
market
is very
culture.
free, and
consequently
do not
fruit until they are
bear
about
The
branches
orchard
old.
trees
ten
require
years
the
formed
bears
tree
once
carefully regulating and
pruning, but when
fruit-spurs are
The
fruit is of good size and
constantly.
keeps soundly, generally irregular, but often
in the figure.
flatter than
shown
The
It forms
foliage is very large, flat,and rounded.
the
does
fertile bushes
Paradise
its vigorous
itself to
lend
on
stock, but
not
growth
severe
pruning or set training.
T.
Brownlee's
suffused
with
Skin,
Russet,
colour, pale green
rough ; ground
all over,
side ; flesh, crisp, cream-coloured
russet
russet
faintly brown
on
; flavour, very
November
rich ; season,
and
full of foliage.
to
January ; growth, upright, compact
very
culture. Fertility
fruit is in its season
of the best
This
dessert
for garden
sorts
one
The
fruit should
but
be
moderate
before
it is ripe, or
it
not
regular.
gathered
This
culture
for its
shrivels, loses its fine flavour, and becomes
tough.
variety is worth
beautiful
blossom
alone.
In
the
spring it is most
striking, the flowers
being highly
Blenheim

colour, golden

coloured.
Calville

Blanche

Calville), K.
(White
specks ; flesh, tender and

Skin, dry ; colour, greenish yellow with

melting, primrose colour
; flavour, sweet
and
December
to
slightly aromatic
full of spurs.
April ; growth,
moderate,
; season,
French
This
fruit is greatly esteemed
wall
by the cooks, and
is,when
on
a
or
grown
warm
situation, suitable for dessert ; it is, however,
tender
a
apple, and
cannot
very
for general culture.
be recommended
Calville
and
Malingre,
K., A.M.
Skin, slightly rough
1^)02.
dry'; ground
crimson, striped with
colour, pale orange
frequently coppery
deep crimson
; flesh, firm,
sub-acid
markings
greenish white with
yellowish green
April, May ;
; flavour,
; season,
and
full of fruit-spurs. A
valuable
growth,
upright, very
compact,
apple for garden
and
cordons
culture, making
finely formed
Fruit
pyramids and
a
pretty espalier.
must
till November.
the tree
be left on
Fertility first-class.
Calville
Rouge
Precoce
(Summer
Calville),T.~Ski7t, rough ; ground
colow,
marked
with
white
dots ; flesh, tender, white
silvery and
russet
bright crimson
a

few

black

spots and

APPLE

THE

with

markings
growth, neat

rosy
;

should

be

olive

Rouge

flushed

green

spicy

flavour,
and

in every

grown

Calville

garden

the

on

aromatic

unusually
upright.

Paradise

; season,

beautiful

October

to

ember
Dec-

fruit for decoration, and

stock.

colour,
Skin, smooth
; ground
firm and
flesh, very
pale green
;
late
A
for very
twiggy, spreading.
grand sort
use,
wall.
its late
When
at
fully developed fit for dessert

(Red

D'Hiver

with

and

rather

compact,

blood

deep

Calville),K.,

red

and

A.M.

crimson

April to May ; growth,

planting against a west
The
November.
fruits must
A
be
left on
the tree
also.
well into
season.
good cooker
fruit requires thinning.
Fertility remarkable,
Cardinal
(Peter the Great), T., K., A.M.
1896.
Skin, dry and
velvety; ground
like a peach]; flesh, crisp,
colour, pale primrose with exquisite marblings of red and rose
and
white
and
to
crystalline ; flavour, very
sweet
tember
Seppleasant ; season,
August
very
and
full of spurs,
of
makes
upright, compact
never
a
large tree ; worthy
; growth,
in gardens
for
culture
its beauty, bears
beautiful
of the most
abundantly
apples,
; one
like a plum.
carrying a bloom
Cellini
Pippin
and
(Selina), K.
Skin, smooth
colour, pale green,
greasy
; ground
covered
with silvery russet
flecks
and
with
red and
crimson
stripes ; flesh, very tender
and
white
in a
acid ; season,
starry basin ; flavour, pleasantly
; stalk, set
green
free
of the
October
and
rather
One
best for a cottage
to
August
upright.
; growth,
villa garden ; seldom
in cold
fails to
soils on
the
bear.
or
Crab,
Apt to canker
but
and
worked
Paradise
the
stock
trees
on
are
healthy.
Fertility abundant
more

season,

of

worthy

constant.

Chelmsford
slightly greasy
Wonder,
1891.
Skin, smooth,
K., F.C.C.
; ground
colour, pale lemon, pale bronze, with flecks of red ; flesh, very firm, juicy, pale primrose
colour
December
sub-acid
to
February ; growth, upright,
; flavour, pleasantly
; season,
for orchard
Valuable
culture, for instance, where
Wellington cankers.
Keeps
compact.
the
stock.
firm
Paradise
the last, a valuable
for garden
to
sort
trees
on
Fertility

excellent.
T.
colour, bright orange,
Pearmain,
Skin, rough and
dry ; ground
russet
on
side, pale fruits
silvery specks and
patches, dull crimson
sunny
faintly striped only ; flesh, crisp, pale primrose, green
markings ; stalk, set in a
are
rich
and
November
basin
slightly russet
pleasantly sub-acid
; flavour,
; season,
green
A
orchard
December
full of spurs.
to
neat
a
bearer, forms
great
compact,
; growth,
for dessert
when
for market
Introduced
tree.
proved suitable
sale, but it has
grown
of the fruits are
stalk
Paradise
and
the
stock.
Some
at the
tree
knobby
as
on
a garden
in clusters, and
It bears
requires thinning freely.
egg-shaped.
Claygate
greenish yellow,
Skin, rough ; groundcolour,
Pearmain,
T., A.M.
1901.
with
covered
with
russet
a
dots, often
bronzy
patches of silvery cinnamon,
russet, and
in
thin
basin
with
cheek
set
russet
stalk,
markings
half-tender,
flesh,
;
green
creamy,
;
;
spreading,
rich, first-class ; season,
January to March
flavour, very
compact,
; growth,
Ribston
of the
is one
underneath.
Resembles
Leaves
Pippin, and
twiggy.
downy
in
form.
and
excellent
suitable
culture
Most
best.
for
Fertility
regular.
garden
any
very
and
often
much
fruits are
side, and
The
uneven
always
irregfular.
higher on one
T.
Pippin
Cockle's
colour, orange
ground
Skin,
(Nutmeg),
usually smooth
;
thin
cinnamon
and
russet
primrose ;
spotted with
yellow, netted
; flesh, crisp, pale
November
and
to
February ; growth,
piquant ; season,
compact
flavour, rich, sweet,
it
the fruit is of a russet
In
and
colour, but in some
ordinary seasons
twiggy.
years
culture
form
in any
for
the
best
of the
is often
One
garden
on
entirely green.
Fruit
orchard
standard.
small
requires thinning as it bears
Paradise
a
stock, forms
in the
than
fruit is often more
and
The
in clusters
of three
pointed and smaller
more.

Christmas

with

marked

figure.
Cornish
orange,

sweet,
fruit

produced

bronzy

rich, and

gardens,

T.
(Gilliflower),

Gilliflower

and

where

red, striped with

aromatic
at

ends

it is best

; season,

October

of branches.
as

darker

standard

Its
or

colour, pale
Skin, rough and dry ; ground
; flavour,
; flesh, tough, cream-coloured
and
slender,
to January
; growth, pendulous
entitles
it to
a
high flavour
place in good
hard
pruned
half-standard, and if somewhat

red

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

10

it
that
sweet
fruit is so
The
shy bearer.
a
fruit
The
Foliage small.
ripeness.
approaches
is often
swollen
at the
egg-shaped.
stalk, and almost
T. ; introduced
Cox's
Orange
Pippin,
\Z^/^.Skin, sKghtly rough ; groundcolour,
side ; flesh, tender, creamrich orange,
scarlet
the
on
bronzy red, sometimes
sunny
and
basin ; flavour,
pleasant ; season,
coloured
rich, sweet
stalk, set in russet
;
theUndoubtedly
but
forms
November
readily.
to
twiggy,
free,
April ; growth,
spurs
it becomes

requires

best

very

its

dessert

season

aspects

than

this

soils

it forms

smaller

for

fruits

Cox's

yellow
and

in

neat

a
are

more

the

Scotland
culture
orchard

white

covered

with

carmine

it

fruit roorn
the
;
largely upon
long it will keep depends
in
trees
and
placing
by
by gathering at several pickings,
sort
it requires a wall.
Bearing freely, there is no better
Paradise
stock ; in congenial
(not cold)
bush
as
a
on
characteristic

One

spots show

K.,

figure is made

The

tree.

globular.
(Pomona),

Pomona

T.

under

red, streaked

November

the

of

from
this

perfect specimen, but

in badly
even

fruit is that

skin.

and
; ground
greasy
deeper red ; flesh, very
and
pleasant ;
; flavour, sweet
for
fully ripened, excellent

Skin,

stalk, set in yellow basin

When
growth,
compact.
require to be well thinned, as also

crystalline

branches

How
apple.
lengthened

market

examples,

grown

and

be

may

various

it is

fertile,but left alone

very
be protected from
birds as

to

colour, bright

smooth

tender,

with

does

the

fruit.

Succeeds

season,

well

white

October

dessert.

in cool

The

soils.

distinct.
The
blossom
is snow
white, very
Fertility first-class and constant.
5/Jz,
D'Arcy
Spice
Pippin), T., A.M.
Spice, Baddow
(Spring Ribston, Essex
slightly rough ; ground
colour, pea
netted, and
spotted with thfn russet
; flesh,
green,
and
with
pleasant ; season,
melting, white
markings
highly aromatic
; flavour,
green
there
its native
of Essex
slow.
In
are
large
to
County
February
May
very
; growth,
orchards
be best
trees
to
of this tree, but it would
early
to
graft on established
get an
be grown
should
It forms
stock, and
return.
pyramids on the Paradise
sturdy bushes
or
it as
market
in all gardens
for a late supply ; its appearance
condemns
sort.
a
Waterloo
Devonshire
(Seek
Farther, Striped Quarrenden,
no
Quarrenden
and
Skin, smooth
[of market]), T.
dry, but greasy
Pippin, Sack
Apple, Quarantine
with rich blood
almost
when
stored
entirely covered
colour, pale yellow, but
; ground
skin
and
brisk
red
under
the
sometimes
white,
; flavour,
; flesh, crisp, very
rosy
moderate.
Forms
to
fresh, juicy ; season,
September
piquant when
August
; growth,
orchard
the
Paradise
stock produce
neat
splendid fruit.
a
standard, and garden trees
on
for
has
in the
it is known
Valuable
the
where
market,
a
as
table, and
high value
"
Succeeds
in all forms.
Quarantine."
Oldenburg
Duchess
of
(Borovitsky, Russian, Summer
Peach), K., T.Skin,
smooth
streaked
and
and
colour, pale primrose,
dry ; ground
striped with
bright
handsome
crimson,
crystalline ; flavour, briskly acid, but
; flesh, crisp, brisk, and
very
for most
much
not
too
so
to
palates ; season,
August
September
upright,
; growth,
A
fine apple for home
Carries
fine
vigorous, but not so twiggy as many.
use.
a
very
bloom
like a peach, is very
in cold
fails to bear.
It
hardy, succeeds
soils,and
never
sells
because
of its beauty, but
it is apt to bruise
fairly well in the market
on
long
The
shoots
of this variety are
journeys.
deep brown.
very
smooth
Duke
T.
of
Devonshire,
Skin,
colour, greenish yellow, with
; ground
black
the eye
and
stalk
dots and
white
patches of russet, especially round
; flesh, tender,
and
with
aromatic
March
sweet
markings
to
May ; growth,
; flavour,
; season,
green
rather
the best.
Ranks
with
Makes
spreading and free.
a
good standard, is suitable
The
for garden
culture.
fruit retains
its flavour
the
to
be
not
last, must
gathered
early.
trees.
Fertility satisfactory and regular on established
ECKLINVILLE
K.
after storing ; ground
SEEDLING,
Skin, smooth, shining, greasy
colour, greenish primrose with black
flush ; flesh, melting,
dots, rarely with a crimson
white, and crystalline ; flavour, pleasantly acid ; season,
to October
September
; growth,
orchard
standard.
This
is one
of the
vigorous, sturdy, and stout, forming a flat-headed
fails to bear
best
seldom
The
is full of fruit
early kitchen
apples, and
a
heavy crop.
tree
It is a
and
first-class variety to graft the
weaker
grand in all forms.
dessert
spurs,
apples upon.

"^

Q
ft;
O
o

v-'i

CORDON

Jl'l'LE

TREES

IN

HEREFORDSHIRE

NURSERY.

THE

12

Grenadier

greenish

yellow

trees

of

end

seaso7t,

and

handsome

valuable

most

splendid

Codlin,
shading
September

bearer,

never

GARDEN

FRUIT

seldom
1883. Skin, smooth,
; colour, pale
greasy
acid ;
well
pale yellow ; flesh, soft, cooks
; flavour, briskly
orchard
fine
and
October
free, compact
; forms
; growth,
stock.
Paradise
the
bushes
market
for garden
on
or
purposes
A
good,
of the Codlins.
the
best
fails to crop,
considered

K., F.C.C.

to

fruit.

and
Hambling's
dry; colour, creamy
Seedling,
K., F.C.C.
1893.
Skin, smooth
and
faint
round
the
russet
yellow with
tinge of lirown, and
; flesh, tender, crisp
eye
sub-acid
in
colour
basin
set
;
pleasantly
juicy, pale primrose
; flavour,
; stalk,
green
late apples,
best
and
free.
of
the
One
March
December
to
sturdy
season,
; growth,
very
and
well.
is not fertile till it gains size and
firm
The
tree
age,
heavy and
; it cooks
very
It forms
should
tree.
Fertility
be hard
a
grand orchard
not
pruned as a garden tree.

excellent

established.

when

Quoining),
Crimson
Stubbard,
(Crimson
Quoining, Red
Queening
with
side
crimson
on
ground
colour,
yellow,
deep
Skin, smooth
sunny
orange
;
splashes of red ; flesh, tender and very white ; stalk, enlarged at entry, set in red basin ;
and
October
when
flavour
stored ; season,
and
pleasant, loses
flavour, aromatic
market
it a useful
renders
full
Its
colour
of
November
bright
growth,
irregular,
spurs.
;
for long.
be stored
is much
liked
its peculiar flavour
not
by some
apple, and
; it must
Paradise
stock.
the
and
It forms
orchard
tree
tree
on
garden
a
a
compact
pretty
Hereford

T.

Fertility excellent.
Pearmain
Hormead
1885.
(Arundel Pearmain), K., T., A.M.
1900
; introduced
white
with green
russet
bright
spotted
firm,
yellow,
faintly
flesh,
Skin, smooth
colour,
;
;
December
basin
to
May ;
stripes ; stalk, set in russet
; flavour, slightly acid
; season,
is useful in any
fails to bear.
Tree
and
growth, compact
sturdy. A variety that seldom
than
conical
the
late.
often more
form.
The
fruits keep quite firm
They are
very
and
abundant.
figure, and of regular outline.
Fertility constant
Pearmain
T.
Hubbard's
colour,
(Russet
Pearmain),
Skin, smooth
; ground
with
with
faint crimson, marked
irregular russet
greenish yellow suffused
patches and
in a green
basin
rich and
dots
; flavour, very
; flesh, tender, greenish white
; stalk, set
A valuable
for culture
full ; season,
December
sort
on
to
January ; growth, compact.

the

Paradise

stock

in any

form.

if stored
colour
(Early Crofton), T.
Skin, rough, greasy
; ground
flushed
with
dotted
white
bronzy
red, and
greenish yellow striped and
; flesh, soft,
rich ; season,
early August ; growth,
melting, greenish ; flavour, spicy and
pendent ;
be little pruned.
It is best
should
to
bearing at the end of slender branches, therefore
let this and
all early apples fall by themselves
The
fruits are
straw
a
mulching.
upon
often flatter and
more
irregular than the figure.
A.M.
1897.
Skin, smooth, greasy
Grieve,
colour, bright primrose
James
; grou7id
and
and
tender
striped deeper red, with white
patches of russet
spots
; flesh, very
and
basin ; flavour,
sweet
melting, and
nearly white ; stalk, set in faintly russet
and
moderate
and
rather
October
September
pleasant ; season,
upright. An
; growth,
of
introduction
from
Scotland
be
described
an
value, it may
great
as
early Cox's
in the north, forming
is very
The
valuable
tree
Orange Pippin.
healthy and succeeds
a
varieties.
Best
addition
the
Paradise
to
our
stock.
a
garden tree on
as
early autumn
Fertility excellent.
Kerry
T.
with
brownish
Pippin,
Skin, smooth;
ground colour, dull yellow marked
cream-coloured
red, striped and
spotted with deeper red ; flesh, firm, dull and
; stalk,
and
frequently swollen
September
; flavour, first-rate
; season,
; growth,
vei'y
compact
Forms
the Paradise
is a favourite
neat
with
those
a
twiggy.
garden tree on
stock, and
who
like a
fruit.
Not
suitable
for a standard, and
sweet
small
for
crisp and
too
a
cordon.
Fruit sometimes
nearly round, often knobby at the stalk.
very
Keswick
K.
when
stored
Codlin,
Skin, rough and
greasy
; colour, pale greenish
and
yellow ; flesh, melting, white ; flavour, briskly acid ; season,
August
September
;
and
much
A
Isranched.
old
well-known
is valuable
for
growth,
fruit,which
compact
better
soils where
fruits do
cold
succeed
not
perfect its heavy
; requires thinning to
Irish

Peach

crops.

'?n

til

to

tq

to

tq

"-4

THE
King's

yellow

Pippin,

King
Prince's

of

with

z.-a" yxicy

April ; growth,
garden culture

moderate
on

and

Pippins

the

marked

with

; stalk,
; growth,

brownish

stock.

and

fine

Hall, Golden
T.

the
King

fruits

crimson

in

are

put

Tompkins

on

the

to

late

fruits.

Suitable

for

October

Winter

Pike's
Pearmain,
Pearmain,
ground
colour,
bright orange
;
side ; flesh, mealy
and
on
tender, pale
sunny
October
to
flavour, pleasantly sweet
; season,
full of spurs.
A favourite
market
apple and a
cold
soils,though reliable on the Paradise
on
There
are
a
seedlings of this variety
great many

Skin,

greenish basin ;
upright, compact,
very
and
bearer.
constant
Apt to canker
great
stock.
for all sorts
of training.
Suitable
and
in the country,
should
only the best forms
this sort
orchards
to
feed
heavily and
prune
set

addition

Fertility good.

(B^ayton
Pearmain),

red

compact.

Paradise

the

Pippin, Winter

primrose
January

when

13

1897.
T., A.M.
Skin, rough ; ground
colour, brownish
brownish
red
cheek
silvery russet
over
; flesh, tender, greenish
with
March
a
to
brisk, aromatic
tinge of acidity ; season,
; flavour,

Acre

splashed

orange

APPLE

smooth

be

cultivated.

liberally,which

It is the
treatment

custom

in

it well

Kent

repays

market.

County

and
(Tompkins),
T., K., A.M.
\":)oo. Skin, smooth
red
with
carmine
shining ; ground
colo^^r,deep yellow covered
side, striped
on
sunny
with
white
in an
basin
deeper carmine
; flesh, firm, creamy
; stalk, set
; flavour,
orange
rich ; season,
November
to
One
of
April ; growth, spreading ; foliage, dark green.
very
the

best

of

American

sorts

for

culture

in

Britain.

Fruit

from

trees

on

Paradise

stock

is

and
first-class in flavour.
standard
in the best
brilliantly coloured
May succeed
as
a
soils and
positions ; is worthy of a wall with a western
aspect.
Lady
T., K., F.C.C.
Henniker,
Skin, rough and harsh ; ground
colour, pale
1873.
red, striped with deeper shade ; flesh, firm and
mealy ; stalk, thin, set in
orange,
coppery
basin ; flavour,
rich and
vinous
December
russet
upright,
sweet,
; season,
; growth,
A first-class fruit for home
Makes
fine orchard
use.
a
compact
; foliage, large, downy.
of the
is one
dessert.
best sorts
for Christmas
tree, and
Fertility moderate.
Lady
Sudeley,
T., F.C.C.
1884.
Skin, rough ; groutid colour, pale orange
striped
with
red
deep red on
ground, frequently bright crimson; flesh, very
tender,
coppery
under
the skin ; flavour, unusually vinous
and
creamy-red
aromatic, highly perfumed
;
from
be
the
inclined
eaten
August and September, must
tree
season,
; growth,
compact,
The
in all forms, and
finest
autumnal
Succeeds
to
on
apple for dessert.
weep.
These
Paradise
stock
is remarkable
for its lovely fruits.
lose flavour
when
stored, as all
and
The
be
should
then
tree
early apples do.
closely pruned for a few
only
years,
the
Fertility first-class.
on
points of the shoots.
partiallycut back, as it bears
Skin
Albert
Lane's
Prince
1870.
(Prince Albert), K., F.C.C.
18S1, introduced
red
side
and
smooth
on
colour, primrose
splashed with
sunny
rosy
; ground
green,
deeper red ; flesh, crisp, greenish white ; stalk, set in a greenish basin ; flavour, briskly
with fruit-spurs. One
sub-acid
November
to April ; growth,
moderate, covered
; season,
last.
Bears
valuable
to the
most
of the
freely, and
apples, retaining its freshness
very
It does
make
old trees.
for grafting on
stout
not
a
being of pendent growth is valuable
The
branches
stock it bears
enormously.
standard, but as a plantation tree on the Paradise
It is grand
and
be thinned
cordon, or in fact in any
should
garden form.
as
a
kept open.
F.C.C.
Lord
Skin,
rough;
golden,
flushed,
groundcolour,
1865.
Burghley,
T.,
and
with
thin russet
whitish
and
slightly striped with deep bronzy red, covered
spots ;
basin
rich, and aromatic
greenish ; stalk, set in russet
flesh, firm and
; flavour, sweet,
;
fruit is of grand
The
and
March
flavour, and
February
compact.
season,
; growth,
stock
Paradise
it makes
the
best
late
On
of the
for garden
a
sorts
use.
one
pretty
cordon.
Fertility excellent.
Derby
Lord
Skin, smooth
(London
Major), K.
; colour, entirely bright yellow ;
and
pleasant ; season,
flesh,tender, crystalline ; stalk, set in a greenish basin ; flavour, sweet
One
of the
and
December
November
upright, sturdy ; foliage, large and downy.
; growth,
and
market
valuable
cooking quality, and when
most
fully ripe
garden fruits ; of excellent
in all forms
and
makes
Succeeds
fair for dessert.
espalier and
close, upright
a grand
fails to bear
it never
fine crop.
standard.
Fertility remarkable,
a
K.
introduced
Lord
GrOSVENOR,
1875.
Skin, harsh,
; colour, bright
;
greasy

THE

14

FRUIT

GARDEN

snow-white
briskly acid ; season,
yellow ; flesh, melting and
August
; flavour,
form.
in any
bearer
wonderful
a
September
upright,
; growth, sturdy and
compact,
three
Thin
reduced
if the crops
or
pickings
freely as it fruits in clusters
are
by two
; even
for
fruits will be very
the remaining
large. A market
apple of first quality,and valuable
all garden
purposes.
Lord
K.
pale primrose ; flesh,
Suffield,
Skin, smooth,
; colour, very
greasy
and
white
tember
early Sepmelting, snowy
August
pleasantly sub-acid
; flavour,
; season,
moderate.
orchard
tree
as
an
stony
Apt to canker
; requires a warm,
; growth,
immense
The
flowers
of the finest kitchen
the
soil ; one
Paradise
stock.
are
apples on
and
of a beautiful
pale pink colour.
A.M.
Mannington's
colour, pale green
ground
Pearmain,
Skin, rough;
1901.
marked
red
with
marked
with
striped deep
patches of russet, or brownish
spots and
in greenish
red ; flesh, tender
and
marked
with
melting, pale cream
; stalk, set
green
basin ;flavour, rich and
November
to
russet
February ; growth, compact
sugary
; season,
Paradise
Forms
orchard
the
and
neat
twiggy.
a
on
standard, and
garden tree
as
a
of training.
stock
it adapts itself to all forms
Fertility good.
with
M ARGIL,
T.
Skin, slightly rough; ground
colour, orange
yellow, covered
and
greenish
striped deep crimson
flesJi,
fairlytender,
patches of russet, flushed crimson
;
and
November
white ; stalk, frequently knobby
October
spicy ; season,
;
;flavour, rich and
old fruit of small
of the
A grand
growth, compact,
twiggy.
size,evidently one
parents
of Cox's
Grand
for garden
Paradise
in all forms,
and
stock
Pippin.
on
use
Orange
makes
standard.
and
a
Fertility abundant
regular.
compact
very
Mere
almost
de
Menage,
K., T.
Skin, smooth
colour, brownish
orange
; ground
with faint
covered
with deep bronzy
crimson
white
red, striped with dark
; fl^sh, tender,
smooth
swollen
and
sweet
markings ; stalk, set in brown
basin, often
; flavour,
green
December
aromatic
free
and
Forms
noble
and
a
spreading.
January
growth,
; season,
;
orchard
bears
old.
from
the
Fruits
Paradise
ten
trees
on
freely when
tree, and
years
stock
Not
suitable
for a cordon
are
large and handsome.
espalier, but best as a
or
very
free
bush.
Cooks
bakes
well
and
has
and
when
fine flavour;
slightly red-fleshed
a
The
cooked.
fruit is often
angular, and deeper than the figure. Fertility regular.
T.
Mother
Apple,
Skin, slightly rough ; ground
colour, bright yellow suffiised
with
with
crimson
the sunny
side ; flesh, tender, milk-white
with
on
red, marked
green
and
in a russet
basin
rich ;
markings ; stalk, often
ending in a knob
set
; flavour,
very
One
of the richest
flavoured
October; growth, compact
season,
; foliage, shining green.
in the north, where
it does
colour
not
so
apples in its season
brightly, it is yet of
; even
excellent
flavour.
Makes
close standard, and
of garden
trees
a
adapts itself to all forms
the
stock.
Paradise
The
fruit is often
oval
than
in the
on
Fertility excellent.
more
figure.
Mr.
Gladstone
(Jackson's Seedling), T., F.C.C.
1883. 5^2, slightly rough, greasy
when
dull red
ripe ; ground
colour, greenish yellow, with
marked
with
patches and
of deeper red ; fl^sh, tender, melting, greenish white
broad
streaks
knobby
; stalk, often
;
of July to end
middle
of August
flavour, very brisk, spicy, and pleasant ; season,
; growth,
and
Forms
orchard
twiggy.
a
neat
of garden
tree, and
adapts itself to all forms
compact
the
stock.
Paradise
The
fruit figured is rather
trees
small
has
on
knobbed
a
; it often
is pointed.
stalk, and
Fertility excellent.
Mrs.
and
Phillimore,
T., A.M.
1899. Skiji,dry and harsh
russet,
; colour, primrose
and
almost
covered
with
dull red ; flesh, greenish white, tender
short
stalk,
;
;flavour,
and
the
sweet
sweetest
pleasant, perhaps
November
apple grown
to
very
; season,
and
February
growth,
upright, short-jointed, forming fine cordons
compact,
;
garden
the
Paradise
stock.
trees
Very fertile,and
dessert
on
quite an addition
to winter
sorts.
Newton
Newton
Wonder
(Pearson's
Wonder,
Wonder),
Taylor's Newton
K.,
and
F.C.C.
1887.
Skill, smooth
dry; ground
colour, brownish
yellow with patches of
with black
dots
white
with
veins ;
russet, frequently crimson
; flesh, firm, greenish
green
basin
stalk, frequently swollen, set in a green
pleasantly sub-acid
; flavour,
; season,
November
to
May ; growth, vigorous, spreading, with bold
desirable
foliage. A most
late
sort
the
grand orchard
Paradise
trees, spreading bushes
or
pyramids on
; forms
canary

and

THE
stock

APPLE

15

makes

of extensive
suitable
cordon.
good espalier, but is not
a
as
a
Worthy
well
formed
and
fruits are
Quite pleasant to eat late in the season
of
; all the
size.
shown
knob.
good
often
flatter than
in the
the
without
They
are
figure and
This
is a variety far more
reliable
than
and
cooked.
Wellington,
equally good when
Fertility first-class.
;

culture.

Norman's

Pippin

Grise), T., A.M.

(Pomme
Skin, rough and
dry ; ground
1900.
the
and
yellow, flecked
spotted with russet, especially round
eye ;
white
flesh, crisp and
knobby ; flavour, sweet,
rich, and
pleasantly
; stalk, frequently
aromatic
December
The
to
February ; growth,
upright.
origin
free, rather
; season,
of this apple is obscure, but
it was
received
of the
best
for garden
is one
as
named, and
the
Paradise
stock.
Makes
cordons.
on
use
Fertility excellent.
pretty
Northern
Greening
Greening), K.
(Cowarne Queening, Walmer
Court, Winter
marked
with
Skin, smooth
colour, greenish yellow, in a warm
season
stripes
; ground
and
flushes
of red ; flesh, crisp, white, and
short, frequently knobby
juicy ; stalk, very
;
A
flavour, briskly acid ; season,
to
February
April ; growth,
upright, full of spurs.
old
late
valuable
for cold
soils and
well
for
sort
orchards
storing ; a valuable
; pays
well
other
The
oval
than
shown
fruit
is
sometimes
sauce
apple ; bears
more
year.
every
New
in the figure. The
Northern
in the south.
well
Greening does not succeed
Winter
Old
T.
Skin, dry and harsh, shiny in places; ground
Nonpareil,
colour,
with
thin silvery russet, pale copper
cheek
russet
entirely covered
g:reen, almost
; flesh
Forms
brisk, richly flavoured, spicy; season,
to
wiry.
growth,
January
May;
very
close
and
standard
bush
One
of the best
the
stock.
Paradise
a
a
neat
pyramid
or
on
late sorts
for cordons.
; fairly prolific; good
Peasgood's
Nonesuch,
1872.
Skin, smooth;
ground
colour, pale
K.T., F.C.C.
red ground ; flesh, tender, greenish white
striped with crimson
on
a
russety
orange
;
October
and
to December
stalk, set in a green
cavity ; flavour, sweet
pleasant ; season,
;
flowers
handsome
most
growth,
spreading, foliage and
largest and
large. The
very
It is apt
It cannot
be
its fruits,for many
often
to
cast
apple grown.
are
maggoty.
called
market
with
selected
a
apple, although good prices are made
examples
tastefully
west
packed ; but as a garden tree in any form, and
especially upon
a
wall, it is worthy
for decorative
A
26
tility
Ferof culture
sometimes
alone.
fruit will weigh
oz.
purposes

colour, pale greenish

very
Pott's

moderate.

all
smooth
and
Seedling,
K.Skin,
; colour, bright yellow
very
greasy
and
cooks
well ; flavour,
flesh, crisp, snowy,
slightly acid ; season,
August
Paradise
the
growth,
forming good trees
on
upright and
September;
very
compact,
fine apple for small
soils or if thickly planted.
A
in damp
stock, but is liable to canker
distinct in colour
Its large flowers
before
they open,
being of a deep
are
gardens.
very
over

cerise.
Reinette
Canada
du
(Canadian
Reinette), K.T., A.M.
Skin, rough;
1901.
all over
ground
colour, greenish yellow with patches and
; flesh, mealy,
spots of russet
basin ; flavour,
rich ; season,
tender, greenish primrose ; stalk, set in a russet
very
A
December
to March
good garden fruit ;
upright and spreading.
very
; growth,
very
its flavour.
it attains
cordons
large size, and
although apt to shrivel it retains
on
a
Fertility fair.
Red
Skin, slightly rough, greasy
(Early Red
Margaret, Margaret), T.
Juneating
crimson
with
dull
when
stored ; ground
colour, ochre
red, sometimes
yellow suffused
;
and
white ; flavour, sweet
aromatic, but brisk ;
flesh, tender, melting, pale greenish
end
of
and
twiggy.
Crops well
growth,
September;
August
compact,
very
season,
The
fruit is
Paradise
stock
other
and
the
trees
produce pretty fruits.
on
every
year,
shown
conical
in the figure.
than
often more
less
T.
colour, orange
RiBSTON
yellow, more
or
Skin, rough ; ground
Pippin,

side in a warm
red on
and
dotted
white, brownish
patches of russet
sunny
colour
but
with
rough russet
frequently entirely covered
;
; flssh, leathery, cream
season,
November
stalk, set in a greenish basin ; flavour, very highly developed, spicy ; season,
This
old favourite
is
underneath.
to February
spreading, leaves very downy
; growth,
less
Paradise
the
stock
worked
still in demand
for garden
trees
are
on
culture, and
covered

with

affected

by canker

it does

but

fruit

in

not

the

usually

shown

in the

Rosemary

as

pay

those

on

the

GARDEN

Crab

Suitable

stock.

seasons

characteristic.

all forms

of garden

fruit.

figure.
T.
Russet,
Skin, slightly rough
with
and
netted
russet
entirely covered
December

; season,

for

This
is a
Fertility moderate.
of 1 899-1 900
entirely
examples
were
many
The
fruit is not
always so irregular round

orchard

an

copper

aromatic

than

warm

russet

rosy

FRUIT

THE

March

to

very
free
the

trees,

valuable
from

the

eye

as

with
colour, yellow flushed
ground
and
rich
leathery
flavour,
flesh,
;
;

moderate,

growth,

forms

neat

orchard

stock.
the Paradise
in all forms
succeed
trees
on
regularly. Garden
faint
colour.
flowers
of
blush
The
a
are
large,
very
entirely
Nonpareil
Ross
(Carey Pippin), T.
Skin, rough ; colour, yellow, almost
nearly
and
of thin russet
hidden
by a coat
bronzy red, striped crimson
; flish, tender,
December
October
to
rich ; season,
white
and
;
mealy ; flavour, distinct, spicy, and
the Paradise
of the best
standard.
One
on
garden sorts
a
as
growth, twiggy, weeping
in all forms.
thinning, as the fruit
stock ; succeeds
Fertility first-class ; requires some
and

standard

bears

in clusters.

comes

ROUNDWAY

colour,

Magnum

pale

T., K., F.C.C.

red
and
striped with

Bonum,

yellow,

canary

1864.

bronzy
January

Skin, slightly i:qi\x^;ground

white
and
red ; flesh, firm
;
free
and
spreading,
; growth,
It forms
all dessert
apples.
of its free
stock, but, because
fruits are
they
apt to fall as
of
are
large for dessert, but

December
to
flavour, rich and aromatic
; season,
of the
best
of
richest and
with large downy
foliage. One
fine bushes
the
Paradise
standards
and
on
large orchard
useful
for cordons
or
espaliers. The
so
growth, is not
When
often
immense
and
too
ripe they are
develop.
Its
for dessert.
be
used
in tarts, and
the
smaller
fruits can
or
splendid quality baked
small
for a
the
Large
good quality in a great measure
crop.
compensates
grower
fruits are
angular.
Victoria's
Graham's
Royal
at
Jubilee) ; introduced
Queen
(Bunyard's
Jubilee,
after
first jubilee, K.
harsh,
storing ; colour, bright golden ;
Skin, dry and
greasy
October
second-rate
to
February
?Hesh, tender, cream-coloured
;
season,
; flavour,
;
orchard
nut-brown.
Forms
vigorous, wood
a
growth,
sturdy and
tree, but
compact
market
Does
well
in
the
but
introduced
as
a
fruit, and,
Midlands,
slowly.
grows
it
blossoms
late
that
of its colour, sells well.
because
so
canker, and
Very free from
in clusters.
the fruits are
bears
produced
; requires thinning, as
every
year
and
Royal
Late
shining ; colour,
K., T., A.M.
Cooking,
1896.
Skin, smooth
cream-coloured
with
faint
firm
marked
and
x\x%%ei
yellow
flesh,
juicy,
; stalk,
;
orange

set

in

growth,
dessert

and
rich
favour,
greenish basin
;
free, rather
spreading.
Although
late

but

not

in the

Jubilee

Diamond
for

cordons.

season.
as

It

resembles
in

certificated

Fertility

pleasant
described
much

very

March

1901.

;
as

season,
a

both

Suitable

February

and

March

fruit,it is suitable for

and
Bedfordshire
Foundling
for bush
espalier culture,
or

kitchen

average.

and
Skin, smooth
1883.
colour, dull
dry ; ground
red flecked
with
crimson
and
yellow, brownish
juicy, greenish white ; stalk,
; flesh, firm
in starry
basin
to
set
greenish russet
pleasantly aromatic
January
; flavour,
; season,
A
also
March
valuable
late cooking
useful
upright and
compact.
sort, and
; growth,
of its season.
Forms
the end
the
for dessert
Paradise
at
neat
a
upright garden tree on
orchard
standard.
much
Smaller
fruits are
stock, and a compact
Fertility excellent.
than
in the figure, and
shown
conical
sometimes
of uneven
The
flowers
more
shape.
soft pink, shaded
darker
beautiful
outside.
are
a
St. Edmund's
Pippin,
T., F.C.C.
1875.
Skin, rough; ground
colour, cinnamon
with
suffused
with
entirely covered
yellow almost
russet,
silvery russet
; jiesh,rather
rich ; season,
October
November
and
leathery, faint buff-coloured
; flavour,
very
;
and
full of
A
fine
growth,
russet
apple for autumn
use
compact
spurs.
very
; does
The
fruit
best
is sometimes
shown
in the
a
flatter than
garden tree.
as
larger and
figure.
and
Sanspareil,
T., K., F.C.C.
Skin, smooth
dry; ground
colour, lemon
1900.
flecks ; flesh, firm, juicy, pale creamred, with carmine
stripes and
yellow shaded
rosy

Sandringham,

K., T., F.C.C.

THE

shining, regularly oval, hoary

GARDEN

FRUIT
beneath.

Often

of

quality,and

dessert

one

of

the

somest
hand-

wide
the
bush
and
on
a
tree
large spreading orchard
stock.
Not
Paradise
suitable
for cordons.
Fertility moderate.
o' Gowrie),
Y^.Skin,
Tower
Glamis
very
of
(Bess Pool
[of Kent], Carse
dots ; flesh,
few
brown
and
smooth
slightly greasy
yellow, with
; colour, bright canary
and
brisk,
sweet
basin
yellowish white ; stalk, set in a green
firm, juicy, and
; flavour,
and
Foliage
from
December
spreading.
October
to
free,
growth,
stout,
;
season,
of culture.
for all methods
broad
and
valuable
A
bold.
sort
round, dark green,
very
weather.
fall
in
windy
known.
The
fruits do
bearers
One
of the
heaviest
readily
not
fruits grown.

Forms

fruit varies
considerably, and is often one-sided
figure.
red, striped
K.
Skin, smooth
colour, bright yellow, and salmon
Wagener,
; ground
and
carmine
red ; flesh, crisp and
juicy, whitish;
stalk, very deeply set ; flavour, spicy
full of spurs.
and
sturdy, and
quince-like ; season,
April to June ; growth, compact,
late
best
of our
One
America.
From
Foliage, bright green,
shining ; wood, nut-brown.
and
left on
the
till November,
be
tree
keep firm to the last.
garden sorts ; fruits can
hundred.
in a
is worthy
little known,
bearer
of note,
such
valuable
even
Although
a
Fertility remarkable.
rich
Waltham
Abbey
Seedling
K., T.
Skin, smooth
(Dr. Harvey),
; colour,
and
white
and
pleasant
rich,
season,
;
yellow ; flesh, very tender,
mealy ; flavour, sweet,
fruit tree,
orchard
November
and
A valuable
and
December
twiggy.
compact
; growth,
for
suitable
but
when
the tree
is a regular bearer
is of good size and
not
which
once
age,
fruit
dessert
the
garden
pruning
removes
fruit-spurs. A favourite
culture, as severe
"fall"
in cooking.
A splendid baking
does
with many.
not
sort, which
and
smooth
Warner's
King
dry ;
(D. T. Fish, Irish Giant,
King), K.Skin,
colour, greenish yellow, rarely with scarlet flush ; fl^sh, soft and white ; stalk, set in a
and
November
basin
sub-acid
October
vigorous,
russet
; growth,
; season,
; flavour,
scaled
and
has
This
is the largest apple grown,
spreading ; foliage, very large, reflexed.
and
stock
the
Paradise
A very
valuable
in Kent.
on
garden fruit for culture
33 ounces
fruit
market
As
it unfit for an
a
bush, but its vigour makes
as
espalier or cordon.
a free
should
well.
in cold soils,and
it sells freely ; it also cooks
The
is liable to canker
tree
Forms
be too
orchard
tree.
not
severely pruned.
a spreading
colour, pale
T., F.C.C.
slightly greasy
Wealthy,
1893.
Skin, smooth,
; ground
the base, where
the eye
with crimson, deepening
in colour
towards
striped round
orange
rich
and
it is striped with
dark
crimson
white
; flavour,
very
creamy
; flesh, tender,
size.
and
it
November
October
sweet
as
growth,
upright,
spreading
gets
; season,
;
of the
Valuable
for decoration
for its tender
flesh, and
one
alone, but esteemed
by many
few
that
succeed
well
for orchard
American
in Britain.
Not
sorts
suitable
culture,
well.

Cooks
and

more

This

Fertility excellent.

conical

than

in

shown

the

but

most

nearly

useful

always

on

hangs

the

Paradise

downwards,

stock

in

all

and

is

therefore

forms.

Fertility
most

highly

excellent.

coloured

The

fruit

round

the

stalk.
Wellington
K.
(Dumelow's
Seedling, Normanton
Skin, smooth
:
Wonder),
and
white
and
scarlet
with
crimson
dots
ground
colour, creamy
bronzy red, sometimes
black
stripes and
specks ; flesh, firm and juicy, greenish white ; stalk, slightly russet,
December
slightly acid ; season,
March
frequently swollen
to
pact,
com; flavour,
; growth,
rather
in size, shining bright green
weeping, twiggy.
Foliage, moderate
; shoots
much
marked
and
with
silver dots
The
best
is not
apple for cooking ; the tree
spots.
frosts.
From
quite hardy, and suffers during very severe
a
garden tree on the Paradise
fruit
is much
the
but
stock
Newton
and
Wonder
improved,
Bramley's Seedling are
culture.
Its market
Bears
well
preferable for orchard
repute, however, is high.
every
other
A
favourite
in the
kitchen, as the flesh becomes
great
nearly transparent
year.
has
when
and
cooked.
a
refreshing acid flavour
T.
White
covered
with
Nonpareil,
Skin, rough ; colour, greenish yellow, almost
dull cinnamon
white
and
russet
aromatic
sweet
; flesh, leathery, greenish
; flavour,
;
and
December
and
A valuable
January ; growth, neat
garden fruit for
season,
compact.
the
Paradise
stock ; bears
culture
on
freely in any form.

a;

Ci
ft;

ft;

(5
ft;
o
to

a;

to

S3

a,

THE

APPLE

19

Transparent
1895. 5/"z, dry and
(Early Transparent), K., T., A.M.
the
white, almost
near
colour, palest primrose ; flesh, crisp, very
transparent
suitable
for dessert
and
core
times
early August, somebriskly sub-acid
; flavour,
; season,
free.
Forms
the
middle
of July ; growth,
most
on
prolific trees
upright and
cordon.
Paradise
Good
fruit in clusters.
stock
as
a
Quite first-class for cooking.
; bears
when
Forms
quite young
standard, and bears
freely as to require
an
so
upright orchard
fruit.
Sometimes
sided
onethinning. Many
Very handsome.
more
prefer it as a dessert
in the figure.
and
shown
than
conical
Duck's
harsh
Winter
Bill). Skui, rough and
(Sussex
colour,
Queening
; ground
all over,
dull yellow with
often
crimson
striped with bright red, and
bronzy red cheek
dots
with patches of thin russet
dull greenish yellow ; flavour,
and
; flesh, mealy,
many
basin
in
rather
rich
and
set
a
greenish
pleasant
stalk,
February to April ;
sweet,
;
; season,
and
stock.
orchard
the Paradise
tree
a
prolific bush
on
growth, forms
a large spreading
beneath.
Foliage, shining, downy
Worcester
Skin; smooth
colour, orange
1875.
T., F.C.C.
Pearmain,
; ground
in
with
yellow, almost
entirely covered
deep crimson
; flesh, tender, whitish
; stalk, set
and
and
basin ; flavour,
russet
sweet
September
growth,
upright
pleasant ; season,
;
and
A
for orchards
Useful
apple, brilliant colour.
profitable market
compact.
very
bush
of dwarf
allows
beneath.
its upright
trees
plantations, as
being grown
growth
White

harsh

Finest
the

fruits

table

from

trees

for decoration.
in

produced

are

flowers

had

are

and

of this

are

Fruits

favourite

require

be

to

with

for

many

thinned,

shown
in
pointed than
quite white inside, salmon

more

distinct, being

very

It is

stock.

first-rate.

Sometimes

clusters.

variety

Paradise

the

on

Fertility

they

as

figure. The
pink and yellow

the

outside.

SELECTIONS

OF

Eight

APPLES

Best

FOR

Apples

PURPOSES

SPECIAL

Small

for

Gardens

Dessert.
Mr.

Gladstone

Lady

Sudeley

I
|

July, August
September

Cox's

Pippin

Orange

Pippin

Cockle's

Oct., Nov.
.

Christmas
....

Cooking.

Seedling
Stirling Castle
Pott's

The

above

....

Aug., Sept.

Bismarck

October

Lane's

Prince

Albert
.

in

regular bearers, succeed

are

any

form,

and

Nov., Dec.
January

require very

little

pruning.
Best

Apples

for

Gardens

Larger

Dessert.

Mr.

Gladstone
....

Devonshire

Quarrenden
Sudeley

Lady
Margil
King of the Pippins.
Cox's
Orange
Pippin

AUington

October

Old

November

Clay gate Pearmain

Lord
Burghley

Oct.,

Nov.

Ribston
Cockle's

December

Russet
.

Allen's

Pippin
Pippin

Nonpareil.

Sturmer

Mother

Egremont

Pippin

July, August
August
September

Pippin

Dec,

Jan.

Oct., Nov.
Christmas

Dec,

Everlasting

Jan.
January
February
March, April

FRUIT

THE

20

Best

Apples

Larger

for

GARDEN

Gardens

{continued)

Cooking.

Early White
Transparent
Pott's Seedling
Ecklinville
Seedling
Stirling Castle
Warner's
King
Lord
Derby
Blenheim
Orange
.

August
Aug., Sept.
October
October
November
Dec.

Nov.,

Bismarck

Apples

Profitable

(Grown

on

for

Apples
Paradise

Cordons

for

Stock

Market
as

Bushes)

Dessert.
of

Beauty

Bath
.

July, August

Red

Quarrenden
Lady Sudeley

Worcester
Yellow

Ingestrie

Duchess'

Pearmain
.

Favourite
.

King

of the

Pippins.

77

77

September
Sept., Oct.
September
Sept. to Oct.
October

Cox's

Orange
Pippin
Beauty of Barnack
AUington
Pippin
Gascoigne's Scarlet
.

Nov.,

Feb.

November
.

Dec,

Feb.

December
.

Christmas
Winter
Baumann's

Peamiain

Quarrenden.
Reinette

January

THE

Profitable

APPLE

Apples

21

Market

for

{continued)

Cooking.

(Grown

Orchard

as

Standards)

Dessert.
of

Beauty

Bath

Quarrenden

Duchess'

Favourite
.

Worcester

Pearmain
.

of the

King
Col.

Pippins.

Vaughan

Cox's
Orange
Pippin
AUington
Pippin
Blenheim
Orange
ling
Gascoigne's Scarlet Seed-

August
September
End
of Sept.
September

Devonshire

Nov.,

October

Dec,

Sept.,

Feb.

Jan.

Oct.

Cooking.
Lord

Grosvenor

Lord

SufiSeld

Aug., Sept.

Bismarck

Spire
King

Warner's
Tower

of

Wellington

October

Lord

November

Northern

Winter

...

Seedling.

APPLES
These
Barnack

Beaut

A.M.
Ben's

A.M.

Bramley's

Glamis

Derby
Abbey

Waltham

may

Nov.,

F^b.

OF

RECENT

Nov.,

Feb.

Jan.,

March

Seedling
Greening
Queening

Feb., April

INTRODUCTION

after trial prove

conical,

-A
November.
Y.-

Wonder

Newton

Orange

Grenadier
Golden

December
.

Blenheim
.

highly

to

be

coloured

usefuladditions.
fruit,

valuable

for

market

sale.

1899.

Red.

fruit, like

scarlet

late

Quarrenden

for

market

sale.

October.

1899.
BlELO

BoRADAWKA.

flavour,

and
Hill

Bow

Pippin.
Wonder.

Byford

Chas.

larger.

Ross.

F.C.C.

1899.

great

very

A
A

large fruit, after

Duchess

of

Oldenbtirg,

but

of

sweeter

bearer.

large fruit of Blenheim

Orange
pleasant flavour.
type ; very
F.C.C.
fruit,after Warner's
King.
large late, green
1898.
fruit.
such.
Nonehandsome
Cox's
Pippin x Peasgood's
Orange

THE

Early

Victoria.

FRUIT

Codlin

free-bearing

very

GARDEN

Wisbech,

from

Lord

resembling

Grosvenor.
Gold

Medal.

(which
Langley
A.M.

Codlin.

flat

large,

very

better

is

sort

found

in

Grenadier

see).
Beauty.

early

pretty,

with

fruit,

of

flavour

Mr.

Gladstone,

August.

1898.
Lord

Hindlip.

richly

flavoured

fruit,

dessert

Gilliflower

Cornish

after

(which

see),

and

of

like

Norfolk

weeping

habit.

Beauty.

fine

large

that

cross

is

promising.

most

Ontario.

A.M.

long-keeping

kitchen

Prince

scarlet

Edvi^ard.

Venus'

Pippin.

Williams'

market

like

fruit,
March

russety

Favourite.

little

free-bearing

Abbey

Waltham

known,

scarlet

fruit,
dull

A.M.
blotches.

in

local

red,

and

May

Beauty.

with

early

in

sound

Barnack

fruit

free-bearing

very

quite

apple,

Paroquet.

fruit.

yellow
1901.

June.
1899.
A.M.
A.M.

Torquay.

September

fruit.

Good

bearer.

A.M.
Winter
valuable

Quarrenden.
late

market

variety.

Apple,

red-coloured

deep

A.M.

The

November-December

1898.

Custard

(see

p.

207).

fruit.

where

should

possible,it
south-west, or even
will

it suffers

which

heavy
road

loves

it is
and

wall

position

with

planted

close.

frost

or, in

scrapings,leaf-mould,

without

drained,

latter

the

is the

the

saying
the

and

of

of

The

other.
the
the

in

border
soil

not

too

rubble,

mortar

these, clean

of

that

found

have

and

brick

any

any
that

nature

old

case,

absence

in

than

bloom

in

it goes

well

be

must

Where

position

this

in

when

soil, and

warm

it

aspect

east

facing south, south-east, or

will prove
satisfactory. It

wall

on

west

facing

against a
damage from

more

also

apricot

on

have

wall

thrive

not

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

24

river

sand

soil

or
particularlyto clayey
the
said
that
it
be
well
cultivated
that which
has
been
not
may
; generally,
that
to
well-cultivated
will
succeed
preference
in
soil,
giving
garden
apricot
any
of
Such
is the nature
is of a holding rather
than
of a light texture.
which
bear
the
trees
the soil in the
at
heavy crops
Royal Gardens
Frogmore, where
regularly.
the
had
have
As
all those
apricot, the
know
who
anything to do with

will

be

for

useful

greatest

trouble

weakness

it is

unaccountable
has

subject

been

reason

injury to

with

cut

to

believe

far

so

the

to

icnife,
or

to

ten

points
careful

strongest

remedy.
root-pruning must

shoots

at

which

in
no

remedy

satisfactoryand
attribute

many

nailing time,

an

it

to

dental
acci-

of

to

the

nine

cases

out

of

clearly
my
therefore
roots,
gross
first few
years, indeed, until
this fact

produced
for

not

In

its existence.

first,and

do

think

clusive
con-

tendency of the apricot to disease, but

considerably by timely attention
ravages

frosts.

to

or

most

is

are

resorted

be

any

often

it

years
that die

Gross

the

to

its

has

for

mischief;

the

autumn

this

branches

hammer

the

branches,

trouble

know,

constitutional

unfortunate

main

its

of

severe

out

stamp

as

cause

it is

is the

is the

with

losing many
This, unfortunately, is
to

possibleto mitigate
root-pruning during the first few
it

refers

of

given
by bruising with

to
possible effectually

do

contend

to

Neither,

This

of

as

bark

the

soil.

the

to

has

one

way.
found.

been

yet

adding

mind

to

by

produce regular and heavy crops of fruit,thereby preventing

for the
tree's energies
these
shoots
profitablechannel
by finding a more
gross
This
is my
that
if
in maturing
its crops
of fruit.
experience,
one
can
vent
prethe
appearing during the first four or five years,
growths from
strong
until the tree
fruitful size,much
will have
been
done
has attained
to
secure
a
from
this
for
trouble,
certainly
immunity
years.
many
Training
Pruning.
The
the
best
method
of
and
usual, and I think
in
of a fan (fan-shaped),whether
the form
the tree
is a
trainingthe apricot, is
The
I recommend
standard.
distance
dwarf
be
or
to
a
apricot trees
apart
dwarf
the
with
standard
between.
tree
ones
planted is 14 feet between
a
will perhaps be considered
This
be too
short
distance
between
to
a
by many
the

tree

is able

to

the
that
the

trees,
the
trees

but
sooner

meet,

disposed of
find a good
the

in

The

mind

in

you

can

that
cover

other

every

other

some

market.

instructions

followed.

bear

As

given

a
a

be

may
way,

young
wall
with

as

taken

out

well-trained

regardsplanting and
for

subsequent

the

of

treatment

treatment

as

only

tree

fruitful
and

costs

the

trees

planted

healthy trees
root-pruning
the

young

regards pruning

few

and
shillings,
better.

somewhere
of

this

for the

peach

When

else,or

tree

is somewhat

soon
age
first
season,
should
be

different

THE
from
be

that

and
in

advised

introduced
of

laying

of

case

peach,

indeed, the

instead
the

for the

the

in

be

formed

small

will

spur

becoming
As

too

the

will
spurs
will
it
be

and

which
be

of

of

branch,

three

or

become

the

the

and

to

from

and

the

year's growth,
on

have

to

to

to

to

ungainly, extending far from

them
off altogether. Younger

Portion

their

spring.

the

time

branch,
will

growths

Branch

of

shoots

In

and

cut

inches

of

in

allowed.

be

prevent

resorted

should

spur

be

should

spurs
4

form

to

number

and

advised

buds

from

be

must

branches,

latter,as
The

on

goes

main

three

to

should

branches

of

branches.

time

will

main

the

back

main

as

each

growths

large

necessary

issue

shortened

whole

disbudding

numerous,
two

be

shoots
must

25

of
larger number
wholly composed

will

permanent,
added
to
by

be

rule, only

the
side

upper
will be

These

apart.
on

the

on

because

tree

peach, they

fruit-bearing
spurs along

APRICOT

acteristic
Char-

with

Growths

{a) Two-year-old
bearing
on

either

shoot

that

may

replacethem,

and

short

stubby

side

fruit ;
the

branch

with

continuation

{6) two-year-old
preceding

shoots,

or

forming a cluster of blossom

spur
be
either
trained
in
pinched
or

spurs
buds

year's wood
for following
with

wood

fill vacant

to

in

spur

and
growth
spurs
fruit ; (c) fruits produced
with
forming
growths
season's
bud

space

at

{g)

()'

bearing;

; (/) side
apex
continuation
of

branch.

improved.
old spurs
sacrificed
filled

the

This
should
for

be

by nailing

Thinning

Fruits.

the

thinning must
abundantly ;

be
one

grow

injury as
but

they

on
are

second,

done

fruit
for

apricots
healthy apricot tree
to

fruit

any

two

the
when

if

not

each

preserving,
is

as

tree.

three

fruits

will

then

three

the

peas, and then

have
reached
the

of

few

of the
will

the

crop
branches

the

in their

be
be

can

entirety.

fruits for dessert

size

the

left

heavy
be

first,soon

only

be

may

capable of bearing
thinning should
:

only

be much

desired,
are
its fruits
apricot, as a rule, sets
be sufficient,
but
if the
intention
is

The

occasions

much

well-developed

spur

this process

and

between

year'sshoots

the

by

caution,

otherwise
spaces

previous

If fine

freely, for

to

size of small
the

in the

vacant

in time

with

out

time,

Any

will

tree

carried
at

away
two.

or

tying

or

be

must
cut

year

of the

appearance

work

for

after

the

smallest

of hazel

out

nuts

fruits

should

without

all

not
are

be

(they are

crop.

fruit

of

crop

carried

full

at

once,

set, when

picked
then

the

useful

26

THE

for

tarts);

see

that

and

not

in about

Summer

Treatment.

GARDEN

fortnight'stime

left

are

more

FRUIT

the

on

As

trees

should

they

than

these

finallylooked

be

without

mature

can

to

over

injury.

does not
trouble,
give much
regardsthis,theapricot
has
been
if
carefully
especially disbudding
attended
heavily cropped the
to, for when
Stop
growth of foliage is not excessive.
the lateral growths at the sixth or seventh
tie in

leaf,and

long

these, so
wall

as

without

should

is

a
good crop
well-decayed manure

to

the

This

for

roots

feet

becoming

dry,

it will

but

heavy
manurial

fruit

by

from

the

help

trees

mature

of

means

down

washed

ingredients

the

the

to

should

Frequent waterings

rain.

by

roots

of

crop

wall.

border

develop and

materially to

very

the

from
the

only prevents

not

shortening whatever.
assured, a mulching
should
be applied

any

When
of

shoots

is any
portion of
laid
be
in and

there

furnish,

to

secured

terminal

nail the

or

while
dry weather
fruits are
the
as
swelling. As soon
soil
is
the
about
the
roots
gathered,
crop
should
be thoroughly watered, so
to
as
be

hot

given during

the

the

recoup

after
and

diluted

given.

than

wood
to

wood

two-year-old

;
;

(;')
on
more
spurs
(i) two-year-old

cut
lines
out, after bearing, at the cross
successional
shoot, as the finest apricots

are

two-year-old

on

produced

formation

back,

wood

on

often

necessary

encroaching

of the

side

one

preceding

branch

is

prevent

to

year's

shortened

nitrate
will

Two

of soda

be

of

found

in

the

of

of the

course

there

crop,

season

advantage

great

the

to

developing fruit j during the summer

and
over
regulate the growth of the
As
rule if a good crop
been
has
a

crossing and

tree

should
be
stableyard manure
three
or
light dressings of

Branch

(A) Side branches

; [i] spurs
(preceding season's)wood

energies of the
maturing a heavy

wasted

ordeal

the

look
trees.

duced
pro-

little superfluous growth

is very

branch
neighbouring
(/)
;
be
removed.
Should
there
be
to
ing
year's growth for the succeedany,
tion
continuayear's bearing ; {m) terminal
or
is the time
that
to
remove
August
so
it,
in for filling
growth ; {n) growth trained
the
shoots
have
the
advanremaining
well
vacant
furnishing tree, as
or
as
space,
may
for fruiting the following season
; the lower
of full exposure
for the
of the
rest
tage

^
shoots

side

of

of

on

one

branch

and

side

the

branches

there

-..,,.

shown

are

properly

pruned

and

have
a

rule

the

(unless

rainfall
Insect

insect
Red
attack

the

been

exceptionallyhot

well

once

and

watered

dry) not

Enemies.

pests

than

The

afterwards.
is necessary
suffers
little
as
apricot tree

truitmg,

after

to

the

trees

it is best

give

them

as

more

will.supply all that

spider will
the

is

season

When,

SeaSOn.

trained.

other
hardy fruit tree,
any
sometimes
make
its appearance

trees, especiallyif these

are

carrying

sca/e
in
a

or

being
very

heavy

less

even

perhaps

its greatest

hot
crop,

seasons
or

from

enemy.
and

will

sufferingfrom

THE
of
insufficiency

Protecting
of

any

weather,
Where

lowered

had.

grower
believe

to

the

to

often

are

them

glass with

or

wall

the

cover

exposed to
imperative

is

board

its flowers

the

suggests

promptly applied, and

provision

does

expense

which

the

in
most

earliest

February
winterly

in order

of the

exist,I

not

the

to

secure

tiffanyblinds

in front

this

Where
go
end

the

here

cause

liberallyand

apricot being

expanding

they

protection to
coping of

be

to

The

roots.

be

The

trees,

when

usual

can

be

can

fruit

year

some

the

which

Blossom.

the

hardy

our

of the

season

27

will

harm

no

the

at

should

which
water,
result.

remedy, namely,
then

and

overhead

water

APRICOT

erection

of

trees,

should
these

bloom

to

ot

and

March,

and

inclement
a

full crop.

exists,
(on rollers)
better protection

no

recommend

not

the
I

entails,as

structures

accomplished quite as successfullyby substituting

In
the case
of the coping and
tiffany.
tiffanythere is not

in view

be

can

herring nets for the

in unfolding and
only the primary cost, but the subsequent cost
fastening
entailed
blinds every
these
night, as well as the work
morning in rolling
every
them
again.
Herring nets, if suspended (double or treble thickness)against
up
wall will answer
the
the
time
from
equally well, and these may remain
they are
fixed until they can
little
be
therefore
or
trouble, and
removed,
no
safely
giving
little in

costing very
five

to

that

excepting
bloom

is

even

or

the

flowers

is best
rest

of

the

by

the

the

suspending

first

the

nets,

astonishing

and

flimsy

be taken

must

not

be distant at
they must
rough stakes
placing
by

secured

of the

injury,without

it is

simple

most
care

blossoms

without

and

wall,

The

place.

frost

of

degrees

seven

allow

to

least

how

material.

few

from
apricot withstand
protection of any kind
effectively
protected the
I ought to say that, in

them

to

inches

poles against the

or

rest

from

the
wall

the

upon

trees

latter,and
for the

nets

this
to

upon.

It

glass

is
in

purpose
also
and

only
this
it has
for

on

limited

been

not

the

scale

for

country

UNDER

APRICOT

THE

that

after

the

much

so

is

not

as
so

been

hitherto

being,

reason

tree

has

apricot

the

dessert, the

sought

reason

that

GLASS

the

suppose,
peach and

amenable

to

grown
that
the

treatment

under
for

this

nectarine,
under

as
an
particularlywhen
grown
method
obtained
this
of
be
by
may
pot.
when
take
is
but
it
to
the
great care, especially
apricot,
cultivating
necessary
of air is then
to
free circulation
in bloom
the trees
absolutelynecessary
are
; a
is very injurious.
in the house
a
high
secure
a
good set of fruit
temperature
;
of when
the
is usually made
apricot is
A
use
glass-coveredwall or a house
the
in
this
when
treated
under
and
manner
quality,size, and
cover,
grown
of
One
of the fruits are
flavour
peculiarity the apricot must
greatly improved.
under
it can
noted
before
be successfullygrown
be
glass,viz. that the trees
The
late Mr.
be forced
in the early stages of growth.
Ewing, of
must
not
famous
of
his
then
devote
used
to
glass walls to
one
Bodorgan, Anglesea,
w
hen
the attempt
well ; but
not
at
first,
apricot culture, and succeeded
very

glass as

most

orchard-house

of

tree

other

our

in

made

in the

fruit

Fair

trees,

success

"

"

was

hardy

without

house,

and

heat, because
which, at the time
fire

of
of

the
year

condensed
when

the

moisture
trees

were

that
in

gathered
bloom

in

28

the

moist

blossoms
a

FRUIT

THE

flow

trees

climate
used

and

of

not

to

in

were

well.

bloom,

and

be

not

However,

hot-water

return

could

Anglesea
set

GARDEN

pipe, which

always

then

removed,

this

with

used

never

much

as

The
culture
beck

was

the

Duke

devoted

to

and

all times

then

air

as

Characteristic

Growth

Side

with

Shoots

Pinched

house

in the

(0)

,.,

at

day

do

in

Grace

his

great

can

for

fairly

house

not

fire heat

use

bloom,

in

are

the

least

be

was

The

conjunction with
be safelygiven,

should

should

flowers

Wel-

at

of this fruit

the

trees

that

remembering
the

the

only

much

of

system

remember

keep

when

except

doors.

where

cultivation

glassare
at

freely

of

culture.

apricot
points to

successful

cool

so

seen

of

seat

of the

glass-covered walls

important
under

this

Portland,

of
of

extent

out

be

to

once

Abbey,

the

the

bear

not

glassas it does
best example of

under

secured,

experience

my

it does

apricot

the

admitted.

be

afterwards

from

although

could

as

were

crops

by having
when

excepting

air

dry

Good

as

removed

was
difficulty

was

the

consequently

and

of

atmosphere

for
be

few

hours

dry, when

fertilised

the

being

by

.1,

fifth leaf from

side shoot
base, the
at
pinched
,
brushed j over
with i_ a camel-.1
branch
and
gently
object being to keep bearing wood
near
limit
command
at
to
are
growth
space
; laterals
hair brush
rabbit's tail.
When
or
a
leaves
two
pinched to one
or
growth
; [p] terminal
the final thinis secured, and
leafless branch
of
a
[q] a. side shoot, leafless, a crop
;
buds
(r) spurs, the rounded
pinched similarly to 0
the fruits mav
be forced
^ing is over,
blossom
are
are
buds, the pointed (terminal) ones
,,.

A,

---^

'

'

?'

,,

wood

buds

(s)wood

buds

(t)blossom

by

buds.

the

Closing
but

of
a

month

improved
to

closing.

before

course,

before

it is

ripe
apricot

the

when

its culture

should

Varieties.

In

be

The

not

house

be had
three
ripe fruit can
way
of doors.
Quality and flavour are

is grown
under
glass that
in every
good garden.
for
following are recommended

noon,
after-

early,syringing,

too

this

out

the

in

house

or

weeks
so

two

or

much
devoted

included

culture
under
glass:
Moor
Frogmore Early, New
Large Early, Grosse Pkhe, Oullin's Early, Shipley's,
Park, Hemskerk, Large Early, Powell's Late, Large Red.

VARIETIES
GEORGE

By

Varieties

of

apricots in many

Breda.

Rather

closely

large, richly flavoured.

in many

spots

resemble

differ in growth

trees

apricot succeeds

cases

BUNYARD

as

standard

and
Tree

tree.

each

other, although

the

foliage.
hardy

and

good

bearer.

This

APRICOT

THE

Early

Moorpark.

variety

early

An

29

this

of

Fruit

apricot.

esteemed

rather

smaller

than

Moorpark

flavour

Frogmore

rich

Early.

and

sweet.

good

variety,

golden

pale

size

large

of

and

excellent

deep

orange,

juicy,

rich,

flavour.

Flavour

and

sweet

Grosse
with

PfecHE
darker

luscious.

Perhaps

(Large

colour,

the

F.C.C.

best

Peach).

handsome

and

large

with

sometimes

and

chocolate

of

variety

robust

and

Moorpark,

Syrian.

or

Fruit

small,

rather

but

and

Large

delicious

Early

growth

New

or

the

freely

very

sugary

of

one

very

marbled
and

sweet.

grown.

Hemskerk.
Kaisha

fruit,
Very

spots.

reliable.

most

produced.

Fruit

Early.

Large

rather

large,

in

pale

colour.

hardy

free

bearer

vigorous

of

Moorpark.

Fruit

juicy

and

rich,

OULLlN's

growth.

large,

very

and

of

Early

deep

is

It

golden

delicious

Peach.

is

flavour

The

sturdy.

first

the

with

orange,

flavour.

of

One

Fruit

small

new

large,

but

very

ripen.

to

mottlings.

darker

produced.

freely

melting,

Flesh

best.

the

fully

When

ripened

the

sweetest.

PRi;C0CE

Boulbon.

DE

free

and

variety,

early

quite

an

Growth

acquisition.

sturdy.

Shipley's

Blenheim.

or

An

variety,

excellent

large

and

handsome.

It

be

class

described

flavour,

as

and

an

early
the

Moorpark,

branches

as

of

Banana,

the

it
tree

The

ripens
are

twelve
less

(see

days

liable

to

p.

211).

before

premature

this.

decay

Fruit
than

best

may
of

first-

others.

CHAPTER

BARBERRY

THE

GEORGE

By

The

is

useful

only

has

intensely

an

delicious.

most

forms

form,

these
the

These

useful
of

making

and

garden

for

only

its

The

best

removed

in

every

August

season,

year's
the

selected

and

soil,

any

and

is

Barberry

the
sale.

for

fruits

variety

nurseries

tart

purple-

The

foliage.

FRUITS

year's supply,

and

little

but

require

plants

from

sturdy

lower

laid

down,

them

which

rows

valuable

are

in

cultivation,

in

care

feet

next

in

as

and

are

off

the

produce

year

then

can

they

cut

shoots

the

apart,

shoots

fruiting

growths

peg

buds,

in

The

style.

some

ALLIED
the

in

grow

fruit

in

scarlet

pretty

white-fruited
In

being

They

fresh

crop

will

fruits

soil.

left, espalier
and

is

striking

to

tarts.

obtained

are

and

strengthen

to

variety

ordinary

any

right

following

the

for

jam,
results

trained

being

give

jelly, and

or

the

interest.

AND

fruits

freely

grow

There

high.

of

other

autumn

[Berberis vulgaris)

BLACKBERRIES

the

the

in

use

The

red-fruited.

the

apples

with

seedlings only

best

is

purposes

mixed

feet

not

are

is valuable

Barberry

garden
but

Barberry

about

by seed,

propagated
leaved

but

BUNYARD

decorative

The
bush

strong

seedless

for

flavour,

For

useful.

most

are

Barberry
acid

III

be

produced
ends

after

strong-flowering

branches.
All
with

the

pruning

raspberries.

only

but

from

placed

feet

to

Parsley-Leaved
culture.

of

to

rich

Wild

the

the

repays

is

of

care

before

the

wild

acid

is
is

Lawton
is
and

American

positions,
This

sorts,
in

or

the

best
and

laciniatus

be

can

is

produced,

is Rubus

It

strongly,

grow

obtained

of

from

in

and

rule,

plants

point

is
of

for

it is

flavour

general

the

handsome,

British

freely,

seasons.

blackberries

the

as

be

can

flower

favourable

foliage

any

the

as

very

the

yearly,

fruiting wood,

stems

equal

not

and

hedgerow,

well

cultivation.
the

or

the

Whitewash

being

stems

white.

Bramble
The

fruit

{Rubus
is small

leiicodermis).
and

black,

and

This

ripens

blackberries.

King

Lucretia
and

few

freely

which

good

plant,

Early
The

also.

Blackcap,

handsome

old

the

away

The

apart.
in

large,

very

Blackberry,

Cumberland

is

feet

lo

colour

cut

all

Blackberry.

fruit

The

being

to

established

satisfactorily

fruit

is

necessary
When

large-fruited

large

suitable

resemble

American

for
the

culture

Dewberry.

American

variety

which

ripens

early.

variety.
in

damp,

boggy

land.

The

black

fruits

are

large

THE

LOGANBERRY.

THE

Wilson

Junior

The
winter

the

foliage

is

the

covered

fruits

berries

The

is

with

reddish

The

them.

black

and

in

in

freely

when

grows

the

autumn

velvety
birds

are

distinct

pleasant,

in

even

the

summer

have

cooked

freely.

very

beautiful,

and

spines

short

produced

are

and

sorts,
climber

strong

red,

small,

are

31

American

large

best

phoenicolasius)

thickly

are

conspicuous.
of

of

one

(Rubus

shoots

fond

very

is

Wineberry

BARBERRY

flavour.
The

Logan

red

handsome

berries,

between

When

The

for

used
This

Mahdi.

Fontenay
habit

and
of

during
of

latter

Logan

of

part

fruits

is

it

July

A.M.

need

the

valuable

early

This

Pyrus

leaves

In
and

It

October

these

jelly

good

Although
where

the
There

checker

fruit
is

tree

is

for

British
is

sold

is

rich

an

when

Raspberry

addition

to

and

is

In

ripens

fruit

the

superior

excellent,

de

Belle
fruits.

hardy

that

to

TREE

sub-acid

inch

species

it

fruiterers'

suckers,

berries.

they

ripen

They

turn

used

be

may

small

with

long,

inches

but

growth,

in

sycamore

about

they

as

the

green-coloured

dull

and

variety
from

and

across

of

with

unlike

not

flavour.

serving

in

tree

bunches

gathered,

are

Continental
raised

is

i|-

some

produces

pleasant

possess

make

smaller,

are

lobes.

pointed

large

1901.

Torminalis)

(P.

in

of

berry
is

flavour

between

flavour

The

August.

Logan

The

blackberry,

the

high

ripe.

cross

resembles

feet

12

supply

The

fully

CHECKER

the

be

of

and

ripe.

are

to

10

abundant

an

raspberry.
to

result

somewhat

and

the

reaching

gives

they

and

Blackberry,

foliage

berry.

before

the

Common

and

growth
the

the

the

dessert

novelty

shoots
it

and

blackberry

the

the

grower,

striking,

is

raspberries

resemble

hybrid

cooked.

vigorous

foliage

which

American

is

berry

Its

season.

for

brown,

russet

dessert,

or

they

meats.

is

not

much

the

beyond

known

Weald

of

Kent,

The

true

shops.

differing
but

is

from
not

an

the

easy

one

described.

subject

to

bud

or

graft.

IV

CHAPTER

CHERRY

THE

GEORGE

By

The

of

county

which

England,
he

it

says
stature

Flanders

Kent,

which

^1000,
let

at

Few
The

cottager

have

it in

He

as

extend

the

where

rather

of

soil, some

cherry,
The

hardy,

advantage

but

the

of

for

British

generally

in

stock

using

to

the

As

and

situation,

the

summer

chalk

of

light,

the

in

flower,

these

not

The

of

lime

or

attained

best.

The

loam,

or

the

in

when

clean.

and

crop,

sweet

advantage

frost

of

giving,

of

counties
the

thus

middle

capable

are

pears.

orchard

an

orchards.

no

may

pots,
the

to

early

marly
be

can

orchard

The
is

the

where

amateur

for
in

or

from

or

pyramid,

above
soil

fair

in

depth,

is present
culture

in

of

the

fruit.
all

grafting

cherry.

black

it has

somewhat

success

stone

any

and

foliage healthy

chalk

or

the

Midland

in

plantations

to

before

soil

where

rain

out

fruits

immunity

of

is strong,

gravel

of

used

wild

best

damp,

and

varieties.

South

and

the

keep

added

say,

may

stock
or

common

showers

be

must

we

or,

driving

succeeds

for

cherry.

the

bush,

recommended

as

hardy

regards

position,

from

particularly

more

acres

is stated

than

of

early May

late

few

As

elevated

but

in

tree

32

early days
land

good

wall,

planted

from

and

southern

the

an

of

those

form

or

espaliers,

on

fruit

return.

the

fence

favourable,

freedom

substratum

on

in

period

it in

glass, either

under

are

cash

trees,

cherry

the

resting

so

the

refer

remarks
which

better

drainage,

refresh

as

delicious

situation

advantage

the

only

in

may

early, mid-season,

succeeds

well

natural

good

the

cherry

thrives

and

and

average,

dessert
It

soil

as

have

against
well

this

by growing

the

an

of

in

accommodating

more

are

cordon

successfully

season

September

on

it

trees

garden

also,

forms

these
grow

may

fruit

single

at

as

sum,

sold

that

that

cherry

acre

little

his

fruit

by
and

Gerarde

as

orchard

cherry

into

restored

error,

an

English

our

of

produced

enormous

from

not

be

to

appears

account

an

1540

per

hardy

in

or

an

shilling
our

is

year

seems

one

of

standard,

the

This

which

Flanders,

from

it

brought

who

only

and

of

part

brought

was

period,

cherries

this

district

other

any

of

in

planted

which

cherry,

Saxon

the

VIIL,

of

than

quality

the

first

were

the

differeth

tree

There

in

which

in

Kent.

in

cherry

form."

in

or

lost

Henry

to

Sittingbourne

at

the

"

have

fruiterer

that

us

was

for

favourably

more

assure

Romans,

the

Harris,

planted

speaks

authors

by

country

Richard

in

Cassar

Some

celebrated

probability they

all

in

been

long

has

and

of which

visited.

this

Kent

produces,

it

BUNYARD

suitable

Mahaleb

cherry

Continental
for
stock

trees

upon

seedlings
all.
for

We

do

do
not

should
not

be

seem

find

cherries, although

the
to

be

great

any
it

suits

CHERRY

THE
Duke

the

Morello

and

restricted

or

repotted

pyramidal

Cordons
fot when

growth

cherries

liable

to

other

hand,

than

gum

grown
places,and
in

are

low,

budded

cherries

high

this

be

tree

may

the

do

And

stems

are

wild

not

in

cherry
on

any

case,

to

apt

find

we

that

cause

where

easilyinjured and

more

succeed

regularly

Mahaleb.

root-pruned
hard, this is

trees.

culture

pot

stock

cherry
the

on

be

for

hand,

the

On

named.

stock

the

cherry stock, they

on

FOR

be

comparatively few

choose

to

long

hundred

ORCHARDS

such
as
sorts, and
series of years, for the life of a standard
cherry
and
Kentish
in the
of the Flemish
case
except

have

we

purpose

profitableduring

will

the

on

sometimes

on

pruned

are

destroy the

budded

the

those

must

young
shoots

and

CHERRIES
For

trees
as

other

the

land.

treated

poorly

that

Cherries
liable to
the
Mahaleb.
be called after
are
very
in this way
have
been
names
needlesslymultiplied. Fruit well
differs
orchards
varieties
in starved,
considerably from the same

be

cultivated

when

injure or

when

where

we

ensues,

may
orchards

for

find

equally as good

are
trees

which

gumming,

may
local

trees,

small

and
free

On

admirably.

cherries

transplanted

or

33

years,

In planting a profitable
cherry orchard place
Dukes, and like sorts.
and
feet
each
of
the
varieties
at
trees
plant between
larger growing
36
apart,
Duke
either
a
Flemish, Morello, or May
variety; or, if the soil is suitable,a
plum, or one of the smaller growing sorts of apples.
The
Pruning.
trees
being planted according to the general directions
If the orchard
is in grass
be duly staked.
in
a
given
separate chapter, they must
should
cattle
be
intended
to
them, they
run
sheep or
land, and it is
among
be
allowed
to
cradled
from
them
to
one
injury,and then
grow
protect
year
While
hold this to be very important.
We
without
admitting
cutting back.
it to be true
that with very careful attention
planted,
they may be cut back when
free
allow
the
rule
better
far
trees
is
it
believe
to
one
year's
growth.
we
as
a general
Afterwards
established
before any
a
cutting back is done.
They then become
when
is essential ; but
well-disposed and
yearly pruning to shape the trees
formed, they may be left alone, merely removing
are
regulated head and branches

Reds, May

useless

any

require
attention

very
for

pruning.
years

to

to

as
a

Positions.

fields,
removing

liberal
trees

acting

of

six

or

black

sheep

or

of

to

that

And

cattle.
the

weeping

order

in

seasons

instead

almost

Rivers'

to

usual

the

Morello

and

cherries

class

will

need

Early, Elton, and

of

habit

boughs

may

growth,
not

any
will

be

so

them, they should be cut

first the
outside bud, to form
at
aid

basin-shapedtree.

Various

hop

for five

Flemish

and

Bigarreau
planting ; but the

long, pendent shoots,

in reach

The

The

after

pointitiginwards

bud

desired

be

other.

each

cross

as

three

require attention
low

such

little

have

that

sorts

and

shoots

culture, and
grow
upon

too

the

a
we

In

cannot

freely,and

it is usual

Kent

hill of

hops
at

and

all recorfimend

they are
unripe wood, but

not

they

to

plant

orchard

planting a cherry.
only
make

this system,
liable
such

to

cherry
The

because

injury from

slender

growth

in

trees

hop requires
the
severe

cherry
frost

that, when
c

THE

34

FRUIT

GARDEN
afforded

by the growing hop

gales.
suddenly withdrawn, they are apt to be damaged by the autumn
strained
the base,
that they are
at
long boughs are so bent by the wind
arable
be formed
and
and decay.
We
then
to
on
prefer cherry orchards
gum
land
land
have
which
meadow
where
the
is not
stems
heavily manured, or in
clear of grass.
In these positions a sturdy, hard
them
3 feet of ground around
the

and

removed,

hop poles are

the

protection

is

crop
The

growth is made, which

produces such shoots

be

can

will

as

Fruiting

(k) Continuation
annually

of

ripened

before

sound

tree.

Branch

branch

these,

well
form

showing

shoots

pruned

when
the

trees

are

Growths

natural
be

of

forking

extension

branches

if

required for forming

otherwise
be pinched
form
to
branches,
they should
they will form fruit
spurs
; if left entire
the
first year
with
wood
buds
buds
some
interspersed {see leafless shoot
side) ; {w) fruit
on
from
blossom
buds
last year's wood
on
preceding year's wood
on
produced
on
; {x) spurs
fruit is produced
which
the
following summer
fruiting. Shoot
; (7) two-year-old
spurs
;

and

side

(one-year-old)on
upon

{2)wood

land, sheep should

then, if the sheep are

benefit.

close

grass to grow
the surface
to
cleared

from

be

had

around

fruits

cultivator
are

most

It

as

old

Even
the

stems,

that

trees

will

fed

is
be

able

suitable,and

it robs

them

act

until

orchards
other

or

orchard

trees

of

rich
than

moisture

the

food,

allow

to

and

grass is
the trees

does

neglected cherry orchards,

will respond astonishingly,and

when

to

be

advisable
to

the

in

shortened

buds.

oil-cake

on

appeared

always

not

(a) blossom

kept

be

them,

to

must

injurious to

more

roots.

from

Varieties.
The

is

Nothing

shoot,

buds

grass

short

will

leading

and

when

Again,

Characteristic

with

side

(v)

the

winter,

the

determine

long
harm

much

grass

grand

is

return

out.

worn

to

will

rank

the
a

quite-

have
whether

as

few

varieties

possible..

as

early, mid-season,

accordingly. Generally,the

White

or

Heart

late
or

THE

Bigarreau

cherries

each

or

row

that

ripening
other,

to

save

as
as

thickly as

of

the

picking

from

Early

rows

wind

be

of

begin

can

removal

unnecessary
Duke, and

Flemish, May
shelter

should

set

35

profitable. Some

most

are

CHERRY

at

end

one

of tent,

Morello

sort,

one

of

orchard

the

ladders, and

useful

are

for

the

in

arranged

so

can

order

finish

at

of
the

The

accessories.

rows

they

their

and

other

short

in

exposed positions,where
largergrowing sorts.

the

is advisable

variety,however,

also

in

corners

be

planted

twice

Black

: Early
Rivers, Old Black
Heart, KnigMs
Early Black.
Heart.
Red
Ludwig^s
Bigarreau, Elton
:
May Duke.
Kent
Mid-Season.
White:
Black:
Black
Red:
Bigarreau.
Eagle.
Royal Duke.
Late.
White
Cleveland
de
:
Napoleon
Bigarreau,
Bigarreau,
Bigarreau
Mezel,
Black
Emperor
Francis,
Florence, Windsor.
:
Waterloo, Black
Tartarian, The Noble,
Red
Turkey Heart.
: Late
Duke, Flemish, Kentish, Morello.
"
N.B.
is but a general term, as
White
the colour
of these cherries
varies from
pink
to a dull crimson.
in contradistinction
white
cherries
as
to the
They are, however, known

White

Cherries.

Frogmore

Bigarreau,

"

black

and

red

varieties.

GARDEN
There

CHERRIES

under
: first,
successfullygrown
a
or
protection of wire-netting as bushes
pyramids, to be kept low
permanent
and
be planted 12
pruned, for instance, as dwarf
apple trees.
They should
feet

with

of

cherries

to

terminal

apprehended
In

making

between

each

and

latest

and

die from

should
insect

tree.

for

permanent

the

first

year,

Early.
*

Choisy,

Elton

this

stronger
included.
as

that

select

most

by

the

cherry

trees,
them

between

grown
and
the

is properly fixed
a

purpose,
Heart
or
As

well

as

these
other

vacancy

dessert,and
Duke

before

structure

be

can

in

the

protected area

should

Trees,

be

Placed

made

in

and

trouble

both

is well

it

filled

at

two

the
are

any

be
very
liable
have

to

by

once

years

without

need

be

secured.

bushes

pruned
causes,

no

variety should

varieties

being transplantedevery

removal

Bush

may
the land

be

or

earliest
to
a

gum
small

developed

will be
risk

planted

prepared

loss of crop

in November.

their

Order

of

Ripening

*Belle
d'Orle'ans;
de
d'Annonay,
*Guigne
Louvain,
*Gteigne
*
May.
Bigarreau, Baumann's
Early Rivers, *Ludwig's
de
Schreken,
Bigarreau
Bigarreau,
Black,
Early
Frogmore
*Knighfs
'''Belle
de
Werder's
*Reine
Black,
Hortense,
Duke
{Old),
*May
Wood,

Jaboulay

Governor

the

for

Early.

Very

so

trees

planting
but

Cherries

Bigarreau

be

filled

early in the winter, as they are then

the
to
to
bring them
training is needful
is obtained, a shortening of the side shoots
Very fine,well-ripened
pruning necessary.

netting

for

attacks

of young
trees,
Such
reserve

stock

if the

the

is

space

the
suitable, with
is
covered
plantation

most

such

cherries

fit for the

of

tree

this

is all the

selection

sorts

Some
once

grown,
from
birds

the

utilisingboth

garden

gum.

be

thus

can

the

are

When

bearing.

prune

leaders

old

strawberries

or

thus

years,
into full

come

less likely to
requisiteshape. When

fruit

until

be

can

years
form.

cup-shaped

eight

or

much

the

three

or

wire-netting,

It is advisable

and

these

gooseberries,currants,
six

some

the

two

in

disposed

permanent

bushes

in which

ways

Trees

apart.

branches

for

two

are

Heart.

*Black
^Kentish
Eagle,
Bigarreauj
Heart, *Royal Duke;
*
Oliva.
Ramon
Archduke,
Francis,
Red, * Emperor
*Nouvelle
* Cleveland
Royale, Bohemian
hapoldonj
*Bigarreau
Bigarreau;
* Giant
de Guben,
Noir
de
Hedelfingen,
de
Noir
Schmidt,
Noble,
Mezel, *The
Waterloo

Mid-Season.
Flemish

afid

hhT^.

Black, *De
*Late

Duke

Kentish

Ronalds.
*

Florence,

l^AT-EST.
de

Winkler.

Black

Those

is

doubt

no

west

aspect.
will

cherry

succeed

THOMAS

trees

the

trees

with

walls

on

on

grown
have

where

had
aspect.

any

Windsor,

had

we

they

and

regards size,appearance,

cherries,as

best

from

Provided

-"Guigne

for pot culture.

WALLS

ON

OWEN

the

obtained

superior flavour, are

or

that

Morello,

Windsor,

desirable

most

are

TREES
By

There

asterisk

an

Margaret's,

St.

Tartarian,
with

marked

CHERRY

dessert

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

36

west,
south, southa
the
cultivation,
intelligent
At
the
Royal Gardens,
north
them
walls,
on
even
wall

with

had

seldom

of

advantage

the

failed

sunshine, yet they

and, what
produce satisfactorycrops,
surprising, is the
seem
perhaps more
of

gleam

the

that

the

As
with

never

quality of
cherry will
various

such

to

prolong

of

trees

the

mid-season
Side

Pinched

Shoot

leaf; (c) lateral

fifth

at

to

one

'"'' ''' '""'

Itte'^r'^runint''
'"'

equally

soil suits the

and

leaf ;
'

system

has

adopt

to

old

small, and

good

marl

has

or

mortar

addition
to

is of

of

of lime

rubble.

if gross

as

such

to

in

branches

be

walls

on

it is desired

where

well.

as

the

the

peach

soil,with

the

On

the

land

is

added

mixing.

to

grow

and

heavy

very

clayey

two

whole

with
have

of

is turned

hand,

each

been

should

marly
watering

If

land

the

the

best

the
then

planting

barrow-loads

quantity

answer

proper

nature,

for

of

brick
over

the

is

burn

to

road

rubble
and

ings,
scrapbroken

mixed

land

be

add

light,

couple of barrow-loads
cartload
well
of soil,as
as

generally poor,

fertile soil for the

will
pear
somewhat
a

perfection.

condition

other

the

or

already stated,
good drainage and

have

When

lime.

may
when

manure

guard against

it will
a

excellent.

was

success

plant a number
north
wall, not
only late
best-flavoured
early and

varieties

bring this into proper

cartload
adding to each
wood
ashes, the same

be

dusting

this

weather,
with

applied ;
well-decayed manure

growth

In

sprinklingof fresh

should

liberal
the

to

refuse

burnt

of

hot

deal

clay,afterwards

the

in
to

As

cherry.

best.

cherry

mulching

cultivator

the

for

fact

preparation of the ground

regards
for planting, little need
be said here, as the
instructions
given for preparing the border
for

well

prove

aspects,

the

As

(3) First

will

cherry season,

against

varieties, but

fruit

the

to

careful

not

to

recommend

cherry, for the greatest trouble one

and
is gross
cultivatinga young
healthy cherry tree
and
canker
are
produced, gumming
generally follow.

1/

11

t;,j

?']

"'ill

i*^^
^.

.
.

an
u

"if

'

",

o
?J

'

"-j

?^'

tq

I
'

ft;

ifi\

fe;

L'

"

:-v-l'#^4v.i2UT

''^'"^'

THE
Form
fan

Tree.

The

CHERRY

best

form

of

37

training

for

wall

cherry trees is the

At this
work
three-year-oldtrained trees are the best.
age the framewill have
been
tree
the nursery,
and
its symmetry
at
properly formed
will be easilymaintained
Some
by the grower.
prefer and
growers
the
horizontal
form
of training for wall
No
doubt
cherry trees.

of

shape, and
of

the

afterwards
recommend

they

succeed

from

well

very

fan-trained

in this

but

way,

in my

opinion

better

results

are

obtained

I have

it a good plan occasionallyto buy

always found
few
mkiden
a
wherever
there
is a small
cherry trees, planting them
able
availspace
the walls, afterwards
on
them
wish.
as
one
training
may
Planting.
Presuming that fan-shaped trees
have
been
obtained, and that
planting time (end of October
or
November)
trees.

has

arrived, the

12

to

should

trees

feet

15

(fan-trained)
planted
and
of

the

over

it

must

short

be

lowing
fol-

the

satisfactory
forgotten that

should

occasional

in

from

standard

In

make

not

manure

and

roots

tall

between.
will

they

season

progress,
mulch
a

placed

be

with

apart,

be

applied

waterings

be

oftener
hot, dry weather,
given
syringe or the garden water-engine can
be
used
in
much
so
washing the trees
and

the

the

better
the

will

their

growth

be.

progress

As

rule,

the
cherry tree makes
first
after
planting is small, and scarcely
year
will be
the following
pruning
any
necessary
winter

be
for

liftingthe
root

the

The

strong
in

old

from

it should

ends

have

tree

of the

same

way

life of the

the

of the

the

have
six

more

will

have
a

up

branches.

Stopped

and

as

by

(/) Fruit

produced

side

of

from

blossom

buds

buds

formed

in

previous year ;
lowest
{g) spurs ; (A) shoot
pushed from
bud
of preceding
year's wood,
stopped at
fifth leaf; {i)point of shortening at winter
pruning.
at

wood

tree, for

made

to

Growth

Shortened

good growth,
When
symmetrical tree.

four

Year's

formed,

cutting back the strong

invariablybe found to have
second
year after planting is

in
important one
during that year it
dispose so as to build
should

Preceding

is

peach, "c., namely,

an

tree

ally
occasion-

as

shoot

and

will

formed.

happen,

corrected

tree

which

it

that

case,

must

directed

young

should

but

is the
this

a-

six branches.

Every

year

and

After

this the

first
the

will add

cultivator

must

planted,
second

its quota

a
three-yearyear'sgrowth

until

the

centre

Future
the extreme
to
complete.
development will be confined
and
will
extend
time
as
branches,
these,
a
long way ; for the
goes on,
lives to be old, and, as a rule,the older it is the more
freelyit bears.

is

cherry tree
The
question of pruning

is

usually a

very

simple

matter,

for the

reason

that

the

growth is limited.
Spurback
the
in
the
is
current
cutting
pruning
form
the
branches
within
to
on
a
couple of buds of their
year'sshoots which
too
bases, to shortening the fruit-spurswhen
large and are too far
they become
from
and
also occasionallyto thinning out
the
the
wall,
fruit-spurson
away
tree

is such

that wood
persistent and regular cropper
and
this
consists
recommended,
system

38

THE

branches

when

they become,

end

same

be attained

may
shoots

the

out

in

Protecting
to

as

from

and

award

to

being
and

in

gladden the
long experience

I am
palm.
and
fruiter,
early

an

inclement

is

Blossom.

weather

of

often

do,

easier and

an

spring, which
the

my
the

they

as

shall

which

GARDEN

FRUIT

not

It is

of

heart
and

led

so
a

too

better

by disbudding or thinning
practisedas it ought to be.

way

commonly
with

man

the

between

race

to

make

these

early in

earlyspring that

is

and

cherry

strawberry

fruits of the

the first

hardy
scarcelyknow
remarks
by the fact of
and
bloom,
exposed to
I

results of observation

therefore

disastrous

so

The

crowded.

and

numerous

to

cherry

the

of

many

year,
which

to

the

frosty

our

hardy

therefore, the question of protection for the preservationof the blossom

the
that
In the case
of the cherry it so happens
an
important one.
bloom
in
in
such
much
produces
abundance, certainly
greater quantity
other
in a measure
as
a
hardy fruit tree, that its profusion serves
tection
proany
of fact,unless the frost happens to be unusually
against frost. As a matter

fruits ;
becomes
tree

than

enough

severe,

bloom

(certainlyin

escapes

four

five)to provide an

of

out

seasons

blinds or other
ample crop
fruit,so
no
provision
way
In
I
the
is
wall
trees.
am
now
covering
speaking of
open
necessary.
the
not
so
same
immunity is not
enjoyed, and consequently full crops are
As regards thinning the fruit,I advise this to be carried
out
common.
sparingly,
and only resorted
when
the trees
to
are
bearing an extraordinary crop, and then
the
for
the crop
than
sake
of
the
from
rather
tree
only
inabilityto mature
any
ing,
in the
of mulchand
satisfactorily.With
intelligent treatment
generous
way
of

in

that

the

of

canvas

and

watering,

er-^

the

cherry

and

ripening

the

is

birds
trees

these

reach
way
is to
Spur

Elongated

become

(/)

Point

of

Crowded

and

shortening

at

winter

tops

of

others
rafters

at

the
must
to

distance

carry

the

pruning.

wall

the

long

net

cheap

so

if carefully
the

during

within

even

The

cottager.

fixinga

and

against

skeleton

best
a

wall

framework

of

poles and laths,the poles

long and driven into
ground deeply enough to be

stout

to

be

feet,and

feet

about

6 feet apart.

On

the

fixed,and resting on these, at intervals of 6 feet,

with
end
placed
one
resting on the top of the wall, acting as
this
absolute
the net.
By
protection is afforded,
simple means

poles laths
be

from

so

dry state
they are

make

of

the
secure,

last

nets

purpose,
at

this

by

Growth

Annual

Herring

the

offered

that

of
of

for

walls

on

grown

now

in

winter,

In

cherry protection
is imperative, and when

rate, and

stored

every

Birds.

from

best

are

clean,
bearing

the

are

the

of

crops

easilyprovided.

are

of

case

from

immense

year.
Protection
the

keeping

capable

is

must

be

STANDARD

CHERRY

TREE

FIVE

YEARS

OLD

(UNPRUNED).

CHERRY

THE
without

the

labour

discomfort

the

fruit has

been

The
well

of

Cherry.

wall,
as

man's

fruit

This

bush

as

climate,as

to

(Derbyshire),where
as

net

time

each

net

left

be

may

the

fruit
the

over

is

gathered
until

trees

and

all the

gathered.

north

particular

the

removing
stooping ; the

Morello

on

not

of

39

the

the

in

it succeeded

conditions

part of
any
it is a sure

hardy, prolific,and useful

or
even
planted as
open,

England.
and
heavy

for

well

culture

the

The

on

north

at

Chatsworth

of

hardy fruit are

cherry is an excellent

Morello

causing

cropper,
w^ell in

wall

cherry thrives
hedge. It is

little trouble

as

favourable
un-

poor

and

paratively
com-

will thrive
and
no
expense,
ordinary garden soil. It is a
any
best
the
always finds a ready sale at remunerative
prices ; it makes
and
for
and
invaluable
is
cherry brandy,
preserved
puddings
confectioneryit
the cook
housewife
The
to
of pruning in the case
or
of
during winter.
system
the Morello
is different to that of the ordinary cherry, in that the
spur system
for that by which
is discarded
peaches are usually pruned, viz. leave the previous
the wall 3 inches
to
year's shoots their full length, and tie or nail them
apart all
The
the tree.
be trained
trees
must
over
fan-shaped.
fruit

that

CHERRY

THE

GLASS

UNDER

The

general cultural remarks

concerning cherry culture against walls outin a glass-house; the culture
of cherries
to
trees
apply equally
grown
in
The
is
in pots under
a
explained
chapter.
glass
cherry as a crop
separate
fruits are
other
the
under
as
ripe when
glassis an important and valuable
one,
of
fruits are
choice
namely, late in April, and throughout the month
scarce,
obtained
results
The
best
are
(fan-shaped)to a
May.
by training the trees
from
and
the glass. Where
trellis fixed to the roof of the house
1 8 inches
away
well
succeed
this is not
planted against the back wall
convenient, they
very
obscured
much
too
by other plants growing in front.
provided the light is not
in forcing cherry trees
is not
The
to
point of greatest importance to observe
into
them
excite
growth and flower too quickly. It is not safe to commence
fire heat must
be applied for three weeks
of January, and
the middle
not
before
obtained
satisfied
with
heat
the
after this,the grower
by closingthe house
being
should
the trees
mind
in
that
bear
the
In
must
not
cherry one
forcing
early.
house
is
started
from
the
the
made
be
too
day
to
quickly at any time
grow
be allowed, especiallyby
heat may
Afterwards
until the fruit is formed.
more
the
the
warmed
be
house
the
that
sun
by
cherry does not
;
closingearly,
may
of-doors

like artificial heat

to

It

make

use

is also

of

at

it in

necessary

buoyant atmosphere
and
high temperature,

to

and
have

while

the

Still,when

time.

any
dull

cold

weather

sufficient
the

trees

to

in

are

keep
in

heat

fruits
up

the

bloom

are

the

pipes
;

but

formed,

it is

quite

safe

temperature.
necessary
maintain
to
a
dry and
avoid

at

that

time

of air,and
absence
an
good circulation
you
If
and
at
err
all,
must
on
err
flowers
the
round
of dampness
day.
night
you
rather
of
than
time
the
low
a
side
of a
high
the
flowering
during
temperature
those
similar
to
conditions
the
have
as
possible
in mind
as
to
bearing
one,
it is then
know
in bloom, and
the trees
when
we
are
prevailingout-of-doors
be

sure

have

bitterlycold
to

secure

maintained

pollen,artificial fertilisation
by drawing

should

temperature
formed

rabbit's

it may
the stones

when

63 degs.

sun-heat

after

tail

be

is

safe

always

when

the

bloom,
with

condition

to

Weak

often

Diseases.

gumming

ailments

only

The

canker.

weak
of

nitrate

by

of

these

to

shape

of

there
back

over

When

is

dry,
the

bloom
fruits

the

after

the

the

time

same

are

soil

no

cure

and

and

better

great

in which

to

part

of

a
so

the

former,

affected

the

near

the

The

stem

substitute

canker

may
previouslyrecommended

the

ceeding
pro-

affected,when

not

of

other

effectual

latter

the

the

or

one

most

with

tree

disease

tree, and

in

with

The

know.

furnish

branch.
the

invariablyattended

are

point

stoning period
with
good

the

when

the

as

a
say once
the
best,

stableyard is

are
cherry tree
is
opinion,
my
and
the
tree's
of
more
life,
stages
of canker, although the
latter,no
such
as
bruising,careless knife-cuts,

trees

far

so

it necessary,
or

water

is

of

cause

the

branch

the

usually appear,

healthier

distributed
valuable

cut

will

shoot

new

frosts.

very severe
ailments
is

is

house
in

are

seriouslyaffect

which

chief

thinks

guano
soda

growth, especiallyin the young

is the
not
gumming
precursor
occasionallycaused by other means,

is

and

trees

at

cowyard

of
grossness
than
often

doubt,

roots

grower
the

from

with

watering

The

and

the

at

the

as

water

manure

slightapplicationof

air of the

It
in winter.
approach a dust-dry condition, not even
of
60
clear
with
at
degs.
water
a temperature
give a good watering
afterwards
is first closed, and
just as the trees are coming into

occasional

an

is over,
results.

the

to

as
periodically

and

the

degs. Fahrenheit

52

to

when
While

to

is over
{i.e.
55 degs.until the stoning period
62
raised
it
be
to
when
or
again
formed),
may
with
6
it
rise
be kept, allowing
to
or
7 degs.
The
cherry requires careful watering, dislikes

house.

sodden

allowed

house

fortnight.

in order

fact that

the

to

afterwards

must

closingthe

be

never

48

from

raised

fruits have

in the

anything approaching
must

emphasise

to

blossoms.

the

over

kept

resorted

be

must

gradually be
this it

at

this

mention

only

with
low temperature,
plenty of air,
crop of fruit a moderately
but little
have
Should
the flowers
until the fruit is formed.

heavy

be

must

sometimes.

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

40

in the

is sometimes

be

large

is

and

cable.
appli-

remedy
affected
the
is to cut
to
out
only thing to do in this case
parts, and
the wounds
of
wash
a
scrupulously clean, using for this purpose
strong solution
affected
careful and timely attention
soft soap
and
With
in this way
soda.
tree
a
will continue
of
fruit
for
In
bear
the
of a
to
case
heavy crops
many
years.
follow
and
where
canker
where
is
tree
gumming,
gumming
usually
young
may
caused
of
growth, the best preventive is to lift and
by luxuriance
prune
first appearance
the
the
of gross
shoots ; in all probabilitythe
roots
on
one
the
luxuriance
of
effectual,as it will not
root-pruning will prove
only check
but
will
itself
is
make
the
w
hich
of
safe
antidote
tree
fertile,
to
more
a
growth,
one,

case

not

The

growth.

coarse

Insect
we

this

Enemies.

have
has

prune

shelter

to
a

the

contend

The

against

hold on
strong
affected
shoots

themselves

snugly

black

fly is

in the

cultivation

the

trees,

by cutting
beneath

the

the

the

most

of

first

them
leaves

thing

back
at

serious
the

6
the

and

cherry
to
or

do
7

stubborn
on

will
inches

extremities

walls.
be

enemy
Where

partiallyto

the

insects

of

the

shoots.

CHERRY

GOVERNOR

WOOD

GROWING

IN

POT.

THE
where

it is

points

of

next

to

the

CHERRY

impossible to

shoots

when

dislodge them.

oiF

cut

41

should

be

I need

scarcelysay

carefully collected

that

and

the

burnt

without

late in the evening by means

delay. The trees should then be washed
of a
syringe or the garden-engine, using a solution of paraffin, soft soap, and
tobacco
juice in the proportion of half-a-pintof paraffinto three gallonsof water
;
half-a-pound also of soft soap and half-a-pintof tobacco juice added, the whole
to
be mixed
bear the water.
One
together as hot as the hand
can
applicationof
this mixture, if thoroughly applied,will rid the trees
of the enemy
the solution
;
should
off early next
be washed
It is far better
the fly
to
morning.
prevent
in spring,and
securing a hold by watching for its first appearance
then
to
nip it
in the bud
by a timely applicationof the above remedy.

Varieties

Walls

for

Culture

and

Under

Glass

White
Monstrueux
Frogmore
Early Bigarreau, Bigarreau Heart
or
Heart, Bigarreau
Elton
Mezel, Bigarreau
Heart, Emperor
Napoleon,
Francis, Florence, Governor
de Louvain,
Belle
d Orleans,
Wood, May
Duke, Late
Duke, Guigne d'Atinonay, Guigne
Archduke, Waterloo
The
Heart,
Black, Early
Noble, St. Margaret's, Knighfs
Early
de Schreken, Gdant
de HedelRivers, Black
Tartarian, Bigarreau Jaboulay, Bigarreau
Heart.
fingen. Mammoth,
Bigarreau
de

Of

Morello

Cherries

Flemish

Red.

Kentish

Red,

THE

BEST
By

In
of

preparing

the

list of

useful

most

ripening period,
profitablecherry

their

and

It

taken

from

the

from

not

desirable
free

fruits have
as

thought

been

their

use

regard
as

best
to

choice

to

the

make

selection

duration

dessert

of

garden

the

fruits

of

been

to
two

give descriptions of their

and
three years old, may

trees, whether

figuredfrom

fruits grown

in

an

in

gardens,

standard

orchard

orchard

house

or

on

foliage,which
differ slightly
walls,

trees, and
upon

walls.

in

or

fore
thereThe

same.^

is the

form, however,

to

also

trees

young
of established

large

so

has

fruits.

leafage
The

orchards.
are

orchard

BUNYARD

only, having

distinct

and
fertility,

considered

was

being

GEORGE

cherries, it

and

CHERRIES

Archduke.
refreshing ;
red, rich, juicy, and
Fruit, large, shining, deep blood
Duke
and
freely in
leafy, fruits borne
foliage, resembles
May
upright, compact
; growth,
Duke.
fruit is similar
The
mid-season.
to Royal
clusters, good for pot culture
; season,
Fertility excellent.
Belle
almost
Choisy.
de
Fruit,
pinkish red, tender, juicy, and
transparent,
flat
and
thin
sweet
broad, roundish, heavily
stalk,
shining,
;
very
; foliage, deep
green,
notched
vigorous, drooping leaves far apart.
Fertility moderate.
; growth,
Belle
d'Orl^ans.
medium
size, pink, almost
Fruit,
transparent
; flesh, verytender, sweet,
rich, and
flimsy, oval
shape with
juicy ; foliage, pale yellowish green,
lance-like points ; glands, verj' large ; stipules, clasping the growth ; growth, moderate,
A
walls
fine cherry, suitable
and
leaves
for
drooping, few.
pot culture
; season,
very
early.
F'ertilitygood.
very

THE

42
BiGARREAU

Mezel.

DE

FRUIT

of
blood
with
red
patches
red, marbled
firm, rich flavour
; stone, long, flat,
very
foliage, deep green,
bluntly notched, oval shape ; glands,
upright ; fertility,
sturdy and
prominent
; growth,
very
is one
of the
large late sorts that sell at such high prices

Fruit,

side ; flesh,
flat on
one
orange,
and
pointed, adhering to flesh ;
three

to

one

excellent
at

the

end

Black
red

stipules, green,

; season,

of the

deep

primrose colour,

season.

Eagle.

stone, round

This

late.

GARDEN

Fruit,

and

deep

smooth

shining
flavour,

black,

rather

rich when
very
the
base
of the

flat

on

; flesh, pinkish
foliage, deep olive
but
tapering and
more
length; glands, \a.x%^,
tree, a fine variety for

one

fully ripe

side

at
stout
shoots,
large, broad, and
green,
very
pointed in the younger
growths, deeply notched;
stalk, of medium
red
vigorous and
spreading, forming a large orchard
; growth,
walls
rather
the main
later than
; fertility,first-rate
; season,
crop.
often
Black
Heart.
rather
irregular,
Fruit,
large, bluntly heart-shaped,
firm
colour
deep black-red, mottled, skin shining ; flesh, rich and
;
; stone, spoon-shaped
rather
thin ; foliage, dark
robust, but
stalk, long and
spoon-shaped
; growth,
green,
A very
fine variety.
spreading.
Fertility first-class.
Season, late mid-season.
and
Black
Tartarian.
handsome,
Fruit, extra
large, shining coal-black, very
mid-rib
late
the
stalk,
tree
depressed
on
foliage,
deep
hangs
broad,
;
;
green,
very
of
olive green
the
cane-like
this variety has
largest leaves
; stipules, green
; wood,
tall
orchard
forms
rather
vigorous,
a
upright,
large,
cherry ; growth,
stout,
any
very
in all forms.
It is one
late ; fertility,good.
of the finest for garden culture
tree
; season,
Cleveland
flushes
of
Bigarreau.
red
with
crimson,
deep
Fruit, brownish
and
sides ; flesh, dull
marbled
gold and yellow, flat on both
primrose ; stone, flattened
dark
chocolate
pointed, very fine flavour
deeply notched
;foliage, pale green,
; stalk, long,
the
shoots
colour
wide
red and
and
: glands
stipules brown, the leaves
are
apart
minent
prolate.
excellent
moderate,
spreading
fertility,
growth,
season,
;
;
;
side ;
Early
Rivers.
one
Fruit, bluntly heart-shaped, deep shining black, flat on
and
and
for
cherries
of
the
best
juicy
rich,
bearing
one
flesh, mulberry black, very
very
quality ; foliage, pale olive, rather thin, broadly oval and tapering to a sharp point ; glands,
brown
leaves
have
two
thinly disposed on the
or
three, reddish
long stalks, and are
; the
shoots
orchard
standard
be
weeping,
trees
to
pruned for five
growth,
require
severely
;
fails to
the
lower
branches
from
cattle.
It grows
to keep
never
freely and
years
very
It is suitable
from
its early season
makes
bear, and
high prices in the market.
very
for pot
other
form
for gardens
culture, growing on walls or in any
early ;
very
; season,
In use
a
fertility, excellent.
long time.
Elton
Heart.
red
blotches
and
Fruit,
pale yellow with
deep
pale rosy
flushes
flat
and
sometimes
crimson
small, somewhat
pointed ; flesh, firm,
; stone,
and
flavour
rich, sweet,
juicy, fruit is often very large ; foliage, pale green,
long ;
very
and
leaf-stalks
midrib
stipules, greenish white, wood
nut-brown,
pink ; growth,
very
orchard
for all garden
to
free, inclined
as
an
tree, valuable
weep
; season,
purposes
early ; fertility,excellent.
Early
Lyons
Bigarreau
or
Jaboulay.
/^r//, medium
size, a very
early
when
variety, of a purplish red colour
fully ripe ; foliage, deep olive, very large, spoonold
and
brown
and
trees
shaped
pointed on
on
long, wood
; stalk,
younger
very
As
the
buds
do
break
shining ; growth, very sparse,
weeping.
not
freely it is often of
awkward
growth ; best suited for wall culture.
Francis.
often
Emperor
with white
immense
Fruit, bright red marbled
; flesh,
crisp, very
juicy and
highly flavoured
small, bluntly pointed ; foliage,
; stone, very
leaf-stalk
flat, very
deep olive green,
large, deeply notched,
stout, of medium
length ;
robust
and
stipules,fringed, green
upright ; not yet proved
; glands, large, oval
; growth,
orchard
likely to be useful, invaluable
as
an
as
a
tree, but
garden tree, succeeding in
late.
all forms.
Season
Fertility good.
Flemish
Red.
Fruit, bright shining scarlet, with pale yellow and
deep carmine
the
in bunches
on
side, slightly flattened
on
one
side, produced
sunny
; flesh, primrose,
almost
transparent, crisp, very juicy, with rich acid flavour ; stone, small, often pulling out
and
with
stalk, the best cherry for cooking
preserving ; foliage, small, bright green,
dis

Co

i
It,
o

fe;

ft;

t/1

in

ft;

ftj

Kl

ft;

THE
posed
and

thinly over
freely

the

bears

outside

Season

Florence

43

This
growth, slender.
planted in orchards
larger fruited sorts ; most

variety

may
the

shelter

to

rows

fully ripe.

shoots

; trees

CHERRY

be

forms

close

compact

tree

often
for
used
are
5 feet apart, and
the fruit is
beautiful
objects when

late.

and
red
Fruit, bright shining
pale yellow, slightly flat on
flesh, primrose colour, crisp and juicy ; stone, small ; foliage, bright green,
long
and
lance-shaped, acutely pointed, short jointed and leafy ; stipules, prominent, greenish
brown
and
As
it forms
orchard
tree
upright.
long branches, with
an
; growth,
strong
few
side shoots.
On
of this variety ripening
realises
account
late it often
high
very
north
wall
prices in the market, but the tree is apt to gum
lose
and
its branches
a
; on
the
fruit attains great
size and
Season
latest.
keeps late.
Fertility very good.
Frogmore
Early
ings
net-markBigarreau.
reddish
Fruit,
colour, with
orange
and
flush
of deeper red \ flesh, firm, primrose colour, sweet
and
rich ; stone, spoona
oval
lined
and
side ; foliage, dark
shaped, indented
on
one
leathery, broadly
;
green,
of the finest for
three ; growth, free and
stipules, prominent ; glands, two
or
branching, one
and
orchard
Season
garden culture, bears freely in clusters.
early. Fertility remarkable.
Gi;ANT
firm
and
black
Hedelfingen.
DE
crisp, of
flesh,
Fruit, crimson
very
;
red
flesh ; foliage,
blood
to
a
colour, very rich flavour; stone, large, oval, often adhering
greenish brown, leaves
pale green,
oval-shaped, bluntly serrate
long, wood
; stalk, very
This
late.
and
free ; fertility, moderate
rather
grand
drooping ; growth, robust
; season,

side

one

Heart.

black

cherry

is

of

one

the

largest

and

best.

It

is

worthy

of culture

in

even

limited

collection.
handsome
and
soft
large ;
red, very
pale yellow and
wide
notched,
deeply
foliage,
pale
pleasant
green,
;
very
leaves
leaf-stalk short
moderate,
reddish
are
; growth,
apart, the terminal
; stipules, brown,
Orchard
in any
form, fruits very
freely in clusters.
a
good cherry for garden culture
Season
in some
soils are
well in the Midlands.
early.
trees
apt to gum
; does
in clusters, medium
GuiGNE
D'Annonay.
Fruit, shining black, round, produced
size ; flesh, charcoal
rich, and
altogether first-rate ; foliage, rather
black, flavour
very
than
white-fleshed
regularly
the
robust
Guignes, pale olive green,
more
longer and
for
forms
a
well-shaped
moderate,
tree, excellent
pointed and
bluntly serrate
; growth,
its
from
in clusters, and
in all forms.
This
culture
enormously
variety bears
garden
will
be a great gain as
early
and
an
valuable
it
is
hardy,
proving
precocity is most
very
;

Governor

Wood.

Fruit,

flesh, tender, juicy, sweet,

and

orchard

fruit also.

earliest.

Season

and
blotched
shaded
red, orange
carmine,
Fruit, dull
both
fully ripe it is bronzy red ; flesh, deep primrose,
sides, when
primrose, flat on
adhering slightly to flesh ; foliage,
crisp,juicy, and very rich flavour
; stone, heart-shaped,
size ; growth,
of medium
vigorous,
olive
glands,
pointed
oval,
sharply
long,
;
green,
is one
of the best and
most
profitable
This
tree.
branching, forming a shapely orchard
in all forms
It succeeds
as
a
orchards.
and
cherries
is the
glory of the Kent
grown,
mid-season.
Season
liable to gum
some.
as
is hardy
and
not
so
garden
tree, and
Kentish

Bigarreau.

and

Fertility excellent.
Kentish

Red.

bright

Fruit,

distinct

reddish

crimson,

in bunches;
fUsh,
bright green,
foliage,
;
and
stout
long ; growth,

produced

almost

flavour,
transparent
a
juicy,
footstalks
are
disposed wide apart on the branches,
small, and
is the favourite
cherry for
This
Season
late.
Fertility first-rate.
twiggy and weeping.
is quite a sweetrneat.
and
rich
distinct
has
flavour,
for
It
and
for
a
tarts
jam.
drying,
fertile wall
a
tree, fruiting
orchard
It makes
a
tree, a pretty pyramid, and
good small
and
later
and
is
as
free-bearmg
Flemish
The
larger
Morello.
the
of
the
after
style
tender,

as

the

with

and

Morello.

to
black, round, medmm
size, very
iv-KzV, blood-red
clusters ;
in
enormously
for eariy gatherings, bears
but
moderate,
compact
; growth,
sized, resembling that of the May Duke
foliage, medium
Season
early.
weeping.
Fertility excellent.
all over,
slightly mottled
; ^J/4,
Bigarreau.
Ludwig's
i^^a?V, large, bright red
side ;
lined
on
one
shaped,
and
blundy
rich,
sweet
juicy
firm, very
spoon
; stone,

Knight's

rich

Early

flavour, and

one

Black.

of

the

finest

THE

44

FRUIT

GARDEN

and
spreading, forming
large and thin, deeply notched
; growth, free
earliest.
An
excellent
Season
fruit,bearing
Fertility excellent.
and
of the best
enormously,
one
early white varieties.
acid
when
May
Duke.
dark
red
col 3ur
claret
not
Fruit, a rich
; flesh, tender,
and
and
smooth,
fully ripe, but sweet
flattened, parting
juicy when
ripe ; stone, round
flesh
the
closely disposed
freely from
bluntly oval, very numerous,
; foliage, deep
green,
short
leaf-stalk
upright, compact.
on
growths ; stipules, green,
stout, woody
; growth,
for an
reliable cherries
orchard
Succeeds
is one
of the most
early
an
as
standard, and
suitable
for
culture.
Season
while
its
makes
it
early.
walls,
on
growth
pot
crop
very

foliage, pale
a

fine

green,

orchard

tree.

Fertility

moderate.

black
when
fully ripe ; flesh, reddish
large, deep blood-red, almost
small, and pointed,
refreshing acidity ; stalk, long ; foliage, deep green,
rather
weeping ; season, late ; fertility,first-class.
thinly disposed on the stems
; growth,
orchard
It is usually grown
north
also
be
on
on
successfully cultivated
walls, but can
is dry.
into October
the autumn
if
and
when
the
standards
netted
fruit
will
pyramids
hang
;
BiGARREAU.
Napoleon
rich
carmine
on
yellow
red, shining, shaded
Fruit,
flat side ; flesh, crisp, firm, juicy, and
oval
rich and
sweet
extremely
; foliage, olive
; stone,
speckled, the
brownish,
broadly tapering ; stipules, clasping the shoots, wood
green,
terminal
and
red
leaves
brown
pact
comare
tinged with reddish
; growth,
; glands, greenish
One
of
when
when
but
developed.
forming a very
large spreading tree
young,
fruit ripens
the
finest
The
for orchard
or
garden culture, being hardy and a free-bearer.
MORELLO.

Fruit,

black, juicy, with

Fertility excellent.
four
sided
to
; flesh,
when
its stone
red, rather
acid, but juicy, rich, and
pleasant, firm, parting from
orange
and
notched
fully ripe ; foliage, large, like May
deeply
Duke, deep green
stout,
;
very
and
A fine garden
rather
Season
leafy.
growth, upright, compact,
variety in any form.
late.
Fertility good.
Old
Black
of
and
Heart.
irregular
Fruit,
bluntly heart-shaped,
shape
coloured
when
reddish
black, darker
fully ripe, skin shiny ; flesh, rich and refreshing ;
rather
stone, oval ; stalk, short ; foliage, pale green,
thin, leaf-stalk long ; glands, two
or
somewhat
tree.
a
three, prominent
vigorous, making
spreading
large and
; growth,
time
frosts
it often
and
at
Being
hardy
blooming
freely.
very
escapes
crops
very
More
for the orchard
than
succeeds
in any
suited
the garden, but
is specially
form, and
valuable
for cultivation.
Season
early. Fertility excellent.
Late
Duke.
Ronald's
Fruit,
large, bright red, almost
very
transparent
;
of rich
bearer
flavour, a great
flesh, pinkish yellow, very
tender, juicy, and
; foliage,
bright olive-green, broadly oval, shining; stipules, fringed^ green
; growth,
c"yca^a.zi and
The
its lateness, is very
tree.
a
fruit,from
twiggy, forms
valuable, more
pretty small
Season
than
culture.
latest.
suited for garden
orchard
Fertility excellent.
Royal
Duke.
Fruit, bright shining red, almost
red, flavour
transparent
;flesh, dull
the
flesh
crisp and
rich, with
refreshing acidity ; stone, smooth,
parting from
; foliage,
robust
and
broad
of the
One
erect
finest
deep green,
stout, and
compact.
; growth,
useful.
Duke
late, is very
cherries, and, as it ripens rather
Fertility abundant.
St.
Margaret's.
coal
Fruit,
large, of rich flavour, colour
black, shining,
very
sides
fruit is flattened
the
two
on
long ; foliage, large, dull olive-green,
; stalk, very
red-brown
shoots
curving upwards,
bluntly notched,
edges
hoary
beneath,
young
;
useful
for
and
late
cool
walls.
Season
latest.
robust, very
growth,
on
strong
crop
Fertility good.
The
Noble.
rich
crimson
sweet
black
Fruit, of very
flavour, colour
to
deep
red
crimson
flesh,
robust.
firm,
large, long, and
deeply-notched
;
; foliage,
; growth,
for its size and
The
This
fruits can
be
texture.
new
cherry is remarkable
kept in good
several
and
condition
days after gathering ; grand for orchard
garden culture.
Fertility
Season
late.
extraordinary.
Waterloo.
colour
roundish,
Fruit,
deep
crimson-red,
black
when
becoming
side ; flesh, sweet
and
on
one
rich ;
fully ripe, with minute
golden dots, flattened
very
small
and
smooth
stone, roundish, very
pale-green, large and drooping ;
; foliage, rather
just

after

the

which

Bigarreau,

Kent

Nouvelle

Royale.

Fruit,

it resembles.

deep

red

or

Season

black

red,

late.

three

ft;
o

01

ft;

ft;

n;

to

fc)
ft)

THE

It

IS

this latter

fruit does

character
crack

not

that

when

it

makes

CRAB

so

protected,

so

valuable

noble
upright, forms
orchard
a
for garden
culture.
Season, mid-season.

following

Black

Heart

Bigarreau
Schmidt,
Windsor,

cherries
Race.

Guben,
early sort,

firm

good

rich

showery

better

weather

when

dry

the

growth,

flavour, is valuable

de
Schreken, very
large
size, but lacking flavour

enormous

of

the

Cherries

Bigarreau

de

Koir

all

its superior
and, from
Fertility excellent.

also

are

in

orchards,

tree,

Other

The

in

it travels

and

rather

45

flavour

of

and

fine

flavour

Bigarreau
Bigarreau,
very
;

Noir

de

Bohemian
Black
large ;
mulberry
colour, a great bearer.
"
the
Of
soft-fleshed
de
Belle
St. Tronc, Duchesse
GuiGNES,"
de Palluau,
Empress
similar
Eugenie
those
described
are
de
to
Winkler
is quite distinct, a
Guigne
very
;
small-fruited, long-stalked variety that hangs into September
Oliva
and
Early
; Ramon
Purple
in size and
Guigne are
large fruits,like Morellos
and
earlier.
colour, but sweet
Of
the
MoRELLO
Class
Belle
:
Francoville, a late cooking, red variety ; Belle
a

late

very

American

of

sort

dull

de

Montreuil

and

Reine

the
Olivet, from
striped red fruit.

Hortense

Continent,

are

is the

Citron,

THE
Besides

their

further

value

as

and

latter

are

the

in any

use

as

for

ordinary garden

soil

The

between

cooking

cherry

Dukes
;

Cois

and

Morellos;

Carnation,

late

(see p. 205).
CRAB

flowering trees and shrubs, the crabs

of their brilliantly
coloured
by reason
"c.
The
crab
will
making jelly,compotes,
The
where
useful
the apple thrives.
most

ornamental

decorative
useful

following

intermediate

earliest

have

fruits,

trees

succeed
the

are

The
This
Dartmouth.
American
fruit is of large size for a
crab.
It is most
The
is of very
beautiful, being of a rich violet plum colour, shading to orange.
free
tree
growth.
crab
Downie.
This
its oval-shaped
scarlet
and
John
produces
yellow fruits as
fruits are
does.
It forms
The
about
inch long.
neat
freely as a gooseberry
tree.
a
one
The
A
small
crab
of a
black
Orange.
round
with
deep yellow colour, marked

dots

The

apple.
The
canary
The

fruit
tree

Siberian
best.
The
is one
of the
globular,
like a cherry in shape ; commonly
are
stalks, and
It forms
tree.
a thin, sparse-growing
is similar
Yellow
Siberian
the preceding, except
to

Scarlet

on

red

distinct.

; very

long

fruits

known

that

as

are

the

fruits

the

duced
pro-

cherry
are

of

colour.

yellow

rich yellow, with a pretty

fruits of large size.
They are
when
wiry, and
ripe the central
portion of the
long and
with many
for dessert.
is semi-transparent (hence its name).
It is a favourite
The
freely, spreading its branches.
grows

The

bears

Transparent
The

flush.

coloured

above

stalks

Paradise

These
stock.

are

the

are

fruits),the

varieties.
the

small

best

sorts.

form

Scarlet

Mammoth,
garden
pretty

Fairy Crab,

crabs

Cheat's

and
trees

Siberian

(small,very

Transcendent
as

pyramids,

are
or

brightall

bushes

good
on

CHAPTER

RED

GEORGE

By

In

order

avoid

to

disturbance
manured
will
on

stem,

always

one

develop

be
shoots

the

basin-shaped

This

buds.
which

second
the

eyes,"

year

the

shoots

may

shoots

can

should

not

shortened
side

centres

of

When

the

be

removed

be

stripped

bushes

required

as

soon

be

being

kept

to

of

bush

in

length,

fruit

is

gathered,

flourish

all

in

soils

when

made

will

soil

the

where

it

keep

will

liquid

the

keep

is

cool

although

will

dry

or

ripen

to

leading

the

twiggy

the

branches

the

of

and

render

dry

them

less

copious

seasons

put

in

on

Watering

liable

the

to

rake.

coarse

large berries,

litter

strawy

has

basin-shaped

as

of

production.

manure.

frost

grown
In

production

long
of

season

with
when

with

be

may

the

fed

and

down

cordons.

as

favour

mulching

lengthen
healthy

or

time,

levelled

be

may

light soil, and

trellises,

and

Christmas

about

soil
in

manure

very
and

trees

in

the

well

walls

on

with

waterings

will

succeed

trained

bushes,

friable

surface

the

Currants

turned

lightly

be

buds

air

slender

any

freely

should

This

and

obtained,

and

shoots,

During

three

to

light

are

inch

the

size

for
three

to

season.

July

in

necessary

wanted

vigorous

the

admit

to

open

and

shape

as

shortened

if

shortened

of

top

eventually

not

produce

end

the

at

the

stake

or

away

planted

wood,
will

shoots

and

ones

inches

should

cut

nurserymen

foliage.

of

Currants

Culture.

back

cut

be

can

to

inner

better

newly

new

base, using

Any

remaining

shoots

the

annually

be

the

strengthen

again

form.

which

growths

new

foundation

the

the

by

soil

heavily

be

done

is

by

of

base

cup-shaped

desired

the

splashed

the

at

The
form

to

in

be

wood.

the

selected

will

must

the

outwards.

the

train

buds

this

usually prepared

are

consequent

should

occupy

earlier

the

and

planted

are

to

being

fruit

four

to

they

are

and

They
the

prevents

pointing

they

planted,

season.

back

cut

should

forming

"

be

after

these

ground

are

first

the

BUNYARD

about

the

bushes

which

should

bushes

digging

roots,

the

result

the

be

to

the

before

^hort

deep

of

CURRANTS

WHITE

AND

April
this

upon

attacks

and

of

red

spider.
In

the

case

usually

done

in

Pruning.

pruning
or

lateral

become

develop.
branches

is

shoots
masses

Standard
will

fruiting
trees

require

are

some

back

spurs,

fan

cordon,

August

pinched

are

of

of

and
best

support

to

fancy-trained

or

leading

the

three

will

they
46

on

is left
In

buds.
much

require

grafted
as

shoot

stocks

gain

size

this

currant

entire,

and

Ribes
are

the

the

side

the

way

thinning
of

trees,
and

as

branches
the

aureum.

heavily

berries
The

fruited,

RED

they

or

the

break

may

side

branches

off.
be

to

CURRANTS

WHITE

AND

stout

stake

feet taller

47

than

the

enable

will

tree

looped

up.

Red

required for

currants

early picking

very

planted
warm

on

such

and

hot
red

cause

late

be

may

For

very

trained

the

trees

otherwise

foliage in

of

mass

shaded

position

such
vent
pre-

may
of

ripening

proper

of

system

spur

followed,

pruning

situations

planted againstnorth

walls, and
the

face
by sursyringing,

spider.

picking,

should

will

they

assistance

some

mulching
as

with

but

aspect,

need

be

can

wall

the

wood.
White

currants

appreciated for
the

required
longest

for

Red

dessert

in

fruit

is
the

exhibition

bunches

should

be

and

clusters

be

selected,
thinned

late

Where

season.

*T?=r

much

are

the

develop fine

to

bushes

currant

berries.

in market

pruned hard, and

Fruit
also freelymanured.
are
sold early,even
pays best when
gardens

before

are

the

whole

is

bunch

Standard

Formed

by taking
all the

coloured.

in the

PROTECTING

soil.

shoots

and

continue

attained

BUSH

to

mising

bush
ravages
of frost

of

question
fruit
of birds

trees

and

ing
protectfrom

the

within

is

an

important

one

the

to

6 inches,

cutting

protection

afforded

or

The

not.

method

has

of

been

than

to

main

three

branch

inch
the

if

of

their

left hand
detached

weakly,
this

stem

may

bases,

or

to

of fruit.
remain

the

8 or

to

for
The
unti

the

back

to

are
two

inches,

The

ing
prunshoots
to

side

buds.

two

strong

bearing, and
pinched back
year,

to
too

; more

be

growths
then

fish

nets

currants,

gooseberries,and

to
on

reduce

gradually.

over

too

weak

old-

throwing

on

shortened

are

when

The

those

and

branches

;the third

in
pro-

bases,

shown.
all

has

These

pruned,

9 inches

cause

most

their

leading shoots

; the

is apt
to
with
spurs

or

shown

are

cut

leaf,

inches

head.

from
are

few

of

the

inches

off

cut

form

to
or

4
each

from

sparely furnished
the weight
support
them

feet ; then

following year, the tree

in autumn
of cutting back

an

on

selected

are

right hand

the

the

eflScient

fashioned

branches

gardener,and very often

the quantitiesof fruit gathered
whether
depend largely upon

to

consists

of

autumn

resulting shoots
forming, in the

the

effects

in

in length, removing
inserting this part
the
a stake, pinch

6 inches,

following spring

the

shoots

inches

18

to

12

lower

the

Bush

the leading growth

to
to
leaves, the resulting shoots
one
practice year by year until the leader

height
In

shortened

The

two

the

autumn.

FRUITS

from

Secure

side

cutting

buds

Cukkant

Red

straw-

berries

is

to

fruit

the

easilyreach
the

fruit is made

The

troublesome.

very

of

meshes

the

through

the

considerable

of

loss

time,
the

to

superior
consists

of

the

and

protected,

wire-netting
It is,of
stakes.

opening

an

fastened

allow

of

Ordinary

fish

enclosure

to

workers.

instead

of

use

found

in

the

beneath

be

At

(righthand)

base

spurs,

man

or

short

long

stubby

as

made

his way
can

In
the

as
years
in fact-

many

themselves,

trees

are

gooseberries

for

in

and

fruits

fruit-picking
despatch.

and

remain

frost

and

ease

currants

fruit

the

bloom,
the

when

and

net,

with

might

in

are

conveniently make

the

of

case

erection

be

plants from

the

birds

can

accomplished

the
Branch

of

admittance

the

they

from

ripe.

arrange
of the

corners

netting may

protects

spring when

about

to

wire-netting, if the latter is

Such
covering
a
expensive.

too

is illustrated

suminer

the

wooden

the

of

as

the

Side

be

to

of

each

be

to

close-meshed

to

quite simple

course,

at

measurably
im-

framework,

of

covering

is then

of

just mentioned
plantation

the

completely encircling

fruits

bush

one

wooden

permanent

means

nothing
say
by tearing.

to

nets

to

carl

gathering
replaced

and

protecting

of

system

removed

required, which

is

done

damage

of

work

the

be

to

fruit

time

and

net,

Birds

desired.

be

to

have

nets

each

the

much

it leaves

protective, but

extent

some

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

48

wotild
Strawberry this,of course,
be practicable. Strawberry plants are
not
not
stopperwhei"ftlbushl'^bdn|fom^^
retained
inches
is full
and
bush
three
after they are
at
old,
9
; if the
years
growths,

or

to

not

pinched

be

; above

but

are

with

the

12

""'
when
sTdTshoot'lo^about
fiv^ToinT'^'

the

Supposing

elsewhere.

fish

netting

destroyed the

was

would

have

covering
not
used, this would
the strawberry plantation

have

to

plantation

and

work

to

been

In view
of the fact that
undertaking.
than three years, it would
be well always to make
use
place for more
the
"c.
the
to
cover
wire-netting
gooseberries,
leaving
currants,

THE
This

bushes

should

the

Therefore
base

currants.

that

the

of

the

in

rather
In

it is better

plant than

on

necessary

new

shoots

damp

or

shaded

order

to

secure

to

as

purchase

to

Strong, vigorous

so

stem,

shoots
can

be
is

not

offish

serious
in

one

netting,

CURRANT

BLACK

dry, hot soil.

always be pruned

plants
old.

planted

is best
suffer, in

frame-

be transferred

as

will
be

contain
them

selected

no

with

with
then

portion of the garden ; the

fine, large,juicy berries,the

the
be

the

the

than

more

branches

gooseberry

thrown

and

shoot

up

branches

years

starting from

and

from

two

red
near

that

and

white

the

soil,so

have

fruited

BLACK
be

cut

Black

out.

fruit will

be

of

berries.

small

richest

pig

currants

produced
or

cow

for

pay

than

The

CURRANTS

when

is

most

available

manure

pruning :
unpruned
simple. Feed

severe

they are

culture

49

(in

Kent

them

bear

they

mass

the

often

are

Winter

Currant)

(Red

Branch

fine

with

each year
fish-heads

and

sprats

Side

then

of

weight

greater

left

Pruned

[e] Leading
Side

growth pinched ; (/) point

of winter
pruning ; (k) spur.

(?)Summer

this

rake

rough
the

Late

does

lend

not

in

manure

down

keep

open.

to

about

be

can

grown

on

cordon-training,the

to

shortened

or

to

that

be

may

buds,

two

as

left

indicated

line.

Christmas, and level

Do
not
plant less

weeds.

fruits

itself

entire,
by cross

lateral

below

after
buds
upper
shortened
to
two

that

pinching; (/) side shoots

buds
side
shoot
; (g) short

Pruned

used). Dig

shortened
growth
from
pushed

growth

Summer

Currant)

(Red

Branch

walls,

north
old

soil in March

the

than

wood

but

then

feet
the

apart

black

if

in

currant

removed

be

cannot

with

annually.
The

be

to

the

resist the

black

Black

Naples

great

excellence.

materially

or

from

variety which
large and

This

Mammoth.

large foliage,larger berries

others, has

of

are

Currants
originated

in

Carter's

sweet.

East

Kent,

and

is

Champion

is

sidered
con-

same.

Giant

BOSKOOP

to

for

best

Black

(Carter's Champion).
The
berries
general use.

Baldwin's
the

Best

the

mite

currant

better

White

or

Other
three

and
than

are

other

(Maple,

Bud
sorts

than
the
Dutch
variety is a stronger
grower
seem
longer bunches, and its vigorous stems

Lee's

sorts.

Green

Prolific

F.C.C.

igo2.

A
dwarf-growing variety
Bud).
and Victoria, but
they do not differ

named.

The

Best

Red

Currants

Red
Scotch
The
[of Kent] (Moore's Seedling, Champagne
bunches
short
are
Knight's Early ; has an upright growth. The
other.
berries, Of bright colour, which
ripen before
any

Red). This is probably

of very
large
composed
D

THE

50

New

Dutch

habit.

The
Raby

(Late

Versaill.aise

of

Prolific,

Fertile,

La

Victoria,

May's
of

of

variety,

small

is

strong

large

extra

and

but

grower,

and

the

and

fleshy

shoots

of

sweet,

very

apt

are

deep

off

break

to

red

the

at

has

berries

valuable

are

trained

when

supported.
Prince

This

Albert.

is

freely

produced

late

in

the

sturdy

White

Dutch

(Grosse

stems

Best

reddish

are

are

and

Berries

medium

sized,

brown

with

colour,

white

well-flavoured

veins.

fruits.

White

The

good

Transparent

which

sort,

bunches

and

coloured,

orange

the

is

foliage

deeply

cut.

Currants

White

Blanche).

berries

The

grower.

The

season.

The

of

free

names.

many

The

base.

Most

colour.

berries.

variety

This

Comet).

Cherry).

crimson

deep

It

spreading

colour.

deep

Castle,
bunches

long

prolific

very

rich,

Houghton
freely

very

(Fay's

fruits

the

Dutch,

bearing

grower,

Defiance).

Red,
and

long,

are

Castle

spreading
La

(Chiswick

Red

bunches

GARDEN

FRUIT

contain

Berries

(Versailles).

nine

to

seven

of

transparent,

liberal

under

gives

culture

creamy-

large

crops

berries.

paler

the

than

variety.

above

Bunches
free

contain

bearer,

and

Shilling's

eight
a

to

berries

nine

handsome

very

Cut-Leaved

the

berries

handsome.

are

This

White.

There

Bunches

sweet.

very
are

several

best

in

section.

this

It

is

variety.
is

the

and

largest

other

Damson,

Eugenia,

of

fruit

varieties,

The

The

sparse

consist
but

(see
(see

grower
of

those

p.

p.

from

described

i6o).
215).

but

four

to

are

great
six
the

and

cropper,
berries
;

best.

very

CHAPTER

VI

THE

OWEN

By

The

industry

There

well

equally
and

are

orchards

thrives

that

the

and

trees,
allowed

to

would

It

is

of

useless

centre

of

of

has,

rarely

that

trees

Late

tree,

Only

small.

the

about

of

picked

earlier

half

acre

an

pathway

and
extent

are

as

of

age

following
:

is

"The

on

extent,

record

are

effect.

and

Tarring
that

the

branches

extend

almost

meet.

are

also

In

fig

have

gardens
old

Gardens,

local
as

Bishop

of

trees,
a

book,

garden,

not

old
over

the

many

the
those

as

Worthing,
The

that

path

of

quite

until

central

have

the

lightful
de-

such

to

large irregular
and

others.

fine

near

trees

and

are

over

so

it

yet

commences

interesting.

and

the

really

Tarring,

quaint

fruits

gathering

are

wood

than

crop

the

to

access

manure,

the

not

at

picturesque

an

sainted

gathered

with

These

Fig

is
then

side

walks

from

and

extremely

The

vigour.
extract

and

beyond
therefore

remarkable

full

when

some

appreciably
and

no

these

by
to

year,

rule,

fig gardens

The

either

surrounding

as

practically

fruit

unfruitful

or

not

are

the

receive

trees

in

younger

old

are

preventing

sometimes

planted

by

years

ground,

dead

produced

each

fruits

the

places they

some

the

great

the

show
It

by

August

their

conducive

more

are

damage

season.

on

unique
in

that

formed

in

so

is not

fig

fig

Sompting

of

gathering

others

the

season

receive

is obtained

fruit
in

the

bordered

is

fruit

course,

although

in

or

of

week

October,

middle

crop

of

crop

second

of

of

tree

the

They

eighty

to

of

reason

They

away.

considerable

do

one

by

gathering

ing
Worththis

here

are

through.

these

close

of

the

replaced

while

age,

quite

are

the

at

cut

seasons,

frosts

they

trees

about

are

of

majority

vigour

village

been

labour

little attention

inconvenient

be

trees

be

neighbourhood

much

the

years

how

essential

so

satisfactory

spring

when

to

some

hundred

learn

very

course,

the

average

over

to

otherwise

this,

an

branches
and

the

than

age,

to

Worthing,

visited
and

small

and
as

imagine
the
from

never

The

and

Worthing.

in

come

the

died

high

that

immediate

is obtained.

feet

20

remains

size,

around

have

one

would

have

the

the

and

centred

Market

who

in

is in

some

are

On

surprising

almost

aged

them

higher

grow

removal

also

of

considerably

are

less.

because

now

fact

of

be

to

that

Garden
Those

figs

of

supply

increased.

be

there

the

market

many

It

the

yet

gardens

cottage

said

coast

learn

to

well.

remarkably

irregular

groves,

in

but

open.

astonished

Even

chief

the

south

Covent

to

sent

in

grown
are

there.

tree

is

all

these

fig
attains

figs

green

upon

be

may

the

fig culture,

for

THOMAS

Britain

in

localities

suited

home-grown

culture

fig

of

other

are

FIG

an

beds

square

specimens

peculiarly interesting history,

"

date

Chichester,

Sussex
back
Richard

Industries,"
to

the
de

year
la

will

1745.

Wych,

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

52

grafted fruit trees at Tarring with his

The
fig trees.
Tarring Fig Gardens
trees,

and

mass

Dense

excellent

dozen

2000

small

of

In

ones.

own

fruits
the

summer

which

presumed these were

show
plantation of 1 00 to 200
can
a
so
are
produced annually, besides a
or
thoroughly un-English.
garden looks
adds to the picturesque effect,giving
hand,

foliageproduces deep shade,

and
making
length to the walks

fictitious

Portion

of

Showing

Branch

and

half-acre

the

proportions

the

assume

Growths

Characteristic
OF

it is

and

Mode

Bearing

then
previous summer
(each shoot
was
outdoors) of figs is produced,
(and only one
in August
be pinched
outdoors
or
September
year's shoots, which
; (/)current
may
forced
from
and
retained
for another
glass, and
February or earlier, will pro(ifunder
year
duce
of branch
second
a
crop) ; () previous summer's
(two-year-old) continuation
bearing
of
side
which
either
be
first crop
shoots
allowed
to
pinched to form
figs ; (v)
or
may
spurs,
admits
for furnishing
where
and
the
extend
the
with
which
tree
bearing wood,
on
space
of figs outdoors
is produced
of
first and
the
only crop
following season
; (w) extension
be trained
in full length, if space
be
branch
admits,
or
pinched where
growth, which
may
is limited, or when
is the
fruitful habit
and
desirable, as commonly
to
a
ensure
case,
space
first crop.
the swelling of the
assure
wood

{r) Three-year-old
stopped
ripening

of

forest.

thinned,
heat

but

and

in

valued

at

the

fifth

The

the

object

not

exposure

fluid

and

; [s) pinched
leaf),on these

trees

is

state.

luscious.

side

the

allowed

not

are

to

produce

to

the

Of
The

varieties

variety Ischia

colour, and is supposed to

James tasted with pleasurein
is also

grown.

the
branches
are
high, nor
grow
overshadowing foliage. They like
is put
manure
on
sparingly in spring
to

of

mass

The

sun.

several

brick-red

King
Turkey

of

shoots

first crop

The

be
the

grown,
is said

identical
Dean's

harvesting

or

White
in
with

hot

the

Marseilles
summers

historic

to

red

is the

ripen

most
to

fig which

Brown
garden at Winchester.
of
the
picking
figsbegins early in

ft;

li,

g
O
lii

AN

AVENUE

OF

FIG

TREES

IN

WORTHING

GARDEN.

THE

August
dozen

and
are

Far

Whereas

continues

of

realised.

to-day
This

with

met

supply

that

result.

of October.

end

curious

market

such

During

that

time

from

to

30

100

fruit

have

the

and

less than

nothing
far

so

it will

as

be

know

found

8d., and
unique

an

that

circumstance.
demand

increased

an

is often

more

has

largelyincreased

prices
With

with

content

are

is

other

every

been

53

gathered daily and disposed of in Worthing, Brighton, or London."

better prices are
obtained
for figsthan
now
the case
was
some
years ago.
then
3d. or ^.d.per lb. would
have
been
considered
fair price, the
a

growers

With

the

to

FIG

down

gone

as

fig, however,

the

fact

has
apparently is that the demand
considerably increased,but
years
the supply has not
done
so
ately,
proportionand
prices therefore,instead
of
falling,have gone up.

of late

Cultural
crop

in many
cultivation
for

Notes.

fig

the

of

certainly
due

are

successfullygrown
these
islands,but its

out-of-doors

in

the

its

to

position

succeed.

admirably
espalier

That

even

of

coast

counties

fruit

is beyond
pre-eminently a
and

it is useless

in

at

of

consequence
the
weather.

of

many
Sussex
goes

outside
a

walls
of

Where

than

which
tree

mile

wise
the
into

2|

from

drainage
feet

deep,
The

extent.

precaution
tree

this

the

against

is

to

planted) as

limited

space

{x) point of stopping at

shoot, which
(y) new
trained

side

continue

to

shoot

Whether

^""^

""

three

leaves

pinch

them

fifth

the

branch

^'"''

off

not

altogether

joint

(z) short
than

be

two

or

them,

quite

while

not

for

room

and

stubby

need

more

is

sixth

left intact

which

making

; if there

or

be

must

lateral,

or

unless

pinched

Wales,

small.

on

position of

the

the

garden

less than

was

seashore.
wall

should
positionfacing south or south-west
which
should
the
for
not
border,
provided

be
which

soil in
build

Britain

saying.

must

and

(Stopped),

Growth

ceIsional'beInch

such

are

I remember
Bangor.
fruited
fig was
Bodorgan, Anglesea

grown

of limited
is

at

Extension

An

grow
inland

the

Ample

given.

there

fig
line,
coast-

severity

greater

of North

coast

to

well

quarter

more

the

Flint

say from
also
how

the

try and

without

an

The

of

parts of Great

instance

may

or

distance

the

it

succeed

southern

our

to

That

positions in
besides

which

doubt.

great

any

in

standard

is

it outside

century.

will

it

as

the

on

extended

not

half

past

localityand

will

has

cultivation,I believe,
of knowledge
to
as

want

outdoor

an

be

can

parts

Failures

the

As

at

which

first when
it is

temporary

high
for

as

the
few

a
.

the

planted

wall
border
years

should

(say 4
so

in

tree

as

is

planted

not

to

confine
to

be
be

It
rich.
very
the wall
against

be

feet from

order

should

be

check

the

roots

of the

luxuriance

of

THE

54

FRUIT

GARDEN

early fruitfulness.

At

the

of

planting the border

should
of four or five years'time
be made
this temporary
firm, and in the course
If the ordinary soil of
the roots
wall may
be removed, and
given greater space.
for extending the
border
will be
the
garden is good all the work
necessary
liberal
the
time
of
trench
the new
at
to
same
a
sprinkling quarterpart, adding
The
inch
and
of the other
bones
above.
ingredients recommended
object of
should
the cultivator
be to secure
well-ripened growth during the
short-jointed,
failure
the
in
this depends success
success
or
as
or
on
accomplishing
summer,
the
failure as regards securing a good crop
It
is
these
shoots
season.
ensuing
The
which
current
year's growth will also produce fruit,
produce the fruit.
late to
in our
climate.
but
too
ripen out-of-doors
Although rich soil is not
recommended
for the growth of the fig,when
a
good crop is secured a mulching
should
of rich short manure
in hot weather, while
be placed over
the roots, and
the fruit is swelling,liberal waterings of diluted
from
yard
the farmwater
manure
should
be given every
until
fruit
the
ten
approaches
days or a fortnight
maturity.
growth

and

promote

to

Pruning.

After

the

fruit is

what

gathered

time

should
is necessary
It will consist
in

pruning

carried

out.

branches

out

where

be
ting
cut-

they

are

to
thick, leaving only enough
the
wood
with
tree
bearing

too

furnish

for the
leaves
ExTENsioN

Growth

(a) Point

off stopping

pinching

Leafless

(Pinched),
; (^)extension
(c)embryonic

of,

formed

fruits

current

season's

after

do.

out

as

recommended

Still,the

trees

above

and

superfluous shoots cut

March, as the tree
being

The

fan

form

of

Protection.
which

is the

training
Success

cut

should

shoots

should

are

or

be

liable

be

been

pruning

to

properly regulated

deferred

more

has

winter

no

growths

,,

until
to

the

end

by

damage

of

frost.

best.
failure

or

is carried

work

This

little
the

will

'

and
nothmg,
off.
If
pruning

be

and

over

the

on

these

depends perhaps

than

out

other

detail

more

of

the

upon

in

way
There

culture.

any
in which
this can
be done
untie
the
and
branches
ways
; some
round
with
of
The
best
in
straw.
hay or
ropes
opinion, is
way,
my
the
with
border
of
bracken
fern or dry leaves
a
foot deep,
layer
one
are

different

many
bind
to

this

away.
tender

growth

the

half-

many
found

,.

will

there

looked

be

must

be

to

come

figs.

taken

carried

autumn

will

shoot

When

year'scrop.

next

fall in the

them

cover

and

quite
enough to

close
reach

wide.

These

against

the

weather

to

to

the
from

can

most

be

the

made

and

then

border

to

have

to

the

ridge

hurdles
of

the

of

straw

wall,

great

to

fern

or

and

fit

long

four

say

tightlytogether and be an effective

frost.
in warm
They can
easilybe removed
of
the
advantage
as
easilyreturned
trees, and

severe

the

stem,

feet

protection
and
on

bright
frosty

nights.
Culture

the

branches

Glass.

under

this fruit under

glass,one
to

extend

There

are

by planting the
to

almost

any

two
trees

limit

well-known
out

which

in

methods

of

growing

prepared borders, allowing

the

grower

may

be

able

to

fruit and

branches,

for future
I

but
is

crops.

do

The
three.

even

and

growth,
success

it is

failure

or

wood

the

of

perfect ripening

the

securing

time

same

also answers
excellently,
Covering the roof with bearing wood
rafter training
fruit is so good as when
the quality of the
of the year, somein the course
than
times
one
fig bears more
crop
of
the
The
the
shoots
first crop
is produced on
past year's
skill to produce.
Its
the crop
which
requires by far the most
of the preceding
condition
the
depends almost
entirelyupon

think

not

adopted.

the

at

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

56

and
Should
this be soft,green,
immature, the prospect of a first
year'sgrowth.
shoots
the
which
is produced on
nil.
The
second
worth
having is
crop,
crop
of the current
year's growth is,generally
speaking, a full crop, and easily
The

produced.
on

third

lateral

the

the

second

be taken

unless

produced

which
should

never

of

growths

produced

is

crop

the

shoots
and

crop,

under

very
is

exceptionalcircumstances, as the fruit

fore
small and seldom
appreciated. ThereI

would

advise

that

this

sacrificed
as

as
soon
by plucking the
perceived, thereby husbanding
strength of the tree for next
year.

is

it

the
There

the

the

shoot

I have
Fig

Tree

shoots

to

practised

Last

Thinning
its

sets

fruit,

dish

this

for

reason

of

any

our

natural, than
is

at

of March

end

Ventilation,
In

care.

March

hot
be
the

no

front

in
at

produced
house

of

case

and

towards

the

air should
the

the

this time

end

of

middle

matured
the

end

of

the

first

crop

given, except
the month,
as
the

year

fig
freely. I
reallygrand
is the

that

the

ception,
ex-

chief

in
of

the

winter

November

months

in

ripe figscan

so

little

be

had

in

be

of

The

to

first week

the

believe

many
well

fig stands

April.
especiallyin early spring, must
or

the

towards

admitted
house

be

can

or

forcing as well or better than

artificial and
exposed
greater heat, both
fruit,excepting perhaps the vine, and there

be

can

hard-wooded

by starting a

for

the

It

other

any

The

overcropping.

trees.

which

crop

no

time,

is

fruit

find

as

exhibition

an

and

to

for

answers

Fruit.

sixth

by allowing
full length.

both

rule, most

that

figsat

of

its

to

them

the
as

safelysay

can

other

system

{August

the

at

the

grow

one
years, and
the other.
as

of figs ripe
[h) first crop
year's wood;
to
outdoors) ; (/) second
September
and
of figs,generally worthless
outdoors,
crop
but
should
be removed,
ripening in a forcing
house
figs, first and
only crop
; (k) embryonic
the following year.
generally outdoors

(g)

of the

leaf,and

seventh

managing the
is by
fig,one

of

ways

growth

stopping

of

two

are

summer

Branch

be

crop

fruit

for

have

expected
the

the
to

weather

it sometimes

cultivator's

be

ripe
should

time.

be

ful
thought-

the

end

the

of

ally
exception-

little
is,when
a
The temperature

a
day
can
easilybe regulated by

short

at

may
of

top ventilators

THE
alone.
the

More

fruit

than

in

air should

is

larger
dry one.

Fertilisation.

be

and

of

It is

FIG

admitted

not

to

easy

place, but, generally speaking, after

swells
freelyand without
interruption
It then

remain
to
appears
this time
the temperature
should
also
atmosphere

the

as

quality in

better

shows

rather

actual

young
it attains

for

signs

close

and

time

that

fruit

until

standstill

fruit

the

say
the

57
of

ripening, but

moist

atmosphere

fertilisation

takes

makes

its appearance
it
the size of a walnut.

about

fortnight to three weeks

; during
of the house
should
be regular and
not
high, and the
be drier.
A
indication
that
sure
fertilityhas taken
place is the continued
of
the
and
growth
fruit,
another, also always apparent
less at this time, is given by the tree
more
or
of the
barren
casting ofF most
fruit.
The
swell
should
figs will afterwards
treatment
rapidly,and generous
be given in the
of
and
warmth,
syringing,
watering.
way
The
Second
Crop.
When
first crop
the
has
been
gathered all weak
shoots
that
be
be cut
can
spared must
out, leaving only sufficient of the best
shoots
of the current
These
branches
year's growth to produce the next
crop.
should
be regulated and
tied down,
and
the border
manured.
Afterwards
give
the
and
plenty of water
at
noon,
afteras
copious syringings morning
root, as well
with
rise to 80
sun-heat
closing with a good heat ; the temperature
may
the
85 degs. After
second
is
or
the
routine
be
must
same
gathered
crop
at

observed

in

These

thinning
prunings

two

the

tying

branches

first
after the
growths as recommended
crop.
in
that
are
needed, excepting
winter, when
found
be
few
cut
to
trellis,it may
a
necessary

out

weak

are

all that
the

to

out.

more

THE

BEST

GEORGE

By

There
those

are

which

varies

so

Black

much

with

green

good

Fruit,

glass.
veins, and

figs; but
and
require

crops

only

very
The

the

dotted

most

distinct

it will

be

grower,
are

with

old

is noted

trees

and
immense,
golden specks.

best

to

restrict

list

to

foliage

Good
bear

of

our

The

special treatment.

no

large, purplish black.

very
free

fruits

BUNYARD

of

varieties

that

Ischia.

Brunsvs'ICK.
under

many
bear

VARIETIES

for

outside

abundantly,
dull

Foliage

very

chocolate
much

culture.
useless

colour,
divided.

for

ture
cul-

overlaid
Flavour

good.
bearer.
The
fruit
Grise.
constant
robust, a regular and
Growth,
of all, suitable
of the finest flavour, perhaps
the richest
only
colour, and
under
for culture
glass, either planted out or in pots.
free bearer
which
succeeds
Turkey
Brown
Growth, moderate, a very hardy and
when
fruit is blackish
is the most
reliable fig grown.
The
in all forms, and
ripe,with
of rich flavour.
veins, and
green
In all respects
Malta.
like Brown
Turkey, except in the shape of the fruits,which
and
of peg-top
shorter
shape ; flavour good.
are
Bianca.
Monaco
A
good
early variety for pot culture, flesh deep red, of
very
luscious
flavour, and very juicy.

BOURJASOTTE

is chocolate

58

THE

Negro

Largo.

rich

OSBORN's

for

outside

culture

the

Prolific.

Brown

This

flavour,

Turkey,

leaves

deeply

Reculer,
bear

white
St.

John's

flavour,

Pingo

or

is

fruit

of

culture

under

juicy

second

the

robust

very

Sepor.

Growth,

flavour.

moderate

Ischia

small,

Singleton.

or

free

very

white,

greenish

which

bearer

White

free-bearing,

and

Growth,

large
which

melting,

white,

for

suitable

juicy,

very

useful

sort,

and

strong

early

for

melting,

crops

vigorous

forcing

deliciously

and

ripe

fully

year

they
not

pale

fruits

hardy.
and
flesh

the

green,

Valuable

sweet.

delicious.

are

three-lobed

foliage,

fruit,

divided

much
then

forcing.

and

culture

pot

red,

salmon

dull

flesh

for

for

large
white
and

outside

culture.
Other

brown

early

very

translucent,

inside

The

well.

Very

/o/zo^^

grower,

when
three

produces

glass

under

Marseilles.

tinge

orange

These

stout.

force

nearly

brown,

suitable

sort,

twiggy

Neat

with

reddish

fruit,

free-bearing

valuable

and

and

produced.

freely

with

five-lobed.

large

flesh

the

and

is

crop

foliage,

qualities,

thin,

skin

the

colour,

that

sorts

often

black,

small,

foliage,

free-cropping

their

for

green

and

delicate

White
very

good

very

growing

violet

deep

small,

pleasant

of

variety

of

glass.

Violette
and

very

Growth,

Mel.

de

olive

tender

sweet,

very

fruit

Neat

Nagronne.

and

sweet

remarkable

are

pale

drop,

to

flavour,

free-bearing

outside,

hardy

Fruit,

identical,

appear

jointed,

short

as

and

and

alike.

be

to

appear

plum

Bordeaux,

de

they

like

bloom

apt
;

large.

very

culture,

pot

black

lobed.

Violette

freely

very

for

is

fruits

of

crop

chocolate

deep

described

be

may

valuable

foliage,

first

The

shining

Colour,

of

fruit.

large

abundant.

very

suitable

not

is

second

fine

very

the

but

GARDEN

FRUIT

varieties

good
fruits
late
does

green.
well

are

Madeline
All

outside

or

these
also.

UAgen,

Angelique,
are

suitable

large

late

green

only

for

fig

White

resembling
culture

Gourand

under

glass,

reddish

Rouge,

Marseilles

except

Nebian,

very

Madeline,

CHAPTER

FRUIT

TREES

By

In

advocating

this

mode

under

glass

general

within

it

plums

under

flavour

the

culture

failure.

If

crops

may

years

to

culture

small,

do

rather
of

hope
shaded

roof.

It

Light

is

the

less

or

in

not

so

that

for

have

three-quarter-span

fruit

to

trees,
On
house

trees

for

or

the
is

in

For

other

hand,
with

fruit

fruit
if

it is useless
the

back

trained

to

in

wall
trees,

One

on

in

this

therefore

of

of

way.
none

growing

the

the

house

any

of

only
then

many

manner

trained

culture,

think

most

private

this.

achieved

roof

the

in

possible

trees

be

can

fruits,
the

explain

best

the

often

own

trees

the

in
so

manner

to

easy

as

success

if

fruit

or

supply

make

trees

of

in

instance,

vines,

covered

is

successful

with

the

mode

large

not

their

successful
it

grown

that

factor

of

most

instance,

suppose

trees.

the

either

does

grow

the

object

Quality

to

culture

pot

extent

some

such,

essential

an

pot-grown

house.

the
in

To

pot
trees,

reasonable

trained

pot

doubt,

not

other

absolutely
with

covered
trees

is

why
to

by

by

prefer

and
an

which

it

but

takes

this

where

commended.

culture

it

requires

garden,

quantity,
who

that

what

astonishing

establishments

be

to

than
those

any

districts

practically

distinct,

and

of

instance,

some

is

one

private

the

most

rather

demonstrated

been

not

And

is

can

Beyond

space.

instances.

them,

for

In

nurseries

to

for

truth,

novel

if

better

connoisseur

apples,

is

dessert

much

the

much

If

paid

are

produced

nectarines,
of

To

it

plums

finest

bushes

as

with

fruit-growing

Again,

instance.

purchase

has

cannot

culture

pot

is

large

predominate

latter

the

small

gardens

if

that

It

air,

house

really

be

and

more

easily

being

flavour.

cold

and

and

the

or

point.

should

practised.
the

in

case

visit

said,

anything

to

is

walls

on

cherries,

Pippin

finest

the

absolutely

an

often

is

pots

for

should

than

is
than

case

in

so

in

or

and

cherries

Britisher

direction,

rather

former

pots

trees

culture

finish

in

It

markets,

our

dessert

secured.

this

fruit

best

grown

convert

in

superior

Ribston

more

culture

glass.

and

be

can

crops

open

under

ripened

Pippin,

of

in

fruit

and

pots

the

in

whether

trees,
older

peaches

pot
latest

out

fruit

three

even

The

conditions

Orange

the

be

of

lesson

in

of

that

supposed

the

to

peaches,

under

Again,

favourable

are

two

be

not

planted

crops

and

satisfactory.

Cox's

of

of

must

addition

an

early

very

months.

grown

trees,

rather

figs, nectarines,

as

permit

more

most

fruits,
pot

of

twelve

when

dessert

the

will

it

pots,

supersede

to

is

means

instance,

much

are

from

for

in

its

by

in

trees

It

POTS

HUDSON

intended
air.

open

structure

same

not

the
and

such,

the

in

or

IN

JAMES

fruit

of
is

treatment

system,

secured

culture

the

of

VII

any
front

is
pot

lean-to
may

6o

be

FRUIT

THE

filled with
but

roofed

they

To
is

plants

both

plants than

way
the fruit

let the

trees

e.g.

novel,

and

from

the

constant

The
the

trees,

Houses.

(strawberries

in

5 feet

be

may

pots

high
and

some

purposes,
of greater

houses

sides,and

and

the

to

decoration

alFords

in each

is often

i8

feet

shelves
feet

10

in
24

say,

The

them,

change

house

the

of

apex

This

house

roof.

to

arrange

For
for

the

high at
regulated as may be
A largehouse
division.
be

can

as

the

best
walk

the

respects
wide, 6 feet

many
feet

for

best

the

central

walk).

the
the

length

smaller

the

case

any
to

light and
with

wide,

at

also

of

above

high

it is better

centre.

In

desirable.

other

no

welcome

and

houses,

a
length being 30 feet for one
very convenient
in private gardens,
division is not
advisable

necessary,
without

that

house, but in
be secondary

maximum

about

walks

two

roof

put.

on

grown

largertrees,

width

feet

12

of

sides,and

the

for

is that
be

can

at

be

of

afford

these

this

by

same

and in many
ways
very distinct,
It is as
decorative
plants with

one

convenient

most

ones

size

other

mean

trees

much

foliageplants.

and

The

useful

may
form

This

span-roofed

are

ventilation.

trees

is

grow

pruning, "c., of the

flowering or foliage

the

with

not

Spanpot

but
successfully,

grown
and
everything else

There

of flowers

use

Best

fruit

pot

do

in the

considered,

them.

fruits upon

in

able,
avail-

space

behind.

trees

To

and

and

the

to

trees.

done,

flower,

in

be

ventilation.

which

to

use

ripe

the

should

first be

temperatures

be

can

courting failure.
trees

trained

the

regards watering,

as

according

for pot-grown

it

shade

to

as

best

the

in pots,

trees

fruit trees, when

pot
of

fruit

tall

so

commendable

not

mix
one

be

not

is occasioned

trees.

of

rows

however,

are,

is

stages

trouble

more

must

houses

upon

or

one

GARDEN

different

pipes

least

temperature

arranged

be

can

at

to
pipes
provide
if some
need
be
trees
staging is necessarv
raisingit can
;
with
inverted
done
possibleshould be conserved
flower-pots. All the rain water
best position for which
is under
the
beds
which
the trees
in tanks, the
upon
One
standard
stand.
size of roof glass should
be
used
always
say, 15 inches

the

sides,whereas

in the

the

central

No

bed.

largerit is better

for

at

around

two

by

inches

20

of

and

The

good quality.
side

the

end

and

should

found

to

adopted
in

rough

should
of

means

hung

the

in

nurseries

it prevents

at

be

and

in

cold

only
by

wooden

bottom

These

spring.

ventilators

21-inch

rather

These

than

the

at

Gunnersbury

the

currents

of

houses

need

air

rising lights,

of

means

shutters.

side

tilators
ven-

This

top.

is

is
Gardens, and
in
during
rushing

from
be

not

and

squares,

of

elaborate

struction,
con-

they costly. A great saving is effected in brickwork, but

For
being required in their construction.
retarding fruit so as to extend
a

season,

small

of culture

system

flowering,
Thus

but

as

fruits

are

in

house

will

be

found

always possible to keep

soon

growth

as

for

two

the

houses

may

be

close

trees

they

commences

useful.

very

kept

in

pots.

nectarines, peaches,

For
and

These

be

can

instance,
plums may

if
be

both

economy
obtained
in various

early forcing
gathered, and

is

the

placed wider
division

one

in

Under

together until

best

are

formed, thereby effectingan

Crops.

SuccEssioNAL
are

north

it is

sufficient

trees

embryo
trees

by

be

the

the

are

nor

little

above

ventilation

top

well

answer

weather

sides

ventilation

always

method

the

the

for the

space
when

and

ways

trees

be

well

apart.

until

essential, early

the

pot
after

the
fuel.

all the
fruits
hardened

of

ft,

00

^
^

SPECIMEN

PEACH

TREE

IN

POT.

62

THE
make

men

first

it

would

years
What

there

roots,

rather

should

annual

be

of

rule, we
depends

of

weakness,

should

roots

the

in

plant

good

As

the

former

soil

rammers

the
a

the

at

around

tree

roots

of

tub

take

A
used
so

tool

as

to

and

development

active

during

trees

that

the

above

the

pointed
developing

soil

by

that

of

No

contains

sand

addition

to

is

used,

of all
therein

deep.

If

well

soaked

in

but

old

at

get

It will

the

the

this

Gunnersbury

is

than
extent

These

two

in

be

soil).

is calcareous,and
make

fruits.

employed.

For

rubble

In

the

lime

artificial

cherries

well

it

broken

contains, a

manures

good

with

only

we

add

^mall

takes

this

its

in

it

the

mushroom

essential

doubt,
of

use
a

local

former

(at the

add

we

of

remedies

texture

old
up

with

pots,

sorts

make

mix

loam

food

We

bed

place, and

to

the

proportion

the

up

soil,
sharp-

in

trees

mixture

in

find

we

built

surface

of two
composed
some
districts,
no

local

the

top-dressing,

The

be

are

afterwards

soil should
alone.

hands

the

to

fruits

noticed

applying

fresh

the

when
be

soon

In

considerably;

other

mortar

bud

imperfect

great assistance

done

too

affords,
through
stone

to

heavy, the latter being tougher

in about
the
equal proportions. To
stable
not
eight)decomposed
manure,

one

this

to

finishing

In

be

be

inch

still drier,and

soil.

stem

certain

iron.

some

be

used

are

about

like

new

the

use

will

of this

say

must

soil affords

good
we

nuts.

the

varies

to

sizes of

ensue.

size of

use

we

known,

necessary
loam, which

itself would

These

is well

be

not

Banstead

the

soil that

The

room

pot and

three

is of

both

(loam, it

it would

the

become

roots

face.
sur-

this work.

for

too.

lightly disturbed
top-dressing
great advantage to all fruit
for the ensuing season.
fruits and growth

in

Soil.

the

of

the

the

or

roots

water,

potting, they

replace
use

upon

results

the

shows

possible ; by potting

as

The

in

hold

to

pot, very firmly,with

top-dressing is applied, should

stick.

loam

of

Two

it

soil and

the

is useful

firm

as

and

growth
space

of the

rim

the

before

when

soil

fact,
As

to

between

teeth

encouraged.

time

will

are

for

the

leave

permeating
watering around

roots

is left

room

in

Top-dressing with
growth ; this work

developing, say

fast

in

least sufficient

at

mass,

largestroots.

the

is

roots

bud-dropping

Top-Dressing.

make

root

of
and

bottom,

short

two

the

to

the

into

put

instance

of

allow

freelyaround

passed

with

prune

to

care

be

to

dry at the
Neglect this,let

water.

first reduced

the

by

is

if it is decided

sufficient

sides,at
reducing the

to

all

at

are

plant

reduction
;

the

of

hands

The

manner

size, remove

same

required,

surface

is used.

pot
half-hearted

of fibrous
firmly the formation
the
seen
following season, both
off

year,
secured

be

plant

reduced.

are

fibrous

of

using larger pots.

of

matter

used.

were

by

no

being

roots

the

succeeding

the

in

be

in

care

this work

should

soil and

repotting

the

manures

year
best

the

ensue

smaller

for the

when

knife

sharp

in

allowed

be

annual

in

but

if artificial

even

would

plant in twelve, and in every

to, say, one
of the
the
other
hand, if a
plant. On

soil,both

guide

done

of the

pot

of fresh

deal

should

be

not

failure

repotted,

not

the

of

great

that

say

regular production,
growth, and this can

At

mass

largerpot
the vigour

upon

symptoms

to

give

the

exercise

not

were

stouter

repotting.

without

pot

it is
necessary

of

do

incurred,

is the

at

those

than

trees

risk

great

aimed

GARDEN

rule.

if the

be

system

larger

invariable

an

afterwards

season

FRUIT

this.
rate

soil.
in

ment
develop-

phosphates
of

artificial

DrT'ZTDc

rr

tj

\/

/"

lt

tt

r"^.'

-p

rr

'?Jl.\f^

TEACH

THOMAS

RIVERS
INTRODUCED

(ONE

UE

TEIE

VARIETIES).

BEST

OF

RECENTLY

TREES

FRUIT

with

manure

per

cent.

per

cent.,

the

soil,the analysisof
ammonia,
5 to 6 per cent.

of which

is added

manure

which,

in the

place a

handful

to

12

afford

to

which

aid

63

follows

as

and

is soluble

immediate

POTS

reads

bones

cent,

per

IN

nitrogen, 40

phosphates,

guano

potash, 2 to 3
the
development

to

of

50

37
This

cent.

per

to
to

32

the

stones,

place directlyafter the embryo fruits are

formed.
No
I
stone
fruit, think, passes through the stoning process
so
rapidly
the
is turned
few
as
a
times, and afterwards
protected
cherry. This
compost
from
mixed.
The
soil should
be so
rain, unless it is very dry when
wet
never
it to
adhere
the
hands
when
to
the
to
as
cause
potting. Above
drainage we
vine

of the

case

cherry, takes

of half-inch

bones

and

horn

shavings,just

these

as

used

are

in

borders.
Pots.
well

not

in

let

them

have

As

with

the

If broken

to

pots

are

be

to

extent,
with

Etc.

Watering,

use

the

ought

not

to

side

and

the

trees

place
suffer

to

the

is

exposure
wash

potting

order

in

the

the

prevent

in consequence
fair portion of

during

the

form

crock

only
drainage. Every
exit of

the

pot

water.

and

occasionally

October

require

dry.

When

from

which
shrivelling,

wood

slightestdegree.

easilydone.

We

for the

and

well

be

clinkers

potted early in

is fine

weather

much

tage
advan-

them

it is

plants well,

the

water

Trees

to

drainage.

those

or

them, and
being again used.

crushed

holes

ones,

cleanse

well

them

for

bottom

let

new,

before

so),then

valuable

as

thoroughly

crocks,

for

weakly

and, besides, the

are

hours'

weather.
if the

pots

dirty, then

too

well

as

After

syringe,in
take

space

afterwards, according to the

careful
somewhat
watching
sunny

use

if

potting

the

(they are not often

place in the bottom

to

provided

If

twenty-four

scarce

substitute

during

obvious.

also with

so

moderate

should

at

pots,

pots

good

very

least

desirable

most

are

crack

is very

previous

water

pots

sometimes

pot

strong

soaked

will

baked,

of

well-made

Strong,

have

known

ensuing

warm

this

to

Trees

season.

and

occur

potted

thus
foliage,
enforcing the need of syringing.
earlywill still retain a
should
all be housed, not. because
intended
for
in
November
trees
forcing
Early
Even
soil
too
wet.
becoming
they are tender, but in order to prevent the
still be used ; after forcing has commenced,
then, if fine and dry, the syringe may
buds
until
the
will be required at the roots
little water
swelling.
are
Trees
not
be guarded against is actual
What
has
dryness at the roots.
to
be
should
the
outside
all
winter
left
the
all can
be
forced
protected
at
pots
;

from

together,
water

the

by

frost,however,
and

can

buds

either

pass
are

upon

away

upon

the

covering

boards

or

of

stable

bricks, so

litter,the plants standing close

that
during heavy rainfall the

attention
require any more
freely. They will not
in
the
of
spring (unless it is to
point
expanding

until

guard

then
trees
are
peach and nectarine
against the depredations of birds). The
moved
into other
houses
placed in a cool house for flowering, and afterwards
with
remain
outside
and
The
us
apples
plums,
opportunity occurs.
as
pears,
The
to
under
keep off frost and wet.
shelter, just sufficient
a
temporary

forced
demands

do

not,

as

will, however,

stated

above,

increase

extremes
avoiding the two
fruits are
swelling quickly and

lies in
the

trees

as

need

much

water

for
The

growth progresses.
of
drought and excess
the
wood
is
active,
growth

of

time.

some

of

secret

moisture.
trees

will

Their
success

When

require

64

THE

careful
of

If

attention.

daily importance;

when

fruits

the

watering

and

of

use

former

market

good

some

it should

while

for

to

2-inch

the

term

meal
this

those

1 prefer that
of
there

of

the

manure

that

pot,

by

soot

Forcing,

many
is enough

cases

will
in

when

the

the

this

is

the

break

being

in

done.

if it is 5

even

of

these

and

inclined

am

occasioned, partially,
by
afterwards
be
lost,it can
ripening of the fruits by

too

Damping

the

is
is

the

this

floor between

which
the

earlier

correct

For

into

of

sense

artificial

other

pound,
com-

liquidmanure
small

the

centage
per-

tub,

manure

will

water

frequently

plants.

the

trees,
also

that

the

closing

when

in flower,

are

It is well

no

known

slightfrost frequently occurs

in

this

dropping
at

extent

some

trees

weather.

happen

temperature
to

pot).

opinion that the night

nectarines, peaches, and
plums
In
period of stoning.
many
If the thermometer
give better results.

fruit

pot,

fingersis ample

of

degs.

up

bag
the

less in cold

high

made

lo-inch

is added

lime

to

be

decidedly of

am

may
think

to

in

in the

bag,
troublesome,

less would

degs.

more

any
is needed.
to

least,to

In
case
any
the
dissolved
in
readily

manure

and

the

on

many

the

two

lo-inch

day registers40 degs. when

flower,
I

and

every

fairlygiven, as
used, it is hardly
in
given case.
any

plant

freelythan

so

suitable
to

once

liquid manure.

now

manure

this is beneficial

Etc.

habitats

native
are

nor

all

at

time

of 5

as

droppings,

latter in

are

thumb

all that

containing pot trees

the
especiallybefore

of

given

it is

as

more

horse

are

same

houses

done,

be

they

harm

worms

night temperature
at

that

at

from

be

artificial

provide

placing the
If

in

high

harm

rather

will

that,it may

the

soil

manure,

used

the

most

the

first month

For

give

to

by

an

may
afterwards

to
appear,
say
the analysis is

be

much

as

course,

Temperature,

temperatures
too

be

may

others

nectarines,

given, but only

rectified by an

be

manure).

there

which

up

of

fruits

given alternatelywith

will

taken

the

be

can

analysisof

an

of

extracted

dislodgethem

are

is not,

remain.

to

as

stimulant

after

be

with

has

one

frequently it

and

soon
a

proved efficacy;

about
twice
(a 1 2-inch
pot holds
artificial
prefer a finely-ground
Bone

ample

is

soil.

matter

Rain

natural

while
reliable,
use

which

artificial

of

of

one

Without

know

to

is

watering

warm,

in the day
frequently twice
for
is preferable both
water

than

or

should

and

prefer

be.

possible
A
pinch

be

walnut

done

days

manure

As

of

artificial

an

fourteen

should

harmless.

size

is often

either

artificial

An

The

and

require water

Manures.
the

are

harm

application in

one

will

fully grown.

Other

plums

moderately (more

week.

is fine

weather

trees

almost

are

and

and

excessive

the

the

GARDEN

syringing.

Liquid
peaches,

FRUIT

the

few

the
If

night.
a

without

country

of

flower
a

weeks

weather

buds

little time
before

is

the

favourable.

is done

the
freelythrough a rose fixed upon
is
when
there
a
sufficient,especially
spout
artificial heat
in the
is no
heat
is used
pipes. When
a
slightsyringing just
before
nightfallwill be a safeguard against too dry an atmosphere during the
the fruits are
formed
and are
long nights. When
developing,the syringe is used
is
when
the
weather
and
mild.
much
Too
moisture
damp, dull,
freelyexcept
of

will

then

apt

to

water-can.

encourage
when
crack

In

dull

leaf rather

trees

weather

than

finallyswelling

this

fruit
if

growth.

syringed

too

The

Cardinal

freelyin

dull

Nectarine
weather

is
;

the

FRUIT
is obvious.

remedy

nightfall

woolly
After

than

skins

of
the

ashes

between
to

fresh

noticed

that

When

the

do

as

trained

Both

trees.

be reached

can

trees

keep

more

any
house
to

is closed

do

the

far

so

not

so

by

be

provided

lower

and

the

end

in the

pots.

much

from

surfaces

if necessary

September

of

foliage
frequently

the

be

the

of the

few

feet space

keeping

it will

rims

attacks

leaves

of

of the

syringe. This is the chief means

To
destroyaphides we find nothing
remedy will also kill grubs upon

the

trees

that

hand-picking

the

XL-All

use

when
also

be

may
does

Scale

concerned.

are

always
mealy bug. We
if
and
forcing,
again,
necessary,
later as
is required. Thrips
are
does

too

pot, and

worms.

potting

holes

suffer

upper

pot

as

for

each

assist in

for

and

expand,

with

will

the

the red spider pest.

employed to keep down
XL-All
the
same
equal to
vaporizer. This
the
or
plums, cherries, pears,
apples, so

dispensed
trouble, nor

their

plum.
freely,

and

syringe

Two

Until

to.

lifted

through

under

out

should

room

readilywith

more

nectarine

the

use

bricks

two
to

are

grown
fruit trees

Pot

with

holes

little

have

roots

towards

by

the foliagehas been

hardened
placed outside, plunged to the

not

the

of the

atmosphere
is retained

as

are

properly attended
strongly. This

be

to

freely,but

Pests.

trees

pot

watering

moisture

possible to

soon

trees

drainage
a

drier

surfaces

not

As

border,

because

65

injuriousinsects.

the

garden
the

clean.

Insect
insects

the

is

POTS

need

smooth

temperature,

is used

and

with

Forcing.

pots is allowed

the

hose

infested

around

the

enable

the

in

pots

cinder

are

after

lower

plums,

or

by the
gathered, it

are

Trees

means

of

trees

all times

at

than

more

fruits

especiallyif

trees

nectarines

much

all the

The

Peach

do

IN

TREES

pletely
com-

not

cause

immediately
buds

the

the

destroyed by

about

are

same

remedy.
Canker.

I think

trees

pot-grown

also).
cherries,but very rarely. The
opinion, to the good effects of
fact,from

I consider
of the

the

choice

pot

culture,even

them

varieties

the

trees.

on

freedom
the

from

annual
of

under
are

the

case

points very
often
repotting. More

upon

netting
that

seen

late

and

growth,

than
the

the

my
not,

too

free

cherries,for instance ; where

walls, I unhesitatinglyrecommend

in

the

only.

screen

will

have
of

case

others, is attended

of

upon

clearly,in

no

forced

to

the

at

ripening,

trees, when

fruiters,when

autumn

of

chance

taking

that

shoots

slight pruning, merely removing

of

(and, in

canker

canker

luxuriant

too

from

its appearance

Take

repotting, or

shortening
In

immune

occasionallymakes

outcome

growths

glass.

under

forced

late

almost

are

consequence.
fail in the open
or

off when

them

It

in

if carried
If

required,and
the

knife

pruning

Pruning.
cut

is the

this disease

use

we

diseases

other

time

of

these

are

are

not

starting
housed

pruning is done after the fruits are formed, and when

budding
be growing
pruning takes the place of disto
freely. This
seen
they are
and
this
cutting
trained
trees.
with
by
By
as
means,
usually practised
the fruit,or to a promising young
above
shoot
the wood-bud
next
back
to
every
in the

spring, most

growth,

the

trees

of

the

easilykept within
sufficient
length they

are

of
year are
distant
if necessary.
leaves
few
it
afterwards
that
wood
so
may
current

Great

care

die back.

bounds.
are

When

the

shoots-

stopped,and again, later on,

leave
in pruning not
to

is taken

We

of

cut

close

to

the

the
at

any

shoots,

growing
E

66

THE

FRUIT

GARDEN

regulation of
Occasionally, some
this can
be done
the shoots
is necessary
by tying. A stake to a tree will, at
;
slender
stick only will be
in keeping
it erect
times, be an assistance
; again, a
leader
Lateral
needed
the
shoots
not
to
are
encouraged
straight.
except
keep
when
is
tree
to
a
replace any failures, or
being rapidlydeveloped.
Thinning
Fruit.
of fruits to be borne
The
number
by
Cropping,
the

and

the

nearly every

in

cuts

heal

case

over.

the

will

tree

forced
in

depend
ought

trees

2-inch

0-inch

pots

heads, in

13

has

borne

heavy

for

crop

its

size,and

so

eight
ripen

will

two

three

or

those

as

fifteen

to

to

consecutive

should

seasons

rule

Trees
in

Those

easily.

bushy

with
A

fruits.

twenty

forced.

not

fruits

As

pot.

trees, standards

Larger
fifteen

from

size of the

the

fruits

many

twelve
fruits.

to

14-inch pots,

or

from

carry
six

bear

may

vigour,
ripen quite

to

not

will

pots

its

upon

have

tree

that

by

rest

good plan to label each tree

being
only.
with
the number
of fruits it last produced as a future
guide and for comparison.
dread
fruits
that we
We
do not
thin the
for the simple reason
too
freelyat first,
the London
freely. The
fogs ; these often do the thinning for us, and far too
it is clearlyseen
final thinning is done
when
when
is hardening, and
the stone
fruits
of
to
the
fruits
As
the
the
character
that
safe.
seen
are
by
they are fairly
until
colour
but
much
not
the
change
as
light,
they are exposed as
possibleto
then the
alter the treatment
the first fruits are
ripe do we
as
regardsventilation
;
ventilation
cooler and
is kept slightly
house
the atmosphere more
buoyant by the
being continued
day and night. For gathering the fruits a pair of strong vine
is much
scissors
better
than
performing this operation (with force in some
The
the
hand
Take
only.
instances)by
Early Rivers Nectarine, for instance.
twist
base
of this variety often
the
back
the wood, and
slightest
upon
grows
allowed

to

will

when

ripe

the

fruit with

mature

cause

its

Longevity
trees

of

The

avoid

century

Not

assistance

this.

With

of

scissors,so

the

little

practice

at

all

the

The

as

off

cut

to

this method

asked,

is often

question

will

"Do

not

pot

these
The
to
answer
practicallyuseless ?
of this
!
Confirmation
in fact, just the contrary
than
for more
a
Sawbridgeworth, where
quarter of a
tion.)
have
been
in
(See illustraexclusivelygrown
pots.
than
has
generally quite
leading to premature
decay,
"

become

soon

obtained
of

some

Pot

Trees.

the

die, or

soon

inquiriesis,"
can
readilybe

the

stalk,will

itself.

recommend

fruit

bruise.

It is

light crop

"

at
trees

culture, rather

opposite efi^ect.
The

culture

that

has

thus

cherries, plums, pears, and

represented by the orange,
necessary.
Fig
Culture

in

Pots.

far been

apples.

In

detailed
the

case

lemon, citron, "c.,

It is sometimes

will
of

apply
figsand

nectarines, peaches,
the

Citrus

different

somewhat

remarked

to

that

family, as
is

treatment

fig trees, particularly

Grow
them
varieties,have a tendency to bear only partialcrops of fruit.
in pots, however,
illusion will be quickly dispelled. We
do
and
such
not
any
soil
these
surface
the
one
but, as a rule, carefullyremove
repot
season,
every

some

and

season

the
case

late
of

ones
some

repot
in
is

the

next.

November,
not

until

The
or

as

about

earliest
soon

as

forced

they

Christmas.

trees

have
None

are

ceased
of

potted in August,
in
to
fruit,which
these, however, is

and
the
left

POT

PEACH

TREE

(DR.

HOGG)

IN

FLOWER.

FRUIT
outside
the

during

wood.

the

The

fruits from

the

the

the

spring,about

most

sheltered

they

other

they
together
used, but

are

of

IN

in

sometimes
much

as

brought

under

place

lime

more

at

first

these

earlier.

week

possible

to

until

the

out

middle

quite sparingly.

season

rubble

is added.

when

is available

space

all

are

being
second
early
Figs in

that the pot culture

of figs is recommended.
crops
better
if the pots are
partiallyplunged. This
practice minimises

succeed
of

medium

in the

April,

It is for first and

in

of doors
of

As

ripen
ripe

latest trees,

the

for late

work

to

produce

The

prolong

laid down

are

there

thoroughly
i

glassagain, so that by the middle of May

soil is slightlyvaried
for figs,
less manure

The

cover.

as

February, these

watered,

67

November

on

available,remaining
and

POTS

dry, airy house

started

are

onwards,

end

spot

in its

stored

retarded

are

the

under

and

pots
the

hand,

placed upright

are

crops

trees

March

ist

on

but

winter,

early

TREES

that

watering,
is

besides

which

readilytaken

because

so

planted

many
borders

in

the

advantage

of.

varieties

more

plunging
The

pot

then

can

affords

material

be

culture
grown

of

rooting

figsis

than

when

mendable
com-

the

first

a
early
large area.
St. John's, which
with
is practically
variety in pots can
compare
identical
with
is grown,
the other
need
Pingo de Mel (where one
not
be). To
follow
St. John's nothing will
Brown
White
The
Marseilles.
and
Turkey
surpass
later sorts
will follow
these, such as BourjasotteGrise, BourjasotteNoire, Negro
Largo, Violette Sepor, Nehian, and D'Agen, the last-named
being the latest fig
White
The
Ischia,
quite a miniature
fig,is well worth growing in pots ;
grown.
it is most
and
of delicious
flavour.
prolific
The
Allied
Fruits.
All
these
be
treated
Orange,
Lemon, and
may

trees

are

forcing

and

trained

For

over

no

alike,

and

it

nectarine, and

may
other

rubble

be

taken

that

trees, will

soil

recommended

also suit in these

for

instances,except

such
that

as
more

peach,
lime

tion
deplored that the cultivauseful
of these
and ornamental
n
on-existent
is
in
trees
practically
fruiting
In no
this country.
cool
and
difficult
in
to
houses,
sense
are
they
they
grow
well fruited.
the
Continent
in
when
On
are
always admired
they are grown
firm potting
tubs of excessive
These
soil
size.
if
is
not
used,
are
good
necessary
taken
not
to
care
practised,and
neglect the watering.
Being evergreens
they
will
bear
much
for the
not
same
reason
only
dryness at the roots, while
occasional
Just the
Scarcely any pruning is needed.
repotting is advisable.
The
be checked
rob the weaker
that they do not
ones.
so
strong shoots should
be
insect
of
these
is
the
can
trees
easily
scale,which, however,
greatest
enemy
with
the XL-All
kept down
plant wash or insecticide,not the vaporizer.
Cardinal
Nectarines.
(Rivers') is beyond question the best first early
varietyfor pot culture, either for first earlyforcing or for ripening naturally. It
with
recommended
is not
a
properly
by the raisers for planting out-of-doors
;
under
trained
it safe to
tree
plant as a
prepared border, however, I consider
exactly similar
Napier under
glass. It is fullytwenty days earlier than Lord
of culture.
conditions
The
fruits "set"
by
freely,and their colour is denoted
It
is
later.
Rivers
about
ten
succeeds
the name.
Early
days
Cardinal, being
reliable
It
fruit
when
is
most
larger
ripe, and altogetheran excellent variety.
a
Advance
the
and
two
trees
started at the new
Lord
:
when
are
Napier
year.
or

mortar

should

the

be

added.

It is much

to

be

68

THE

first-rate varieties,the

former

GARDEN

FRUIT
the

better

of

known

the

two

if I

but

had

choose
I should
between
them
Dryden,
prefer the latter for pot culture.
Goldoni, Rivers'
Byron, Improved Downton,
Orange, Pine- Apple, Humboldt,
and
of
all of proved excellence
Newton, Spenser,Victoria,and Albert Victor,are
last-named
late
varieties.
the best
good quality; the two
are
reliable a peach for early
Until
Peaches.
had
have
not
so
recently,we
I am
convinced,
Nectarines
but
is among
now
forcing in pots as Cardinal
;

to

after

seasons'

two

It

ripens

in that

June

as

which

the

on

follows

whole

does

Rivers'

this,but
behind

days

is still

what

of

York).
infinitelybetter

Duchess
is

it

but

June,

freely,and,

sets

cropper,

Amsden

duced,
intro-

been

has

respect

favour, it

in its

more

is

in any sense
of the term.
Waterloo, Alexander, and Amsden
dropper
still be grown
if the trees
allowed
burst into growth
to
naturally,
are
HaWs
Duchess
succession
of Cornwall
I prefer to depend upon
to
Early,

can

but

of

after

this

(formerly called

Cornwall

"

bud

in

acquisition

an

days perhaps

it is a reliable

"

not

few

trial,that

variety Duchess

viz.,the

Then

it.

its buds

drop

not

have

we

is

better

well-known

such

Mignonne

Grosse

Early

much.

so

which

Early York,

only

is

cropper,
Dr.
as

few

Hogg, Crimson
Sea
Eagle, The
latest,

sorts

StirlingCastle, Goshawk, and for the

of
Nectarine
recommend
either
Peach, Golden Eagle, and Osprey. (I do not
old peaches, Royal George, Noblesse, Early York
the well-known
; they are
Alexandra
superseded by Dymond,
Noblesse, and Rivers' Early York
tively.
respecGalande, Dymond,

These
Plums.
culture
The

Not

did

earliest

and

latter

be

of

the

it

may
maintained

possible to

all of

which

forces

well, being reallythe

better

than

quality

these

plums

are

excellent

when

the

adaptabilityof

such

satisfactoryand
forced

be

can

middle

the

of

difficulty.The

best

as

the

easilyas

the

onwards,

May
for

plum

reliable

forcing

we

to

pot

results.

nectarine,
succession

find

to

be

and
Kirke's,
Jefferson,
recognised good quality. Early Prolificalso

Claude

and

of

earliest

planted

invaluable

an

from

any
Reine

Early Transparent Gage,

mildew.)

to

obtain

varieties

for dessert

without

are

all liable

actuallytested

best dessert

ripe

being

at

I had

until

believe

had

not

are

Comte

du

of all

to

Hathem,

ripen

out-of-doors.

adjunct

to

as

pot

During

the

For

dessert.

plum

the

it is also

London

fruiting

of

season

in

pots

of proved excellence, viz. : those

already
forcing the following are
vation
for forcing and
Golden
named
handsome
plum in cultiTransparent (the most
finest
when
in
and
of
the
under
and
ripened
glass,
pots
grown
Late
Oullin's
Golden
Golden
Gage,
flavour). Transparent,
Transparent,
Esperen,
Old
Claude
de Bavay, Gee's Golden
Greengage, Reine
Impiratrice,
Drop, Ickworth
in pots Monarch
and
Grand
Duke
(both valuable
Bryanston Gage ; we also grow
for their colour); also Decaisne, Late
Golden
late
for their
Rivers, and Late
and
A
culture
in
in
favour
of
point
ripening
keeping properties.
plum
strong
finish
the
is
the
obtained
in
shelter
from
rain
perfect
fruits,owing to the
pots
without

and

the

protection

Cherries.
reliable
were
now

data

best
that

to

birds

starting

work

adapted
the

from

In

to

earliest

and

to

insect

grow
hence

pests.

cherries
had

in

pots

find

for

forcing

we

we
by practice
After
several
have
seasons
we
object in view.
dessert cherry to ripen is Guigne d'Annonay, a black

upon,

the

to

out

which

had

no

sorts

proved
variety

SSti^

TYPICAL

POT

PEAR

TREE.

TREES

FRUIT

of

medium

size

earlier

than

varieties

fruits

the

fruit,

then

are

All

Schmidt,

de

and

Florence,
in

fruits

these
in

are

in

as

Duke

enable

possess
fertilise

to

one

Pears.

is

pots

These

the

do

is

of

not

enter

the

less

varieties

extensively

so

of
for

growing

the

as

of

any

varieties
recommended

varieties,

such,

of Tompkin's

King

Alexander,
not

and
desirable.

in

for

the

other

sorts,

pots

most

mental.
orna-

earliest

following

The

Glou

s,

fruits

pot

The

d'Automme,

Thompson

respect.

and

grown.

well.

keep

Fondante

of Jersey,

Bonne

are

Superjin,

Beurri

Morceau,

Doyenne

du

Durondeau.
of

case

instance,

County,

in

will

that

be

of

alone,

of

category
useful

very

should

sorts

those

satisfactory

Duchess,
As

nevertheless,

are,

dessert

the
as

Louise

Fienne,

Apples.

of

desirable

being

as

de

best

so

Pitmaston

Cornice,

are

the
not

are

Triomphe

They

preceding.

the

Only

The

purpose
this

in

degs.

45

abundance

the
that

favoured

into

to

40

trees

weather.

worst

account

on

of
the

when

from

very

clusively
con-

treatment

temperatures

that

range

have

same

the

means

in

worth

the

in

Francis,
cherries

of
I

This

given

will

houses

useful,

well

flowers

if

and

Bigarreau

Emperor

forcing

the

forced.

This

except

extremely
it

hard

difference

the

constant

in

Black

and

Guben,

de

the

order

in

next

attempted,

not

latest.

the

noted,

fail

peaches.
of

Noir

for

be

not

much

as

temperature

in

flowers

be

must

and

be

should

practically

be
vines

should

cherry

the

pollen

will

of

night

Ventilation

May

trees

should
those

the

flower

Fahr.

to

There

peaches.

as

the

that
Cherries

and

is

forcing

Bigarreau

Mezel,

It

Hedelfinger.

de

proved.

de

if

even

Napolion,

Monstrueux

otherwise),

(or

pots

Giant

included

be

Rivers

glass,

d'Orlians,

is

it

size

under

fruits

Belle

Bigarreau^

two

Early

naturally
outdoor

these

regards

flavour.

rich

days

ten

of

Bigarreau

Elton,

earliest

the

Early

should

added

following

Noir

of
flower

to

ripens
:

As

forcing.

and

juicy,

than

Frogmore

these

or

it

Rivers

Early

for

allowed

are

earlier

days

productiveness

reliable

very

trees

Wood^

Tartarian.
the

the

69

POTS

Schreken

more

black,

if

few

Governor

come

the

intensely

and

quality
de

former

splendidly

in

comes

excellent

of

Bigarreau

find

w^e

grand

and

either

IN

as

Mother
look

it

pears,

Ribston

is

better

Pippin,

Cox's

The

large

Apple.
extremely

well

upon

to

only

grow

Orange
fruits
the

Pippin,
of

Peasgood's

trees,

but

choice

the

IVashington,
Nonesuch,
for

quality

CHAPTER

VIII

GOOSEBERRY

THE

By

GEORGE

BUNYARD

This

flourishes

thrives

best

tempered

feeders,
the

if

February,

of

or

stable

manure

greatly
and

cool

and

and

damaged

Pruning.

If

Bush

Gooseberry

of

{/) Cutting

below

to
three

the

at

in

the

and
out

beds

to

originate

each

branch.

with

three

eight

vigorous

two

The
branches
branches

bush
;

so

that

shoots
be

to

started

lines

The

of

habit

the
to

prune

berries
goose-

of

growth,

should

be

inwards,

upwards,

otherwise

the

splashed

in

be

soil

resulting

shoots

basin
them

bushes

trained
;

so

to

to

to

form

make
a

bush,

with

up

the

cut

to

the

encourage

from

as

all

remove

back
not

cate
indi-

year

the

in

and

with

pointing

spoilt by

should

formed.

ultimately

but

branches

naturally strong,
ened,

back

buds,

weeping

from

growths
may

by

up

planted

are

cut

varieties

growing

lower

or

bud

being

object

dotted

the

shoot

be

splashed

to

four

or

outwards

marked

each

the

buds,

good

four

in

ing
leav-

bush

figured
dis-

be

berries

may

the

forming

thus

outside
a

deep

asunder,

row,

one-year-old
{cross lines)

{m)

pruning

about

fifth

upright
of

branches.

apart

foot

rows

every

6 inches

its

prevent

buds

inserted

are

many

the

12

base,

inches

of

fruits

soil

is best

three

pointing

removed
the

form

to

to

lo

bud

it

to

say,

of

case

sketch)

the

soil

the

be

should

cuttings
rows,

if

in

part

upper
in

autumn

for

(as

firmly

Insert

from

cut

ened
short-

top

spines

and

inches

four

or

left

of

height

is

cutting

all eyes

long,

shoot,

joint, the

the

that

so

inches

shoots,

well-ripened

strong,

transversely

Christmas

before

Foeming

and

thus

the

gooseberries

Cutting

from

dry spring

surface

and

by

will

March

in

during

will

of

mulching

the

moist,

quality
planted

are

rains.

heavy

Raising

soils

keep

Neither

cracking.

bushes

and

them,

before

and

size

applied

will

summer

ground

the

manure,

ground

the

sandy

benefit

of

fish

refuse,

cow

the

to

When

gravelly

fresh

and

into

both

fruits.

the

in

add

fish

as

well

dug

gross

very

by applications

pig

guano,

which,

are

is

and

dews,

heavy

benefit

manures,

meat

but

air

the

where

nights,

will

and

soils,

garden

Gooseberries

strongest

and

if

cool

by
rains.

frequent

all

in

districts

in

three

to

and

shape

shoots,
Should

shoots

should

pruning
the

buds.

base,

regularly disposed

this
form

useless

enough
good

weather.

wet

the
be

will

again

branches,

the
first

the

few

ting
cut-

be

short-

may

be

FRUIT

THE

72
berries

are

and
fruitful,

very

if at

GARDEN
the

July pruning

the
at

fourth

every

This

crops.

fill

of

for

trellises

be
planted
picking, and
fruits
and

in

the

syringing
keeping

by

soil
or

all

for

early

where

the

September,

late

as

the

North,

held, at
These

some

feeding

except

few

the

at

the

removed.

are

walls,

which

berry
goose-

enormous

obtained

by
frequently
dry weather,
moist
by covering it with
low-growing herb, and

When

manure.

should

are

in

trees

the

chickweed
liberal

forms

pretty

situations

and

are

exhibited.

are

pal-

or

these

gathered as
appreciated.

shows
fruits

case

some.
trouble-

are

of

north

on

Midlands

the

either

much

then

In

in

are

few

warm

also

be

may

are

walls

or

ing
plant-

"-shaped,

(toasting-fork)trained

mette

to

for

"

Fan-trained,

is used

and

if birds

easilynetted

be

can

wonderful

training

trellises

wire

pinched

are

bear

walls

on

spaces

against

shoots

they

form

vacant

they

side

leaf

of

This

liquid

with

roots

fruits

developing,

are

the

best

method

of

shaped

ones

ever,
culture, how-

merely a hobby, for a

is
berry for dessert purposes
ning
preferable. Except for exhibition, thinthe fruits is sufficiently
carried
out
by
constitutes

moderate-sized
far

removing
Portion

Branch

of

to

Pruning

OF

year's growths
and
forming
spurs,
with

or

side

cut

on

shoots

about

to

spurs
retained

years'

bearing
three-year-old wood
leave

this

branches
where

crowding
and

cut

to

shoot

when

worn

by

out

from

those
been

it

cut

out

cut

out

to

where

becomes

bearing,

in

{v)
be

the

crop

and

also.

thus

sion
succes-

[x) point

them

with

to

drooping
the

on

tie

less

are

prevent

and

safer.

are

shoots,

latter,and

in

may
wealcened

the

buds.

Where

favour

of

are

numerous,

spoil

the

shape

dry

weather

bullfinches

pruning

the
of

birds
the

will

is best

select
young

the
trees

the

bushes

Upright-

attacked

dressing
syringed on

milk

new

and
of

the

up

November

buds

the

March.

early in

varieties

branch

might

plan

good

prune

growing

sorts

in

cooking

bullfinches

destroy

able
desir-

shoot.

buds,

for

Where

injure and

trees, it is

March
nent

Enemies.

sparrows

those

them

state.

green
Bird

and

of

portion

readily settle

growth

often

afford

to

must

short

it is

base

that

(w)

in order

(y) point

;
out

promising

has

years' wood
spurred in,

been

wood

for

growth
following

in

inch

fruit

some

two

on

have
an

two

on

to

be

shoots

(u) points

where

bearing
continuation

side

some

Branches

{i) One

summer

Method

Show

than

the

as

birds

prickly
very
of soot, lime,
the

and

protect
sparrows

deferred
most

and

in

trees

often

until

promireduce

THE

GOOSEBERRY

THE
We

have
those

and

second

the

Lancashire

smaller

as

divide

to

these

into

classes.

twro

esteemed
berries,which
are
comprises the large,handsome

section

fruits.

GOOSEBERRIES

small

with

Prize

right time

it best

thought

contains

BEST

73

Gooseberries,which
they

rule, however,
Both

be

may

for

used

excellent

are

lack

the

berries

commonly
if

and

(2)

Point

Shoot

of

stopping

Bearing

Fkuit

about

at

(a) point of pruning

in following summer.
spur

Lancashire
become
The
the

in

the

very large.
fruits of other

whites,

purposes

greens,
of selection

fifth

winter

to

{d) Point

leaf ;
form

fruits

colours

are

than

red

yellows merge
they are placed according

dark

Glenton

rich,

sweet

Green

with

white
Green

hairs, oval

Early

or

to

the
the

(Stopped)

in

from

Leafless

summer

of

(c)
at

berries

will

classification,
as

they ripen ; but

prevailingcolours.
as

for

SMALL-FRUITED
Fruits

Green

Hairy.

GrowiA

upright

and

free

great

bearer.

flavour rich ; skin thin.

Fruit
Green.
medium
sized, hairy, grass green, with white veins ; flavour
short-jointed.
; free bearer
; tree
Growth
free
and
Gascoigne.
upright ; fruit milk white and
pale green,
hairs ; a first-class variety ; profuse bearer.
Hedgehog.
white
Growth
upright ; prickly ; fruit greenish white, with
green,

veined,

mottled

white

; skin

Gage

Ihin

flavour

first-class.

Fruit
(Veitch's), A.M.
1896.
deep
thin ; flavour first-rate ; profuse bearer.
Growth
ROSEBERY.
free, spreading ; fruit deep olive
skin thin ; flavour very good.
Langley

flavour

by thinning

remaining

difficult

their

the

the

another

one

at

of

Spur,

pinched

called

{d) point of shortening

pruning ; (c) spur.

green,

rather

are

into

Green
Greengage

and

young

and

Fruit

where

laterals
winter

when

sorts

the

flavour

gathered

rich, sweet

purposes,

Growth
A

first section

superior

for dessert

distinct

cooking

The

for their

green,

green,

with

white

shaded,

veins

skin

slightly hairy

FRUIT

THE

74

GARDEN

Red
Dobson's

Seedling.

light red

shaded

Ironmonger.

rich, and
Keen's
but

Seedling.

for

Red

and

compact

blood

red,

red

resembles

prickly ; fruit

very

blood

deep

small, flattened, hairy, deep

fruit

late,hairy, bright red.

Growth
upright ; fruit very

Rough.

bottling

SiXSVEKR.

flavour

fruit

; very

ton,
Warring-

bright red

nearly smooth

; flavour

brisk.

Scotch

good

Growth

prickly

; very
bearer.

enormous

hangs

Champagne.

and

moderate

flavour good ; an
Growth
upright
bottling.

larger, and

Red

rich

for

good

Growth

Fruits

Growth

Growth

; flavour

rich

compact

compact

free

; very

fruit

bearer;

and

hairy

red, shaded,

hairy

small

brisk.

and

bearer

great

blood

fruit deep

good.

Warrington

(Aston Red).

Growth

compact

fruit bright red, hangs

rich

very

in

supply

late

for

late ; flavour
brisk ; good

and

shaded

walls

on

or

spots.

Fruits

Yellow

Yellow.

Champagne

den
GolClosely resembles
Drop (which see).

Drop.

Golden

upright

Growth
almost

fruit

oval-

transparent,

ripe
shaped, hairy. When
amber
colour.
bright
a
The
earliest to ripen.
Golden

Lion.

upright

Growth

almost

round,

fruit

smooth,

bronzy yellow ; skin thick ;

rich ; keeps
flavour
very
late.
Yellow

Ball.

Growth

Four

Bush,

Years

Old

upright ; fruits
shaded
yellow and orange,
almost
small
bronze, very
but delicious; j/^^Vzsmooth.

from

Cutting

Yellow

(/)

Pruned

main

all side

branches,

growths

spurred

promising growths. left for extension

for pruning.
pruned, but marked

and
not

of

in

bush

to
;

two

buds,

Growth

[g] branches

Golden

Golden
with

deep golden
1897.

white

veins

skin

thin

flavour

White
Bright
very

sweet

Cheshire
when
Whitesmith

Venus.

and

Growth

upright

excellent

very

Sulphur.

upright
Drop.
free

; very

Gem.

bearer.

like

Fruit

F.C.C.

Fruits

fruit

almost

transparent

upright

when

ripe

flavour

rich.

Lass
(White 'Stiuxtx).Growth
fully ripe showing seeds ; flavour
(Velvet White, Eagle, White

rich

and

Eagle,

fruit white

when

skin

thin.

sweet
or

Snowdrop).

young,
6^row/^

parent
trans-

strong.

GOOSEBERRY

THE
upright, thorny
downy.

of

; one

Columbus

earhest

the

(American).

This

pick

to

LARGE-FRUITED

II.

Beauty.

Bobby.
red

drooping

of

gardens.

our

and

Fruits

free

fruit

and

large, pink,

very

shaded

with

deep

bearer.

Growth

drooping ;
rich, brisk ; early.

flavour

Crown
imR%\.

Growth

good

; a

Whitesmith

the

fruit large,

(LANCASHIRE)
Red

red

be

to

quite first-class

;flavour

green

proved

has

75

Bob.

Clayton.

fruit pale

brownish

arching ; fruit large, with

strong,
state.
picked early in a green
reddish
drooping ; fruits long, dark

be

Growth

largest

Growth

Can

flavour.

of the

one

thin

very

blood

red, often
and

skin,

purple, with

broad

of the

veins

late.

Companion.

(on trees) ;
Dan's
veins

with

keeps

Duke

of

strong,

dull

fruit

red

veins

paler

keeps

well

Growth

and

erect

skin

(on trees) ;

late

Sutherland.

thick

Growth

fruit rich crimson, red, and pink; white

good.
and
slender
drooping
light red, shaded
; fruit
free

flavour

; late.

grey
Lord

Derby.

thin ;

Growth

flavour

Lad.

Lancashire

drooping

London.

Growth

awkward

An

Napoleon

great

compact,
favourite

the

best

arching,
for

fruit

prickly

market

Requires support

grower.
red.

Great.

the

bright scarlet, and

of

one

handsome,

red

deep

both

; rather

fruit

red, shaded
ripe ; bushes

deep

green

and

tender

in low

situations

very

handsome,

purplish

large, deep

very

sweet.

very

smooth
light red, almost
;
be planted 5 feet apart.
can

fruit

bearer

great

thick.

Mistake.

skin

Growth

skin

Growth

moderate

free ;

cropper

fruit

good, flavour.

of

spreading ; fruit dark red, large.

a
fruit bright red,
large bush;
upright, vigorous, making
hairy ; flavour good ; a suitable variety for late market.
well
erect
thinned, deep
Growth
Speedwell.
moderate,
large when
; fruit
crimson
red ; skin thin ; early.
Growth
Industry.
Whinham'S
upright, prickly, vigorous ; great bearer ; fruit
late.
when
carries well to market
ripe ;
Lion,
FalstaflT,Guido, Roaring
varieties
Other
are
:
Conquering Hero, England,
Prince

Regent.

Rifleman.

Growth

Growth

Wonderful.

Fruits

White

veins

green
Alma.

thin

skin

flavour

Careless.

white

free

Freedom.

; fruit

creamy

white

with

fruit blotched

snow-white

and

pale

handsome

green,

sweet.

Growth
and

blotches

very

gooseberry

largest white

the

excellent.

flavour

Growth

drooping,

Grow//^

Antagonist.
with

free

veins,

Growth

slender

handsome

good

;
; of

bearer
; fruit
iinestflavour.

great
the

fruit long,

green,

veined

large,

white,

white

creamy

early

; skin

with

thin; rich

swteXflavour.
King

large.

of

Trumps.

Growth

moderate

fruit

dull

greenish

white

early

and

76

FRUIT

THE

Pruning

and

Training

GARDEN

Cordon

Gooseberries.

GOOSEBERRY

GOOSEBERRY

BRIGHT

IRONMONGER

VENUS

(reduced).

(uduudj.

STANDARD

GOOSEBERRY.

THE

78
Stockwell.
white

slender

; a

GARDEN
mid-season

good

very

variety, bright

with

green

veins.

Telegraph.
late

Growth

FRUIT

skin

Growth

thin

Thumper.

upright

Growth

fruit

ohve

handsome,

very

veined

green,

white

excellent.

flavour

moderate

drooping

and

sometimes

handsome,

fruit

has

tint.

red

good

Other

George

sorts

are

British

Yellow
Criterion.

Growth

drooping

spreading

Growth

Lancelot,

Sir

Overall,

Fruits

upright ; fruit pale

Growth

Catherina.
Drill.

Diadem,

Cheerful,

Oak,

Surprise.

Brown,

;
a

yellow, almost
transparent.
creamy
fruit bright orange
yellow, of very good flavour.
oval
fine
golden
fruit, roundish
deep
; flavour

good.
Gunner.

Resembles

Sheriff^

High
;

of

bearer

skin

thin.

A.M.

A.M.

fruit

was

good

very

deep yellow

to

bronze,

with

1901.

given.
early gooseberry, hairy,

rich

orange

to

with
red.
yellow, lightly dotted
fruit,making
top prices in the

fruit pale greenish

a
large handsome

thick.

; skin

market

vigorous
pick green,

Growth

earliest

the

great

Gunner, to which
a
moderate;

Growth

flavoured

first-class.

flavour

Keepsake.
One

free, erect,
best

of the

one

COBHAM.

yellow

Growth

paler veins

as
Keepsake.
Very similar to, if not the same,
free ; fruit rich
of the
(Veitch's). (Growth
golden yellow ; one
and
flavour.
F.C.C.
finest for beauty
i8g6.
bearer
Growth
and
Leader.
upright, a great
moderate,
deep
orange
; fruit
brownish
flavour, very
large.
; of good
green
with
Growth
bearer
Leveller.
free, an
enormous
drooping and
; fruit primrose
and
veins ; flavour rich ; skin thin ; early.
blotches
pale orange
Growth
Rancliffe.
Lord
upright ; fruit handsome,
pale yellow.
rich
Growth
moderate
stalk ; very
Marigold.
deep orange,
paler near
; fruit

Berry's

Kent.

Beauty

Langley

flavour.
Ringer.

netted,

Stella.
Other
to

free

Growth

shaded

and

good

and

upright

Growth

drooping

and

sorts

are

fine large round

very

gooseberry,

yellow,

vigorous ; fruit oval shaped, light yellow.

Girl, Garibaldi, Gipsy Queen, Peru, Thatcher,

Broom

Two

One.

GuAVA,

The

(see p. 215).

Lemon,

The

(seep. 205).

The

Loquat,
Mango,

The

This
is also

fruit is very
when

delicious

trees, budded
branches

the

on

require

surface

of

the

highly

esteemed
into

made

whitethorn,

fair amount

ground

when

(see p. 215).
(see p. 210).

MEDLAR

THE

the

brown.

for dessert

when

are

of

in

condition
proper
for game.

a
jelly,cheese,
will grow
very hardy, and
thinning, and a mulching
or

the

fruits

are

as

formed

sauce

will

anywhere.
of

rich

repay

manure

the

it

The
The
on

grower.

FRUITING

BRANCHES

OP

THE

MEDLAR.

MEDLAR

THE

Mention

should

There

also

but

are

made

be

of

beauty

the

of

varieties

recognised

three

79

medlar

the

when

tree

flower.

in

Dutch

has

This

Monstrous.

or

made

form

to

until

room

The

The

has

tree

Christmas

ripen

to

Royal.

The

fruits

of

rule

bears

they
this

smaller

leaves,

but

as

This

Nottingham.

are

then

are

not

brisk,

and

in

place

October

produces

and

flowers,

of

out

not

on

lawn

left

and

in

it
cool

large
than

as

the

of

those

produced

the

tree

is

Medlar,

of

upright

The

growth,

Japanese

be
fruit

the

Dutch

the

fruits,

well-flavoured
and

has

tree

former.

and

they

are

freely

the

may

esteemed.

much

so

crops

small,

foliage

is

gathered

are

better

quite

has

and

habit,

fruits

The

arbour.

an

weeping

large

very

fruit.

finest

both

branches

(see

p.

215).

and

foliage

are

very

thin.

CHAPTER

IX

MELON

THE

The

natural

and

gourd,

food

in

takes

its

the

and

to

of

melon

culture

very

melons

many

the

acute

form

were

and

must,
in

respect

well
it

the

Miller

written
a

of

question

their

am

day

present

it

against
too,

of

only

late
of

render

years

writing

fit
that

admitted,

does
in

the

more

from

be

not

his
as

for

the

Roses.

of

melons

time.

let

the

present
80

us

the

It

hope

has

cultivation

generation

there

market,
and

the
more

the

of
of

much
the

of
are

who,

table."
or

mischief

condemnation
so

as

unworthy

than

that

been

singular

complaint

the

in

scathing

is

value,

now

were

entirely

country

dunghill

until

There

regards

no

house,

melons
were

is

this

its

Gerarde

Queen's

but

supply

of

the

time

deserve

the

who

fruit
for

but

In

"

into

account,

that

III.,

of

those

by

"

sorts

remarking

value

no

size,

afraid,

many

Miller

existed

has

too

being

expense,

complaint

by
and

enlarge

to

of

find

we

produced

trouble

the

evil

the

that

long standing,

That

this

that

Edward

of

Wars

the

during

cucumber,

fact

the

endeavouring
of

the

time

the

as

and,

introduced

the

Topography

some

The

royal gardens.
at

in

Tartary,

of

been

it

seen

British

"

native

Gerarde's

the

to

In

melons.

water

from

had

but

Gough's

early

as

and

price

taken
under-

appreciated

extensively.

have

flavour
a

be

never

in

grown

low

so

greatly

to

restricted

himself,
in

supposed

1520,

almost

been

is stated

appears
is

a.d.

year

be

affords

superior

at

will

with

to

may

shops

fruit

covered

are

fruits,

melon

England
as

confirming

too

It

well

as

this

grown

in

the

have

to

James's.

common

in

is

be

to

England

in

cheaply,

is of

then
our

it is cultivated

where

districts

exotic

our

Italy

appears
not

lost,

of

more

Indies,

whole

It

conditions

melon

water

English gardeners

to

from

Britain

the

from

artificial

under

The
East

obtained

inclined

dry,
grown

food.

of

which

esteemed

most

it is sold

as

article

an

melon,

rather
melon

and

glass frames,
be

can

country

Egypt

known

several

had

and

Upper

as

this

and,

pleasant

and

as

variety

is
the

to

large quantities,

unheated
it

extent.

any

China,

Egypt,
parts

in

compared

wholesome

but

the

important,

most

or

Cantaloupe
is

the

cucumber,

the

country

Cantaloupe

the
as

the

far

by

The

Rome,

near

of

in

in

fruits,

is

this

in

indigenous.

juicy,

imported

summer

imported
its culture

like

is

melon

the

luxury

called

flesh
or

population

in

country
the

that

St.

It

industrial

our

this

The

of
is

so

melting

not

glass.

it

town

Continent.

the

under

to

from

but

article

includes

belongs

melon

the

which

to

and

fruits,

of

marrow,

an

where

country

name

hardness,

to

as

{Cucurbitaceie)

kinds

vegetable

the

considered

whether

plants

of
different

widely

embraces

on

order

THOMAS

OWEN

By

less
in
nounced
pro-

written,
melon,

gardeners,

that
I do

5
u

a:

SI

2;

materials

rather

pipes

water

ought

when
6

used

are

occupy

FRUIT

THE

82

to

is

than

more

used,

are

that

say

planted out
7 inches

or

Soil.
and

if the

the

better.

best compost

The

It is often

be

which

be

to

turf should

recommended

be

that

by

cut

or

be

to

are

plants

young
and

house,

within

trained.
old

from

cut

large enough.

the

pasture-land,

loamy texture, so much

deep (with the grass undisturbed).
should be mixed
certain
quantity
and
This,
leaf-mould).
manure,

loam

the

the

of

is turf

of

inches

with

plants

culture

marly,

roof

be

allow

to

to

If hot-

foot.

will

feet wide

settled

when

less than

rather

of the

the

these

wide,

high enough

inches

for melon

is inclined

land

deep

18

soil

the

feet

within

feet

should

trellis upon

of the

The

bed
border

be

and

feet,and

the
to

deep

feet

3J

GARDEN

strong,

of

organic manure
(e.g.horse droppings, cow
best.
The
alone
in my
is
loam
is the
opinion,
a
mistake, as of all materials
from
in
view
is
build
free
to
a
object to keep
healthy,strong plant,
gross and
up
the strain of perfectinga
under
plant that will not give way
growth
a
sappy
and
If the turf, or
of loose
other
soil available,is poor
heavy crop of fruits.

texture,
manure

the
firm

then

I should

and

marl.

advise

fermenting material
by treading. On

and

and

warm,

turves,

this

fairlyfirm.

made

become

addition

width

the

loam

of

apart, composed

the

Whole

In

the

the

of

course

manure

pieces

three

lost

has

some

about

four

or

of

its

used
planted. If hot-water
pipes are
in the
bottom
of the
fermenting material, then
bricks
water
pipes, place broken
deeply enough

to

with

the

be

may

layer of

foundation
whole

the

about

possibleto

early season

the

roof

seed

one

seeds

fruits

ripe

the

and

layer of

the

hot-

forming the
easilypermeate

turf

will

pipes

rest

pipes, finishing

the

valves.

the

of

which

upon
cover

the

required

in

January.

are

ist

December,

20th

from

regulated by

If

heat

later than

the

be

if

order

fail

plants
time.
be

not
to

the

early spring,the
occasionally
early in the new
have

weather

When

the

fall

the
grower
exercised.
The

make

to

fruit

cut

to

best

at
to

way

this
raise

small
be

grow,

85 degs.

at

for the

70

degs.

plants,and

Fahr.

more

at

night,

economical

80

degs. when

it will

temperature

the
seedlings are seen
temperature
below
in the
65 degs. Fahr., even
of

early in the season

plunged in the prepared
so

first,
fallingto

this

at

but

be

must

pots

and

up

to

sure

ground,

temperature

it is better

be

were

will

of which
above

is

The

start.

to

enable

heap of fermenting material

the number
of plantsrequired) to within
6 inches
Two
seeds
should
be placed in a small
pot

if it

appear

allowed

keep

minimum,

found

house.

to

to
must

vigilance

have

enough

temperature

some

ripe,and

and

warm

would

young

should

melons

care

accommodate

to

in

sometimes

bed,

the

have

seedlings I

(large enough

in

the

great

earliest

the

for

be

can

not

sown

The

plants
young
of
instead
heat

bottom

fair start, there

happens to
bright, enabling the young
plants to make
a
the
slightadvantage in this earlysowing. About
25th April is as early as

it is

the

and

bed,

place

this

upon

soil.

this soil has

the

rankness,

bed

them

placed 2 feet
of a walnut,

days, when

for

cow

make

size

the

or

placed on

be

be

year
is a

of

of

Seedlings.

be

them

crocks

bed

the

should

sown

the

of the

Raising
seeds

broken

of

horse

grass side downwards:

of soil should
hillocks
be

small

into

quantity of
should
field,

the

bed,

small

turf

small

from

cut

as

of the

broken

of

of

the

remain

house

early morning
which

also, to

should
cover

be

the

THE
house

with

winter

The

mats.

is of

importance

the

young

which

ofF without

disturbing the roots, and the

leaves
plant has formed, say two

the

young
found
it
hot

bed

fresh

litter

second

first

added

enough

to

be

stay.
Etc.

other

stem

inserted

of the

of

half

to

stick

mounds

and
;

of soil

if found
raise

to

as

too

or

soil of the

them

from

the
little

deep

ing
disturb-

be
seedling plant should
the plants must

around

time

to

time

the

in

the

inserted

few

not

and

without

for support, but far

A
trial stick
near.

be

must

soil,wide

of

soil

roots

after

when

The

fork

must

enemy

intact,and

surface

ascertain

to

warm

depth, and

persistent

placed

small

have

in

heat

therein

the

leaves,I

replunge

to

cut

be

placed against each

be

grow.

seed

its

little mounds

hillock.

be
When

slightly. By the first or

ing
sturdy,and ready for plantBefore
examine
planting out,
the
indeed, from
flyon them
;

bottom

the

in

the

injure it

to

not

as

plants, so
plants may

that
small

in the

bed

hole

and

possible to

should

to

the

to

larger pot,

it is

weaker

encouraged

light during

as

as

soon

the

in addition

seedlings should

be

than

firm,and

the

Make

washed,

As

stronger,

disturbed

the

tiny plant to
After
planting,the

lower

made

the

raise

to

the

roots.

inch

from
be

order

to

be

to

the

allow

to

the

ought

the

February
already prepared for them.
is green
if there
plantlets carefullyto see
the
this
moment
seedlings
appear,
young

Planting,

to

it

be

plants.

beds

the

allowed

be

in

transfer

in

week

in
the

advantage
this,however,

an

seedlingsis

two

often

melon

determine

of the

83

glass should

roof
to

MELON

the

days

should

temperature
soil beneath
has

heat

enough

fly and

be

three

flowers

blooms, preferablyon
For
to

of

the
fact

the

fruit,"say,

the

small

time

if

blooms

three

fruits

the

female

ones,

possible,as if one
the
are
fertilised,
it

patient waiting,
together.

almost

of
the

down.
the

soil
width

makes
whether

again

must

stopped

at

of

on

be given
stopped too

from

main

the

formed
third

or

not,

the

form

the

tying

short
stem

and

leaf, and

in

on

all

along

shoots

pinched

sub-lateral
as

long

as

the

the

press

and

of

same

little
open

mound

of

the

final

bed, and
.soilfirmly

stopping laterals,
first lateral

instance, the
be

then

formed,

are

ridge

set

more

any

By

small

filled the

the

flowers

four

or

foundation

for
;
should
the

so

fruits

of

form

to

have

roots

result.

will

crop

at

before

develop

three

secure

until

fertilised

be
to

light

to

the

the

which

turves

be

the

in

should

allowed

are

that

as

added

made

special attention
"

plant

are

soon

draw

here

may

as
a
commonly understood
good
and
four
the
varieties,
large growing

fruits

two

As

must

its appearance
fruit has
a
be

blooms

chances

be

of the

not

plant

or

must

Attention
latter

on

occasionallybe

must

more

addition

male

the

from

is

what

secure

always possible

is

Culture.

General
soil

to

inexperienced,

the

of

order

in

pollen

with

these

dty day.

information
that

fertilise

and

on,

free

the

early in

female

with

into

back

pressed

closing the

the

subsided,

from
plants
position. By keeping
will
be
and
the
house
rapid,
afternoon, progress
growths, do
plants will quickly reach the trellis. In securing the young
young
be
tie them
not
not
too
tightly. If very early fruits are desired,the plants must
and
lateral
will
shoots
as
possible
as
soon
secure
stopped ;
naturally push out,
the

at

the

which
lateral

fourth

results

growth

that
leaf

should
con-

THE

84
tinues.

It

foregoing
growths
avoided,
barren

safe

are

and

rules

when

branch

be

As

supported.
bought for

be

never
more

to

be

the

the

reached

and

is

be

useless,

with

of

crop

perfect
should

they

egg

small

of

piece

answers

hen's

out

new

must

trellis covered

mature

for this purpose

a

cut

of

size

at
a
triflingcost, or
purpose
fruit and
tied to the trellis

to

have

to

sufficient

overcrowding

fail

the

but

matter,

provide

to

not

the

this

in

time

same

should

article

which

net

can

raffia

strong

placed

well.

very

is
early crop of melons, which
should
be
therefore
planted
so
plants
heavy as
crops
;
If it is decided
recommended
than
the distance
for earlyones.
2 feet apart,
for the
the
plants with single stems, as advised
early crop, they should
grow
allowed
stems
to
uninterruptedly
planted 2^ feet apart, and the main
grow
have

we

been

have

they

laterals

will

selection
four

or

of
fruits

growing
plants in
trellis

to

known
and

covered

the

in

their

each

is

providethe

alone.

shoots

and

the

singlestem
from

crops

system

the

Canker.
melon

One

The

complaint

would

found,

the

will

sound

greatest
them

one

to

room

and

better

of

sources

can

is

of

to

at

kind,

any

to

safeguard against
form

at

of the
is

the

and

of

on

sometimes
first

The

season.

Where

so.

results
profitable

possible to

trouble

from

three

secure

good

and

few

at
stem

When

the

the

stem)
part.

as

and

helps

has

to

yet

be

partialremedy.

the

cut

is

laterals

think

to

cut
away
disease
by

produce
perceived (and

thing

disease

too

always appears), but

this

to

best

If the

to

canker

canker
the

not

leaf.

fourth

once

affected

is

(where

often

he

plant to be grown
produce a healthy and
This, in my
opinion, is

to

one.
gross
Another

its base

anxious

for this dreaded

cure

but

ripen,

to

of

care

the

the

and

at

about

are

and

preventives

recommended

object being

on

fruits

perfect

of

cultivation

the

labour

the

the

in

the

soft

them

mark
the

the

excellent

and

two,

not

brother-gardeners;

this disease.

formed.

slightblack

putting it dry

safe

first I

stem

stop

base

wounds
a

the

on

out

his

suggest

that

preference

remain,

indication

point

can

that

one

more

this it is

by

doubt

of

usually
plants rather severelyafter
for plenty of young
growth

the

make

to

in

are

crops

prune

surface

that

two

or

whole

season.

greatest

well

do

of
in

laterals

cement,

manures

plant

reason

who

deserve

remembered

closelywhich
the

third

and

of the

man

best

be

without

let

and

cropping,
in

plants

same

found

house

same

months.

the

the

no

fact

planting one

the

is

is the liability
of the stem
to
collapsejust as
bitter
disappointment all the
blastingwith

often

It

of

There

many
them

from

i.e.

until

full crop
of three
method
of melon-

secure

system,

fruit

common

it is also

I have

fruits.

next

produce
to

extend

to

adopted it is necessary
been
gathered in order

has

crop

order

meanwhile

the

"

in this way,
grown
from
be obtained
three, crops may
but
the
is
second
good,
always
crop
this system

will

years
ago
extension

"

them

allowing

by

made

Many

as

In

trellis.

the

which

be

may

of

all of

be

should

plant.

house,

was

melons

best

that

was

limit

the

formed, nearly

the

later

are

reached

have

first

the

considering

later

until

to

object being
At

have

useful

most

the

under

crossways
far
So

The

rule

plants to develop

the

fruits

the

fast

grower
laterals ; endeavour

necessary

as

and

the

or

soon

the

health.

superfluous
healthy foliagethat will help
fruits.

hard

follow,

to

plants in

the

keep

to

make

impossible to

is

GARDEN

FRUIT

to

is

not

apply

the

first

is Portland

arrested

by

the

THE

successive
first,
the
with
a

what

if

Watering.

stable

or

stem

channel

otherwise

would

lightand

heat

increased

and

the

always

and

let

that

care

of the

the

fruits is

from

time

the

of

crop

fruits

the

should

plant
should

For

Shading.
of

canker,

from

or

will

consist

of

be

or

no

they

roots

85,

Crops.

to

from

materials

need

garden.
old, and

Where

cause,

is

should

be

crop

be

of

had

successional
small

the

not

air

at

as

markets,

crop

towards

available, I

only

and

be

cannot

ripe

be

are

are

to

Take

appearance

will

time

any

is available

the

second

the

middle

more

limited
others

two

or

three

for the

and
extent

in

are,

for
the

end

the

end

melons

In
are

the

of

the

Channel

extensively

market

middle

of

this

summer,

one

soil.

other

country,
when

and

the

The

fresh

The

old

in

the

to

the

third

Where

plants from
where

the

English
are
only
they
generally as a

for
but

old

Melons

young

then

is

crop

ways

October.

grown

of

I have

all the

Islands,

believe,fairlyremunerative
in

as

of November.

prefer planting
leaves are
developed.

favourable,

as

as

out

and
in

culture

anticipate

quantity, add some

is planted.
crop
or

in

attack

an

season,

clear

manure

out

Crop.

Market

late

so

to

valuable

in

the

mum
mini-

house

of

consequence
be given.

is better

had

but

the

to

much

time.

any

fresh

ample
be

closingthe

when

the

necessary

is
will

in

it

in

be

advances,
at

never

house

one

results

fairlygood qualityeven

Melon

between

fruits

cut.

ventilation

three

similarlybefore

soil

conditions

grown

given

distinguished

mentioned

treatment

in

way
should

shade

only

best

manure

new

houses

other

be

off the

summer

degs.

beds, and fill up again with

be wasted, for they will
be

the

pots, when

The

the

secure

of fruits should

can

are

ripening

ripening

them

before

treatment

give

obtain

to

the

treat

the

must

The

one
melon,
quite possible
good crops
to
mentioned, but to accomplish this it is necessary
planting-time by having good-sized,strong plants ready as soon

materials

from

fruits

the

much

before

and

and

one,

water

during

ventilation

the

as

90

or

stems

When

have

crops

necessary
cool
to

or

other

it is

cleared,

fairlydry

manure

broken

ripe ; top

are

require much

not

the

some

Successional
the

the

effectual

until

given

are

front

subjected

do

Unless

As

subsequent

degs.,maximum

Melons

afternoon.

the

they

little

until

set

be

not

60

be

melons,

are

regulate the temperature.

air
the same,
only more
melon

when

as

Ventilation.

and

earliest

of the

growth

impaired.

Temperatures
case

preserved,

are

the

of the temperature

an

showing

are

stalks

than

become

to

it be

be

of

extension

signs of ripeness, and

be
must
not
water
withheld, but only so
entirely
process
only) as will keep the foliagefresh.
(and clear tepid water
be closelyexamined, and
should
the aroma
from
as
soon
as
of
from
the
and
the stalks show
these
signs
parting
fruits,

fully developed

cases

is better

case,

border

are

and

the

extreme

hard, and forms

circulation,saving

sets

for sap

be

supplied with water,

liberally
the
growing in. Allow
when
watering does take place
the fruits are
swelling it should
Liberal
yard.
waterings must

cow

in

This

be

occasionally,and
alternatelywhile
the

an

as

sometimes

failure.

utter

they

house

perfect

so

With

plants must

the

of

not

of

disappointment
melon

is left in the

little life there

which,

crop

85

be given until
applicationsmust
almost
consist
entirely of cement.

will

stem

MELON

scarcely any

the

fire heat

is

86

FRUIT

THE
and

required to develop
important
handsome,

appearance,
for this purpose

do

Perfection,Royal Sovereign, and

Culture
where

there

culture

in

there

houses,

favourably placed,whose
melons.

own

This

months

summer

possesses
grower
of
the
size
the

If

necessary.
the

beyond

3 feet.

or

if

in

litter

as

stable

the

bed

soil put

houses, namely, a layer of

and
grass side downwards,
seeds

leaf soil

are

allow

pots

leave

to

them

frame

good

with

sun

should

be

knows

how

high

afternoon,
a

of

quarter

registered,a
the
secure

made

little air

cultivator
the
to

about

will

heat

the

General
when

an

so

during

of

the

same

the

soil

be

must

the

must

be

know

desired, but

frame

until

in

the

light.
plunged in

be

for
necessary
and
day to

night

out

atmosphere,
or

be

must

frame

After
time

close

to

experience

few

is

leaves

the

small

given
to

80

sides
the

look

than

the

85

or

of the
grower
in the

is closed

corner

each

close

but

rise

may

four

of

surface,and

the

in

wide,

of each

Until, by experience,
after

feet

pots

come

heat

it,

upon

for beds

centre

placed in a convenient
is closed, and
if more

this

placed

three

plants, border

become

proper

be

have

they

before,

as

dimensions

confined

it must

the

will

little air

that

readmitted.
the

out

week

hours

(not otherwise),

tepid water.
will

of

frame,

frame

together

put

of

the

It

the

as

warm
so

the

and

these

firmly.

closing,the

temperature

of

extend
if for

recommended

frame.

When

and

bed

as

of

be

opened

and

2|
material,
fresh
leaves,

course

of soil in the

intact

kept

afternoon,

after

be,

the

with

should

middle

back

plants.

is sunny

soon

then

the

material

better

two

their

would-be

the

high

about

thumb-pot,

the

at

in

frame

mound

corner

the

the

permanent
the

the

across

be

the

thermometer
hour

be

small

Before

the

the

small

syringed with

frame

doing

feet

in

hot,

completed,

must

the

in

heat.

make

young

weather

time

grow

that

all
5

and

injurious fumes, which,

They
planting press
if the

in

degs.

in

out.

in

morning

to

turf

in

any
the

to

to

suppose

be

escape

becomes

little air

of

escape
fatal
prove

two

sown,

the

might
plant

in

previously placed

time

some

gases
it

this will

the
laid

of

round,

ferment,

to

is

the

The

heavy-

able

stableyard,mixed
should
do
by itself),

will

litter

and

necessary

will

it should

the

noxious

the

Immediately

given.

method

the

all

feet

from

together again until

rule, it will be safe
a

put

when,

let

to

over

be

delighted to

be

is finished

large heap

of

Golden

than

or

least

at

bed

(if not,

temporarily
be

for

ordinary

obtainable

turned

the

and

three-lightframe, as the case

may
the
quantity of fermenting
govern
bed
should
is available, the
one-light frame
two,
will

frame

frame

varieties

better

most
are

Lockinge.

quite possible,and
and
simple. We
easy

only

consisting of

would

owners

one,

When

of

reliable

are

the

which

only

is

is

of

of

one

those

grow
which

know

not

Hero

Frames.

three

are

this connection

to

the
generally,I suppose
Taking
country
melon
for
gardens possessing ample accommodation
of
small
if
not
so
not
are
hundreds,
gardens,
scores,

Cold

in

is

netted, and

well

golden
and

croppers,

mind

in

bear

to

In

fruits.

the

mature

considerations

GARDEN

at

this

85 degs. are

days' close

observation

the

in

frame

obtained,

reference

order
must

to

be

thermometer.
Culture.
six

inches

The

young

high they

must

plants
be

will

make

stopped,

so

rapid
that

and
progress,
each
plant will

TYPICAL

NETTED

MELON.

THE

88

Gilbert's

Victory

Middlesex

FRUIT

Bath.

of

Hero.

An

fruit

GARDEN

variety

old

of sterling merit.
of
the
size, and
highest

medium

of

and

quality

flavour.

Dickson's

certainly

Exquisite.
of

one

E.\rl's

as

the

scarlet

In

varieties.

attractive

is the

appearance

these

firm

also

skin

white

FrOGMORE

Orange.
free

Hero
The

cropper,
Lockinge.

of

Countess.

It is
The

Lady.

legitimately

of

of

This

has

the

Well

will

of

serious

in

scarlet

the

advantage
disless

its much

colour, contrasting

green

white-flesh

earliest

the

it is

as

the

particularly.

varieties

of

one

of

unlike

the

handsome

most

is

not

condition

good

bright

yellow.

known

it deserves

as

to

quickly.

pink

in

well

so

matures

sorts.

Skin

best.

preceding.

the

and

green

and

popular

most

Not

white-fleshed

keep

is,

refreshing

of

flavour.

best.

tinge

size, prolific, and

medium

of

an
early variety this
exquisite flavour, and

among

that

than

Varieties

one

one

the

from

dull

and
that

as

netted.

luscious

more

suffers

scarlet,

As

melon,

classed

is

Still

Early.
small

melon

of

delicious

of

One

Davenham
be.

This

and

and

cropper,

Densely

sweet

so

satisfying

or

is

and

not

and

White-Flesh

melons,

free

flavour.

richer

generally
of the
golden appearance
prettilynetted.
the

small,

excellent

but

green-flesh
the

of

be

to

varieties,
so

the

with

the

are

variety

consider

flesh

respect,

compared

unfavourablywith
of

somewhat

named,
known.

new

white-flesh

or

one

as

Most

melon

neither

white,

promising

green-flesh
the

is well
melons

flavoured

Favourite.

The
either

This

best

the

in
It

the

for

the

still

but

flesh,

is of

long

time

be

may

flavour.

sweetest

Of

it is

after

ripe.

netted.

Queen.

British
and

best

Royal
for

good

This

Sovereign.
exhibition

or

also

has

faint

for

primrose
large, handsome

market

of

Syon.

variety

of

well

in
green
netted.

of

melon,
Award

purposes.

Scarlet-Flesh
Beauty

of

tinge
colour,

Rich

handsome.

most

the

delicious

of

Merit

flesh.

is

It

F.C.C.,

R.H.S.

flavour,

of

one

heavy

the

cropper,

R.H.S.

Varieties

medium

size, pleasing

and

appearance,

excellent

flavour.
Blenheim
Frogmore

flesh, of rich
GUNTON
Scarlet
the

Orange.

Still

flavour.

Scarlet.
Premier.

one

of the

handsome

Densely

netted.

Scarlet.

variety

new

very

well-known

of

in

best

melon

of

all

oval

respects.
with

shape,

deep

very

solid

promise.
general

favourite.

It

medium

size,

is without

doubt

among

best.

Read's

Scarlet

Flesh.

An

old

variety

of

way.

Monstera

deliciosa

(see

p.

214).

and

excellent

in

every

MULBERRY

THE

MULBERRY

THE

This

fruit
be

can

is

grown
trees

important

and

assistance

one

The

are

form

trees

the

the

fruits

the

are

also
fruit

of

best

weeping
a

and

full

and

After

pruned

shapely,

to

not

very

is

cut

after
of

into

is

it

much

damp,

kept

being

become

length,

suffers

tree

stem,

transplanting

in

their

roots

planting.

split

as

pleasant

damaged

or

the

as

up

great
for

form
handsome

developing

becomes

in

large,

and

as

variety
Russian
flavour.

the

is

variety

being

The

black
has

the

side

It

mulberry,
small

black

usual

closely
ripens

mulberry
the

fruits

mulberry
so

white
which

to

the

plant

to

prevents

mown

from

as

favourable

Under
is

but

appear,
the

pruned

house.

too

holes

districts
shoots

delicious.

is
not

fall.
the

cold

orchard

the

and

grass

they

flat,

large

and

frost,

grows.

trained

bush

pot

by

In

tree

walls,

south

bruising

The

garden.
size,

mulberry
the

naturally

trees

often

grass-land,

upon

ripe

hardy

upon

and

October.

and

are

soon

spurs,

after

year

covered

grown

conditions

round

Britain,

of

parts

heads.

stems

be

can

the

northern

the

open

good

carrot-like

placed

the

years,

branched

these

first

the
of

weather

in

except

in

trees

fleshy

dry

hay-band

the

two

or

round

In

for

the

out

them.

and,

purchased

be

can

lay

to

shorten

removal,

appreciated,
standard

upon

Mulberry

or

much

BUNYARD

GEORGE

By

it

89

August

ripen

to

is

mulberry
in

less

July,

CHAPTER

THE

GEORGE

By

Cob

filberts

and

nuts

received

When

tree.

require
from

NUT

Leader

shortened

shoot

(d)

side

down

above
to

Stem

beneath

12

to

the

be

15
bush

shoot

in
on

spur

to

lateral

or

long
to

summer

pruning
spur

inches
may

to

shortened

[k)

more

blossom

This

side

to

shoot

that

buds

in

shortened

the

stem

is

readily

tilled

catkins

[i] wood

provided
and

broken

with

flower

having

buds

been

kept

base
to

shoot

lower

has

bud,

wood

from

produced

in

energies

( /)

other

any

small

head

fruit
upon

Nut

shoot

catkins,

secure

have

trees

catkins

(c)

than

cutting

Cob

of

with
in

concentrate

high.
be

bud

spurred

wood

point,

pruned

Branch

pruned

two-year-old

these

nursery

wood

closely

and

pruning

more

the

PsuNED

(a)

BUNYARD

been

side

bud

broken

[e] one-year-old
down

at

{d)

wood

in

base

summer

(g)

shoots

buds.

in

order

free

from

that

the

weeds.

ground
They

TT-W

0^

:5

-J

?-J

:^

THE

are

planted

are

pruned
of

received, and

as

closely,to

the

future

shoot

is

basin-shaped
started

seen

these, spurs
trees

top, but
main

six

fruit

ones

broken

are

flower

sticks

The

catkins

and

should

long enough
female

warm

branches

with

the

feet

20

bent

in

from

which
for

summer

If

the

of

the

the

across

portion

produced,

are

have

branches

to

15

in

Kent
the

packing

bert
fil-

and

early

as

of

the

to

remain

tiny

crimson

the

on

weather

is advisable

stick

be

trees

produced.

are

From

out

old

minal
ter-

time

for

produced

are

When

boughs.
and
it
still,

will

shoots
taken

sold

cob

allowed

which

they

nuts

the

of

course

main

shoots
tion
founda-

that

so

in

shaped

twelve

which

ground.

are

parts

upper

be

form

cut

the

season.

the

fertilise the

to

flowers,

smaller

very
the

the

on

best

the

year

form

reserved

or

freely produced

are

February

one

to

remaining

either

next

of

old

annual

these

the

and

soft fruit of

nuts

boughs,

winter

for

grow

The

to

years
from
the

basket-making,

male

result.

given off,on

strong
of

to

out

100

of

out,

or

the

pack

the

in

allowed

back

cut

feet

Some

will

are

5|

number

when

91

vigorous shoots
annual
the
pruning, make
bud
pointing outwards
;

the

shoots

than

wands.

throw

from

shoots

managed,
more

being

branches

short

boughs

autumn

as

with
or

not

called

are

to

of

after
them
At

tree.

produced

head

well

are

make

NUT

is

to

tap

disperse

to

the

pollen.
At

the

winter

the

pruning

are

spurs

Growths

thinned, and, if necessary,

wood
is removed, and the

shortened.

In

and

following
natural

free

the

admission

July

being all
ripening

that

the

away
knife.
A
fresh

are

upper

this benefits

required);

It is found

wood.

bush

also.

and
At

careful

young
that

so

future

is

be

the

thus

severed

plants.

in

fresh

one

never

with

seen
a

better

In

pruning

will

old

buds

short
be

not

base

and

cut

in

winter

bud

bearing

in winter

to

shoot,

broken

and

succeed
trees.

sharp spade,

and

below

gross
ends

summer

the

broken

when
it

the

third

for

Suckers
if well

so

that

twig

next

from
rooted

are

fracture

be

may

and

there

off the

allows
would

should

shoots

is

may

thumb
assists in

which

with
an

be

sharp

abundance

signs

year's fruiting:
the

cut

surface

severed

shows

bud

from

line.

cross

central

in

down

(/) shoot

nuts,

or

shortened

above

to

cutting,as the broken

of a secondary growth,

always proceed

trees

shall
in

the
than

value.

no

the

need

(k) vigorous growth

blossom

formation

the

winter

pruner

wood

of

(/)

that

summer,

from

Closely

Winter

permits, it greatlyhelps the tree to break

the fingerand
boughs (a sharp twist with

if time

the

on

exude, preventing

the

cut

or

the

to

sap
weaken

off

among

foliage is larger on

August,

or

shoots

twigs

sun

away

stronger

cuts

and

trees.

In

of

air

The

branches.

pruned

of

Shoot

in

summer;

spur

winter
in

the

Spurred

stronger growths
thinned, leaving the tree
all sides, allowing
regularly balanced
on
back

cut

from

Old

roots

should

be

reserved

of

age

he

worn-out

be
to

hoed
make

THE

92
Kent

is noted
of

system

for

pruning

FRUIT

its fine

and

nuts,

is carried

GARDEN

only

in

because

Where

out.

the

that

trees

naturally

and

small, and

county

wildly

the

treatment,

the

respond
and

to

grow

nuts

is almost

crop

They

vigorous

allowed

are

to

well

are

less.
worthliberal

for

repay
well
as

manuring
occasionally
pruner's labour.

as

for the

Filberts
White

The
nuts

of

are

richly flavoured.
soils,and a shy
The

red,

Shoot

from

i) From

blossom

handsome

shoots

short

mere

to

Duke

bearing

and

from

need

wood

nuts

shortened

; the

large

It is very
Hundreds

nut.

soils.

in

bunch.

It

is most

igoi.

and

This

threes

; of

is

is

hardy,

wide,

and

of tons

Bergem.

short

the

best

bearers.

handsome

very

and

large.

are

with

nut

are

very

thick

shell, and

usually

F.C.C.

for general culture.

The
best
nuts
are
the
far beyond
deeply notched, and extends
in all situations, even
on
gravelly and
stony

is the

flat and

be

nuts

of

One

bunches

flavour.

This

rather

may
are

excellent

Lambert's.

or

husk

Nuts

being
winter

at

The

Cob

Kentish
very

fruits

Cob

(n)

which

buds

be

not

Edinburgh.

of

in twos

the

produced

is

variety, which

bunched

twelve

green.

This

Bud

buds

stubby
twigs
pruning.

short

skin

the

all the others, and

ripens before
F.C.C.
prolificand quite distinct.

Shortened

Wood

damp

variety
a
shy
is quite

Frizzled.

or

has

very

flavour, but

fresh

Prolific

Growths

rich

very

When

often

in

foliage being brownish

the

very

is tender

Skinned.

is of

bearer.

but

It

The

shape, small
bearer.

Red

which

Kentish.

or

oval

grown

in Kent.

grown

with
in
thin shell and
borne
nuts
a
variety with roundish
very
flavour, and a free cropper.
thick
shell ;
round
with
Merveille
Bollwyller.
The
de
a
largest variety ; nut
flavour
A very
excellent
in a bunch.
two
nuts
sturdy grower.
; usually
Prize.
Webb's
This
is a variety of the Kentish
Cob, and generally produces larger
COSFORD

Cob.

of six

bunches

; of

excellent

and

handsome

more

bunches

than

the

Nut

latter.

similar

very

the

husk

is rather

longer.
Prolific.

Pearson's

Very

similar

to

Cob.

Cosford

WALNUTS
Walnut

climate

is

too

used

for

is

try and

to

of

trees

supplied from

good size,which

nurseries.
cold

to

pickling.
pass

For

The

ripen
this

strong

bear

walnut
the

nuts,

purpose

needle

well

will
these

the

in

grow

through

be

can

shell

from

eight

in all kinds

them.

not

On

of
in

picked

should

to

be
the

twelve

years,
soil ; where

a
green
hard ; a

Continent

state

good

are

the
and
test

walnuts

NUT

THE

93

are

washed,

they

and

keep

then

better

put

on

the

than

This

sulphur.

with

kiln

English

kills

the

and

germ,

thus

nuts.

W-COB-NUT

(o)

Terminal

it
The

is
is

very

be

warm

one

it

filling

variety

depended

walnut

French

large

summer

English

always

cannot

for

pruned

thin-shelled

The

nut

long

does

PRUNING,

after

catkins

bearing

growths

left

seed

TKEE

vacant

is

other

FOUR

growths
or

space,

YEARS

the

good

in,

spurred

are

furnishing

considered

OLD

though

some

with

branches.

tree

but

one,

as

this

be

may

is

raised

from

upon.

succeeds
not

in

ripen

well,

the

parts

warmer

and

the

edible

large.

Orange,

The

(see

p.

205).

of

part

England,
is

only

but
half

unless

formed.

the
The

XI

CHAPTER

THE

PEACH

AND

OWEN

By

Of
and

all

British-grown

the

nectarine.

fruits

The

History.

it

not

to

in

peach,

account,

time

we

be

may

he

the

introducing

and
I

the

House.
trees

first

The

which

be

can

earliest

the

kept

hearly
in

warm

of

roof

the

by

with

trellis

(upon

the

trellis

at

roof

light

is utilised

all

half-way

day.
up

and

the

uniform
for
The
the

in

of

In

this

at

better

trained)

of

feet

below

fruit,

favoured
case

are

by
the

the

which

the

angle
know
finer
Two

are

By
the

drum

planted

been

easily
that

One

is

the

fixing
to

all

method
to

are

grown

of

way

the
Flat-

and
be

can

methods

this

house

more

degs.

45

fruit

fully exposed
is

is

have

forcing
of

important

roof.
is

form

of

the

garden

for

It

is

regulated

be

and

practised.

many,
trees

which

in

does,

ones.

parts

in

must

and

crops

two

out-of-doors.

This

an

peaches

mystery,

recommend

wall.

honour

house

one.

about

country

position

structure

house

steeply pitched

the

would

back

pitch,

are

plan,

other

high

Good

production

roof.

the

trees

distance

the

of

certainly

but

certainty

which

steep

span-roofed

as

avoided.

houses,

ease

the

have
be

to

are

greater

reason

should

house

in flat-roofed

grown

light

the

span-roofed

three-quarter

much

as

winter

roofs

pitched

is

of
that

this

at

as

the

into

peach

on

is

VIII.,

practical.

walls

favourable

most

house

the

second,

524,

had

more

of

consider

to

size

The

the

little

be

considerable

in

to

and,

the

The

it.

to

required.

crops

of

admits

and

work

1557

year

Henry
1

year

have

may

involved

From

Whichever

country.

cultivation

out)

the

by

yellow

can

of

posed
sup-

record.
the

there

reign

in

1562,

the

in

red,
the

whoever

our

the

thing

grown,

given

supplies

the

by

be

to

are

of

planted

peach

of

part

and

points

are

subject

trees

and

peach,

historical

the

glass (the

The

the

white

that

is
but

sorts."

other

many

as

tree

and

peach,

published

early

certain,

authentic

fruits

as

from

year

no

red

king's gardener,

the

England,

divide

to

propose

first, under

into

it

from

pass

we

England

apricot

of

home

garden,

peaches

into

the

the

with

history.

for

peach

the

have

we

of

interesting

The

peach,

list

mentions

who

brought

native

my

the

Italy, by Wolf,

from

find

white
in

in

introduced

was

probably

and

of

it

that

introduced

peach

the

known

not

before

England

than

and

is

Persia.

of

in

the

it

ancient

very

indigenous

native

all

them

finding

Tusser,

Thomas

doubt

have

and

is

first

was

describes

"

of

esteemed

more

are

any,

it

cultivated

it

1597,

adding,

be

to

been

whence

Gerarde,

by

believed
have

and

whom

this

country

generally

is

boasts
which

to

GLASS

THOMAS

if

few,

peach

the

Although

UNDER

NECTARINE

sun

fix
the
and

trellis, reaching
against

the

back

THE

wall,

and

trees,

planted

trained

obstruct

the

obtain

to

in

the

house,

same

of

succession

devoted
a

considerations

are

with

force

greater
the

with

case

its way
glazed ; and

cultivator

the

to

regard

into

the

this

leads

fitted

badly

front

that

and

winter

to

in

to

me

early

plan

greater

number

of

furnish

to

to

does

ties
varie-

it.
A
longer
planting early,

by

attention

have

been

fact

that

beneath

the

remark

of

at

loss

Another

and

house

ever

in

worth

point

in

the

winter
cold

air

carefully

so

caused

by

noting

is the

fact

scarcelyever

now

is particularly

fuel

waste

ventilation

Top

forcing.

the

be

panes,

is

this

during forcing time.

for months
together in
all,for generallytoo much

the

early spring

builder, and

ventilation

spring

required

the

to

admitted

winter

by good
spring, by

and

should
be regulated,becomes
of paramount
fixed
should
be
which
possible,ventilators
open
that
the panels can
always be opened on the side opposite to
In this way
is blowing.
air can
be admitted
which
the wind
without
the
at
cold
be provided
time
causing violent
draughts. Means, of course, must
same
It is only as
of plenty of air during summer.
for the admittance
regards the
of it in winter
and
cautious
to
early spring that I have felt called upon
use
give
with
force
of
and
this
other
fruit
word
to
equal
trees
warning,
warning applies
a
which

alone

and

fruit

than

and

ventilators.

air in winter

cultivators

is the
not

houses

warped

former

and

thought

not

cultivator

the

house

same

order
the

question by enterprising
builders,that
building of glass-housesfor fruit-growing purposes
guided by their experience and follow their advice.
bearing on the subject which
appeal more
directly

notice
point I would
ventilators
the
are
spring

finds

the

much

so

required

in

of

set

horticultural

first

The
and

from

years

low

enables

which

growing

are

another

the

be

than

better

Still,there
and

late
this

study of
contemplating

do

cannot

Of

the

to

cultivator

had

be

may
late varieties.

Ventilation.

trees

more

This

wall,

of

and

hip-roof,

wall.

back

opportunity

the

95

kept purposely

back

the

from

fruit

and

mid-season,

the

on

as

of

apex

trellis,
are

those

of fruits
a
crop
it also affords an

and

not,

from

light

the

as

low-front

the

on

far

as

up

NECTARINE

AND

PEACH

means

importance, and
either
at
side, so

as

well

to

the

as

that

say

peach

should

ends
should

face

face
due

all

out

be

must

again
that
to

the

of

taken

exception,

an

admit

sunny
little front

air for

and
summer
producing peaches
south
the early lean-to
houses,
;

mean

short

much.

too

temperature

not

when

morning,

warm,

I do

and

the

time,

Span-roofed

in

and

soil

of

mixed

soil has

inside

outside

wall

of

but

been
of

border

house
;

each

house.
of

new

cleared

good
soil
away

drainage

in

the

successful

To

do

border.

the

the

the
any

with

is that

item

important

An

removed,

consider

be

instance, to
lowering the

for

best

north

the

front

when

for

rule without

no

The

autumn.

the

on

contrary,

south.

the

similarlytreat
the

not

construction

the

is

peach

from

the

Border.

The

should

without

much

are

is

bloom,

done

be

can

houses

in

are

temperature

There

peach.

advantage

trees

if it

the

whenever

to

the

border

depth
should

of
be

cultivation
well

this
2

begin by

feet

9 feet

the

formation

of

the

the
to
depth mentioned,
drain
first,lay the main

the

ging
dig-

inches, and
wide, measuring
9

Any clayey soil,or that which

be
retained, and can
quality may
in

of

border.
the

(if

next
one

is poor,
be

used

Assuming
question
does

not

96

THE

alreadyexist) at
clay

or

the

sand

drainage
required. Artificial

no

of be
and

the

best

to

way

lower

border
the

should

of

planting
sacrifice

of

form

to

build

Soil.

turf

for
to

the

two

the

of

trees

with

hand, and
the
making

will

any
for the
The

of

first

and

border

of the

border

This

it should

border

add

wide

bricks,

broken

rapidly.

away
borders
I

system
but

the

at

first made

wall

In

the

they

is

be

front

out.

for

know

this

should

the

and

be

must

commencing

the

drainage, and
be parallel
they should
over

border

formed

of

fairlyheavy loam
long enough to destroy

stacked

of

be

of loam

be

be

couple

rich

the

high.

should

should
a

5 feet

feet

2^

large

or
two,
year
I recommend

mside, and 2 feet outside

roots
spreading both inside
place turves
grass-sidedownwards
limits

carry

water

of

towards

inches

layer of

this

wide

house

at

cases,

bottom

least

spoken

most

down) is by
obliquely towards

The

it.

Under

kind.

success.

cartload

each

at

into
of

in

or

laid

been

has

chalk,

gravel

drain

provided

feet

or

of

main

feet apart,

covered

be

is

as

growth

longer ;

no

should

condemning

fruit

The

border,

the

land.

and

and

in

the

at

of the

pasture

roots,

of

walls

wall

The
old

material

feet

the

drain

bed

stiff
roots

be

sandstone

the

venient
con-

of

the

then

good

be

must

and

rough

border

the

turf

the

to

so

allow

to

of

of

be
of

some

prevent

must

would

neither

necessary,

bottom

pipes

should
consist

to

to

border

drain,
emptying
is a fall
formed, that there

permanent

wide

arched

the

The

young
remarkable

make

be

prove

at

consist

to

bottom

The

substratum

main

hesitation

no

5 feet

be

such

or

have

will

the

drain.

main

stones,
I

of

end

medium.

drainage, however,
this (afterthe main

secure

laying 4-inch pipes at

the

the

itself

empty

should

concrete

if it is found

will

other

should

subsoil

the
to

the

contrary,

is necessary

It

border.
If

necessary
undesirable

this

penetrating
the
deep.
If, on
concrete

the

level.

it w^ill be

from

no

of

base

lower

of

point
marl,

GARDEN

FRUIT

will

months

into

chopped

of

the

preparing

about

pieces

barrow-load

When

suffice.

from

cut

inches

grass
the

square,

road

scrapings, and the same

of
old
broken
and
mortar
rubble,
quantity
bricks,
a
bag of ^-inch bones.
here
I may
draw
attention
which
has an
the
matter
to
a
important bearing on
successful
of the
cultivation
all
peach tree, and, indeed, I may
stone
on
say
fruits, that is, the necessity of the soil in which
they are
having a
grown
in
its composition.
liberal mixture
of lime
This
should
be
turned
compost
several
well
and
when
mixed
in
the
border
between
times,
placed loosely
over
it be

very
that

do

to

walls.

turf

is

dry

the

the

few

back

them

front

the

will
a

be

wire

The

is

how

out

soil
be

must

border

will

We

for

the
find

to

namely,

it

suppose

ready

border

say,
should

border.

covered

By
in

two

trellis should

at

feet
been

planting
or

be

three
fixed

be

not

will

be

that

apart,

plant the
good

as

with

standard

years with
the back

them

and
fruitful
wall.

the

trees,
fill the

to

house

dwarf
trees.

The

suming
Pre-

can

be

had

between

trees

advised

together,

Previous
wires

mand.
com-

planted against

manner

trees

at

recommended,

trees

be

thing

next

space

as

trees

in the

should

nor

it friable.

fan-trained

dwarf
for

wet,

make

trained

tall standard

prepared

to

required

to

and
trellis,

the

when

prepared

if necessary
to
receive
the young

it is decided

advise

10

have

to

trees

front

I would
shillings,

wall,

must

moistened

many
that

wall and

back

the

for
wall

planting,
(not galvanised)
to

PEACH

TREES

ON

BACK

WALL

OF

GLASSHOUSE.

THE

98
from

planted
details

influence

adversely
is

tree
extent

be

of

about

of the

and

stem

be

trained

be fastened

or

less in

below

and

the

be

the

with

roots

hands,
After

work

proceeds.
disposed of, the

A*

treated

ig^

next

the

base

incline

pressure

for

the

it ; its

trees

roots

and

making

the

first

should

may
more

are

with

it firm

taken

be

of

layer

It is advisable

similarly.

press

that

tion
posi-

the

carefullycovered

first

be

extended

prepared
so

the

to

of the

to

same

that

found

and

be

centre

hole

trellis

of the

layer must

bottom

the

the

in the

the

which

to

roots

planter

the

in

7 inches,

in the

through

side

of

the

for

tree

It will

this.

above

not

the

lower

the

to

The

house.

soil

The

depth

enable

the

certain
time, there are
which, if neglected, will

formed

be

soil,and

Place

to

layers,therefore
soil,working it among

the

the

into

same

tree.

the

to

out

planted,

upwards.

roots

should

branches

to

well

roots

of the

ends

the

is

tree

the

of

should

be

the

of

size

work

large enough

or

square,
mound
small

the

taken

be

must

feet

length.

in which

welfare

future

the

planted

to

full

their

in

the

to

apart

itself is

observed

be

to

GARDEN

according
At
a
simple one.
the
out
carrying

feet

lO

in

planting

of

act

to

FRUIT

is
and

hand

in

place

to

the

as

roots

small

_^'("2_

fyi
"

'Q

"

from

"j

'

Characteristic

bud

wood
a

bud

blossom

with

^o
,

wood

bud

long,

thin

and

buds

blossom

(in centre)
pointed

short,

bold,

here
be

to

the

receive

any

Small

the

careful

ridge

to
i

-i

of

to

only

known

are

day

placed

sou

remaining;

part

there

where

until

water

^^

are

like

should

most
roots

soil in the

The
i

border

the

Stem.
i

IS, inside
the

around

and

rounded.

that

be,
ot

sp'''"gj and

good watering

where

trees

there

blossom

two

buds

the

water

tree

one

filtering

of

where

border

Cultivator

the

on

impress

roots

planting,and

^^^^'

double

(r) triple bud-

and

bud

wood

bud

wood

its side;

at

(q)

bud;

each

instead

inches

place

takes

watering
the

18

about

stem

the

soil of

the

Give

^^^

O""

(/) Single

sure

roots.

no

when

it reaches

into

away

Buds

Wood

be

the

around

that

it,so

may

'

turf

of

ridge

are

roots

new

not

must

roots

no

formed

are

in

then

be
when
copious waterings may
sparinglyuntil summer,
The
down
tied
be
trees
given as the soil becomes
dry.
temporarily
may
young
the
to
trellis,but the final tying should not take place until early spring,just
before
will presume
We
that planting has been
growth commences.
completed,
the end
about
of October, which, in the case
of all stone
fruit trees, I consider
to

be

the

glassor

best

At

September

and

obtained

from

are

Pruning.
whether
be

of the

season

out-of-doors.

between
results

even

the

trees

back

are

year

the
to

be

left their

to

carry

time,

same

end

October

Towards

the

the

of

trees

February, or

and

middle

pruned

even

early November
of
or

November
not

that

be

may

for

trees

planted

with

either

work,

March,
planting.

into

the

is,if

grower
the

young

but

must

under

safety
the

best

decide
shoots

are

length. Many good cultivators will say that

the shoots
be cut, arguing that the wood
must
will break
buds
from
not
point
base of every
to
for
fruitshoot, thereby furnishing
next
more
year'scrop many
be expected from
bearing shoots than can
growths cut back to half their length,
I am
about
Were
it a question of which
to
as
recommend
they should be.
of
better
result as regards the
would
the
the
to
secure
pruning
system
grower
to

cut

or

full

this

out

fruit

yield of
left

fruit for the

unpruned
of the

or

tree, and

depends

more

of

lower

time

in

back

cutting

I would

near

for

As

pests.
of

out
same

search

for

shoots

in

the

also

Let

me

urge

for,
enemy,
irretrievable

the

anticipate its
shoots

The

well

be

rather

embryo fly; if any are found

is by syringing with
a

cases

the

at

invade

to

in

done

of

Blossom

Buds

the

(j^j
single ;(/) double;
credibly(k) triple all proinducing

an

Gishurst

blossom,

rid of
that

less free

as

ing
prun-

rule,destroy the

best

to

way

remove

effectuallygot

If

probable

this stage, it is
will
be
trees

at

the

therefore

growth,
improper

structions,
in-

the young
growths, the
solution
of tobacco
water.

wood

any

buds.

will,as

This

not

pound,
com-

printed

the

on

in winter.

upon
weak

Characteristic

their

its ravages
recommend
that

solution

insect

circumvent

recommended

them

supply

vigilant in

be

I would

is dormant

growth

buds

subject of

be

will
to

way
Therefore

than

weaker

while

back,

cut

growth, in nine
flydeveloping

it is allowed

once

with

and
This

from

ample

an

the

green
cultivators
to

damage

washed

years

into

best

visits.

being

tion
founda-

tree.

found

if

be

growth

introduce

force,

time.

shoot

cause

future

burst

be

the

by not
ing.
plant-

at

young

will

me

buds

will

trees

young
each

for

my, opinion,
the time of

in

ten,

of the

let

the

as

short
to

base

moment,

there

time.

the

at

soon

ten

length.
securing

thus

stem,

Here,

that

This

its

fruitingshoots

of

of the

shoots

early pruning,

of

out

cases

shoots

recommend

certainly half
the

nine

the

to

the
form

for, say, thirtyyears

the importance
culture
of the peach

success

method

decidedly favour
this is the

that

the

is occasioned

is

its future

the

upon

considers

one

that

I should

two,

or

99

In the
subject is apparent.
much
is
difficulty experienced in keeping the basal
well furnished
branches
with
fruit-bearingshoots.

tree

of

first year
when

but

NECTARINE

AND

PEACH

THE

or

more

fly throughout

from

the

season.

Disbudding.

develop rapidly
branches,
they

half

are

the

The
Shoot

buds;
i{v)Extremity single wood
to double
buds
; (x) pruning

on

other
a

level

basal

blossom

with

buds

or

from

bud

bud,

the
a

one

must

fruit

to

successional

wood

be

wood
the

draw

shoot

basal

blossom

growth
sap

shoot

and

bud,

must

(y)
be

the

left

to

apical and
interval

of

basal
ten

ones

days

;
two

all

must
more

be
of

on

the

the

upper

intervening

shoots

the

apart
branch.

may

on

also, at

shoots,

be

crops
The

shoot

Leave

other

distances

side of

year.

preserved,so

be

secured.

equal

young

bear

terminal

branch.

same

the

following
must

first,three

derstand
clearlyun-

of

the

also

must

budding
dis-

commenced.

must

be

to

are

of fruit the

(a/)extremity single

; there

beyond
which

shoots

-Fruit)

Bear

the

(will

Shortened

as

long

inch

which

Summer

Preceding

of

Properly

soon

as

be

cultivator

back
cut-

young

and

an

must

will

Shoots

on

about
the

between
After
taken

an

away,

leaving only one

left they crowd
found

few

when

they

brush

or

first

the

flower-buds
are

after

year

General

the

of

waterings

to

season,

all the

let

me

of
the

and
;

peach

space

the

other

my
all

at

fibrous

border

readers

dry, and
roots

be

to

tree

inside

year
out-of-doors, and
I

remark,
bearing a good
of

to

never

crop

It

always

must

or

some

season

will

the

round

be

often

for

the

from

When

to

and

blossom

ietof
frui

'^'^

buds
^

are

""^^''

75

very

""""^

^^^^^^^
have

young

branches

encouraged

year'scrop of
gathered,the trees
and
as
lightand sun

fruit.

next

Second

When

before

no

pruning

growth

whole

be
or

short

noon
after-

sufficient
rise

temperature

for

must

the

retains

sun

four

in

house

time.

to

All

they
Stopped when
the
and
leaves,

five

will depend
for upon
them
progress,
is finished
and
the fruits (ifany) are

have

peach tree when

by the young
planting, fifteen or eighteen,
ripened,

good

fortnight
the

trees
are
growing
syringed morning and

the

degS.

^^oots

the

the

formed

or

water

once

plenty of air night and day. Syringe occasionally,,

less frequently.
heat decrease
give water
Treatment.
Instead
of the five or six branches
possessed

must

Year's

make

to

80

Or

of

least

at

days

ten

be

must

make

to

power
when

trees
most

distance

stem

enough

while

Underneath
desirable

where

stem,

afternoon, closing the

Often

peach

their

of

the

in

once

border.

Removed

all

of

Therefore

over.

roots

watering

feet

freelythey
Buds

portant
im-

an

cultivation

are

feet of

need

4
week

with

what

here

first
water

manure

supposed, however, that I recommend

guide to the inexperienced,I may
say
all healthy peach
that
growing
trees,
freely and bearing good crops of fruit,,
or

Shoot

two

the

especiallyso during the summer

is peculiarlyapplicableto the
become
of fruit once
thoroughly

soil about

will

Fruiting

tended
ex-

be

not

As

wet.

in

as

of

use

successful

for the

especiallywithin

are.

border,
the

have

receive

should

mention

may
in the

growth.
and

think,

success

let the

the

the

have

ridge

advise

not

watering,

this

the

part of

I do

there.

all prospects

and

root,

urge

the

the

should

fruits

few

watering, they
a
good soaking

for

in

ridged

which

camel-hair

coarse

active,

are

be

to

border,

to

be

glassor

under

Let
the

become

will

roots

months

autumn

dry at

year

tree-roots

advised

Speaking of
year.
this plays throughout

fruits,whether
peach.

the

the

be

flowers

the
a

bear

to

this prevents

that

reason

first

part
and

space
whole

given

one

every
of the

most

the

of

Throughout

water.

at

limited

hold

take

soon

the

When

dry

allowed

be

may

with

are

will

fertilise

to

when

if several

wood-buds

the

made

be

pollen

tree

young

planting,for

Treatment.

beyond
will

The

shoots

Among

should

distributing the

tail.

bottom

and

top

growth.

effort

an

by

open,

rabbit's

useless

with

tree

the

between

midway
the

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

lOO

will

be

planted,
and

it should

if these

necessary,

the trellis. If the

to
tying them
and
disbudding
stopping the laterals

are

simply
summer

was

have,
of

wash

twelve

moderate
with

treatment

months
size

Gishurst
of the

carefully attended

well

compound
as
regards,

trees
to

after

and

as

directed,.

THE

practicallyno
strong

PEACH

winter
have

roots

AND

will

pruning
from

grown

lift the

be

surprised

and

tree

young
at

It

unceremoniously.
half-an-hour

to

crops.

Simply

season.

soil than
same

you
routine

year.
been

taken

If

least

at

and

the

horse

of

crops

time

will
it is

manure

Enlarging
of

the

that

the
of

and

feet

question

must

it will

and

found

arise

as

is in

of

out

certain

that
the

may

than

more

be

to

are

of

of

to

carry

fresh

end

the

restriction

in

to

room

year
the

are

tained
re-

mind
my
extension

to

Where

grow.

limited

and

extension

the

or

walls,

trees

further

border,

tion
addi-

third

house,

all the
for

good

have

the

turf

the

the

year

excepting

old

of

in
If

third

year,

the

pruning,
in

out

the

enlarged by

the

pursue.

trees

be

tree

ripen perfectly,
trees
bearing

in

second

trees

many

whether

let the

has

care

dressingof

top

down

At

hard

planted

young

the
first

the

if

each

fresh

grow

for

case

will

be

break

to

course

to

the

to

the

must

reached.
too

to

management
of

soil

matter

be

is

of

more

of soil.

house,

are

best

simply

varieties

of

is

replanted so

advised

as

Even

that

new

rather

these

beneficial

the

there

should

former.

how

are

the

number

the

like

trees
question. For
there is not
a
as
question of doubt
is preferable. By all means
system

is

do

to

Some

commenced

health

good

routine

roots

have

certainlyallow

much

adding

soil,adding

this

The

very
outside

the

to

become

(and

tree

In

soil.

be

probably

thing

roots

coarse

throughout

equal quantity

an

soil until

the

remove

it will

of

if the

trees

observed

do good to
astonishing

be

inside

border,

the

Border.

life will

tree's

the

flowers), I should

with

the

surface

secured

If

fruit
mixed

be

been

has

fruits.

same

best

advised.

lifted and

be

to

essential

most

After

must

fertilise the

to

the

case

before

simple operation requiring not

is

of old.

treatment

dozen

a
as

trees

young

little of the

away

"set"

at

heavy

take

such

two

ducing
pro-

good gardeners lift and replant their peach trees

in some
soils being the
best
to
secure
satisfactory
little to do at the borders
during this,the second winter

remove

of

the

happen that one

or
the previous year,

Many

this method
year,
There
will be

every

and

out,

In

loi

may
back

cut

offending roots

is,however,

carry
with.

dealt
effectually

the

recommending

my

roots

gross
branches.

cut

It

necessary.

other

correspondingly strong
to

be

NECTARINE

there

is

nothing
space
grown
for it but to have recourse
to frequent lifting
or
root-pruning, thereby restricting
of the
without
the
annual
tree
growth
appreciably diminishing its fruitfruit of the first qualityand
in
producing capacity. On the other hand, where
abundance
be considered
is required,this fact should
at
planting time, and the
front
well
that
of the
tree
planted in the
trellis,
as
as
planted in the centre
of

centre

house.

The

difficult

to

wall,

back

the

other

find

Old

trees

under

glass fall into

offer

one

into
under
had

healthy

my
been

Trees.

fruitful

and

notice

lifted and

be

bad

It

the

allowed

altogether inimical

to

trouble
become
to

the

permanent

planted

of

occupants

else,or

somewhere

infrequently happens

not

It

health.

practical suggestions

two

as

upon

the

it is

not

for them.

Renovating

or

looked

be

must

trees

market

must

the

has

been

dry,

the

formation

to

as

In

condition.

of

best

the

was

roots

poor

fibrous

of
way
instance

the

border

or

needed

roots.

that

old-established

irrelevant,therefore, to

be

not

nearly every

the

at

soil

will

The

bringing

these

that

come

has

saturated

was

lime
best

or

it

conditions

thing

is

to

soil of

the

remove

In

FRUIT

THE

I02

doing

this many
soil has been

old

the

be

may
the

border

the
roots

useful

These

fibrous
be

must

them.

The

half

back

cut

border

new

will

only

soil

horse

treated
and
Fruit

; {a) growth
fruit,stopped ; {d) successional
place in following year of that
shoots

to

if the

work

the

sap

bearing shoot
fruiting.
now

the

to

after

or

this

fruitful

and

branches.

compact

more

frequently syringed

be

to

growth

as

soon

as

of

Training.

shoots, and

the

tree

treated

thus
for

and

commences,

ing
shorten-

furnish

to

tree

it is

branches

the

prune

severely,cutting out altogetherany

others which
are
likelyto break freely,thereby helping
with

performed

been

has

sort

long,partlybarren

again

of

take

to

advisable
rather

before

operation

root

severe

carefully

Either

result.

active,

sacrifice of the

great

no

will

is

been

has

be
thus

trees

or

growth

as

"Set"

is

attract

tree

soon

executed
crop

(2)Disbudded

as

of

should

loam

and
the

to

one
year.
afterwards

good mulching

manure

given

least

at

can

from

spring

be added

required.

as

ones.

beyond the
provide sufficient

for

Among

may
feet

will

This

Fresh

after

about

soil

new

Branch

stem.

useless

and

roots

young

roots.

Disbudded

tree

After

long, bare,

extend

should

formed

the

first recommended.

at

as

many
length that

their

of

carefullypreserved.
perfect, the border
drainage made

found

be

4 feet

or

be

must

the

soil,mixed

new

there

roots

and

away

with

least 3

at

and

found,

be

cleared

partly re-filled

within

to

will

GARDEN

must

weeks

some

afterwards.
Methods

Various
the

pruning

peach

wall, and

back

with

one

method

arranged transverselyin
This
of

larger

area

essentials
upon
in

of

these

Seeing

it has

system

tied

culture
where

in
for
the

theory

that

to

the
been

finds

which

some

fruit
years,

peach trees
by training branches

are

from

failed
some

fruits

slow

to

but

favour

following

is

train

to

planted against the

the

trees

on

and

for

wall
over

have

think,

growers.

trees

tried

In

only, I
the

horizontally,as
this system
is adopted
also
year's shoots can

current

it.

the wall

the

When

season.

this
of the

some

sunlight directly
long time, and
advantage of a good thing.

known

take

recommend

cannot

of

to

larger

whether

scale,we
very limited
may,
enlist the practicalsympathy of

on

walls.
tree
on
pear
resorted
the
to, but

the

sacrifice

especiallyheat
been

in favour

from

question

to

the

at

advanced

obtained

are

it is
open

has

not

adopted

that it has

bear

of

systems

claim

the

obtained

method

public is

days

usually practised with the

spur-pruning is generally
be

training and
occasionallypractised, I have so
various

that

disputed, but

This

fruits.

only

reasonably conclude
Another

the
be

fruit-bearing surface is not

successful
fruit culture, more

utilitarian
that

are

I believe

house.

well

cannot

foliage and

the

the

principallyon

of it is based
surface.

glasswhich

the

trellis on
front
trellis and
the
viz.,with the curved
trellis covering the
whole
from
of the roof
base
to
trellis
double
of training the peach is upon
upright
a

two,

Another

summit.

under

tree

far only mentioned

Of

have

method

this

of

glass-houses,

narrow

had

pathway

much
and

success

down

the

hi

THE

I04
will

growths

allowed.

be

may

surface

branch

cultivator

with

partialshade

of

then

well

as

fruit should

believe
As

foliage.

and
is

well

as

the

latter

this is

above
any
When

should
side

upper

easilyexposed
of

period
continue

Branch

of

pinching ; (i) point of winter

pruning.

admitted.

completed

cut

impression,
conditions

then

it is safe

of

harvesting, and
inexperienced a

word

before

is

the

fruit

sun.

fruits which
when

be

convey.
but

the
fruit

is

Handle

the

not

final

the

test

to

also

have

of

noticed

many
expose

temperature

temperature.

the

must

the
very

be

the

that
the
the

hand,

lightlyas

of

is

the

the
will

and

three

or

air

more

when

is

stoning

will

make

and

anxiety,

the

tree

For

no

usual

the

but

and

so

or

(single
disfiguredby
net

receive

to

the

to

week

place

in

the

the

ripe

any

indicate

touch.

not,

The

gathering

least unnecessary
its quality either as

is difficult

matter

to

ness,
approaching ripelast

stalk,and to this part

flesh yield easily to
the

the

stoning

gathering. Many do not know

Knowledge of this descriptioncan

fruit will

it does

on

more

temperature

and

over,

burned

being

instruction

of

Should
other

tree.

and

The

walnut,

knife

no

under

when

be

fortnight

ascertain
that

the

when

time

which

cause

fruit

suspended

be

been

around

ripeness.

ripe ; if,on
ripe peach

away
Never

test

the

of
a

fruit.

those

commences

is necessary.
is very
hot,

weather

prevent

appearance

is that

it,taking
fruit.

roof

general

ripen

to

real

ripe, if the

fruit
aside

experienced cultivator,gathering,

will

advice

and

wire

to

can

light.

size

stoning

the

fruit

about

hard

so

that

To

the

caution

should

net

may

of

quite

the

The

peach

Fruits.

pluck a ripe peach from

acquired by experience,

to

only

provided.

Ripe

disposing of

thickness) upon
the

conclude

to

latter

the

the

to

To

is

stone

be

again

may

Treatment

if the

fruit,and

way
of

stiff twigs

and

slightly lowered

be

must

left

the

for

weeks, during
(J) Point

be

best

wire

removed

be

peach

the

fruit is about
Extension

an

and

over

should

the

branches

from

the

branch, and so bring the

the
trellis,afterwards
pushing
leaves
which
overhang the
may
thinning the fruits,those below

beneath

the

fruits is

fast,they

light.
to
place

not

under

better

trellis from

the

across

sunlight ;

the

to

The

the

to

accomplish

wood

Lateral

growing

fullyexposed
to

two

each

to

exposed

are

shoots

stronger

foot of
square
perfected every reasonable
in the
great desideratum

fruit

one

be

the

fruit develops
young
the stoning period of the

the

soon

of

some

grown
colour

Good

satisfied.

this the

GARDEN

On
crop.
be about

number

this

obtain

however,

soon,

will

well

be

to

excellent

an

There

will

and

peach,
too

provide

FRUIT

portion
be

must

must

pressure

touch
be
will

of

applied
then

the

deferred.

disfigure

exhibition
points from
an
or
the ripening fruits to a chance
of chill by unduly
of the
when
house, or place them
gathered in too

dessert
ing
lowerlow

THE
Packing
have
How

Fruit.

the

be

to

PEACH

sent

It is almost

distance

long

AND

best

a
subjected
journey from Windsor

to

was

which

test

was

as

severe

about

An

(/)Extension

shoot
or

continuation

or

off at

cut

winter

of

pruning,

great

as

six

branch,

just

it is very
dotted
lines

that

must

be

to

show

number

when

peaches

carefullypacked.
by detailingthe

of

years

this

could

wish, namely,
miles, yet I have

one

hundred

Extension

as

105

remark

to

they

endeavour

for

me

Balmoral,

to

rail

or

I will

to
accomplish this work
practised successfullyby

method

superfluous

road

by

NECTARINE

plan
the
no

Branch

the unripe
important

ened
point being shortretain
only wellcontinuation
growth
shoots
from
preceding
to

indicate
matured,
short-jointed wood
; the
in following
furnishing side shoots
summer
; (m) side
8 or
to
than
branch,
inches
year's extension
properly shortened
not
12
more
;
branch
on
previous year's extension
{) natural
cut
; {0) pinched
spur
spur
back
branch
fruit gathered ; {g) successional
cut
after
; (/) bearing
away
bearing shoot
The
properly shortened;
(r) point of cutting off a lateral.
numerals

refer

produced

the

to

of

age
of

the

branch

it will

be

noticed

that

fruit

the

is

the

preceding
year's growth, older
wood
being
retained
and
year's bearing shoots
the fruiting
extension,
only to provide next
is renewed
wood
annually.
Spurs, or short stubby shoots, are not advisable
trellis trees,
of
in the
wall
few
be
retained
or
a
case
the
though
on
may
extensions
for
then
On
bearing once,
cutting away.
bush,
pyramid, and
standard
of spurs
be allowed.
trees, a larger number
may

recollection

of

condition.

When

by

way
as

some

rail

receiving

travel

years,
to

peaches

the

he

varieties,such
late

wood

the

on

send

having

give
better

Alexander

as

have

skins
them
to

knows

grower

must

much

complaint

so

any

travel

careful
than

distance
should

he

be

has

For

arrived

having
send

to

consideration

Waterloo,
and

fruit

the

that

others.

and
thin

of

to

the

varieties

instance,

and

easily bruised

some

that

in

damaged
a
long

ripe peaches
the

early

others
it

is

he

grows,
American

introduced

of

possible
absolutely imwithout
their
suffering damage.
Again,
gathered before they are
quite ripe, say

io6

FRUIT

THE

least

at

and

if

for

thin

by
will
the

long

in

peaches

earlier

day

boards

as

when

packing

two

to

rest

quality

in

efi^ect.

begins

box,

packing,
and

This

much

prevents

There

destination.

is

the

large enough
of

from

paper

full, all

is

filled
the

the

making
of
of

the

caution

Branch
Point

cut

was

[u)

fruit

last

branch

when
fruit
away
successional
{v)
Numbers

fruit

that

gathered

bearing
give age

to

control
of

material,

hold

take

This

the

place.

in

with

boxes

of

too

only

fruit

fastened

of the

three

thus

ment
displace-

or

against using

of

ends

upon

slight

down,

box.

this, but
not

which

for

Here
work
out

of

he

do

much

may

can

be

used

I
is

degree

the
over

secured

them

subjected

are

only returning

well

may

packing.
un-

iron

packed

word

of

cause

by impressing
packages
and

over

with

again.

with

afraid,
of

on

despatch,

un-

railway

trouble

jurisdiction
those

the

returning

about

endless

and

power

am

it is

case

even

hands

the

at

say

the
the

to

in this

suffer

to

invariably, and,

they

usage

this

to

it is in

True,

the

When

provided.

employes.

importance

packing

rough

Non-attention

expense.

the

is

avoidably,

empties.

given

(the

casfe
to

practically impossible

and

gardener

strong

bands) large enough

be

shaking

carefully

fruit

summer,

cut

shoot.

branch

after

away

gathered
bore

bearing

where

it

in

box

also

box,

oscillation

down

and

the

the

on

possibly

here

fastening

neatly
be

in

The

is.

sufficient

nailing

in
that

cannot

labour

used

ripe,

it

When

place

the

protect

very

must

into

half

;
to

as

box.

is put

firm

so

may

in

useless

causes

be

to

contents

nails

many

[t]

have

packing

lid

the

being
cut

wrapped

fruits

the

be

the

at

be

fruit

to

this

wrapping

wool

the

used
be

the

in

for

the

be

next

wool

when

will

pressure

word

should

wood

more

that

top,

happens

around

space

with

it

placed

and

of

the
first

to

boxes

is sufficient

should

wool

nectarine

or

tissue

Side

the

case

peach

wool

unless

injury,

which

of

for

graded,

be

should

envelop

to

sheet

the

wanted

be

base

the

wool

The

latter.

dessert
section.

one

wool

side

smooth

packing

labelled

of

usage

common

the

thickness

in

one

cotton

fruit, the

next

squares

it

rough

and

the

each

and

for

likely to

are

as

sections

choice

placed

be

can

boxes

others,

than

better

placed

well
and

to

in

confusion

nothing

the

square

these

of

provide
enough
fruit, if possible, should

third

around

Theee-Yeae-Old

fruits

of

packing

inches

answer

home,

at

for

prefer

each

also

wool,

wood

second

inches

boxes

smaller

sections

soft

sections

into

consumption

boxes

nectarines, apricots,

for

the

In

upon.

one

of

many

with

viz.,
sattie

and

pears,

as

divided

square,

The

for

The

earlier.

box,

the

three

or

filled

partially

of

intended

were

days

two

peach.

varieties

Before

they

inches
as

one

plums,

fruit

deep

accommodate
choicest

are

journey

those

are

if

than

GARDEN

in
but

and
of

the

authority
also

the

CULTURE

Whether
culture

the

adverse

they
under

be

only

of-doors

I think

it may
understood

is less
the

by

in the

peach and nectarine

south, east, and
In

given.

of

many

in

parts

many

to

against

trees

the

it will

be
the
to

manure

The

are

of

aspect

is

the

season

should

be

extending

earlier

upon

and

and

"c.

Nailing,

of these

wall,

wall

by

trellis

ripe

dwarf

wrapped
The

time

wires
be

distant

for

this

young

places

in

be

from
has

shoots.

is

the

training
-jJ^-inchin
the

been

wall

at

proved
The

The

old-fashioned

many

reasons,

modern

to

be

said

in

neatness,

and

Where

this

thickness

i^

many
objection I

and

10

instances
have

to

to

this

favoured
be

can

each

is

system

inimical

system

the

without

of

the
wall

the

method.

possibly despatch by

apart, and
should
wires

be

to

which

desired

not
to

after

adopted
fixed

when

inches
The

inches.

against

favour

secures

which

shoots

method

heads

lead

in winter.

wall

least

much

to

must

trees

and

way,
the

fix

position

the

the

how

Another

pliable

it in

instance,

do.

nailing
is

way
tied.

be

may
with

secure

trees

in

wall.

nails

doubt

will

mention

is

when

trees

be
old, should
years
fill the wall quickly ; if

to

more

to
no

to

each

in

useful

for

wall

on

the

wall

be

should

prove

between

here

trees

trellisingthe

of
in

should

branch

There

for

often

of the

three

in order

between

the

wall

height
trees,

between

to

The

of

the

over

system

saving

present
London

expense

grown
succeed

will

distance

fan-trained

feet

is

peach

positions will
the

by

appropriate

the

which
use

shreds.

of

use

such

to

go

varieties

The

fruits.

be

best

the

shreds.

to

the

is

some

be

to

cloth

with

wire

It will

fastened

permanently
still believe

to

the

in such

trees

tall standard
feet apart with
trees
the wall is only 9 feet high then
15

out-

round.

year
which

mid-season

12

be

occasion

no

regulated somewhat

12-foot

against a

all the

there
wall

south, although
south-west,
or
facing west

if

there

walls,

grown
the

the

planted

peach
the

appreciated by

is

border

salads

or

of the

may,

peach

for

border

the

where

culture

they
the

of

outside
recommended
for trees
under
trees
as
glass.
drained
the
natural
soil is fairlygood,
and
sufficiently
of loam
only to trench
aj feet deep, adding a barrowful
necessary
be
of
and
trees
to
are
planted,
a
farmyard
good dressing
young
border
the
that
generally, bearing in mind
heavy crops of vegetables

preparing
Provided

also

open

less

those
other

be
can
protection from
strong winds
counties, e.g. Worcester, Hereford, Berks, Surrey,
midland
of the
counties, they thrive well, and
be
With
most
regard
successfullygrown.
may

some

of Wales

the

that

importance

what

culture

the

to

the

known

drainage,be
for

the

to

where

coasts

inland

and

well

favourable, let

is

inefficient

not

or

around
gardeners. In all the counties
also
in
succeed
will
admirably, as they
many

west

our

Middlesex, Bucks,

climate

recommended

its

favourable

rule, be

as

the

soil and

is

of

will

the

on

will,

way
be safelyaffirmed

generation

past

district

that, if

and

107

OUT-OF-DOORS

certain

say
bad

as

overcome

glass.

the

need

conditions, such

can

than

in

out-of-doors

peach
I

interested,and

NECTARINE

WALLS

ON

climate

the

of

AND

PEACH

THE

be
the

the

should

galvanised,
bark

considerable

of

the
ex-

wall

the

to

wall

heat

have

pressed

hard

pruning

and

caused

be

lead

and

damage

enough
against
training to hold

is

and

way,

one

to

is

this

hard

usefulness.

is

if the

the

of

oscillation

of

full

all.

advantage

first

the

at

the

objects

successful

to

former
and
away
the

rolled

used

are

hasten

blinds,
danger

The

use

which

canvas

let

are

frost

from

wall.

the

to

down

feared,

is

When

frost.

The

down.

"c.,

beans, early peas,

and

carefullystored
method, and
satisfactory

well

are

are

fixed

dried

simple and
folds
three
or
practised,is to hang herring nets, two
At
wall.
the Royal Gardens, as I said before, most
blinds, but there
protected by glass copings and

another

Another

spring.

commonly

most

blinds

protection
protected

no

Windsor,

spring.

in

frost

from
advocate

French

salad, strawberries,

protect

maturity.

ready for
one

to

may

planting against a wall.

cultivation
of the
peach and

brackets

roller

fastened

wall

in

permanent

the

old

(not cloth),
the

heat

during
night
day so long as
up
from
ordinarilysevere
they effectuallyprotect the blossoms
any
the
taken
blinds
the glassprotection and
are
this danger is over
at

is

winter

The

list shreds

is the

by portable glass copings, fastened

To
the copings and
brackets
are
and

lead

the

branches.

what

of

protection of the bloom

held on
this question ; some
different opinions are
the
Most
of the peach walls at
Royal Gardens,

Many

this,
trees

the

namely, nailing with

the

relatingto

item

out-of-doors

The

wall's

heads

branches

through

of

the

lead

will
gumming
securely in position, then
If
shoots.
the
lead
into
the
cutting
season
by
friction
wood
in
winter,
enough against the

the

trees

the
and
foliageof the trees
through, thus effectuallyannulling
the

the

young

communicated

heat

the

them

occur

one

with

the

recommend,
the

important

nectarine

at

will

bark

and

of

pressed

not
to

the

Another

end

the

certainly secures
absorb,

nail

wall

from

neutralising

give, and

the

to

before

the

between
space
of air to
pass

the

may

full benefit

derive

not

current

wall

the

objection I

sun

cold

do

trees

the

by

allows

any

the

is that

perience

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

io8

thick, looselyagainst the

of the
peach walls were
I
received no
that
also
which
protection at all,so
were
peach walls
walls
results
from
excellent
the
of
well-protected
means
comparing
I am
about
make
afraid that the statement
those
to
not
protected. I am
It
smile
of
be received
with
an
is,
a
incredulityby many.
taking
average

had
and
will

five
on

but

that

years,
those well
it

culture

as
good
protected.

crops

This

does

General

Cultural

time

of
of

the

drawing
early attacks
January with
wall.

shoots
summer

Remarks.
is the

trees

and

flowering

attention

to

I would
a

weak

in

it

danger

again.

recommend
solution

favour
of

of

the

the

attacks

afterwards
of

the

of

general

more

that

green
I

the
and
be

must

without

health
black

be

washed

when

and

flyat

excused

affording immunity

trees

for
their

from

dormant

Gishurst

have

before
compound
being fastened
and
overcrowding
timely attention,
shoots

the

young
will form

these

in

the

should

as

protection,

successfullygrown

be

may

means

Disbudding
strictly
guarded against. When
lateral growths
are
ftilly
grown,
must

unprotected

on

in

encouragement

from

that
of

trees

much

fact,any protection at all.

So important as
regards

immediately
As

by

prove
in

fruitfulness

the

not

says a very great deal, I think,

delicious fruits,as they
of these

expensive protective material, or,

the

produced

were

of

walls

course

all be

of
cut

in
to

the
the
out.

will

little

be

observed

do.

to

is the

branches, forming,
?will suppose
lowest
two
the

place

the

first

namely,

tree

be

to

of

w^ill be

thing

ground
equal distances

the

afterwards

will

branches

the

filled

be

the

then

to

fruit-bearing shoots of the previous year'sgrowth.

young
Spur-Pruning.
The
to
spur-pruning, as
peach is quite amenable

and

space

branches

minor

by

We

bring
The

apart.

in

main

tree.

to

be

to

the

secure

horizontally,and

obliquely at

branches

main

foot

first

principle

of

framewrork

or

The

fan-shaped.

position and

in

place

to

the

training,

of

system

foundation

the

within

to

main

other

the

it wrere,

as

branches

the

between

Whatever

same,

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

no

much

so

as

the

in

conjunction

pear

plum,

the

or

the

with

main

the

positions upon
length, yet desirable
All

have

we

and

down,

do

to

the

of

crops

from
I

more

usual
where

have

fruit,and

to

AND

the

the

cut

spur

in

trees

the

back

will

open

of

trees

seen

young
fruits,and

TREES

IN

1899,

and

1900,

1901,

have

thirty
loaded

Nectarine

tying

it

OPEN

THE

within

is useful.

laid.

nectarines

and

nurseries

Pineapple

buds

are

its full

of

instead

useful

there

shoot

spur-pruning

that

permanently

of

have

to

three

to

that

happens

be

seasons

in

often

it is here

STANDARD

exceptionally hot

entirety,though

its

it is inconvenient

shoot

of the

It

method.

well-ripened, good quality peaches

young

have

is

practisedin

stems

foundation

BUSH

During

to

it is seldom

but

miles

with

been
of

excellent

gathered
London.

beautiful

and

the same
with
Waterloo
and
other
peaches. The
subject
out
interesting one, and opens
a
question of importance to fruit growers,
been
whether
seriouslytried
by the selection
which, so far as I know, has never
suitable positions it is possible to make
of these fruits
of varieties and
the culture
The
is well
worth
in the
profitable one.
a
trying on
a
experiment
open
delicious
is

an

The

scale.

limited

Varieties.

against

them

suitable

most

Early.

Very
of

is their

the

for

Alexander,

varieties

above

chief

Early.

excellent

were

best

are

for small

in

quality and

suited

collections

for culture
have

an

of
on

good

size.

walls

and

asterisk

placed

Peaches

each

seen

following varieties

Those

glass.

under

fruits I have
The

is

Culture

under

Glass

Louise.
of
One
tree
Waterloo, Early Beatrice, Early
quite enough
to
collection, as earliness
plant in a small

recommendation.

*Duchess

of York, Amsden

June,

Early

Ascot, Grosse

Mignonne,

Dymond,

Condor.
Mid-Season.

Crimson
Galande,
Royal George, Stirling Castle, Bellegarde,
Noblesse, Goshawk,
Raymaekers.
Late.
Princess
Nectarine
Harrington,
of Wales, Gladstone,
Peach, Sea
The
Walburton
Admirable,
Salway.

Violette

Hdtive,

Peaches
Early.
*

Duchess

Condor,

for

Walls

Out-of-Doors

*Alexander,
Waterloo,
Early
Beatrice, Early
of York, Rivers'
Early
York, * Amsden
June, *Early
Hale^s
Early, Abec.

Eagle,

Louise, '''Early Rivers,

Ascot, Grosse
Mignonne,

PEACH

THE

NECTARINE

AND

Mid-Season.
Crimson
*Royal
George,
Galande,
*
Dr.
'''Noblesse,Goshawk,
Hogg.
Dymond,
Raymaekers,
Late
Prince
of
Barrington,
of Wales, *Princess
The
Salway.
Admirable,
Peach, *Sea
Eagle, *Walburton

^Stirling

Wales,

Nectarines
Early.

Culture

for

iii

Castle, Bellegarde,

^Gladstone,

Nectarine

Glass

under

de
Cardinal, Prdcoce
Croncels, Early
Rivers, Lord
Napier, Rivers^ Early
Elruge.
Mid-Season.
Hardwicke
Pineapple, Violette Hdtive, Downton,
Seedling, Spenser,
Elruge.
Latest.
Victoria.
Dryden, Byron, Humboldt,

Stanwick

Orange,

Nectarines
Pricoce

Hdtive,
Dryden,
These

de Croncels, * Early
Rivers, *Lord
Napier, Rivers'
Early
Orange, * Violette
and
Stanwick
'^Hardwicke
*Elruge
Elruge, Downton,
Seedling, '''Spenser,
Byron, '''Huinboldt, Victoria.
Nectarines
of ripening.
are
placed in the order

PEACH

AND

NECTARINE

CULTURE
FOR

This

has

become

now

of

glass-housesbeing
the
growing demands
is an
industry which
this
1

end

80

long by
refer

the

found

Peaches.

Sea

Nectarines.
Lord

attention

of

Crimson

Late

Late

ripening :
:

Very Early
Napier, Stanwick

glands at
Alexander.

deep

and

blood

their

nectarines

should

be

meet

successful

erected.

admirably.

purpose

it

It

is

to

Those
not

sary
neces-

where
packing, as these subjects elsethe
principlesof good culture
are
same
The
or
private use.
following varieties
or

profitableto

for market.

grow

They

are

Cardinal, Early
Elruge, Elruge.

BEST
GEORGE

small,

whether

the

Rivers,
Late

Rivers'
Early Orange, Elruge.
Pineapple, Spenser, Victoria.

PEACHES
BUNYARD

difficult
if the

to

are

It is
necessary

name.

leaves

glands

small, flat with deep

shaded
yellow on
portion

Fruit

i-ed with

most

are

large or

are

bases, or

be

fairlylarge scale, and

dimensions

To

acres

to

Gladstone.

Eagle,

blossoms

markets.

fruits

Amsden

By

Peaches

industry,many

June, Duchess
of York, Alexander,
Condor, Abec.
Galande, Royal George, Dymond,
Goshawk,
Large Early
Princess
rington,
of Wales, Prince
Devonian,
of Wales, Exquisite, Bar-

Early

THE

if the

the

reliable and

most

Very
Hogg,
:

GLASS

popular

these

on

cultivation

for commercial

are

order

Early : Dr.
Mignonne.

the

in the

arranged

Early

be

to

of

other

the

answer

matters

successful
of

conducted

large

of

and

culture
and

be

houses

full
fruits

London

the

should

to

the

to

feet wide

24

here

receive
whether
are

of

UNDER

MARKET

important

an

devoted

span-roofed

feet
to

Out-of-Doors

Walls

for

have

kidney-shaped

to
or

know
round

wanting.

suture
; stone

on

very

one

side
small.

flesh whitish
One

of

the

; skin

earliest

THE

112

to ripen.
Juicy and
refreshing,
glands round
large, pale
; flowers

Alexandra

Noblesse.

grown.

Fruits

Flowers

do

not

"

set"

but

This

indoors

from

are

freely.

GARDEN

FRUIT

It

rose,

not

with

so

richly flavoured
darker

the
is perhaps
pale primrose
is a good
grower.

as

F.C.C.

eye.
sweetest

colour,
Some

the

and
and

later

sorts.

Leaf

1883.
delicious

most

the

fruits

may

peach

skin

is very
thin.
have
soft pale
a

red next
the stone
small, round;
z\im; flesh primrose
colour, veined
; leaf glands
flowers large, palest blush.
differs from
Waterloo
This
Amsden
only in foliage; the flowers, however,
June.
than
forced.
The
have
of setting more
the merit
Waterloo,
fruit is sweeter
freely when
large, bright pale rose,
Leaf glands round
flat,and mottled
deep red in places.
; flowers
A.M.
with dark
1892.
downy.
; skin
eye
small
Harrington.
Fruit
pale yellow,
rough ; colour
large ; suture
very
; skin
the
red
with
and
mottled
slightly red near
stone
juicy,
white,
flesh
deep crimson
;
;
rather
late
fruit.
A
fine hardy,
flavour vinous, rich, and
Leaf glands
melting.
very
in all forms.
Excellent
round
large ; growth
vigorous and hardy.
; flowers
dark
with
Bellegarde.
Suture
primrose
regular, slightly depressed ; skin
rosy
walls
red
orchard-house
cheek
culture), on
(mottled with deeper red under
fully
open
ing,
it becomes
black
peeling freely ; flesh juicy, pale primrose, meltexposed
red, downy,
the
less
red
stone
delicious, very
rich, certainly one
near
or
more
; flavour
is sharply
end.
of the
free
We
stone
finest grown
stone
pointed at the stalk
; the
;
it is altoof others, because
gether
a
give rather
longer description of this grand peach than
confounded
with Violet
first-rate.
It must
be
not
Hative, English Galande,
or
C/i'O'ze'M vigorous, cropping
English Bellegarde.
ire.Ay ; foliage bold; leaf glands y^zy
small, dull flesh-colour.
small, round
; flowers
Condor.
Fruit
wide, with
deep blood
red,
edges rounded
downy
; skin
; suture
round
red ; free stone
white, whiter
primrose on shaded
side, speckled with
; flesh milk
rich
and
fruit is not
the
which
is small, firm ; flavour
almond-like, bitter when
stone,
culture.
A
Leaf glands
fully ripe.
hardy free-bearing variety, for mid-season
very
to round
kidney-shaped
large.
; flowers
all round
the fruit ; colour
Crimson
Galande.
Suture
and
greenish yellow shaded
crimson
with
mottled
deep crimson, shading to blackish
yellow, bright
\ flesh greenish
when
the
carmine
which
is small
near
fully ripe ; flavour brisk ; skin
stone,
; mealy
for main
is valuable
A
thick, peeling readily, downy.
large variety which
very
crop.
is
cultivated
for
the
markets.
round
and
Bears
freely,
largely
Leaf
glands
very
; flowers
red
bold.
small, salmon
; foliage
Duchess
CorIsiwall.
Suture
shallow
and broad
of
primrose on shaded
side,
; skin
blotched
with
red ; stone
of
small, free ; flesh juicy, melting, with a smack
striped and
is expected
be an
flavour.
nectarine
This
the early American
to
on
improvement
sorts.
"
well.
Forces
Leaf glands kidney-shaped
large, rose-coloured, and
set
; flowers
very
A.M.
freely.
1901.
fine
This
raised
York.
late peach
Divers
Duchess
Ketton
Hall
is
at
of
by Mr.
but
believe
it will prove
valuable
and
not
a
we
hardy variety of the
yet in commerce,
A. M.
Admirable
Late
race.
Leaf glands none^.
1893.
marked
side ; skin
DVMOND.
Sutttre
with
rich
on
one
greenish yellow, covered
side, soft and downy
bright yellow on sunny
; flesh melting, greenish white, bright carmine
small
and
brisk
red
the
nectarine-like.
A
stone
stone
near
; free
; flavour
very
very
fine large variety.
pale rose, very large ; foliage very bold.
Leaf glands none
; flowers
Resembles
Early
Alfred.
Has
Early York, and ripens at the same
season.
a
rich,
brisk
is very
is robust, short-jointed and
tree
flavour, and
juicy. The
hardy, and
very
bears
freely. Leaf glands none
large.
; flowers
Skin
Early
Mignonne.
Grosse
side
dotted
with
on
downy,
pale red
sunny
red
the stone, with
red veins
crimson
the skin ; flavour
near
running towards
; flesh deep
rich
and
A
most
vinous, particularly agreeable.
exquisite peach following the second
drooping ; leaf glands
early varieties ; foliage flaccid, long and
small, round
very
;
flowers large, rose.
Golden
Eagle.
A
late yellow-fleshed variety ; fruits very
downy,
flat, dull
very
red

"

THE
golden,

with

PEACH

AND

NECTARINE

113

It is large and
clearer
cheek.
in colour
under
glass ;
October
an
golden tinge. Although
peach it ripens perfectly.
red.
Leaf glands kidney-shaped ; flowers small, salmon
Goshawk.
It attains
A
fine mid-season
variety of vigorous growth.
a
large
very
for outside
fine under
is one
of the
handsome
size,and
extra
most
culture, and
glass.
Skin
with
greenish white, mottled
spots on a dull red ground ; flavour very brisk ; flesh
but is a little later ; leaf glands
juicy and melting ; the fruit closely resembles
Dymond,
with dark
none
; foliage bold, wrinkled
; flowers large, rich rose
eye.
Grosse
thin and downy
Mignonne.
Skin
pale primrose, with a bright
very
; colour
sometimes
cheek
with
with
mottled
dark
crimson
flush ; flesh
silvery spots, and
a
rosy
small ; flavour
juicy, entirely pale primrose ; stone
brisk, rich ; free stone
; leaf
very
small
and
glands round
; flowers large.
Early.
Fruit
Hale's
rather long and
pointed, terminating in a prominent nipple ;
suture
blotches
narrow
deep and
bright red, with blood-red
downy
; skin
; colour
; flesh
the
it freely ; flavour
juicy, palest yellow, faintly red
separating from
near
stone,
brisk, rich, and
quite first-rate ; leaf glands round
large, bright rose
; flowers
; growth

foliage very

coloured

coppery

large, with

moderate.
i^rz/zV very
Palmerston.
Lady|
large, rather flat. Skin woolly, of a bright golden
marbled
with
fruit for a late crop
crimson.
A
under
noble
colour, sometimes
glass ;
it does
in good
not
ripen well outside ; free stone
seasons
pleasant
flavour
except
;
and
good for its season
large, kidney-shaped
small, dull flesh
; leaf glands
; flowers
colour
large and handsome.
; foliage very
Late
Devonian.
Suture
narrow
deep and
downy ;
woolly rather than
; skin
very
the
colour
blotches
with bright red marblings and
on
pale primrose green,
deep crimson
side ; flesh juicy, pale red at the
free
and
stone
stone
rich,
brisk,
exposed
flavour
;
;
bearer
free
round
a
melting ; a fine, late, very hardy sort, and
; flowers
; leaf glands
F.C.C.
large, rich pink.
1894.
Nectarine
Peach.^A
woolly, greenish white, with
good late variety. Skin
very
marblings of bright red and deep crimson, greenish on shady side ; flesh juicy, white and
it separates
readily ; flavour\"T\%)ii; leaf
translucent, deep red next the stone, from which
glands kidney-shaped and quite small ; flowers large.
with
red ;
little shaded
Skin
Noblesse.
a
yellow, sometimes
downy, pale lemon
the
at
stone
flesh very juicy and
melting, palest primrose, slightly reddened
; flavour
One
of the
The
rich.
tree
best-flavoured
well, but it does not
peaches.
sweet,
grows
bear
pale blush.
freely. Leaf glands none
; flowers large and
very
with red,
marked
Suture
Prince
Wales.
of
striped and mottled
; skin pale green,
fruits
A very
late
crimson.
fine rather
when
rich dark
outdoors
peach, which
grown
nectarine
of
Fruit
and
culture.
and
is useful for outdoor
pointed,
large,
freely and
pot
red.
flavour, juicy, and very rich ; leaf glands round, flowers large, dull salmon
side of the fruit only; skin
Suture
Wales.
Princess
one
of
on
deep and narrow
and
with
blotched
and
spotted with red ;
pale rose
velvety ; colour
pale lemon
green,
ing,
the stone
brisk, and refreshflesh juicy, very white, and quite deep red near
; flavour
wery
leaves the fruit easily
skin separates
with a pleasant acidity. The
readily, the stone
(free stone), and is very small for the size of the fruit. A grand late fruit. Leaf glands

round

flowers

very
Early

large, pale

rose.

side only ; skin

deep greenish yellow
wide, on one
side, downy ; free stone
on
pale carmine
; flesh whitish, faintly red near
sunny
A very
fine second-early fruit,bearing
the stone, which
is large ; flavour brisk and vinous.
bright rose, dark
freely. Tree hardy.
Leaf glands kidney to round
; flowers large, very
leaf glands.
F.C.C.
has no
This
1867.
is better
the old Early York, which
than
eye.
old
and
An
glass \
Royal
George.
variety. It is grand under
justly esteemed
well
when
thinned
the fruits grow
to
a
large size. Skin thin, very deep blood red with
the
bright red near
side ; flesh palest yellow, nearly white, very
pale yellow on shaded
fails.
seldom
and
forces
Bears
glands
Leaf
readily,
freely,
vigorous.
growth
stone;
red ; foliage wrinkled, bold.
salmon
none
; flowers small, dull
sides of the fruit; skin
both
shallow
Sea
Suture
and wide
rather
Eagle.
on
very
Rivers'

covered

York.

Suture

with

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

114

red
with minute
spots and large blotches
woolly ; colour pale lemon
green,
the
red
stone
near
flushed
red,
deep
; flavour,
juicy,
bright
flesh
palest
;
green
A very
hard, large
outside
trees.
when
so
good from
well-grown under
glass, rich, not
growth
late
large, rose;
for its heavy crop.
fruit,valuable
Leaf glands round
; flowers
the market
with
free and
A
favourite
robust
growers.
large.
foliage
very
very
;
fruit ; skin pmk,
the
CK'i,T\M,.Suture
Stirling
deep and broad, running all round
white,
deep cnmson
in
red
blotches
covered
with
greenish
pale
juicy,
deep
; flesh melting,
On
refreshing.
the
which
is small
rich, vinous, and
next
stone
stone,
; flavour
; free
rather
to
rough
is
darker
black,
walls
much
in peach-houses
the fruit
colour, nearly
or
a

downy,
of

almost

red

the

touch.

Tree

Thomas
free

and

hardy,

Rivers.

stone

freely. Leaf glands round

; flowers
fruit,ripening at
large, round
handsome,

bears

very

skin

with

downy,

red

brilliant

flush.

It

is

small.
the

yet

end
new,

of
but

tember
Sephas

it.
who
have
tested
; flowers
Leaf glands none
highly spoken of by those
very
F.C.C.
well.
i8g8.
vigorous, forces
large, bright rose
; growth
marbled
with
red, and
flushed
ViOLETTE
Hative.
Skin
rosy
downy, of a pale green
flavoured
finest
of the
with
chocolate
red.
A grand mid-season
; bears
peach, and one
round
flowers
Flesh
;
tender, white, very
melting ; leaf glands
moderately.
juicy and
large, dull pink.
broad, and
deep
Walburton
Admirable.
Fruit
terminating in a nipple ; suture
with
dark
the
stone
at
starred
side
skin
one
on
velvety ; flesh juicy, white, deeply
;
separating
stone
and
crimson
rich
vinous
in
fruits
under
rough,
glass
flavour
very
very
;
;
been

freely

from

bear

not

flesh.

the

freely

valuable

variety. The
flowers small.

late

round

leaf glands
Fruit
flattish,of

fruit

is very

large, but

the

tree

does

colour
primrose, with
;
good
flesh sweet, juicy, and
for such
early variety ; leaf glands large ; flowers
eye.
an
large pale rose, with dark
under
when
excellent
Doctor
peaches
are
grown
Dagmar,
Hogg, and Early Louise
and
are
large
but
tender
Lord
Palmerston
outside.
Exquisite
they are
very
glass,
very
under
and
handsome
exceptional cultivation
yellow varieties which
ripen late, but unless
worth
not
eating.
are
cultivators
Some
Peaches
American
(Alexander, Amsden
June, and Waterloo).
at
too
warm
do
these
when
forced
succeed
with
not
early, because
they keep them
"
should
have
moderate
set," the temperature
are
hea,t till the blooms
starting. They
a
Waterloo.

crimson

deep

almost

cheek,

black

medium

size

fruits

on

grown

; suture

outside

marked
;

can

be

then

increased,

and

the

THE

fruits

develop

BEST

quickly.

NECTARINES

salmon
with
Cardinal.
Suture
well
defined
skin
pale greenish yellow, marbled
;
form
white, and
juicy ;
red, white patches showing in a net-like
very
; flesh pale greenish
A
stone
free-bearing first
brisk, refreshing.
remarkably
large, cling stone
; flavour
valuable
for
early variety, very
forcing and
Leaf glands kidney-shaped
;
pot culture.
F.C.C.
1896.'
flowers large, Tpa.\erose.
Dryden.
almost
Skin
with
red, with pale green
entirely covered
deep chocolate
the
around
between
showing
white, and
juicy, pale red
stone,
; /lesh yellowish
very
One
from
small
of
flattish
rich,
refreshing.
stone
almond-like,
a
parting freely
; flavour
finest
for late
the
and
mid-season
sorts
Leaf glands kidney-shaped
; flowers
crops.
The
in all forms.
red.
is vigorous, hardy, and
succeeds
tree
small, dull salmon
Its
Early
of the
best
Rivers.
One
Nectarines, often
reaching 8 oz. in weight.
Flesh
shaded
skin
is almost
side.
the
shining, bright red, pale greenish yellow on
free bearer.
The
A very
fruits are
brisk flavour.
LeaJ
greenish.
a
juicy, and have
very
F.C.C.
glands kidney-shaped ; flowers large, pale rose
vigorous.
1892.
growth
;
rather
Elruge.
Suture
with brick red, crimson
broad
greenish yellow, mottled
; skin
side ; flesh greenish, very
the
stone
on
juicy, with
bright pale red near
; free
sunny
and
rich
stone
A
brisk.
for main
kidneysort
glands
Leaf
hardy
; flavour
crop.
red.
shaped ; flowers small, dull salmon

XII

CHAPTER

THE

By

Public

attention

importance
and

garden
and

the

the

of

think,
that

impression
be

must

that

the

are

of

grown

it

may

answer

accountable.

have

is

fruit,

to

great
does

compare
culture

of

the

pear

the

in

pear

few

very

exist

in

are

the

the

Many
pear

pruning,
to

our

command
cultivators
growers,

glass

in

there

never

been

few

other

counties

of

in

stock.

the

poorer
a

greater

received

and

sale

fair

to

at

compete
care

and

and

from

must

be

to

French
the

the

that

of

purpose
taken

country

are

have

gardeners

if

necessary

our

the
still

that

districts,

as

the
cester,
Wor-

have

this

fathers
fore-

generation

present

great

It

country

orchards

bruised,

prices.

given

in

the

these

half-grown,

against

success

of
and

also.

England

who

pear

attention

any

largely

for

absolutely

we

size

remunerative

with
skill

hardly
the

even

than

huge

we

fruit

Hereford,

in

favourable

other

fruit
of

it is

fruit, yet

markets,

ready
are

this
are

In

many

few

the

this

in

pear

scale

not

is

from
and

of
trees

which

subject

London

more

pear

have

They

thinning

or

of

old

gardens

as

marketing

growers

large

ing
grow-

the

growing

exist

Those
on

Judging

deal

orchards

perry.

private

the

to

obtained.

great

these

of

are

whatever.

seriously except

where

purposes

even

thought
be

treated

commercial

and

comparison

no

manufacture

of the

of

devoted

and

packing,

Channel

the

adopted

in

only

these

entirely

is

pear,

and

patience

cultivation

the

the

systems

not

harvesting,
to

is

has

the

and

in

given

the
and

Britain

of

France

have

I
of

climate

the

that

of

witnessing

under

but

so

English

would,

Most

culture

both

attention,

say

for

to

of

the

care,

neighbourhood

thought
do.

for

hand

time

results

best

indeed,

that

given

and

fruit

furnishing

to

for

admit,

windows

those

than

quality
this

fact,

fruiterers'

and

by saying

gardens

pear

attention

regret

Kent,

the

manifested,
and

care

why

suitable

more

is

much

as

fruits

care

the

asked,

better

is

an

but

England,

in

It

pear

been

has

grown

markets

well-being

the

There

Islands.

our

of

offhand

opportunity

an

in

sometimes

visited

which

to

exhibited

question

cannot

the

industries,

minor

be

Channel

and

supply
these

the

with

connexion

in

important.

most

the

reasonably

food
of

one

quality

and

and

had

As

be

to

highest

and

choicest

our

this

How

where

national

towards

directed

more

both

land,

the

the

on

places

this
warmer

give

France

be

being

this

in
these

countries,

Islands,

the

appearance,

and

doubt,

no

of

for

of

claim

been

certainly

population.

lay

pears

pears

rural

from

finer

bearing

may

sought

has

industries

as

our

THOMAS

OWEN

years

minor

farm,

happiness

culture,

late

of

of

PEAR

all

and

age,

on

regards manuring,
fallen

and

is clear

that

and

Channel

industry.

supplied

are

pears

The

if

fruits

English
Island
relative

E-

iff/,

^r,

',-^:/^^#M^^^

o
?-J

ft?

tq

THE
excellence

Hardy
Palace

in

Show

by

larger,the
Jersey ones.

and

held

where

1901,

exhibited

English

of

Fruit

PEAR

Jersey pears
by the Royal
excellent

an

best

the
forciblybrought out
at
great
Society at the Crystal
of hardy fruit,chiefly
was
pears,

was

Horticultural

collection

Jersey firm. Excepting a

English samples on view

117

few

dishes

where

equal

were

the

in

specimens

were

the

to

respect

every

of cultivatingthe
improvement in the methods
quietly
pear has been
for
since the Quince
taking place
has been
ever
substituted
for the Pear
years
stock
for grafting and
budding. It is an old saying (and was
true
a
one) that
he who
This
plants pears plants for his heirs."
is
the
ever,
howno
longer
case,
great

"

the

as

takes

worked

pear

when

grown

on

Pear

point

been

proved that a great

to
require a wall to bring
regards flavour, in the open
be

trust,

of

absolutely necessary

was

the

of

means

especiallyin

the

indispensable
which

Soil.

be

either

2j

feet and

small

horse
The

has

to

or

to

deal

poor

wall

light soil

and

should

be

peach
Forms

in

of

some

of

Keep the
then
unsatisfactory,

the

is

next,

be

filled in

soil

new
means

hundred-fold,

of

brick

for

the
land

the

soil thrown

out,

and

the

fairlynear
taken

to

barrow-loads
cartload
mix

tree's

the

be

be

be

must

two

each

should

the

to
a
depth of
away
with
Add
good turf.

to

half

England

cleared

rubble,

suffice

be

to

excellence

Should

drainage.

manure

of

not

great

south

land

must

it has

necessary.

again

mortar

size

of

the

still more

it should

worst

warm

exploded

proved

now

in

the

good

that

planter'sattention

the

soil will

existing soil

above.
be

the

of

is

be

;J-inch bone

pieces

amount

wide,

of

of

soil.

soil well

the

requirements

trenched
fresh

surface.

2|

Should
it

improve

feet

soil mixed

as

the

advised

borders.
Trees.

of

against walls, and

crop

However,
the

Horizontal

of the

is obtained

better
old.

light and

left

This
If the

years.
9 feet

advised

bushel

one

belief
is

varieties

are

would

with, and,

it

favourable.

are

walls, even

engage

old

this country

wall

there

for each
tree, and
9 feet wide
of road scrapings,lime and

planting.

drainage
for

the

question

heavy clay

manure,

for many
deep and
as

north

time

WALLS

quantity

turf

before

soil he

culture,

pear

the

varieties,formerly thought
be grown
better, certainlyas
when
will, I
widely known

fact

ON

successfullyon

the

first

The

this

already stated,

grown

and

of the

nature

be

Midlands

in the

have

pear

half

much
to
already done
generally improved quality

the

in
growers
conditions

where

TREES

successful

only

can

and

in

culture

choicest

our

fruit

has

perfection, can

to

garden

counties

as

to

of

in
that

is

successful

number

them

fact

resulted

importance
for

PEAR

Although,

has

yield

This

increasing pear

warmer

will

stock.

planting,and

tree
pear
encourage
in the fruit.
Another

wall

Quince

the

on

the

the

wall

of

two

by
pear
a

this mode
succeeds

good

and

prefer
of
well

the

fan-trained

trees

latter,as

I believe

are
a

training, especiallywhen
both

height, and

one

ways.
wishes

Where
the

the
tree

usually planted
regular and

more

the

trees

land
to

cover

become

is poor
a

and

large

heavy,
are
case

worked

one

space,

strong,

have

and

light land

of

Quince

keep

is

an

the

near

is

surface, and

be

the

whereas
and

cold

on

Trees

Pear

of

land

planted ; but if the

of the
roots
be
to
preferred. The
deeply into the soil,Vi^hich
penetrate
should

stock

tendency to
advantage,

Forms

"

Pear

stock

Quince

the

then

the

on

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

ii8

in

worked

trees

soils the

heavy

Walls

for

of

roots

the
the

on

danger

is

former

of

many

Espaliers

and

maiden
; {o) point of cutting
must
following spring, which
the
of
that
about
the
shoots
be topped
at
inches, in midsummer
push afterwards
12
;
not
be
trained
should
to
leaf; (g)side growths
upright, pinching others
one
uppermost
the
In autumn
about
foot long trained
a
upright.
stopped, but trained full length, and when
of
form
has
the
Such
received
fanciful
has
three
branches.
tree
Toasting Fork."
name
in these
is equality of vigour, this being effected
The
chief thing to aim
at
trees
by stopping
of
branches
inches
the
the
all the
three
when
about
12
or
long, training one
strongest
shoots
that
suppressing all side growths at the third leaf, and cutting
push as an extension,
in winter.
back
It is a useful
form
for pillars,also when
is limited, or
to
variety
one
space
is required
low
walls
Candelabra
on
or
tree
espaliers.
(r) point of cutting back
2.
;
side ;
maiden
is trained
each
tree
originating three
upright, and
on
growths ; one
one
winter
at second
(j) point of shortening leader
pruning, again originating three growths to
This
the
form
the tree of five branches.
form
also represents
horizontal
and
upright modes
of training combined.
The
branches
trained
the
are
originated and
principle of the
on
the
When
lowest
horizontal
feet from
branches
have
extended
tree.
two
2
Toasting Fork
the
trained
is trained
the second
tier of horizontal
branches
upright, and
stem,
they are
of
either
branches
the
side
the
leader
side
the
stem
upright I foot on
; by suppressing
Verrier
tree
acquire vigour, so that all are ultimately on a level.
; {t)point of
3. Palmette
first pruning ; {) second
Verrier
is simply
The
Palmette
shortening ; [v) third pruning.
the
Fork"
and
"Candelabra"
branches
extended.
Two
side
"Toasting
originated
are
i

"

Fork

Toasting

tree,

foot

from

first year

tree

ground

cutting

after

from

{p) growth

maiden

down

tree

bud

uppermost

in

"

"

"

each

and
these
year,
obtained
the
to cover

affixed

to

vigour in
espaliers

the
the
and

are

trellis, as
lower
walls.

trained

allotted
shown.

branches
Numerals

horizontally

space

as

The
in the
refer

the

at

vertical

object of
higher ones.
to

age

of

foot

apart

training
the

wood.

Palmette
It is

until

is facilitated
Verrier

pleasing

and

sufficient

by
is to

is

number

wires

temporary
secure

productive

as

much

form

for

In
it is
planting fruit trees
penetrating deeply is avoided.
in
the
safe plan to place them
the
a
same
depth in the ground as they were
of the
the
bark
and
this depth is always apparent
on
by a soil mark
nursery,
This
the Quince
it is imperative
is important, as in the case
of the tree
tree.
on
of stock and
the union
to
graft.
plant deeply enough to cover
Trees
second
Pear
Stock.
After
the
on
the
year's growth it may
of

the

best

roots

?-J
'"J

0:;

furnished

from

base

It is

summit.

to

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

I20

quickly
possibleto furnish a wall more
in summer
stem
by stopping the main
it is a foot long, thereby forcing
when
From
new
growths immediately below.
selected
form
is
to
these
growths one
main

the

be

do

not

as

the

soft

each

on

obtained

shoots

will

wood

which
wherein

summer

over,
More-

stopping only one

will result, thus

object in

the

the

of

defeating

all he

old),and
add

year

until

the

have

do

to

branches

by

year
filled its allotted

has

tree

three

tree

will

its main

to

grower's

into the

plants

he

tree,
been

have

already

it comes

(supposing

years
is to

fan-trained

the

will

before

hands

perhaps

or

view.

case

framework

formed

the

from

shoots

In

those

as

and
mature.
to
grow
it often
happens that

summer

strong

so

whole

the

and

green

prove
afterwards

had

have

from

never

serviceable

two

side

recommend

and

the

one

I
horizontallyas before.
this plan, however,

trained

to

and

stem,

space.

Distance

the

wall.

feet

Tree,
of

Point

{w)

Season's

Third

in

cutting back
(x) point of

maiden

tree

distance,

Growth

foot

from

pruning, four side

the
being reserved
year
following pruning ; {y) point of stopping, as soon
from
inches
length attained
12
; (z) growth
as
bud
again pinched, if making
more
uppermost
four
than
three
joints ; (a) terminal
growth
or
second
pinching, say early in
resulting from
ping
August ; (})side growths pinched after first stopof leader, and
stopped at third or fourth leaf
This
if making
pinching enables
more
growth.
the worker
to
shortening of
dispense with winter
also
The
side branches
the leader.
pinched
are
ground

and

branches

at

6 to

inches
of

symmetry

121), the
with

more

be

young

developed,

of

the

on

had

(see

side

in the

fourth

and

it is

to

preserve
branch

is shown

branches

two-year-old

shoots
and

to

necessary
tree

first tier

spurs

fruit may

when
the

trees

between,

walls

in the

in

12

are

be

the

to

"

rider

"

the

cover

possibletime

shortest

of

feet

proper

standard

order

This

height

with

second

leader

will

tall

the

walls

the

apart

with

Plant.

to

by

Where

high, 20
Pyramidal

Apart

determined

be

must

wood,

the

that

release

On

trees.

should

trees

walls

be

on

Spring
Under

numerous,

Where
carried

and

this
out

planted

15

to

height
25

feet

is included

heading

the

this

Pruning.

Summer

blossom

buds

ning
thin-

when

too

moving
disbudding, stopping, relateral and
sublateral
growths.
summer
pruning is properly
winter
out,
pruning becomes

almost

its branches

it of

of lower

apart.

unnecessary.
other
rule,like most

year.

blossoms

the

page

forked,
so

fruitful

in

The

spring than

unnecessary

pear

fruit trees,

burden

can

and

be

as

produces

properly

help

it

to

PEAR

THE

produce
We

better

will

show

take

from

and

fertile

more

buds

it is of

that

disbudding

first.

shoots

These

is resorted

will

year, although occasionally a few

be allowed
to
shoots, and
they should

the

excellent

These

quality.

shoots

young

will

formed

are

fruit,

bear
in

vary

to.

seldom

very

first

the

of

branches

main

previous year's

ends

extreme

usually

as

the

blossom

any

the

at

fruit

121

length

18

inches, and will,

into
in
growth
spring, produce from
eight to
to

12

when

breaking

twelve

or

Five

will

small

more

shoots.

be

nish
quite enough to furfor
this
length of
shoot
for
the
following year,
therefore
should
be reduced
they
this number,
and
that they
to
so
the whole
are
equally distributed
length of the shoot.
Spring and
summer
pruning possess one great
winter
advantage over
pruning,
spurs

Side

because

in doubt

be

it is

then

which

to

as

impossible

^'^ Extension

is a flower

to
.

bud

and

When

which

is

to

The

fruit

to

buds

nothing

is

growth
ieaves,

stopped

not

{d)

small

counting

difficult

more

difference

between

short, thick, and

are

Growth

in

side
basal

shoots

shortened

ones

le) spurs.

bud.

tell the

embryo flowers.
being blunt at the

of

wood

pruning

able

be

three

winter

than

the

Branch

to

The

wood

bud

at

the

is

longer and
explained the

and

amateur

wood

and

bud

beginner
fruit

bud.

end, containing as they do

thinner, and tapering instead

in which
last year's
manner
Having
it
main
of the
branches
to
treat
disbudded,
now
only remains
in the
have
least
at
to
same
10
ought
They
flowering
spurs
way.
every
These
often
inches, each of which
produces three or four clusters of flowers.
should
Two
clusters would
be reduced
to
reserving,of course, the best.
two,
be
have
fruits
two
to
we
can
a
really
only
enough, as at most
spur ; but as frost

shoots

should

end.

blunt

the

to

be

inclement

and

much

safe

side, and

weather

consequently

have

retain

reckoned

be

to

with,

clusters

of the

two

be

must

we

of flowers

until

on

good

the
set

of fruit is secured.
Wood

buds

the

on

Numbers
in
6

the
to

first instance
8

all

inches

tendency

to

branches

main
of

be

along

these

reduced
the

overcrowding

will

cluster

round

by disbudding

branch,
is

also

are

afterwards
The

observed.

the
to

blossom

three

at

reducing
shoots

and

buds,
distances

them

from

in

to

these

two

wood

abundance.
super-

should
apart

of

if any
buds

time
of July, by which
the middle
then
should
be
cut
length,
they
they
those
buds
of
their
bases.
back to within
six or
shoots,
or
(Terminal
seven
retained
their
full length.)
should
fill
be
wanted
vacant
to
spaces,
any
Cutting back the shoots will help the development of the fruit buds at their
the
and
also exposes
of fruit to
its crop
tree
more
air, light,and
bases, and
All subsequent shoots
that
form
should
be
warmth.
stopped at the fourth
may

should

be

will

allowed
have

to
grow
attained

freelyuntil

usually produced

almost

their

about

full

THE

122

leaf.

By

shoots

as

some

the

growers

soon

is advocated

system

developed

have

they

as

GARDEN

FRUIT

five

to

of

stopping the growth of these

leaves, instead of leaving them

six

or

full

their

grow

above, maintaining
whole
in

of

energy
effort

an

growth, and
to
produce at
blossom

give

Side

(/)

Extension
neither

present

(g)

(/z)spurs
the

growth
long

too

sappy

side

shoots

following

because

unripe laterals
in
spurred
be produced

fruit may

which

on

shortened

not
nor

trees,

and

being pinched
limited

of

where

extent

large

trees

adapted

eiFectually
and

feet
10

apart.

basal
the
each

wire

top

tree

one

end

all

stopping
the

crops

but
of

the
the

tage.
advan-

fruit

may
and

natural
is

tree

Under

be

must

this

continued

one

not

desired.

culture

to

of the

grow

that

opinion

and

doubtedly
un-

method
the

during

This

plan

This

be

bars

should

5 feet above

height

apart,

upon

being

fixed

will

admit

which
at

10

be
the

to

inches

to

of

formed

ground
of five

train

training is
horizontal
espalier.
air.
Espalier trees

top
must

fence

is

about

fixed

of

ground

and

bar.

At

the
be

placed,

to

Short

That

Stubby

must

in

fixed

summer

not

Shoot

be
and

pinched
ened
short-

tightly,and if the length

in winter, for such,
in this instance,
is
trellis is above
of the
sixty yards a middle
straining post
often
terminated
by
For
this high trellis the
size of the wire
be fixed.
must
blossom
bud.
in diameter.
To
be ^ inch
should
one
contemplating
any
the
the culture
of the pear
stock
Quince
on
on
a
large scale for commercial
I
recommend
this
form
of
The
can
strongly
training.
espaliertrellises
purposes,
should
should
be fixed at 12 feet apart, and
from
north
south.
to
run
Plenty of
would
land
and
air
then
reach
the
and
the
between
the
trellises
be of
light
trees,
the
value
and
of
afforded
warmth
protection
by reason
by the trees ; it
greater
could
be utilised for the culture
of strawberries, early crops of vegetables,"c.
At the Royal Gardens, Windsor,
a
elegant trellis was
successfullyand
very
which

the

wires

can

be

which

wires,
branches, the

the

of

fruit

i|-inch

and

rows

the

from

the
being 4 inches below
of the trellis strong
posts

of

of

system
the

sequent
subany
is suitable

kinds

many

no

than

pear

third, and

leaf.

fourth

or

wishes

of

am

second,

the

third

possibleexposure

upright

should

inches

whose

with

excellent

retarded.

where

successful

for the

the

to

These

depth.
iron, and

better

cultivators

light,heat, and
the
but
in
had
be
most
forms,
one
adopted, and
commonly
many
may
horizontal
The
the
is
the
believe
be
best,
espalier.
to
espalieror
formed
by fixingupright iron bars (using hot lead as cement), into stones
in the
sunk
and
ground to the same
15 inches
square,

It affords

this

strengthen
more

practised
of

in this way,

at

are

Trees.

Espalier-Trained
better

be

healthy development

season,

gardens

small

To

the

summer.

growths
for

and
it

may

secured

be

tree

prepare
its base
stronger

buds.

system
Good

Leafless

Branch,

so

plan

this

is concentrated

to
primarily intended
plantations are
and
recreative
pleasure,
employment

fruit

this

the

develop

to

recommended

length, as
that
by

as

VETERAN

HORIZONTALLY-!
AT

HEWELL

RAINED
GRANGE.

PEAR

TREE

THE

extensivelyused
the

actual

of

heavy

wellIt

fruit.
this form

large

effect
in

trees

are

This

is no

trees

not

or

be

may

in

that

how

The
the

the

to

with

their

middle

Whose

extension
but

the

shoots

with

shoots

blossom

to

buds.

have

two

basal

Numbers

fruits

to

larger

(inside)and trained
(outside). Fan-trained

each

and

rather

side

useful

In

is

in

than

very

It

in

the

the

feeble

{m)

accounting

expect

is difficult
foot

of

such

of the

pears

lay down

to

surface

that

the

year's

grower
fruit is
and

the
on

age

spurs

formed

when

best

some

stated.

single branch

than

is far

have

fruit

others,one

be

after
the

the

to

The

in

the

square

quite enough to
final thinning ;
the

be

not

the

each

medium-sized
to

would

borne

grovrth.

the

and

branches
Rather

more

strength and
Some

not.

in

for

recommended

stronger

or

will

carry.

to

as

In

Bosc, Pitmaston
Easter
Beurre, and

Diel, Beurr^
Duchess,

with

much

quality

fast rule

and

should

leave

been

size and

foot

square

too

and

many,

of

case

ties
varie-

the

smaller

of wood.

guided by

distributed

on

pear

makes

it does

throughout

that

terminal

bearing heavily ;

fruit

number
any

be

evenly

others
of

tree

pear
must

most

The
then

so

ways,

the

are

and

hard

tree

pear

Beurre

as

(w) spurs

feeble

for

larger percentage

much

both

centre.

garden

varieties
a

in

(i)spurs

of wood.

age

unquestionably

has

this

past

Branch

previous year's wood

to

buds

trees

the

two

refer

not

stopped

down

garden walks,

over

feature

hopeless to

a
square
varieties

Horizontal

numerals

of branch
been

give

trellis

the
side

tall arches

on

Fruit.

the

branch

in summer,

pruned

that

foot would

of

and

perfect

porticos,"c.

in

thus

the

{i)continuation

shortened

summer

been

not

have

(/^ side

fruit,

north

Branch

has

growth

side

the

shortened;

of

ornamental,

gardens. It
thinning.
proper

{/)Extension
length

and

base,

ends

resulting in

sun,

the

not

the

at

trees

trained

house

many
of
the

case

trees

when

Thinning

without

placed

Horizontal

crops
trained

planted on
I prefer planting on

handsome,

neglected

exposed

way,

heavier

form.

over

be

ing
speak-

this

from

also succeeds

should

wide

H.R.H.

with
I have

spring.

either

suitable,and

very
trained

in

true, but

planted in
be

feet

favour
arch.

years'experience

other

any

may

the
the

flower

say
had

wire

about

were

in

low

against

surface

grown

only

much

it equally
to

ten

of

of

crops

said

be

to

and

of frost while

doubt

from

in

been

123

form

arches

is thus

wood,

of trellis that

exposes
baneful

were

surface

the

in the

they

said

pear,

was

the

centre

ripened

has

It
but

the

large

maturation

can

Consort.

in

high

south.

of

training the

measurements,

feet

for

late Prince

PEAR

this

frustrate

the

the

than

of the

be

object in

in

mind

latter.

the

The

of the
tree

not

do

the
tree, and whether
will probably be barren,
to

leave

object of bringing

cultivator

is giving

peach, bearing

vigorous
health

it will

case

with

let the

parts

the

This

three.

satisfied
view.

up

with

large proportion

the
less

average
;

too

many

to

THE

124
Feeding.
its

This

term

applied

as

to

and

man

importance

recognised, but with

regard
inappropriate, but in realityit is not

seem

attention
need

this

to

matter

only draw attention

subject in the case

the

results

same

applied
placed

the

to

round

Without

into

away

pear.

the

base

the

stem,

is

this

Pear

the

during
with

in

the

should

trees

The

season

will

cob

during

copiously

until

nut

weak

be

thrown

readers

the

if

who

away

Gathering

of

course

In

possible.

has

in

the

winter

all the

early

() Stock;

() point

to

inches

12

bud

t^,

J- nese

or

sorts

much

the

disposalof

should
loss and

be

six

be

mid-season

in

uulii

Should

be

to

old

flavour.

washed

with

This

is

afraid
and

be
of
of

large

be

is

ji

allowed

not

fruit,if intended
despatched certainlyten
result

the

in the

As

pear.

of

case

the

hurt

easilypart

by bruising.

late

from
the

pears
r""

the

on

nearly

them.

before
When

As

easilybe
raising it,

the

branch.

tree

quickly

it is different.

late

as
possible
frost,say five
regards the storing

tree

even

market

days

and

ripe on
of

case

can

hand

the

become

hang
frost,and

This

tree.

in

will

to

for

that

the

be gathered
they should
ripe, that is,immediately they

to

of

of

of the

one

important,

most

pears,

stalk

In

the

cultivation

fruit

if allowed

danger
degrees, will

will

the

pull, the

to

the

they are
separating from

the

damage

water

Twice

months

not

winter

of

safelyaffirmed

by taking

if fit

there

with

before

early sorts

Some

until

ground.

or

of

signs

deteriorate
from

may
and

little time

when,

of

shortening
from
growth

it

ascertained

Bud)

FROM

do

Fruit.

the

certainly one

connection

general

show

Old

Storing

and

rule

some

Tree

is,

nearly fully
clear
liquid

pulling up such trees to

the
dust-dry condition

observed

not

interesting,and

duties

Year

that

trees.

most

Maiden

filter
may
stimulants

by dryness at the root.

them
thoroughly and

have

to

the
ground under
roots, therefore
giving heavy waterings occasionallyin

(One

water.

With

the

fruit

be

regard to old and

or
against a wall, more
I
doubt,
think, that the cause
indifferent fruiting which
and

in

water

manure

it is

If
be

must

August,

is

my

watered

which

to

given

"c.

nothing better than

occasionallyusing guano
fed until the
end
of September.
slightsprinklingof nitrate of soda

recommend

me

is

hold

to

given

June

large pear
especiallythe latter,there is no
of their unsatisfactory
condition
often
one
notices, is frequently caused
Let

basin

point

should

turf

of

water

of great service.
in the open
whether
trees,

water

this

cowshed,

be

season

the

is from

of

of

sort

that

there

purpose

intelligent

and

which

ridge

danger
pear

size

the

due

emphasise

that

form

to

as

is

the

to

To

and

advised

wasted.

be

applied

fruit

so

there

sort

stableyard or

the

Late

instead.

be

for

and

from

manure

the

the

already

and

the

time

developed,

of

courses

advantageously

may
from

have

of this

provision
other

so,

the

tree

without

as

understood, and
expression may

care
thought
peach, the pine, the melon,
less
same
practice more
or

the

vine,
obtained,

be

fruit

of

amount

of the

to

are

the

to

to

is well

beast

impossible.

is

success

this

to

GARDEN

FRUIT

as

little

the

early and mid-season

they are
ripe, otherwise
for

home

consumption

"

'.

-^'

"J

ft;

CO

CO

ft;

CO

PEAR

THE
the

best

way

and

storing
2| feet long by ij
deep.
These, when
long barrow, with
having springs under
jolting.
Where

is

there

is

grown
fruit-room
the

in

the

before

full,are
only

inches

placed

ends

and

on

to

sides,

no

wheels

the

baskets,
6

and

wide,

prevent

deteriorates

if the

where

the

fruits

It

pear.
the

are

is

temperature
withstand

without

temperature

injury than
saying that
gathering begins

One

without

goes
of fruit

season

fruit-room

the

gathering

apple, for instance, will

lower

much

feet

room

The

will

to

if

flavour

harvested
low.

for
shallow

have

good collection of pears

well,
possible,to have a special
for storing them
in, for the reason

it is

that

found

have

fruit

125

should

well

be

cleaned,

shelves

convenient

most

hand,

to

that

so

they

to

and

decayed

little

or

the

taken

Single

This

and

in

is

Fan-Trained

Year

large

number

grown

on

Tree

of
6 inches

to

It is
Two

growths

following
side

must

two

for

as

will

and

height.
for a higher

branches,

be
a

to

each

cover

espalier

or

ten
an

two

of

forward

Thus

tree

in the

the
from

branches

limited

trained
5

wall,
is

quired
re-

cover

the

any
space.

number

in

cultivator

ripe

August
more

that

in

pears
to

opportunity
of

distinct

important

an

enables

the

the

advantage

season,

Easter.

handsome

and

amateur

it

enjoy

to

may
space,

say

Larger
fruit

from
and

can

be

feet, three

the
from
upright (instead of
high espalier), thus
securing eleven

these

wall

grower
number
a

matter,

of

the

is

of

of pears.
fact that

varieties

an

This

ing
interest-

the

of
a

fruits.

will

espalier or

years
wall than

upper
each

spect
re-

have

ones

an

growing

shoots.

secured

5 feet
and
from

originated

the

ened.
short-

not

upright branch

is taken

quickly

If

shortened

of these

any

from

two

shoot

the

branches.

in

shoots

shorten

from

and

while

lowest

secured
feet

to

necessary
secured
are

summer,

four

; {r) side shoots

side branches
from

(s)growths

branches,

of the
be

not

small

the

6 inches

to

this

varieties

thereby giving
Two

sible
acces-

require

method

It is interesting from

shortened

and
Late

Cordons

successful

cultivatingmany

(f) Leader

will

Double

or

Walls.

be

quickly

away.
less
on

early

the

of

disposed of.

been

trellis

bruised

attention

no

until

the

preceding

shown.

as

be placed
may
shelves, as they

pears

ON

in the

easily and

ones

(/) side

inches

improvised

an

and

over,

to

rods

be

can

looked

to

secured

are

summer

stakes

Trek
inches

shortened

growths

whitewashed.
In
harvesting pears
necessary
it is a good plan to lay the earliest to ripen on
the

shortened

shoots

if

and

Fan-Trained

Year

(0)Leader

of others

may

be

grown

by

this

method

than

other way,
although it must
any
be said that quantity is somewhat

in

126

THE

sacrificed.

This

desideratum.

is

system

The

FRUIT

trained

Three-year

is about

tree

recommended

not

singlecordons

pruning

to

be

where

planted

8 inches

shortening leader at third pruning

originated
pruning ; [y] branches

(j;)pointof shortening
covering

for

chief

the double

maiden

on

second

inches

foot

the

are

crops

apart,and

Training

Horizontal

and

heavy

a
s feet high espalier ; point of cutting back
from
ground ; (u) point of shortening leader at
to 6 inches
(v) point of cutting back side shoots
; (w)

tree
12

should

Fan

Modified

GARDEN

side

trellis.

the

This

point

shoots

at

method

of

third
bines
com-

is trained
tree
training. The
with
an
upright stem, the maiden
growth and the subsequent leading growths
tance.
each
side growths
shortened
to
inches, and
originated at this disare
12
year
to 6 inches
to
as
They are shortened
produce two vigorous growths
so
In
this particular the system
is that
of
from
shown.
each, training them
as
the
several
of the trellis
the fan, but when
their respective wires
growths reach
with branches
each
is trained
the trellis is furnished
horizontally. By this mode
in four years
from
the bud
instead
of six years,
method.
as
by the horizontal
The
is applicable
to
height of espalier or wall, and
obviously
system
any
the
doubles
for horizontal
training in all but the
speed of forming branches
last years
first and
of shortening the leader.

cordons

3 feet apart.

for the
an

that

reason

advantage

to

In

when

the

the

tree

to

intact, if

not

and
;

secured

to

(a) horizontal
well

rooted,

fan

and

I recommended

singlecordon
a

encourage

Double

and

wire

less

not

wire.
shorten

horizontal

first instance

the

Single

Properly planted
angle of 45

the

principlesof

the

The
to

second

reached
cordon

Horizontal

than

foot

if well

tree

the

has

cross

singlecordons

from

from

top
the

ground
and

;
not

with

planting

the

cut

object

one-third

development

will

off all

of

converting

give

the

the

single

single

cordon

into

more

base

best,

as

wall

the

of the

it is

stem,

(s) maiden
tree
planted at an
left
be
unduly vigorous may
of its length.
In the
spring
the
from
leading shoot
strong
six joints of wood
stop back

and
the wire
take
forward
growths below
a
train it horizontally.
AH
others
five or
having made
part and
upper
in autumn
four leaves, cutting them
buds.
It is
two
to one
to three
or
or
until its limit is reached.
Double
horizontal
the leading growth
cordon,
one
maiden
form
of cutting back
to
tree ; {c)shoots
branches, all others rubbed

after

of

Cordons

rooted

line, about

the

a
room

double
and

not

necessary
trained

year
off.

cordon.
result

to
:

This
in

shorten

{") point

new

healthier

PEAR

MARGUERITE

AS

MARILLAT
O.V

WEST

WALL.

CORDON

THE
and

fruitful

more

growth

If worked

on

will

remain

the

wall, especiallyif

fruitful

undoubtedly

succeed

double

ones

double

cordons

Apart

for

as

from

it is

Quince

many

years
wall
is

better

and

above.

should

planted

Vertical

be

interest

pinch out
midsummer,
the

the

it has

point.
it will

strongest

pinching

the

the

have

of

case

other

12

and

wall, say
in

possess

not

or

feet,

trained,
years
secured
to

be

must

adaptabilityfor

Cordons

vigorous,

it

their

and

too

otherwise

i.

Maiden

trellis.

it need

be

not

shortened

tree

If well

shortened,

the

to

perly
pro-

rooted

line

cross

inches

third

on

space

they would
develop into

first instance.

four
Single cordon
planted

so

is done
by
again ; reserve
training it upright,
the

ticable.
prac-

be, they

allotted
But

gradually to
low

Diagonal

grown
If this

to

feet.

12

where

should

pears

filled their

say
if allowed

utilitycordons

2.

to

as

secure

Second

year
shortened

been

grow

growth,

all occasions

on

all cordon

Cordons

when

and

longer

in the

in growth
from
bud
tree
Single maiden
;
{d) point or' shortening at winter pruning,
about
half its length.
In the following
retain
shoot
the
spring
as
strongest

leader,

recommended

In

and

127

stock, as
after they
a
high one,

live

suggested
the

be

to

the

the

PEAR

vigorous growth
from
bud, maiden

for

(/)

continuation

tree

extension.

having

not

growth

{g) previous

which
have
formed.
on
year's wood
spurs
growth ; (z) previous
year
; {h) extension
with
ing
bearyear's wood
years' wood
; {J} three
spurs
fruit,
Fourth
4.
gi'owth
year ; {k) extremity
limit
and
of trellis ; (/) previous
with
year's wood
four
years' wood
fruiting ; below
; (m) three
spurs
in bearing.
In trees
trained
years' wood
diagonally
is more
than
the flow
of sap
in
evenly distributed
the
vertical, consequently
more
vigour is imparted

leaf.

3.

the
previous year's wood
on
are
pruning
similarly. At the winter
the
leader
need
to wellonly be shortened
and
the
ripened wood,
or, if well matured
second
ting
growth short, leave full length, cutto a bud
two.
or
pinched side shoots
is similar.
Subsequent
years' treatment
Double
trained
tree
2.
one
(in leaf) ;
year
at winter
{e) point of shortening growths
F- llowing spring and
summer
pruning.
for single cordon.
treatment
same
as
Shoots

treated

to

Third

the

lower

parts.

requirements of small gardens, they have a special advantage in the case

it is desired
furnish
to
new
walls,and where
any large or small garden with
fruitful
Cordons
loss of time
them
with
trees.
can
immediately and without
be purchased at reasonable
prices,from 6 to 10 feet in height, and clothed from
the
with
the
summit
base
to
to
fruit-bearingbuds, and they return
grower
excellent
first
of
fruit.
It
in
after
a
planting a satisfactoryyield
crop
year
and
also
handsome
here
be
stated
that
those
to
to
large
wishing
grow
may
the

of

pears, either for

which
of culture

private
will

dessert

secure

or

this

for

exhibition

result

so

purposes,

there

the
successfully
as

is

cordon

no

method
tree.

128

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

appointment
disof varieties ; much
regards the selection
I
and
planting.
experienced by indiscriminate
may
be
known
varieties which
to
useless
those
are
that
it
is
to
at
once
plant
say
and
When
as
are
weak
to
restriction,
naturally
they
subjected
poor
growers.
in
all.
Therefore
at
under
this system,
in time
they absolutelyrefuse to grow
known
those varieties only that are
to
be careful
order
trees
to
selectingcordon
I
them
enumerate
be
of good constitution
and
free growth, and
amongst
may
also as affordinga supply of
and
the following as being suitable
for this purpose,
also well
These
varieties are
first quality dessert
fruits from
August to Easter.
trees.
adapted for growing on walls as horizontal or fan-trained
word

of

caution

is necessary
loss will be

as

Varieties
August.

Beacon,

Doyenne

^Jargonelle,

Bordillon,

September.

Brockworth

Park,

Souvenir

Williams'

*Fondante

Walls

for

*Beurre
Giffard, *Clap;fi's Favourite,
d'EU,
du Congres.
Beurre
Bon
d'Atnanlis,
Chrdtien, *Beurrd
de
*Triomphe
Vienne, Madame
d'Autonine,

Gregoire
superfin,
Treyve,

Marillat.

Marguerite

* Beurre
FouBosc, Beurrd
Capiauniont, Beurrd
Bergamotte
Hamburg,
de La?ny, Doyenni
Gratioli
*Co!nte
Boussoch,
Hardy, ^Beurre
Brown,
Louise
of Jersey, Marie
d'Uccle, *Pitmaston
Duchess, *Seckle,
of Jersey, '''Louise Bonne
Magnate.
de
Beurrd
Baronne
November.
^Conference,
Durondeau,
Mello,
Clairgeau,
du
Mons
*Doyennd
Cornice, Hacoris
Incomparable, '''Marie Louise, *Tho7npson's, Van
France.
*La
Uon
Le
Clerc, '''Duchesse d'AngouUme,
*Beurre
Beurri
d' Arenberg,
Beurre
de
December.
d'Anjou,
Bachelier, *Beurri
*Marie
'''Doyenne d'Alengon, *Glou
KnigMs
Morceau,
Jonghe, Chaumontel,
Monarch,
Diel.
Benoist, * Winter
Nelis, * Beurre
*Nouvelle
Fulvie, *Beurre
Sterckmatts, '''Easter Beurre', Jean de Witte,
January.
*Z"
Lectier, President
Barabe, Vicar of Winkfield, Zephirin Grdgoire.

October.
*

queray,

Beurre

February.

March

to

May.

Duchesse

Guisse,

de

Bordeaux,

'''Bergamotte Esperen,

'''Betirrd

Beurre

Meuris,

'''Olivier

de

Serres,

'''Passe

Perran.

Ranee,

'''Josephinede

Malines,

Nelis.

Anna

it is desired

Where
an

Marie

'''Nee Plus

Crassane,

should

asterisk

be

to

have

PEAR
By

orchard
It

market.

culinary
standards
and
from

bushes
6

facing

to

all

upon
12

horizontallytrained

marked

with

THE

IN

GEORGE

OPEN

BUNYARD

varieties
of
suitable
for
are
only a few
pears
for dessert
and
garden that they are valuable
of their
be
can
as
by reason
long season.
They
grown
above
the
outer
coarse
garden
vegetables, or as pyramids
the
stock
Quince
by the sides of the garden paths planted
cultivated

feet apart,

points

varieties

culture

is in the

purposes
in the

collection, those

grown.

THE

Under

limited

but

but
the

the

fruits attain

north.

espaliersupon

Some
the

Free

perfection
prefer
or

Pear

pear

when
trees

upon
grown
fan-trained
as

stock, planted

15

walls
or

feet apart.

.*^^.

?^i^'

PEAR

THE

They

be

may

the

grown

Quince

walls

at

and

fertile

in

When

root-pruned

properly

pears

form.

any
thrive

varieties

well

planted againstwalls
aspect,

and

They

All

become

such

mealy

fruits

days

and

the

be

should

is often

be

be

can

fall from

should

as

an

is

fruits

any
be

on

cut

black

ready
late

some

when

parent
ap-

the

trees

the

stalk

it may
be
over
spur
indication
that the pear
gather. Again, if when

ready to
gently lifted

the

spur
Amateurs

fruit

should

fall,
as
they

and

do

not

not

are

indicate

ripe.

readilyfrom

it parts

up

the

few

are

of

remain
and

when

the

grows

taken

to

considered

fruits

November,

out
with-

once.

pips (seeds)are
be

as

the

should

few

varieties

end

as

without

if the

at

are

the

Only general

trees

store.

until

made

given.

may
The

to

stored

picked.

cause

open,
the
fruits

fruit

Should

the

and

be

hang

ones

carefullypicked,

bruising,and

Enquiry

fruits will

exposed

delicate

gonelle
Jar-

as

Chretien

decay. All
be
gathered

soon

not

Such

must

Bon

shaded

after

gathered.

pears
rules

varieties

should
The

once.

pear

water

October.

into

Williams'

and

some

their

be fed with

well

siderable
con-

perfect

to

should

ripe, otherwise

at

or

early pears, such as ripen

be gathered
October, should
days before they are
really

few

the

be

western

the

before
a

west

should

they require

as

stimulants

on

with

warmth
fruits.

early
facing

walls

on

very

are

The

sorts
east, the mid-season
wall ; the
late
varieties

southern

upon

stock, planted against

feet apart.

pruned

cordons

as

129

may
be

be

picked.

alarmed

if

diseased
frequently
all the

fruits

Finely developed

fruits

that

Bush

?should

be the
be

cultivator's

thinned

as

aim.
soon

They
as

well

Tree

(5

Years

Old)

{w) Point of shortening the first growth from the bud or graft ;
(jt)point of second
pruning of leading growth
; (y) point
of third
pruning ; (2) side branches
originated the first
formed
in second
; (a) branches
(^) branches
season;
year
originated in third year of pruning ; (c)leading growths
of branches
allowed
for
to remain
; (c^ subsidiarygrowths

furnishing

the

from

other.

each

shoots.

The

tree

with
The

branches

about

numerals

refer

distant

foot

to

the

of

ages

the

is formed

trees
by cutting back maiden
from
the ground, so
to
18 inches
that
the
lowest
to
15
branches
well clear of the soil.
Of the growths pushare
six of the most
or
promising and well situated
are
ing,_five
the
others
rubbed
retained, and
off, thus
leaving four or
five side shoots
and
Side growths
leader.
laterals on
a
or
of these
pinched at the first leaf as produced,
ting
cutare
any
below
the first stopping at the winter
pruning ; as
basal buds
will be left, spurs
will form
the following
some
the winter
At
summer.
pruning the leader is shortened
the side shoots, if over
foot in length,
to
a
15 inches, and
left intact.
The
next
spring four to six
topped, otherwise
and
shoots
are
push from the stem
encouraged, but not a
of this
leading central
growth (the absence
or
presence
difference
between
bush
marks
the
and
a
a
pyramid
lateral
shoots
three
are
tree);
pinched to
leaves, not
basal
ened
and
one
or
two,
counting the small
they are shortbuds
to one
two
at the winter
or
pruning following.
Short
stubby shoots are not pinched or winter
pruned, as
the fruit is produced.
In winter
these
the uppermost
on

shoots

should

Pear

are

fork, and
treated

as

simply

tree

shortened
the
in

to

about

15

leading growths
the preceding season

inches
the

of
;

to

side

cause

them

branches

subsequent

repetition.
I

to
are

pruning is

THE

I30

FRUIT

GARDEN

formed.

A largeportion of the pears

naturally when
quite small, and

fall

cultivator
this

should
before

stage

Late

that

positions as
from

below

the

trees)those
removed.

A very
fruits of

small

hard

and

such

benefit

wall

(on

walls,should

the

heavy

will

crop

inferior

Pears

texture.

in

imperfect fruits,

branches

touching

best-

fullest

the

All

start

the

placed

are

air.

to

leave

derive

to

and

sun

those

in

which

thin.

numbers

destroy

early ;

too

after
to

advisable

not

the

weeks

commences

often

it is

thinning
looking fruits

three

he

will

frosts

also, so

wait

will

result

flavour

and
and

walls,

on

be

heavily cropped trees in other positions,

need
mulching and watering in July
and
tion,
August, and well repay this attenif largefruits for exhibition
especially
desired

are

purposes

flavoured

better

however,

are,

medium-sized

fruits
and

more

generally useful.
Best

Stocks

bush, cordon,
restricted

{e)

Pyramid

Point

Pear

Tree

(s Years

Old)

maiden
cutting back
tree
point of
; (y)
shortening ; (?)point of tiiird cutting baclc ;
of
(/z)point of fourth
shortening of leader; (z) pomt
stopping leading shoot in summer
; (j) continuation
of
side
leader
made
after
(k)
pinching ;
growth
in consequence
made
of stopping
leader.
growths
of

second

The

numerals
such

refer
tree

is formed

pyramid

inches

to
15
shoots

the

to

of the

age

winter
requires no
by shortening
the

from

originated ;
perpendicular

pruning.

The

maiden

tree

the

and

ground,
is taken

one

cally
Practi-

wood.

five

to

the

though
to

branches

their

of

cut

are

bases

to

than
side
others
each
three

side

so

until

on,

form

shoots
the

better

require

and
is

as

the

foot

large

bud

and

fourth

will

be

as

sidiary
subother

; the lower
and
the

apart

shortening,
symmetrical

form

sandy,
be

or

best

are

As

light,the

or

very
the Pear

is

soil

the

Free

the

quince

where

and

trees

upon

the

or

moisture-

gravelly,

is

trees

pear

must

stock

growth
; gross
always be checked
by root-pruning.
planting pears grafted or budded
on
on

should

be

soil.
be

placed

But,

taken

stock

the

on

inches

other

the

can

In
the

scion

beneath

hand,

the
should

care

Free

to

if worked
grow
stock ; in such cases

graft

variety that

is

work

the

"

double

termed

of

or

bud

vigorous,and
desired

Quince

then

upon

This

sort.

grafting,"and

on.

men
nursery-

the

on

of the

direct

not

first

this

junction

plant trees on the

varieties
deeply. Some

not

too

will
pear
the Quince

the

stock

of
the

upon

Orchard
be

midal,
Pyra-

.forms

other

such

is
trees

of

pruning
secured, and

desired.

stock.

loving tree,

two

or

and
each

nearer

third
leader

Pear

side

pinched
side

The
be

not

preserve
At
the

tree

to

should

desired

where

; the
within

spurs.

should

p inches, and are

seldom
branches

only to
specimen.

forked

branches

in winter

back

branches

be

may

originate subsidiary

shoots

the

stake,

espaliers

Quince

remaining
ones
selected
in the best positions, all others
retained
are
off.
The
the
leader
being rubbed
following winter
is shortened
if strong,
inches, or 18 inches
to
15
will grow
and
least
four
shoots
in spring, one
at
be trained
of the stem,
to
upwards as continuation
The
the
others
side
regularly disposed around.
branches
have
been
case
shortened, in which
may
leader
from
be
trained
forward
must
a
as
growth
the
the
others
pinched,
extremity of each, and
to

stock.

seven

secured

upwards,

growth,

Quince

Pears.

for

produce
minimum

maximum
of

growth.

of

fruit

with

a;

PEAR

THE
Manuring
and

duly

if

the

Pear

thinned
fail

trees

results,and
and

the

branches
of

trees

and

late

and

table

use.

wait

until

fruits

of

crop

is

set

grow^th

much

too

to

stimulants, for

balance
between
proper
is disturbed.
The
fruits

roots

upon

sorts

positions,

warm

is better

to

are

harsh

giving

bear,

to

It

should
be
freely thinned
Unless
hang into November.
the
fruits
perfectly matured
are
and
fit
become
for
never
woody,
These
late sorts
should
be given

allowed

they

Trees.

before

131

walls

south

even

cool

in

districts.

Orchard

pains

Culture.
taken

are

orchards, but
where

It

thin

to

the

is seldom
crop

finer fruits

much

of

that
in

pears

be obtained

can

the

kept well
boughs are
by
apart
in
hours
winter, and a few
pruning
given to thinning the fruits will be well
mulch
of long
repaid. If liquid manure
or
a
stable litter can
be applied in June or
July,
and
for the
latest varieties
until October, to
those
will
bearing a heavy crop the trees
benefit greatly.
In
do
advise
not
planting pears
we
be
to
used
manure
too
freely as this may
severe

force

the

Many
of

with

rely on
that

where

much

soil

becomes

too

loose

readily,and
will

far

those

suflFer in

dry

clothe

(/) Point

of

of

the

and

trees

to

stock

outer

ally
especi-

and

season

root

the

Established

freely,and
the

liable

are

profusion

"sets."
those

In
which

to

go

of

to

blossoms,

varieties
make

over

the

forward
sufficiently

flower
trees
pear
very
exhaust
themselves
by

the least
trees

as

and

so

do

that

that
this

growth)
soon

able
it is advis-

shoots.

flowers,e.g. those next

the clusters are
close
so
is evident

all

Descriptions

cannot

come
of

the

to
to

each
to

Fruit.

wall, or
other

and
g

where
that

It

must

be

the

than

wooden

diameter,
it

to

circumference
inches

15

shoots

vigorously

in

secured

snoots

the

of

means

inches

in

arranged
alternating

it, and
If

is

the

the

at

the

diameter,
at
equal
with

shoots
uppermost
the
others, stop

forked

it

the

same

so

the
grow
them

cultivator

understood

bearing

branches
no

the

central
form

; it is well

devote

much

is

suited

gardens, especially

cannot

that

and

and

continued,

has

tree

varieties

of the

bush

have

pyramid,
and

the
are

Such

apart.
like
the

for

branches
to

as

inches

shaping

as

main

peculiar to some
for plantations
the

perfection.

by
g

later

stem

of

lower
around

treatment

are

surplusclusters

remove

numerals

The
result
wood).
disposed
regularly
others
being removed.

one

uppermost

three

pyramid,

buds

Old)

(the

inches

(generally

the

as

tree

than
when
about
early in August
long, keeping the shoots
as
nearly
15
level
winter
a
as
possible. The
pruning
on
will
be
practically nil if summer
stopping
is practised, and
the
shoots
about
are
on
level ; otherwise
shorten
those
a
too
long,
close
all
laterals.
The
and
cut
subsequent
not

fruit

no

inner

around
apart
be
hoop should

distances
inner

become

all
stem,
be arranged

an

three

9 inches

the

more

stunted.

may

Years

of the
age
six
growths,

is
the

They
hoops,

maiden

the

to

this

(5

Tree
back

cutting

around

frequently
is used

Pear

refer

rather

prefer

Quince

the

on

joints

to

It

manure

for

the

apart

we
spurs, so
loam.
sound

occurs

buds.
Columnar

blind, and

fruit

good,

fruit

and

spurs

and

growth,

gross

loss of

become
may
will be too

sorts

trees

make

to

the

to

buds

some

the
to

trees

lead

thus

when

time

to

trees.

there

is

great

THE

132
difference
where

both

in the

size

FRUIT

GARDEN

colour

and

of

depending

pears,

(i) the

upon

district

the position; (3) form

of the
and
tree
(4) upon
;
; (2)
Louise
gathered from
thinning. For example, fruits of Marie
standard
be almost
with
trees
entirelycovered
russet, and but a quarter the
may
when
size of fruits from
wall
ripe,with
trees, the latter being a bright orange
red
or
only a suspicion of russet.
Many pears in certain soils develop a crimson
when
classed
the
flush which
Pears
is not
with
met
as
are
gritty
generally.
around
the core
hard
flesh is apple-likeand
round
melting
gritsare found
; as
Cornice
du
like a peach, e.g. Doyenn^
when
crisp
dissolvingin the mouth
; as

they

the

are

grown

of

amount

mastication

when
be

prevented

The

of

flavonar

Some

is needed.

in

degree by gathering
is variously described

apt

are

pears

rot

trees

from

or

flavoured

and

There

warmest

juicy

most

are

from

purpose
the ripening of

if

wall

gathered

trees

just before

as

they

rule
are

may

fully ripe.
perfumed ; the
are

not

keep

October
side

after

sorts, but
of

sunny
all early pears

pyramid
are

best

quite ripe.

catalogued, but for

the whole
season
figured and described, and these cover
last
of
in
the
d'Et^
to
April.
Doyenn6
July
days
varieties

500

some

only 63

our

parts

of

and

This

core.

they

rich, and
rule, do
a

Mid-season
is evident.
as
meaning of each term
pears,
the
for
September
more
especially
are
ready
eating,
they
the
be lengthened by first gathering from
their season
can
the

the

at

before

sweet,

as

pears

to

fruits

the

of

this

fruit

known

and

are

Skin
faint patches of russet
AUCOURT.
smooth,
AsPASlE
greenish, shading
; colour
and
rich, first-class ; season
yellow ; flesh primrose, melting and juicy ; flavour sweet
the
which
it forms
fertile tree.
the
slow
on
Quince stock, upon
a
Upon
August ; growth
It is one
of the best
in its season
for garden
it grows
Pear
stock
use.
moderately.
pears
Skin
Leroy.
Baron
slightly rough ; colour
spotted with freckles of russet
green,
with
bronze
and
patches ; flesh white, melting ; flavour sweet,
rich, and firstbrown,
December
moderate.
resembles
This
class
to
new
January ; growth
pear
; season
It may
is very
supersede it,for Bergamotte
captious.
Esperen.
Esperen
Bergamotte
culture.
consider
it worthy of garden
We
Skin
smooth
and
Beacon.
shining, with faint russet
pale green,
yellow, and
; colour
cheek
firm
but
for
with a brown
its season
flesh
not
flavour
first-rate,
sweet,
passable
;
;
;
end
of July ; growth
middle
which
the
slow
it
to
Quince
season
stock, upon
on
very

to

forms

fertile, compact

tree.

free

bearer.

and
covered
shining ; colour
pale pea-green,
dots
and
patches of russet, faintly red or rosy sometimes
large russet
; flesh pale
and
rich
in a warm
in cold
but
seasons
primrose, half-melting ; flavour sweet
season,
free and
February to April ; growth
only fit for stewing ; season
twiggy, an
enormous
soil and wall culture, but on
eatable.
light land is seldom
; prefers a heavy
cropper
Skin
with russet
Belle
dots and
Julie.
rough, covered
patches ; colour pale green
to
and
yellow ; flesh nearly white, very juicy, melting ; flai"otir rich, sweet,
quite firstclass ; season
close and
first-rate on
growth
stock,
early November;
Quince
compact;
bears profusely ; might succeed
standard
and
in warm
as
a
positions ; a very fine variety
F.C.C.
in all forms.
for garden culture
1894.
d'hiver.
Skin
Bellissime
smooth, with patches of rough
russet
; colour
green
and
cheek
which, as the fruit ripens, is often scarlet ; flesh
yellow, with a rich, bronzy
white
and
March
November
to
crisp ; flavour,
stewing pear ; season
compact,
; growth
of fruit-spurs ; bears
sturdy, upright, forming a great number
freely,and, on account
very
of its long season,
late cooking
is a valuable
baked.
Splendid when
pear.
BEURRlfe
Bosc.
Ski7t rough and
with rich, brown
harsh, entirely covered
russet, with
rich and
silvery Aois,;flesh firm, very
]mcy; flavour very
distinct; season
October;
thin-branched
moderate
orchard
for
growth
spreading and
a
suitable
tree
; forms
; not

Esperen.

Bergamotte

with

a.

Skin

smooth

~/^..'

TRIPLE

UPRIGHT

CORDON

PEAR

TREE.

PEAR

BEURRE

RANGE.

which

prefers
slowly

Grows

Beurr]^

as

When

wall.

warm

cordon

russet
lemon, with patches
melting ; flavour first-class,very

and

November

in all forms, and

as

it
a

as

Louise,
rich, like Marie
upright and compact.

growth

in

standard

stock

suitable

but
A

heavily root-pruned.

be

must

standard.
a

wall

; colour

green

to

; JlesA nearly white,

end
of
piquant ; season
garden pear, succeeding

fruit

more

grand

soils.

warm

apple-green, with minute

crisp,
; flesh firm, very
ber
Novemvariety; season
when
white
stewed, excellent ; it is not a dessert
; flavour,
a fine standard
foliage. Makes
to May
pendent, with very
large roundish
; growth
a
good garden tree on the Quince stock in all forms, but the growth is spreading for
(Pound

Catillac
dots

and

and

and
a

Pear

Not

from
in places, smoother
russety
almost
sometimes
covering the

SVPRRFIN.Sh'n
of

October

the

upon

Quince.

the

on

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

134

of

flecks

Pear),

Skin

it often

russet,

harsh,

has

fO"Kr

often

russety;

or

chocolate-red

red

flush

bush.

thin
of
patches
bright primrose, with
and
firstrefreshing,
rich,
white, half-melting, juicy ; flavour sweet,
russet
; flesh snow
and
This
new
December
sturdy.
class
to
January ; growth
compact
pear
; season
of recently introduced
F.C.C.
One
of the best
du
Souvenir
resembles
Congr^s.
pears.
Charles

Ernest.

Skin

smooth

colour

1900.

Clapp'S

Favourite.

bronzy or sometimes
allowed
mealy when
September
; growth
A

valuable

market

Skin
slightly harsh, very uneven
; co/oz^r -bright yellow, with
if gathered
before
fully ripe, but
bright red cheek
; flesh melting
but
first-class
the
not
tree
to
flavour
pleasant,
ripen on
; season
;
moderately.
foliage on
long footstalks ; bears
upright, with narrow

on
pear
Skin

dwarf

trees.

side ; colour bright green,

with
on
one
slightly harsh, smooth
rich, and
sweet,
bronzy red ; flesh crisp, half-melting ; flavour
pale yellow and
very
sturdy and
upright, very full of fruit-spurs.
early September
pleasant ; season
; growth
seldom
fails to crop.
A very
free-bearing pear, which
Skin
netted
Conference
slightly rough, with
(Rivers' Conference).
patches of
and
with
colour
shaded
tinged
melting
flesh
pale
russet
pale green,
;
orange,
orange
;
October
distinct ; season
upright and
free,
juicy ; flavour rich, aromatic, and
; growth
pensable
with
Perhaps too large for orchard
plentiful foliage. A profuse bearer.
trees, but indisF.C.C.
in gardens
form.
in any
1885.
rather
de
la Cour).
Skin
Cour
Conseiller
(Marechal
harsh, sometimes
de
la
with
minute
dots and
colour
russet
splashes ; flesh greenish
pale bright green,
russety
;
flavour
November
rich, with a peculiar musky
white, melting ; flavour very
; season
;
fine
A
Does
narrow
foliage on
garden pear.
free, with
long footstalks.
growth
very
is often i lb. in weight.
well in cool soils, and
and
with greenish dots
Hardy.
Skin
Directeur
patches of russet
smooth,
; colour
side ; flesh lemon-white,
crisp and
juicy ; flavour
one
pale lemon, rich bronzy red on
well
and
it keeps
October
rich ; season
and
neat
sweet
compact.
; growth
very
;
well
other
of the finest,it bears
when
that
it
not
so
good pears
one
are
scarce
Although
merits
1896.
culture, and is certainly an acquisition. A.M.
DoyennS
Skin
Boussoch
de Merode,
(Doyenne
Albertine).
slightly rough ; colour
and
crimson
with
flush
stripes, and
specks ; flesh white,
large russety
bright orange
brisk
and
refreshing, slightly acid ; season
juicy ; flavour
crisp, half-melting, and
is very
October
spreading ; makes
moderate,
standard, and
good in any
a good
; growth
first-class.
like the
form
not
briskly acid
as
a
garden tree, though
Many
flavour; it
when
of better
be depended
to bear
quality are
scarce.
can
pears
upon
with
Doyenn^
smooth
Skin
faint russet
entirely
d'Alen^on.
; colour
pea-green,
round
both
the
and
with
covered
black
dots, with thin patches of russet
stalk,
eye
shaded
side ; flesh pale creamy
the
bronze
the
tinged with
on
on
sunny,
primrose
rich and
colour, half-melting ; flavour very
January to March
pleasant ; season
; growth
the Pear, compact
the
A
free on
on
Quince stock.
good bearer, and
worthy of a wall.
the tree
A.M.
is fed the fruit becomes
When
large and handsome.
1900.
D'i;T
Doyenn^
Skin
smooth
and
(Summer
shining ; colour
Doyenn^).
green,
marbled
yellow and
primrose, with a bronzy or brilliant crimson
cheek, with
irregular
COLMAR

d'te.

PEAR

TREE,

UPRIGHT
COVERlyO

FORM

OF
PILLAR.

TRAINING

FOR

THE
patches

of

the

tree

on

season

middle

forms

thin

melting,

This

pruning

chief

as

roots

as

market

the

best

the

open,

It

pear

in the

DucHESSE
strewed

from

and

DE

succeeds

in
the

We

flavour.

should

freely

too

do

advise

not

be
root-

heavy

1900.

black
polished ; colour
orange-yellow, with
and
perfumed
occasionally very
good, but its
slow
and
Bears
September
sturdy.
; growth
When
weight.
gathered before
fully ripe it is
and

flavourless.

is very

This

hardy

and

of

Skin

with

russet,

smooth
coppery

and velvety ;
tinge on sunny

fruit is

excellent

bears

regularly.

It

colour

pale cinnamon-brown,
and
flesh white
firm,
season
February to March
; growth
A
like
Quince.
good bearer, and
side

very
Pear

Beurr6.
;

Care

F.C.C.

rich, slightly aromatic

;
slow
the
on
stock, but
late
for
be
Fruits
feeding at the root.
must
many
pays
pears
F.C.C.
being gathered.
1885.
DuRONDEAU
Skin
(De Tongr^s).
harsh, shining ; colour rich
red-brown
flush ; flesh white, half-melting, and
juicy ; flavour very
October
free ; foliage rather
small.
This
indispensable
; growth
forms, and is worthy of wall culture
freely and regularly.
; bears
grown
and

growth
be freely planted
in

should

form.

any

richest

delicious

wall

and

smooth

melting ; flavour
variety ; season

BORDEAUX.

patches
half-melting ; flavour
the
moderate, free on

fruits

and

cool

north.

with

Easter

orange-yellow,
"ush; flesh

red

exquisite, rich

when
grown,

dull

brilliant

to

the
fruit is often
lb. in
profusely, and
i
juicy and good, but if over-ripe it is mealy
very
The
being largely planted for market
sale.
tree
succeeds

; colour

has

its season.
lengthen
if it grows
by mulching, and

fruits have

akin

December

surface

out.

moderate-sized

the

is

the

near

Guyot.
Jules
flesh buttery and

value

in

wall

grit ; flavour

into

doubt
and

carried

be

must

thinning,

entirely without

walls

slightly harsh

from

when

sometimes

is without

the

5/5z

(Comice).

dots, sometimes

on

keep

to

of

Comice

black

aspects,

Dr.

rich, sweet, and

; flesh firm ; flavour
pleasant ; if left
in time
is juicy and
mealy, but when
gathered
good ;
July, the earliest good pear ; growth
upright, rather
spreading ;
Its earliness
is its chief characteristic
or
garden tree.
; foliage

pale primrose,
and
November,

various

dots

dots

becomes

pyramid
du

moderate.

taken

135

long.

minute

season

end

to

Doyenne
with

golden

ripen it

to

pretty

and

and

russet

PEAR

colour

Skin

pale

harsh

with

green

when
a

grown
chocolate-red

in the

open,

matured

nut-brown
rich

dots

before

with
season

deep
end

succeeds

pear

often

but

cheek, with

well

smooth

of the

in

in

of
all

wall-

colour,
melting, juicy ; flavour
moderate,
; growth

faint

same

shaded
and
dots
side ; flesh tender
silvery russet
on
December
Mafch
to
refreshing, pleasantly sub-acid
; season
stock
of
south
south-west
the Quince
and
is then
first-class in
on
wall,
a
or
worthy
;
in good
Succeeds
flavour.
situations.
beauty and
as
a
pyramid
d'Heyst
smooth
Emile
(Beurre d'P^steren). Skin
orange-yellow with small
; colour
dots
and
russet
patches ; flesh yellowish, melting, and juicy ; flavour rich, piquant, with
of October
end
and
November
and
neat
a
pleasant refreshing acidity ; season
; growth
and
somewhat
It
of fruit-spurs, and
bears
forms
a
irregular.
mass
profusely
compact,
and
It succeeds
in many
reliable
than
sort
Marie
forms, and is a far more
regularly.
and
not
a
sweet
so
richly flavoured, but it has
juice
Louise, though
pleasant sub-acid
in various
be freely planted
which
and
should
of the best
prefer. It is one
pears,
many
F.C.C.
1899.
aspects.
very
slow

d'automne.

FONDANTE

Skin

smooth

with

russet

flecks

and

dots

colour

orange-

red
all greenish
cheek, sometimes
yellow ; flesh buttery, very
yellow, with brownish
end
of September
and
and
October
rich, first-class
sweet
juicy ; flavour very
; season
;
in all forms, and
small
is one
and
with
neat
foliage. It succeeds
growth
compact
sparse
best
of the very
(Birds are particularlyfond of it.)
grown.
with
shallow
Skin
FONDANTE
Thirriot.
DE
nearly smooth,
punctures
; colour
with
often
lemon
firm, and
flesh
to
tinge
juicy ;
a
deep
golden-scarlet
;
very
orange,
and
November
first-rate
October
upright and
flavour sweet, rich, and
; growth
; season
of the best
A remarkable
free.
bearer, succeeding in any form, one
recently brought to
small.
notice ; foliage rather
Skin
and
with
thin
smooth
GiLOGlL.
brown, strewn
velvety ; colour rich coppery

136

FRUIT

THE
shaded

aromatic
and
sweet
flavour
;
sturdy, bears
freely, succeeds
It resembles
Almost
in all forms.
Olivier de Serres.
apple-shaped.
Glou
from
wall
the open
is often
Morceau.
Skin
fruits,but from
smooth,
green
harsh
colour
brown
with
dull
thick
russet
some
olive-green, with
shadings, entirely
;
covered
with minute
dots ; flesh white, melting and
juicy ; flavour sweet, rich, and
very
November
and
December
refreshing ; season
growth
moderate, with thick deep green
;
in the
of England,
but
is first-class in warm
West
shining foliage. This
or
seasons,
the fruits are
and
bears
succeeds
insipid in cold seasons.
It, however,
freely, and
watery
is valuable.
by the sea, and in its season
harsh
and
smooth
Calebasse
Grosse
patches ;
(Van Marum).^5/^/
russety with
colour
often
with
but
to
russet
changing
entirely covered
; flesh white,
green
orange,
and
November
October
crisp, juicy ; flavour second-rate
ugright and
; season
; growth
with
and
in
the largest grown.
Although
long foliage. A stewing pear,
sparse
poor
quality is worth
growing for exhibition, and for its handsome
appearance.
dark
Skin
often
with
smooth,
markings
Jargonelle.rough russet
; colour
green
cheek
shaded
with
yellow, with a chocolate
bronzy
or
sweet, perfumed
; flesh
; flavour
whitish, melting, juicy, and
refreshing, a fine old early pear ; season
August ; growth
cordon
It requires much
or
spreading as a standard
or
pruning to make
a
garden tree.
wall
the
but
bears
well
the Quince
stock.
On
the
Free
stock
trees
require
tree,
upon
the
of the
branches.
Often
much
root-pruning, as they only fruit at the ends
larger than
live 200
often
figure. Trees
years.
with
round
the
Malines
Skin
netted
russet
de
Josephine
(Malines).
smooth,
stalk
and
thick
and
with
freckles
leathery ; colour pale yellowish green,
spots and
eye,
of bright green
coloured, very juicy ; flavour perfumed, rather
; flsh melting, pale cream
from
than
those
wall
March
richer
from
trees
to
on
a
January
; growth
open
; season
in all forms, and
is one
Succeeds
of the most
upright, moderate.
regular bearing sorts
russet,

deeper

October

season

brown

January,

to

; flesh white
stewing pear

GARDEN

and

crisp

growth

very

we

have.

F.C.C.

igoi.

Skiti
sometimes
smooth, polished, and
patched with russet
;
with
cheek
and
flesh
crackling,
yellow,
bronzy
leathery
pale golden
;
green
November
thin
to April ; growth
yellow ; flavour very rich, Bergamot-perfumed
; season
is small, but
and
standards
wiry, produces fine large fruit on
garden trees ; that from
of good
be severely
not
quality. As the fruits fall before
ready to gather, they should
It varies
in shape from
thinned.
much
oval.
top to a blunt
peg
Le
Lectier,
Skih
and
dull green,
with
faint dots,
smooth
covered
shining ; colour
round
the
free
from
slightly russet
grit ;
; flsh palest primrose, melting, juicy, and
eye
delicious
free
quite first-rate,
flavour
January and February ; growth
sweet, and
; season
and
vigorous, upright, with fine glossy foliage. F.C.C.
1894.
Louise
Bonne
Skin
smooth
and
of
(Beurre d'Avranches).
shining, sometimes
Jersey
with
crimson
with russet
sometimes
patches ; colour
pale green,
deep chocolate
scarlet
and
flush ; flesh white, crisp, and
juicy ; flavour very sweet
refreshing,
very
first-class ; season
October
upright, with narrow
moderate,
foliage. A very
; growth
in any
of the handsomest
free bearer, succeeding
sorts.
form, and one
Skin
Marguerite
Marillat.
with
smooth, almost
shining; colour
pale orange
red
flush, and
irregular patches of russet;
flesh palest primrose, melting and
juicy;
rich ; season
A
upright and
flavour
vigorous.
early October
grand
garden
; growth
and
is
bears
lb.
the
often
in
i
freely
on
Quince
stock,
weight.
Superb as a wall
pear,
Knight's

Monarch.

colour

to

fruit

Pear

the

on

Marie
green,

covered

netted

from
fruits are
wall or
orchard-house,
a
bright pale
but
when
from
often entirely
cinnamon-russet,
trees
open
russet
half-melting; flavour x\ch and
season
sweet;
; flesh palest cream,
slow
the Quince, moderate
stock.
the Pear
This
on
on
January ; growth

and

with

December

varies

stock.

Benoist.

very
Marie

and

much

Skin,

flecked

in

when

with

quality,but

is often

first-rate.

when
from
wall
fruit, but when
Skin, smooth
covered
with russety patches;
colour
golden, or very rich nut-brown
and
rich, quite first-class;
juicy; flavour extremely
very

Louise.

in

the

; flesh
season

open

tender,
October

often
ing,
melt-

and

THE
November
best

as

open

other

every

Marie

137

free and
Succeeds
growth
twiggy.
as
a
very
less
Grows
espalier or on a wall.
freely on

standard

the

in good
soils, but is
bears
well
Quince, and

year.

Louise

with

green,

PEAR

russet

d'Uccle.

Skin

and

spots

dots

with

smooth,

and

an

rough

brown

orange

and
patches ; colour
orange
;flesh white, crisp ;flavour
leaves.
not
deep green
Though
cheek

rich ; season
October
robust, with
; growth
very
first-class,it is so hardy that it frequently bears
fruit is very
when
are
scarce
; the
pears
large and handsome.
Marquis
(Rivers'). Skin slightly rough, with russet
patches and dots ; colour
pale
to
side ; flesh creamy
half
bright green,
bronzy on
brown,
melting and
juicy ;
sunny
Christmas
fair on
flavour rich and vinous ; season
stock.
This
the Quince
new
; growth
Beurrd
has
pair resembles
and
Easter
the stalk
a
Hardy
Beurrd, and
large open
eye,
in a deep cavity ; very
being inserted
promising.
Michaelmas
Nelis.
Skin
smooth
pale yellow with
dots, lemon
; colour
green
shaded
stalk
on
side, russety
near
melting, no
grit ; flavour
; fl^sh white, buttery, and
and
rich
and
middle
sweet
of
end
luscious, very
to
perfumed
September
; season
;
A
Winter
in form.
vigorous.
it resembles
growth
Nelis, which
seedHng from
Perhaps
in its season
be gathered
before
the
no
it parts readily from
equals this, but it must
pear
Grows
the
Pear
freely on
tree, or, like many
early sorts, it rots at the core.
Quince and
sweet,

stocks.

A.M.

igo2.

NouvELLE

FULVIE.

Skin

colour
with
russet
pale green,
flush, and when
on
grown
open
tender
and
melting ; flavour first-class,rich and
sweet
trees, russety
; flesh
; season
moderate.
but
March
Succeeds
in the open,
is
to
tree
February
as
a
garden
; growth
best
from
wall
F.C.C.
variable.
trees
moderately
very
igoo.
; bears
; shape
Olivier
Skin
with
nut-brown
Serres.
de
rough, covered
russet, with pale green
the
side
in places, slightly tinged with dull bronze
on
patches showing
through
;
sunny
rich
indeed, quite first-rate ;
flesh dull golden, firm, half-melting, juicy ; flavotir very
March
to
moderate,
season
January
knotty at joints, fine for cordons,
; growth
very
Must
A.M.
in any
remain
till November.
form.
trees
trees
pyramids, or garden
on

spots

and

very

minute

rough,

dots, sometimes

irregular;

very

with

chocolate

1900.
in the
often
but
trees
rough from
; colour
open
the
with
entirely covered
russet, especially round
white
stalk
and
acid,
refreshing,
nearly
flesh
melting,
rich,
briskly
flavour
very
;
;
eye
the Quince
stock.
When
first-class
and
February
slow, on
January
; growth
; season
in good
and
should
walls
be tried
this pear
is grand, but it is very
well grown
on
captious,
F.C.C.
soils only.
1898.
pear
Passe

pale

Crassane.

brown

and

Petite

green,

Skin

but

smooth,
often

more

Marguerite.

Skin

with

smooth,

faint

russet

colour

green,

mottled

and
juicy ; flavour rich, sweet
yellow, bronzy
; flesh yellowish, half melting
sunny
in all forms
and
enormous
free, succeeds
September
pleasant ; season
; an
; growth
culture.
bearer, and a good variety for orchard
and
sometimes
russet
Skin
Pitmaston
Duchess.
patched
striped with
smooth,
colour
to
yellow ; flesh firm, half-melting and juicy ; flavour in good seasons
pale green
October
and
acid
in cold
; growth
very
first-rate, but
; season
apt to be
poor
years
for
fine
A
in all forms.
bottling and
handsome
foliage. Succeeds
robust, with
pear

side

on

stewing

fruits often

weigh

i\

lb.

F.C.C.

1874.

smoother
in well-grown
examples
; colour
fine
cinnamon
quality ; flesh milk-white,
first-class,extra
golden, and
; flavour
fruit.
March
and
a
really grand
\z.\e.T;
growth moderate;
melting, and
juicy; season
termed
It has
spring Doyenni du Cornice, and is quite worthy of a wall.
not
a
inaptly been
delicious.
F.C.C.
is large and
well
When
1901.
grown
and
and
5,^/
smooth
pale green
Princess.
shining, rarely russety ; colour green
skin ; flesh white, juicy, and
the
melting ;
with
tinge, dark-green dots under
a brownish
October
upright. A very free
compact,
; growth
flavour briskly acid, very good ; season
in poor
for market
to be
depended
seasons
culture, and one
; fine
bearer, valuable
upon
President

rich

as

cordon.

Barabe.

Skin

russety,

but

THE

138
Saint

GARDEN

rough, russety
(Rivers'). Skin
rich
flesh melting, juicy ; flavour
stock.
Quince
This, we
believe,

Luke

patches

green

FRUIT

colour
and

cinnamon

deep

sweet

October

season

with

brown
;

growth

will
valuable
variety.
a
prove
with
silvery dots ; flesh white,
slightly rough ; colour
mahogany-red
aromatic
October
half-melting, juicy ; flavour
peculiar, rich, and
crisp, and
; season
;
with
the
like
and
Many
narrow
neat
foliage on
long footstalks.
growth
compact
moderate

the

on

SeCKLE.

Skin

little pear,

but
it is not
always first-class.
and
uneven
polished,
knobby,
smooth,
; colour
small
dots
and
blotches
of
and
and
lemon
with
russet
bright
red,
scarlet,
stripes
orange,
and
firm
white
the
whole
surface
juicy, and
pleasant ;
musky,
over
; flavour
; flesh
and
October
stock
end
of September
the Pear
free, requires to
season
on
very
; growth
often
the
but
bears
be
and
then
freely, and
double-grafted
Quince,
slowly,
on
grows
fruits \\ lb. in weight.
produces
Skin
Thompson's.
fairly smooth,
pale lemon
yellow ;
frequently knobbed
; colour

peculiar

and

flavour

Souvenir

of

aroma

CongrI;s.

du

this

Skin

and
and
delicious
flesh melting, very juicy ; flavour
perfumed,
September
sweet,
; season
and
and
Succeeds
October
as
a
drooping.
as
a standard
upright \foliage narrow
; growth
in all forms, but
double
stock.
be
must
Quince
on
grafted when
garden tree
rather
harsh
with
Triomphe
Vienne.
Skin
russet
DE
pale orange,
spots
; colour
and
and
stalk
sweet
brisk, and
specks, russety
near
very
; flesh crisp, melting
; flavour
the
better
when
before
it parts freely from
tree
September
season
rich, much
gathered
;

October

and

If
on

the

free
; growth
gathered
early

and

compact.
flavour

the

is very

garden pear
good, apt

of

excellence,

great

rot

to

at

the

core

some.
hand-

very

if left too

long

tree.

Pound
Pear).
(Spring Beurrd, Pickering, Belle Angevine,
with
bright
primrose, sometimes
golden in hot
seasons,
white
cheek
brick-red
covered
with
minute
tough, greenish
;
spots ; flesh crisp and
November
to
vigorous.
flavour, only used as a stewing
May
; season
; growth
pear
very
standard
in weight
is best
from
wall
Succeeds
often
trees
as
a
are
2 lbs.
upon
; fruits
; it
wall.
It succeeds
Pear
stock.
the Quince
a
on
or
and
harsh
Black
Verulam
Skin
Pear,
(Pound
Jack, Warden).
rough
; colour
that
of Marie
cinnamon
and
to
bronzy red ; flesh hard
gritty, crisp ; flavour resembling
useful
March
Louise
free,
stewing
remarkably
February,
; a
pear
; season
; growth
forms
almost
fit for
cool
be very
On
wall the
fruit will often
a
a
large tree.
large, and
Uvedale'S

Skin

harsh

St.

Germain

; colour

green

and

dessert.
Vicar

for

brownish

stewing

It is

free

(Bon

Winkfield

of

with

green

December

season

bearer

and

Skin
smooth
and
dull
shining ; colour
peavaluable
white,
crisp
flesh
flavour
second-rate,
;
;
leaves.
with
free, pendent,
long-stalked
; growth
very
but
suitable
for decoration
stewing than
or
handsome,
more

Cur^).

crimson

or

very

flush

dessert.

for

Williams'

Bon
of
Chretien
Skin
with
(Bartlett, Williams').
patches
smooth,
with
carmine
from
trees
flush, or when
yellow, often
frequently
a
open
juicy ; flavour highly perfumed
russety
September
; flesh melting, very
; season
; growth
This
well-known
fruit succeeds
in any
sturdy, upright, and
form, but garden
compact.
the
best
fruits.
stock
the
trees
on
Quince
produce
Winter
Nelis
de
Skin
and
from
(Bonne
Malines).
rough
trees, and
russety
open
russet

colour
;

nearly smooth
flesh melting,

when

Can

deserves.

wall

colour

slightly gritty towards

November

season

from

F.C.C.

Z^phirin

March

to

only

be

the

upon

as

Gr^GOIRE.

fine

sort

and

garden

with

patches of nut-brown;
flavour sweet, yet brisk ;
small
with
stalks.
foliage on long footit well
culture
on
walls, which

green

coloured

cream

sparse,
tree

or

1902.

Skin

smooth

flesh white, melting, and juicy ; flavour

growth
thin, and
spreading
; foliage
stock.

core,

thin

growth

depended

pale yellowish

for

walls

when

grown

and
sweet

polished
and

Forms

sparse.
on

Pear

colour

delicious

stock.

green,
;

neat

season

garden

with

mottled
Decembertree

on

yellow

January
the
Quince

;
;

"'?i)

ei

to

4
'o

THE

PEAR

SELECTIONS

Petite

Marguerite

Williams'

Bon

DESSERT

OF

For

Small

Chretien
.

d'Heyst
Superfin
Julie

Beurrd

Conference

October

PEARS

Gardens
Emile

September

139

Belle

Louise

Bonne

Fondante

Durondeau

November

....

Pitmaston
As

rehable
The

Doyenn^

du

November

Thirriot
Cornice

Nov.,

Dec.

Duchess
do

amateurs

of

above

these
are

not

often

possess

the

fruit stores, the

Josephine de Malines, Winter

suitable
for pyramids,
cordons, and

above

later

are

suitable

Garden

for cordons,

For

Orchard

varieties

Nelis,

are

For

All

de

wall

and

are

omitted;

Duchesse

de

the

most

Bordeaux.

trees.

Culture

espaliers,or

bushes.

Standards

Fruit
Chalk.
small
and
or
August.
pale yellowish green,
sweet
;
heavily and has short leafy upright growth ; often planted as a protection to other
the windy
sides of plantations.
trees
on
Lammas.
A
bright yellow and red fruit of second-rate
flavour, but being
August.
early it sells well ; growth free.
See
Dr.
Guyot.
Jules
135.
page
Williams'.
See page
138.
black
Small
fruit with
free
Hessle.
specks ; very
golden
August-September.
flavour
forms
bearer
and
sweet
a
weeping
tree.
pleasant ;
;
medium-sized
A
Beurr
Capiaumont.
de
fruit, russety
September-October.
and
and
brown
orange-red ; a very
upright grower.
great bearer
Beurr^
fruit with
Clairgeau.
crimson
flush ;
October.
A
large, handsome
very
free bearer, making
trees
large orchard
on
a
close, upright trees
on
Quince stock, and
Its size and
stock.
Pear
it valuable.
beauty render
Crawford

crops

BEURRfe

Bosc.

See

page

132.

THE

HO

BEURRfe

Geert.

Van

Jean
d't4

DoYENNfe

See

Seepage

DOYENNfe

FRUIT

Emile

Seepage

but

of

because

pays
See

Jargonelle.
Petite

135.

See

well

Bears

Beurrd

Duchess,

Williams'

Baron

with

long

stalk,

Jules

Dr.

fruit

November

of

rich

Fondante

Cornice,

du

Beurrd

Beurre

Geert,

Van

Jean

de

Pitmaston

Marguerite,

Guyot.

Introduction

sweet

very

Stock

Petite

Boussoch,

Doyenni

Recent

of

Leroy.

chocolate-brown,

Doyeniid
Congris,

du

and

Chrdtien,

Pears

dull

Quince

on

Conference,

Durondeau,

Bon

Bushes

Souvenir

Princess,

d'Beyst,

Emile

Clairgeatt,

fruit

drooping.

and

long

as

fruit

greenish

Small

Superfin,

Bonne,

137.

Pears

Beurrd

Louise

137.

growth

Market

Hardy,

Thirriot,

page

Town).

old

when

Best

fertility.

page

(Aston

Crassane

rich.

and

See

Duchess.

Summer

prolific

Very

its

136.

page

Marguerite.

PiTMASTON

free.

Growth

September.

second-rate,

135.

page

d'Heyst.

Fertility.

134.

page

See

133.

page

134.

See

BOUSSOCH.

DURONDEAU.

GARDEN

Others

and

from

flavour,

Resembles

Continent.

the

Chaumontel.
Belle

Guerandaise.

Continental

November

fruit

of

fully ripe until

not

CoMTE

size

delicious

fruit

is omitted

from

the

list

of

because

its

small

October.

D'ANGOULfeME.

Many

but

Is

flavour.

sweet

growth.

DUCHESSE

best,

rich,

off.

peeled

be

can

This

Lamy.

de

awkward

and

skin

the

although

free

it

bearer,

surprised

be

may

is

this

that

stewing

above

not

quality,

is

omitted

from

in

except

the

favourable

situations.
Glastonbury.

fruit

resembling

October-November.

places.
and

Brown

F.C.C.

Wauchope.

useful

Le

shape

Brun.

of

musky

the

flavour

Parrot.

very

garden
St.

flavour

long,

very

has

grand

of

for

bright

Williams'

fruit,

new

in

February

but

Benedictine,

as

richly-flavoured

resembling

Glou

A.M.

pear.

fruit, which

green
Bon

shy

in

bearer

d'Avalon,

Beurre

ripens

Morceau

or

Marie

R.H.S.
the

at

end

of

October

and

Chretien.
fruit

Bergamot-like

ripe

in

October.

in

November.

promising

pear.

Edmunds.

One

of

Messrs.

Rivers'

sweet,

first-class,

Known

Beurrd.

Porch's
General

Louise

Beurre

R.H.S.

and

has

good

aromatic

new

sorts

ripens

flavour.

Persimmon,

The

(see

p.

208).

It

is very

PEAR

WILLIAMS-

BON

CHRETIEN.

CHAPTER

XIII

THE

The

pineapple,

wild

in

in

and

indigenous,
Leyden.

it

was

of

rank

relates

must

have

year

17 16.

have

been

Lord

Bacon

century

am

been

known

by
in

me

Rose,
is

the

has

those
in
to
to

the

days

saying
the

that

with

present,

seek,

and

is

quality

as

very

chiefly

imported
placed

into
on

of

years

the

country,
markets.

and

finer

that

has

Indeed

The

not

but
There

only
also

by

by
the

cause

increased

the

great

is, however,

no

tivation
cul-

This

was

forth

put

grown

were

this

that
is

not

number

of

improvement

in

comparison

to

in

justified

am

from
of

pine

enthusiasm

great

declined

steadily

second

successful

believe

It

plants

the

now.

than

pineapples

where

successful

efforts

tireless

exceptions.

for,

the

remember

before

pineapple."

of

art

Hall,

garden

its

until

time

been

obligingly

introduced
in

the

the

has

spaniels,

first

were

at

country

of

and

when

country.

culture

notable

accounted

this

this

pineapple
few

well

fruit,
that

in

seen

ago
I

this

they

but

Strawberry
in

as

nearly

Portland

this

understood,

being

not

must

here,

opinion

breeds
the

it
the

fruit

Waldegrave

with

persons

grown

of

this

II.

England

published

in

of

introduction
from

be

residence.

favourite

pine

maintained

esteem.

Earl

Charles

until

first

it is certain

of

art

the

the

Earl

Majesty

his

country
its

forty

or

high

been

never

the

on

culture
and

same,

have

such

the

this

his

was

and

beautiful

King

of

two

raising

in

into

before

"this

to

which

by

the

his

represents

less

or

thirty
in

in

days

in

more

case

held

was

those

excel

been
the

especially
of

lost

Cour

concludes

fruits

that

says

Sloane,

which

of

in

He

produced

cultivated

been

by

picture

of

aroused

interest

had

it.

see

attempted

was

pineapple

the

presenting

method

accident

some

The

culture

the

that

to

Plantations,

on

fruit

room

by
is

it

mentioned

attended

le

plant

that

importance,

instance

any

before

of

painting

royal gardener,

by

time.

old

breakfast-

Ham,

at

probable

were

curious

the

this

fruit

produced

Britannicum,

Essay
the

that

The

palace

that

than

period

it in

long

his

is

tion.
popula-

M.

by

grown

much

so

Germany

Pomarium

introduction

the

Twickenham.
his

it in

of

and

had

even

it

native

introducing

first

pineapple

Holland,

his

persuaded

strengthened

the

curiosity, and

England

in

mentions

earlier

showed

France,

grows

where

the

to

been
of

pine,

America,

food

have

to

means

the

1690.

year

of

source

the

of

cone

South

and

is said
was

when

great

in

valuable

the

to

Africa

Europe

the

rare,

before

in

in

very

resemblance
of

Portland

Phillips,

THOMAS

parts

that

so

from

strongly

much

be

to

came

its

of

Holland

deemed

from

it affords

Earl

Brookshaw

OWEN

pineapple

The
from

England

By

many

where

first

The
of

named

so

abundance

PINEAPPLE

as

time
far

apples
pinetheir

regards

THE

142
flavour

and

qualitybetween

weight

and

an

the

best and

select

Propagation.

of
The

The

of

stem

the

suckers,

parent

inches
good size,say
the
majority of these
produce five or six. As
be reduced

to

plant's sake
the

upon

one

then

careful

be

must

it

may

to

best

and

remove

The
apex

fruit

than

the

before

of

to

we

which

half

have

is

crown

bottom

method

to

varieties.

of

adopt

when

It will

be

will give any

way
often
produce from

By

practised in
made
sorts

to
were

be

in

four

most

from

ally
generbase of

the

until

the

they

of

are

potted

by

few

the
it

about

bare

lay the
of

to

and

half

increase

plant

best

take

off

time

the

at

produce

only

in

to

pot and

necessary
of the bottom

few

will

roots

plunged

part of

the

be emitted
in

bottom

after

stem,

the

partiallyfilled with light

inch, and plunging them

an

above.
the

and

is resorted

in time

boxes

recommended

temperature

is the

case

made

only preparation

hard

or

pans

depth

to

4-inch

have

stock

of

This

is

choice

and

useful
scarce

three

return

five

the

is desired

The

pot is

base

will

give

the

the leafy growth

(i.e.

considering,

in the

and

stem

left,as

of

make

to

suckers.

of the

the
are

August
long,and that

crown

longer

from
that

end

feet

the

firmly into

to

over

the

dwelling
surplus suckers
injuring the

without

away
two

for

the

May

this

or

excused

in

the young
plants propagated in this
years before
will
fruit,and probably longer, but as one
stem

six

plants

it is

useful

However,

they

method

for

increasingstock.
was
pine
so
highly thought of and so generally
between
thirtyand forty years ago, many
were
country
attempts
the
varieties by cross-fertilising
older ones,
and
few new
some

this
new

obtained
for

pine is only
produced.

this is

be

of

do

one

to

just been

inch

an

to

When

raise

varieties,and
the

is

for insertion

them

heat

seed.

in

prolificin bearing suckers,

is

sucker

towards

spoken of is to
stripped off,in shallow

been

loamy soil,covering
in

place

to

effected

be

grow
latter

I may

to

the

of 70 degs.
The
method
third

leaves

lbs. in

or

fruit,by suckers, by

the

beginning

The

much

produce

ready

heat

suckers

that

8 inches

have

is

crown

this if the

down

press

takes

leaves,leaving about
from

the

of

is needed

propagation

method

of varieties

case

means

sucker

easilydetached.
rapidly,and
grow

mode

the

proud

in

the

care

fruit). This

the

crown

the

plants which

the

sturdy plants,from
them
for potting.

next

of

is

way
it is

be, will then

strong

of

Some

twist, when

be

may

of

i.e. the

Towards

point.

removed.
The

plant.

pineapple

the

usually appear
soon
as
they are

treatment

this

particularlyon

of

plant will
spring ; frequently one
should
to
handle,
they
large enough
It
is
for
the
the
number
better,
or
required.
two, according to
for the suckers
be
left,as a stronger
as
well, that only one
result.
successful
The
growth of the pine depends so much

and

will

sucker

Pine

would

one

young
plant,should be left upon
Pine
Queen
long. The

18

and

Queen

latter.

the

so

The

practisejj.
the

former

dessert,not

propagation of
of the
namely, by means
ways,
the plant, and by seed.
is by
quickest and best method

different
stem

GARDEN

home-grown

say, a
fruit.
The

imported

most

FRUIT

culture

in this way.
this

reason

resorted

to

soon

when

were

no

improvement

disappeared. Seed-propagation
it is

hoped

that

an

improved

new

in

on

the

older
case

variety

of
may

THE

144
Plants

FRUIT

GARDEN

in
English gardens
pineapple is cultivated
in two
One
termed
which
is underis
the
stood
planting-out
by
system,
ways.
Both
that
the plants are
planted in a border ; the other is pot culture.
and
each
the
Gardens,
Windsor,
were
Royal
extensively practised at
systems
and
had
heavier
its advantages. By planting out
undoubtedly get larger
you
fruits and
also economise
is also an
advantage in the long
labour, and there

Borders.

in

succession

fruits

of

(especiallywhen
This

The

it

is

suckers

possible

of

obtain

to

different

sizes

are

from

house

one

planted

by

in the

out

this

first

method

instance).

adapted to the culture of the larger varieties,such

and
Cayenne pineapples. If plenty of leaves are to be had, no
this is the best
The
air of the
bottom
heat.
to
provide the necessary
way
of
the
is constantly charged with
and
ammonia
fermentation
leaves,
by
is better

way
Rothschild

beech

and

method

of
I

and

oak

think

leaves

culture

(which

that

do

cannot

best) this

are

attended

was

with
better

on

goes

much

for

brieflyoutline

than

the

doubt
house
with
This

time.

long
Royal Gardens,
the
plan followed

the

at

success

as

there.
The
out

Structure.

big pits

were

covered

to

hold

in

order

five
to

Two

rows

hold

plants, and

least 4 feet of leaves

built in sections

successional

crops

should

pineapples

the

planted
They

were

ordinary frame.

an

trampled
of

from

planted

at

firm
30

;
to

different

10

40

feet wide
feet

times

of

long
the

provided (both back and front),on

(for evaporation) should be fixed.
The
first house, or
be planted as early in
more
correctlyspeaking, pit,should
leaves
the autumn
it
is
sufficient
form
to
to
hot-bed, and
as
secure
a
possible
after
least
the
this has
been
made
feet
and
soil
at
deep
added, the surface
4
of the
bed
the glass. A
ought not to be less than
3J feet from
layer of turf,
side
five ridges
is
the
and
this
downwards,
placed
leaves,
again
grass
upon
upon
These
firm.
of soil.
be 10
and
If
leaves
the
inches
made
ridges should
high
been
firm
made
have
rammed
and
when
in
the
placed
properly
pit the
will
heat
80
bottom
rise above
is not
not
too
degs., which
high at the time
of planting.
year.
the

top

row

Planting.

rows

of

of

at

which

portable lights like

with

to

accommodate

in

structures

of

deep enough

were

The

which

The

4-inch pipes
troughs to

suckers

hold

be

be

water

planted

feet

allowing 2 feet
plant,
ridges,as
August ; the
parent
off
is to take
few of the bottom
leaves,leaving about
a
only preparation necessary
off" the end.
The
soil should
inch of the base bare, and
be pressed firmly
cut
an
the
time
of planting. There
will be
at
to do
against the sucker
very little more
the plants until the following spring ; scarcelyany shade
will be required. A
to
minimum
of 65 degs. and
maximum
of 75 degs. in the
a
night temperature
heat
and
be maintained
day with sun
degs. without, should
throughout the
70
The
will make
winter.
plants
although
roots,
making
no
appreciable
young
until
middle
of
On
the
November
be
foliage growth.
dry days
they should
twice
After
until
end
the
of January,
once
or
slightlysyringed over
this,
a
day.
and
be
the walls
the plants,may
pipes, but not
syringed on dry days. If the
soil was
at
fairlymoist at the time of planting,the plants will require no water
before the first week
the roots
in February (excepting an
occasional
syringing
between

the

taken

may
from

the

apart,

rootless,in

PINEAPPLE

THE

145

keep the surface moist). Then

a
good soaking
given, and the temperature
slightlyraised.

with

to

General

Cultural
is

summer

dry.

Remarks.

The

tepid

of culture

routine

water

during

may
the

be

ing
follow-

Pineapple plants should

always be kept rather

be
allowed
become
must
to
fairlydry before
they
let
soil
the
be thoroughly
watering does take place
water.
Syringe morning and afternoon, closing
raise the
from
85 degs. Early
temperature
75 to

simple.

very

by this that
is applied,but when
water
saturated
warm
; always use
the
pit early enough to
in May
the plants will have
made
considerable
soil
be
growth, and more
may
added
i
t
the border
in
between
the
the
end
of
to
firmly
by filling
ridges. By
September the pit will be completely filled with splendid plants,the strongest
of them
occasions
most
two
likely showing fruits (I have on one
cut
or
a
rootless
from
months
ripe fruit weighing 7 lbs. in seven
planting a
sucker).
As

mean

approaches,lower

October

drier.
this

When
is

an

the

pit

the

will

the

suckers
be

now

would

apparent

keep the soil

various
sizes,and

and

somewhat,

temperature

planted

was

which

advantage

the

of

be

fruits will

some

in

appear

earlysummer,
according to
autumn,
the size of the suckers
The
when
of
be
planted.
largestplantsshould,
course,
the
in
back
Fruits
the
finest,as
placed
rows.
appearing in spring are usually
Rothschild
in which
to
develop. The
pineapple
they have all the summer
not
rarely bears fruits weighing 11 lbs.,those 9 lbs. in weight are common.
The
Smooth
bear
Cayenne variety does not
quite such heavy fruits,those
8 lbs. are
When
those
from
lbs.
lbs.
to
common.
are
weighing 10
rare,
7
should
be
round
slightlyraised as
again the temperature
February comes
in
with
from
the
the
water
manure
farmyard at a
previous year ; water
80
bed
will
full
of
The
be
of
healthy
degs.
roots, therefore
temperature
diluted
should
in
form
be
at
water
Keep the
watering.
manure
applied
a
every
slightlyas the days
atmosphere moist by syringing,and increase the temperature
stakes
be
Before
the fruits are
become
must
longer and warmer.
heavy, two
the
leaves
t
he
otherwise
the
each
for
on
crown
top)
{i.e.
placed against
support,
of the pineapple ;
becomes
crooked, thus altogether spoiling the appearance
be
in weight, it must
the fruit increases
supported or it would fall.
as
moreover,
By the end of September all the fruits will be cut, and there ought to be
old soil will serve
most
a
a
splendid lot of suckers on the old plants. The
in pits and
frames
for
useful
the potting shed or for forming borders
in
purpose
used
bed
be
If
leaves
the
same
the growth of earlyvegetables.
scarce
are
may
with
the old, although better results will follow
again, mixing a few fresh ones
The
information
bed is made.
if an
given will apply equally well
entirelynew
some

in

winter,

and

in

some

spring

and

divided
the
pits are
succeeding crops ; when
and
planted at intervals of three months, fruits
Before
leaving the subject of planting out
year.

into

to

interest

if I

Hamilton's
ago
grows
taken

make

system,

brief
in

allusion

favour

reallythe method
naturallyout-of-doors.
off,but encouraged to

this

is

in

to

method

England
adopted in

After
grow

the
and

for

bear

the

of
a

or

had

cultivation
about

time

where

countries
is

produced

fruit

thfee sections,
throughout the

pineapple,it

pine

short

those
fruit

can

two

be

while

the

be
may
known

of
as

thirty years
the pineapple

suckers

still attached
K

are

to

not

the

146

THE

GARDEN

FRUIT

adapted to its culture in tropicalcountries,

artificial conunder
be expected, found
be entirelyunsuitable
to
as
ditions
was,
method
British
and
the
discarded.
such
in
was
soon
as
so
prevail
gardens,
Pot
Culture.
I mentioned
that
the
before
planting-out system
was
Charlotte
culture
such
better adapted for the successful
of the largervarieties,
as
I gave
Rothschild
Smooth
the
and
Queen
Cayenne, than for the Queen.
trial
in
the
results
such
this
but
not
to
as
were
varietya good
encourage
way,
The
of
the
continue
restricted
do
to
root
to
me
so.
pot evidently
space
did
the
border.
suited
the
requirements of the Queen
variety better than
This

plant.
might

parent

system,

well

so

will

return

now

for

ready

properly
to

do

of

the

above

potting

mixed

is

to

the

below

sides

the

of

is better

into

the

have

bottom

bed

of

in

the

will

gradually decrease

of

easily kept

for

make

the

from

to

without

at

sun-heat

leaves

and

manure

the

If

heat

the

to

should

potted

first

month
soil

the

root

promote

soil

the

next

be

is

no

plunged

The
be

atmospheric
from

the

which

70

plants

that

are

when

cooled

action.

to

down
have

perature
tem-

75 degs.
plunged
roots

have

to

about

found

it

closely together, allowing

In
weeks.
this
they
way
the
suckers
moderately moist when

an

them

suckers
or

is

it

inches

pit is suitable,and it should

of litter and
leaves, with
a

5 feet
first.

in

material

by ramming.

with

must

was

thing

until

soil about

mixed

suckers

lean-to

first

loosely
firm

when

soil

fibrous

the

the

quite

be

to

soil

The

degs.

90

or

into

decomposition takes place, so

weeks'
three
time, it will have

the

moist.

suckers

sucker
the

ready, the

are

as

emitted, say in
and
this is
degs.,
73
to
advantage
plunge
so

85

the

been

remain

hold

to

day-time

temperature

the

propagating pit.

least

at

Assuming
pots

the
that

roughest part of
place the
compost

organic manure
any
fresh,fibrous soil.

deep enough

The

to

afterwards

of the

heat

Press

pot.

than

material

the

this

upon

and

recommended

not

medium

with

of

treatment

of

month

crocks

the

rim,

pot

the

to

May.
days previously,and the

some

cover

reference

my
the

potting soil, and

the

have

to

in

six

are
are

should
be
water
potted, no
given for at least a fortnight. For the first
shade
be
must
fortnight heavy
given, and the plants slightlysyringed with
several
the
times
afternoons
close the
tepid water
during
day. On fine sunny
will the
of
heat
declines
pit early,after previouslysyringing. As the sun
so
the
it should
be kept
pit,until the thermometer
registers70 degs.,at which
two
months, that is,until the end of October.
during the night for the next
At
roots

and

the

end

have

of
been

replunged

month

after

the

freelyproduced,
in

the

be

remembered

and

sucker

and

I would
the

been
advise

potted
that

it will
the

be

plants

found
be

that
moved

considerably wider
plantsare now
startingon their
apart.
young
had
existed
it were
their
as
own
on
They
account,
; previouslythey
parent.
be given plenty of room
must
through the subsequent stages of growth, as if
the best results.
to
crowded, it is hopeless and unreasonable
Heavy
expect
first three weeks, substitutingshading of
shade
after the
be discontinued
must
of September
middle
the
it should
be left off altogether.
a
lighter nature
; by
The
be observed
treatment
is very
to
during the winter months
simple. By
the end
of November
the pots will have
become
full of healthy young
roots.
It

must

pit

in

has

that

the

same

material,

but

PINEAPPLE

THE

147

and

ceased
growth, both of foliage and roots, will have almost
temporarily.
The
less at rest.
A minimum
or
plantsconsequently will be more
temperature
of 60 degs. and a maximum
of 70 degs.,according to the varying conditions
of
and
this
bottom
the weather, will be sufficiently
well
to
as
as
applies
high,
top
In

heat.

temperature

heavy tiffanybe placed

of

the

on

is

should

be

the

for
The

nothing
rest

at

of

(inside).
be

soil

pot

any
hence
;

desired

this final

in

trees

in pots,

the

plants have

finished

soil

it will
the

plant

into

error

to

The

its

plant

crocks,

of

the

essential

to

No

the

to

inch

an

likelyto
heat

bottom

Treatment.

Summer
the

as

plants

is

the

roots

and

sucker
rammed
this

80

have

degs.

fresh

days lengthen

and

ferment

growth
the

sun

swell.

are

of

Failure

first be

fruit

surface

be

used

leaves

does

pot
of

the
fatal

follow.

to

with

inch

an

wards
after-

plant to
New

before.
Firm

the
or

potting is
newly potted

beech

75

for

but

high,

exceed

not

is

sure

it was

be

must

trodden

steady
firmly
degs. the
as

80

to

ence.
prefer-

quarters.

given

be

should

suffice
more

greater

for

at

for another

water

power.

will
The

least

twice

them

good soaking, water

made

is

stem.

not

It

the

the

transfer

soil of the

than

the

from

roots
to

in

base

potting stick

the

the

of

the

at

covered

with

for

when

given

dry.

not

are

pit to receive
good leaves,oak,

must

has

leaves

about

larger pot

The

water

are

to

The

must

heat

This

be

When

must

base

permanent

No

culture

form

soil.

allow

in the

feet,with

bottom

the

results

can

additional

roots

down
will

as

to

new

pot,

required.

their

should

of

temperature
new

into

deeper

of 4

depth

the
possible. When
be
plunged in
plants may

As

roots

of the

as

the

of

the

that

the
produced from
in pine-growing.

be

manure

lasting

when

sure

small

of the

off.

taken

be

pots),
of

planted-out pines.

the

commence

the

regards soil

As

manure

top

be
observed
must
care
potting the same
preparing it for the suckers, but little of
of its
the young
out
pine plant is turned

been

have

case

least

success

plants is filled
and

leaves

then

fruits

four

rough pieces of soil well

soil placed upon
much
as
will

roots

object

in the

at

Liquid

the

for

the

broken

if best

soil for the

the

to

three or
away
the plant
is to induce

fruiting pot
a
dry mass

as

embedded

be

Before

used

as

added

take

to

the

where

in

case

used.

be

final

the

the

was

be

necessary
plant. The

stem

At

very
avoided

be

and

condition

wet

ample drainage.

pine.

flowering and

as

soil should

the

must

and

being

manure

especiallyfor

and

or

also

at

clean

deep.

pines

careful

diameter

in

scrupulously
the drainage (pieces of

is recommended

same

much

Potting.
the

mixing
small

the

advocate

Final

of

inches

11

be

inch

an

culture

the

necessityof

potting,

not

is

pot must
say,
of this final removal

case

the

I do

recommend

three-quartersof

time

at

the

to

in the
least

at

taining
main-

fall

which

Needless

crocks, and
must

be

to

of

means

of, for instance, mats

atmospheric temperature

The

pit.

than

suckers

size

the

as

than

more

covering
of

that

material

the
recommended
considerably below
average
should
that
the
be
night
pipes
uncomfortably hot.
detrimental
the pine
in winter, when
it
to
-especially
Towards
arid heat.
the end
of February is the time
an
transferred
the
to
they will bear fruit.
pots in which

cold

unusually

an

There

recommend

roof

the

on

far better

had

pit

I would

weather

severe
very
the
necessary

be

with

fortnight;
water

fortnight

at

at

least.

needed, especially
watering

after

this

period
bear

be

must

left

mind

in

the

upon

of moisture

water

rapid growth,
other

any

and

must

be

never

be

has

life of the

been

roots,

well
close

the

will

plants

expansion
the embryo

of

will

central

anxious

an

find

soon

is

thickening

days

to

of
of

base

time

If the plant
healthy active
the plant,an
the

over,

are

until

rest

critical

the

full

the

at

many

them
be

cultivator.

pot

grower
the
roots

at

must
soil, of course,
fullydeveloped, and

will

for the
has

the

Water

allow

to

the

by

summer,

reward

should

Then

one

and

before

of

crown

visible.

temperature
and

again commenced,

as

leaves, and

be

The

health

good

fullydeveloped,

is

fruit will

Fruiting.

well

pine, as

of the

in

following February.

the

grown,
observer

them

keep

as

weather

sunny

the

during
and

be

fruits

to

or

be

must

If by accident, or
entirelydiscontinued.
in growth, and
be checked
are
to
thereby

for a time.
necessary
If all has
well
gone

and

advances

summer

root

by syringing the walls

also by having troughs
the
plants will make

fullygrown,
early the following summer.
The
sparingly given all through the winter.
allowed
become
to
quite dry. The
plantsare now
fine

is necessary
middle
end
or

in the

As

bright

afforded

be

and

always

the

at

syringing

or

During
afternoon,

and

morning

either

water

watering

should

atmosphere

becomes

all that
the

for

should

cultivator,who

the
much

house.

the

pipes.

the

of

crop

of

Treatment.

of October

with

used

be
shading should
the plants happen

shading

Winter

of

like

not

water

beds

the

cause,

weakened,
month

The

the
on

does

pine

in the

of

surfaces
hold

GARDEN

good judgment

temperature

as

plenty
and

the

foliage.
the

the

to

that

warm

to

FRUIT

THE

148

the

then

may

object

slightlyraised,as

be

be

must

raise

to

the

has

growth

temperature

much

as

will
This
by artificial heat.
made
easier
week
the
be
gains more
as
days lengthen and the sun
every
fallen much
will be necessary
If
the
bottom
heat
has
below
it
degs.,
70
power.
well mixing them
add fresh leaves as well as some
fresh litter from
the stable,
to
This
will give the extra
heat required,
the old leaves in the
bed.
bottom
with
will
will afford a gentle stimulus
the plants ; the fruits
the
be ripe from
and
to
Careful
the
end
of July.
watch
the
end
of May
be
to
must
kept while

as

possible by

fruits

pests
the

are
are

of

means

against the depredations

of the
partial to the flowers

very

pit means

be

must

by

should

of

some

without

of the

these

laid

from
and

of

to

the

little

certain

the
or

time.

no

and

pine,
This

of

is best

should
of

swell.

dry,

and

not

little

black

flowers

no

manure

That

can

pepper

time

now

week

or

so,

good poison
important

to

help

the

be

is

plants.
the
sprinkled on

necessary
has

by pouring
lodgment

Some

to

I stated

harm.
was

do

syringe

to

in

any

disfigured
generally takes place

the

Fertilisation

cultivator

for

be

find

It is very
fruits will

bed.

the

should

they

daily
enjoyed.

These

crickets.

effected

there

with

be

flowers, otherwise
the

and
if there

leaves,for

persevered

surface

to

All

rather

do

is

the

on

insects,a
will

that

chapter
pine

house

the bed

pests

pips refusing

of the

them

and

remedy

fertilisation

the

apprehended
of this

this
from

of cockroaches

destroy them.

to

artificial assistance.

atmosphere
protect

taken

the walls

be

also

perfect

secure

than

rather

in flower

between
boilingwater
in
the
day-time ; if
complete immunity

paste

heat

sun

at

for
arrived.

the

the

to

If

the

danger

flowers

is

will

commencement

successful
The

keep

first

culture

watering

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

I50

destroying the plantsand the insects together,and burning also the material in
three
which
burning sulphur in the house
they have been plunged, afterwards
other
and
four times
in succession, having it whitewashed
painted and some
or
will
be
safe
then
it
to
months.
there
the
twelye
By
next
during
crop
grown
and
scale
rid
of
brown
best way
to
fresh
start
again with
get
plants. The
mealy bug on pines is by the applicationof hot water, and apply this by means
then
tied to a stick ; the insects
are
of a small piece of sponge
easilyreached.

SUN

WITHOUT

heat

When
sun

the

the

temperature

is closed

house

heat, may be allowed

tables,especiallyfrom
exceed

never

by

should

the

in the
rise

to

the

to

degs.

70

afternoon,

the

in summer,

70

than

the

end

of

to

degs.]

75

influenced

temperature,

considerablyhigher
end
of April to
the

poorly

flowers

Judge

to

which

pip fully developed

of

winter, 65

{by Night).

Minimum

maximum

July, but

by the
given in
it should

degs.

90

Standard

in

HEAT.

{by Day).

Maximum

[Bottom

YEAR

THE

FOR

TEMPERATURES

be

to

formed

appearance,

be

and

caused

pips

considered

golden

Pineapple.

the

fault.

Perfect

ripeness

through imperfect
The

surface

of

the

each

ripe pine

places.
highly fragrant. A pale colour with pointed and
of the fruit,are
serious
poorly developed pips, a generally dried-up appearance
consequently lessen the value of the pine materially. A good
defects, and
should
Queen
ripe,especiallyin the height of summer,
pine when
weigh from
been
8
lbs.
Rothschild
in weight). Charlotte
']\ or
5 lbs. (they have
4 to
grown
from
lbs.
be had weighing
from
to
12
10
7 to 9 lbs. is a good fruit ; this may
The
Smooth
from
lbs. less in weight.
The
to
I
2
Cayenne will usually range
well
half the
be
be
to
proportioned, should
length of the fruit, and
crown,
the
A
small is concrown
sidered
slightlytapering towards
apex.
very large or
very
The

have

aroma

rich

should

fault.

The

rich

developed, broad-set
Cayenne, but very

of the

growth

iron
so, by insertinga hot
used
to
to
pound
pip
a
a

with

in

the

be

crown

centre.

considered

may
In
a

fruit, especiallywith
seldom

so

with

the

certain

Queen.

be

liquidexudation

tion
fertilisa-

arrested, if

estimating
guide. It

safe

Charlotte

the
is

in

it is desired
a

still in

weight
so

Rothschild

to

of

and

do

pine,
well-

Smooth

CHAPTER

XIV

THE

PLUM

Culture

By

The

Wild

Sloe

only

the

stocks

for

garden

all

and

common,

varieties

of

Pointer

"

about

France

but

it

"

Damas

various

Vert"

Bonne."
in

Rouen,
of

the

wants

to

it

of

abundantly,

grows

sorts

has

they

plums

the

plum

into

that

called

it "La

Verte
into

this

pleasure

given

the

to

up

country,

often

Italy

from

says

introduced

is

call

immemorial

time

from

of
It

of

from

name

brought

been

First

the

greatest

authority

same

my

more

Richard

its

was

having

France."

of

parts

Thus

man

from

Francis

to

takes
it

the

many

Master

of

in

in

The

known.

whence

been
had

sorts

places

plum

and

have

to

score

grounds

greengage

several

VII.

Henry

the

Claude,

wife

brought

reign

the

different

where

Cromwell

the

administered

Claude,
in

in

furnished

Gerarde

that

other

before

not

probability

have

appears

"three

Damascene

Reine

the

names

at

Lord

country

Queen

the

by

of

he,

many

quantities,

great

called

was

in

found
or

Speaking

B.C.

years

plum

bears

grows

fruit

all

in

they

variety

the
says

be

damson

in

this

others

be

to

are

The

it

114

latter

hands

our

plums

rare

where

into

to

there

crab-apple

from

have,"

and

country,

wild

species

"I

rare

this

to

the

judge

may

1597.

cometh

yet

like
ovirn

we

and

Twickenham."

of

This

if

THOMAS

indigenous
but

their

in

strange

these

Damascus,
Italy

of

Holborn

in

and

are

OWEN

are

natives,

early days,

in

to

garden,

Bullace

variety

every

attended
his

and
that

ones

Walls

on

and

present

day.
considered

Whether
is

of

great
time

present
and

where
But

plum.

take
few

and,

be

of

the

on

south

still

grown

of
will
as

of

trees

the

less
will

it

attribute,

gages
wish

for

regards

wall, ripe

gages

these

highest

the

as

trees
as

any

richness
may
151

as

of

well

the

can

we

aspects.

by planting
and

had

in

than

dessert
For
these

secure

of
be

to

be

only

can

exposed

best

other);

flavour

methods

culture

their

in

diiFerent

on

long

that

the

garden,

open

the

are

merit

equally

season

the

at

walls.

difficulties
succeed

by planting
(and

market

very

in

or

planted against

are

present
wall

for

fruit

orchard

the

cultivation

in

plum

the

preserving,

or

varieties

in

the

grow

fruits

valuable

plum

Most

varieties

prolonged

is better

what

varieties

many

lovers

Superb,

is

dessert, cooking,

value.

the

against

this
much

so

the

to

some

hardy

our

and

is

where

Planted

aspect,
can

are

grown

of

Few

object

there

successfully

for

fruit

and

successfully

be

may
the

adopt.

as

importance

the

any

varieties

instance,
for

old

the

to

dessert

greengage,

earliness, Denniston's

August,

and

if

few

trees

THE

152

planted

are

greengages

had

be

may

for many

With

the

trenched

with

lime

of
from

soil where

the
the

at

time

of

when

required

to

shoots

leaves

close

at

side

terminal

trained

trees

on

it
be

be

can

branch

before

the

to

one

young

have

found

buds

from

marked
or

main

for

stem

accrue

Fan-

cases.

Growth

pinching at third
and
bearing wood,

with

space

all

in

Summer

results

best

the

recommend

shoots
tree

two

or

side

furnish

be

must

and
well-decayed manure
planted,adding a small quantity

is

would

(p)

to

border

the

case

any
loam

Characteristic

in

growth
training

for

In

new

tree

this

much

bought at
not
plant

Do

form

to

spurs

leaf
in

{g) short

less

than

cost

private

could

grower

deeply ; as a guide to the proper

depth
following the example of the nurseryman.
How
will
be
deep it was
planted in the nursery
plainly indicated
of the tree
this is the
the stem
by the soil mark, and
depth at which
As
distance
should
be planted again.
the trees
should
regards the
apart
of the
be
taken
into
consideration
planted, the character
variety must
them.

prepare
to

border

that
need
be pinched;
short
with
the
not
(??),
stubby shoots
spurs,
the
the
on
together about
preceding year's
apex
; [s] fruit produced
of the preceding
summer's
on
{i) fruit produced
formation, with spurs
spurs
the
for bearing
Numerals
refer
the age
of wood.
A
to
following year.
with
sides is shown
shoot
(leafless)
on
separately.
spurs

stubby
wood

and

shortened

be

little

young

Branch

OF

(o)Continuation
winter

delicious

of

be

results.

trenching.

tree,

PORTiON

not

the

of

fan-trained

of the

that

give better
2^ feet deep, and

least

at

mixed

preparation

without

will

nature

warmer

the

supply

continuous

in succession.

provided.
saying
good drainage must
best suits the plum, the instructions
given in the case
apply equally to the plum, although soil of rather a lighter

will

cherry

walls,

weeks
to

respect

trees
are
planted, it goes
As regards the soil which

and

GARDEN

north

and

east, west,

on

Planting.

of

FRUIT

as

place

the

tree,

some

are

much

will

one

stronger

I
leaves
the
wall

and

say
may
the medium

planting of

trained

is left bare

space
between.

planted

be

that
or

trees

for
know

too

safe

in

growers
the

than

others

strong-growing

smaller

as

a
are

guide

to

close

of

years,

planting

even

when

is open

to

the

possessed

of small
leaves.
I do not
growers
far apart, for the reason
that so much

very
number
a
that

varieties

standard
the

perienced
inex-

of

large

advocate
valuable
trees

objection

are

that

PLUM

THE

when

the

trees

sacrificed

make

to

the

to

that

meet,

close

years
make

When

the

I have

found

for the

room

cut

further

if

take

of

form

spurs
shoot

wall

height

feet

the

at

apart,

attention

regard

to

checked, nothing

with

will
in the

gross
can

branches.

to

an

to

matter

easy

this

Secure

to

Points

pinched

(i) shoots

spurs;

the

cover

few

required. By

Pruning

(i/)natural

for

if it is decided

is

as

given

at

branches

extension

tree, it is

Winter

with

comparatively young

years,

much

as

at

space

to

{y) continua,

save

The

are

case

the
tree

object of

be

trees

for

of

progress
treated

trees

in

barren
from

cultivator

the

the
next

govern
feet

wall

12

larger growing
walls

less

of

The

plum
young
and
especially
of,
the

If

young.

are

mended.
recom-

must

proportion.

in

greater

the

fruit

received
the

wall

apart, the
On
between.

becoming

from
when

frequently

as

feet

12

it would

time

the

of the

during
other
the

when
tree

be

must

trees

necessary
of the

apart,

the

standards

fan-trained

be

half

about

height
planted. Thus,

should

the

in

trees

say that

trees

growths

three-year-old trained

probably six

of

by

tree

entirelyclothed

their

distances

great
to

plums

between

recommended

case

three

Branches

fruitful

with

which

growing

distance

careful
as

covered

apart

is

permanent

side

Shoot

for

wall

contend

the

branch,

of main

smaller

either

pruning;
forming

winter

at

the

Forming

{x) side growths

of

Vigorous
for

were

distances

15

advantage,

on

planted at
scarcelynecessary

trees

the

trees

Growths

is

It is

sorts

it of

Shortening

shortening

Point

the

system

The

met

extension

the

away

of

tion

with

have

trees

the

is permitted

one.

early life of

the

during
and

the

()

tree

are

perrnanent

be

must

one
years,
extension

unlimited

the

arrest

Side

same

be

to

obtained

in

Result

high

fruit

of

course

is,if

that

other,

is intended

of

the

as

gradually to

the

the

in

do

be at
this stage, to
they would
After
by shortening the leading shoots.

growth,

such

trees,

which

returns

planting.

fruitful

for

room

tree

far better

will

they

as

153

these

few

nursery
year

not

are

years'time.
will
should

have
be

to

two

secure

as

build

to

as

twelve

more

restrict

the

is

of

shoots

increased

in

side.

under

the
the

same

The
so

should

addition

the

be

of

the

until

the

train

has

tree

of
tree

where

branches

main

so

little time

as

occur
may
bare, I would

wall

year

in

symmetry

the

year

every

on

wall

Cases

the

have

following

and

way,

than

existing branches,

the

the

preserve
branches.

of the

rather

then,
practicable,

not

tree.

the

cover

pruning

To

sides

upper

and

tree

winter's

next

the

to

the

to

the

of

each

of

sides

upper

the

at

branches

from

shoot

result

The

the

on

framework

the

up

possible.

this

shoots

more

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

154

must

be

filled

its

allotted

space.
Pruning.

the

growth
cut

Fruit-spurs

buds

shoots

Branch

{c) point of
year's wood

that

shoots

at

the

cover

{h) basal

branches

the

to,

to

As

shoot

line,

wood

of

this

at

that

as

induces

shoot

()extension

formation

summer's

extremity

at

subsidiary branch
cross

previous
point, or
vigorous

left entire,

or

branches
forming
buds
buds
; (^) wood

for

to
;

originate growths.

to

unwieldy they
fruit-spurs

long, they

should

be

when

round, although
in

of

methods

same

some

reserving

as

be

must

shortened,

it is essential

When

and

if

occasionallyto

shoots

shoots

the
cut

to

fill

Flower.

may

be

pruned

years

The

will

be

any

plum

tree

ten

resulting
until

necessary

previouslyadvised.

as

year
be
may
this can

about

are

as

the

found

seasons

blossoms

come

necessary
done

easilybe
to
wanted, securing them

spaces
be

it

shoots

length, and

attention

practised each
in

vacant

as

lateral

their

much

disbudding.
be
disbudding must

numerous,

half

must

be

must

shoots

in

to

require

not

the

further

no

advance

trees

summer
many
winter.
following

Trees

these

as

Protecting

leaf

does
too

are

shortened

pruning

the

young

plum

the

wood-buds

overcrowding.

prevent

stopped at the
winter
pruning,

rule

if the

the

the

shortening

with

second

train

of

and

shoots

The

useless

the

to

preceding

be

If the

Wood

Years'

(cross line)to originate growths

old ; (/) blossom
side, one
year

on

(i)point

long

time,

same

attended
inches

Shoot

Pruning.

Summer
At

with

bud

form

to

shortening

crowds

overcrowded

are

than

of

{d) side

should

bases.

few.

away

and

space.
buds
;

become

fruit-spurs

may
better

wood

shoot

Three

to

{I)spurs

stubby

left if desired

being
a

summer

short

be

push,

to

shortened

in

fruit

shortening

this

out

cut

borne

have

that

(s)Spurs

One

with

their

of

buds

two

to

previous year's

shoots

fairlystrong

all

tree, and

the

of the

shoots

the

bases

of

branches

main

shorten

to

their

weak

and

the

on

be

of

four

within

to

form

necessary
few
buds

within

to

will

will

pruning

winter

the

early,and

as

to

by
wall

the

PLUM

THE
flowers

tender,

perhaps

than

For

reason

155

those

of

other

hardy fruit tree,

saying that when
a
of plums
is secured, it generally follows
that good crops
of other
The
walls and
are
their copings give some
general the same
year.
protection from
six
that
frost, so much,
or
seven
degrees will not hurt the
but
if
harder
blossom,
frost than
this is anticipated protection should
a
be given
if possible
thickness
the
is best for the
herring net laid double
over
trees
; a
are

they are
heavy crop
hardy fruits

liable

more

so

damage.

to

this

there

any

is

old

an

purpose.
Thinning
of

case

thinning

Fruits.

the

the

plum,

but

This

when

is necessary,

is

often
practice not
happens to be a heavy set

there

especiallyif

resorted

fruits

of

the

of

in

to

fruits

the

judicious

highest quality and

size

are

desired.
The
had

Ripe

time

sorts, should
be

to

be

not

Do

and
with

stalks

made

of

the

fruit

pull

hurry

the

gather

to

Coe's

fruit

the

adhere

greatest

tenaciously

It

care.

the

to

will

often

No

tree.

be

from

which
wasps,
is
in
remedy
spring
Also
and

take

the

the

Mulching.
to

plum

planted
multitude

of

it may
of these small
means,

be

the

the

results
Best

are

fruit

the

best

and

nests.

beer

of

applying a mulch
trees, especiallythose

mulch

rooting

rapid

too

prevent

it also affords

good

In

fact

the
of

material

the
of
the

to

Wall

for
on

I have

Culture.

walls,
included

and

most
a

summer

sight

few

that

wall

or

must

The
of

them

are

To

destruction
end

justifies

rich

do
fact

means

not

every
surface

also
of

are

distinct
their

trees

benefit
must

by
not

facilitating

drains, therefore, if
be given during the

distinguishedby

mature

regards wall

as

trees

following

and

result

by applying

The
quarter.
open
itself is a
the wall
subsoil

the
will

roots

an

for the

autumn.

the
and

one,

favourable

of

the

recommend

sound

in

question of watering

lost

foundation

moisture

mulch

to

is

made

the

in

trees

the

these

obtained, copious waterings

culture

plums.

as

of

are

be

not

practice

crops

conditions

must

that

Plums

the

considering

extent

passage
be
to

but
better

or

with

away
unwarrantable

and

roots,

if the

same

for
dessert

as

year

overlooked

rapid

safest

bottles,containing

importance
wall

does

soil,but

cleared

be

unusual

annual

generally, the
to

fruit,may

appear

Watering.

rain

be
also

trees

those

for

succeeding
dressings.

the

other

only

Not
the

must

birds, and

destroy the

to

be

scissors,

trees.

for

from

later

of

pair

The

plum.

that

should

that
form
roots
tiny thread-like
during the summer,
in
their
functions
the
bear and
trees
to
performing
helping

some

the

as

the

and
wasps,
wide-necked

again emphasise

positions.

of

crops

of the

must

of moisture

after

which,
heavy

destroy
queen
of fixing some

to

recommended

warm

evaporation

of

the

branches
I

trees,
in

enemies

worst

precaution

to

sugar,

the

are

it has

found

attempt

off, but

them

fruit must
be severed
by a
every
retaining the stalk full length. It goes without
saying that the
carefullynetted until the fruit is gathered as a protection from
to

before

Golden

other
plums,
Drop, and some
they are quite ripe ; they will then be found
equal in richness of flavour to any fruit grown.

should

handled

in

gage
until

gathered

be

be

not

The

perfect sweetmeats,

They
the

Fruit.

ripen.

to

the

best

summer.

mended
especiallyrecomand
first quality
large and noble

156

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

These

dessert varieties.
be termed
strictlycannot
in the
as
ground, and
dwarfs, pyramids, and standards
open
effected
excellent
for culinary purposes
but
the
improvement
;
inclusion
their
and
flavour
wall
cultivation
that
is
so
by
great
dessert and
exhibition
:
plums is justified
which

appearance,

succeed

so
are
grown,
in size, quality,

the

among

best

Green
Gage, Denniston^s
Gage, Brandy
Gage, Bryanston
Gage, Brahms
d'Attkem's
Golden
Oullitis
Transparent
Gage, Comte
Gage, Golden
Gage,
Late
Claude
de
Gage, Gee's
Bavay,
Transparent
Gage, Reine
Transparent
The
followGolden
Claude
Blue, Reine
Violette, Washington.
Drop, Jejfferson,Kirkis
when
are
against a wall
good
ing; are, strictly speaking, culinary sorts, but
grown
Prince
for dessert
Archduke,
of Wales, Pond's
Monarch,
:
enough
Englebert, Prince
Bonuin.
Magnum
Seedling, White
Old

Green

Superb
Gage,

THE

PLUM

FOR

AND

ORCHARDS

GEORGE

By

PLANTATIONS

BUNYARD

standard
trees.
plum is generally grown
upon
There
counties.
produced, except in the northern
the
is
but
under
fruit
then
not
walls,
only large,
upon
foliagetakes on a beautiful bloom, and in that condition

From

very fine
best
they
grown
the
protection of the

The

fruit is

for dessert.
be

lifted

Pyramid, bush,

and

growth

root-pruned

becomes

so

They
should

care

be

root-pruned
the

spring

is

suffer,especiallyif

the

end
When

fruits

three

those

removed

walls

and

when

before

standard

when

parts

trees

the

in

bear

of

But

dry
the

they

do

is done

at

fall.

for

order

are
a

heavy

in

but

when

roots

the
crop,
be thinned
;

should

fruits

fertile.
un-

trees

case

leaves

the

smaller

are

the

grown
be used

then

garden

half

root-pruning

trees

can

they

the

the

treatment,

fibrous

of

are

spurs

this

must
or

year,

the

that

so

perfect

trees

other

only

mass

not

of October

cordon

entirelylost.

not

formed

is considered

and

for

that

time,

one

crop

have

trees

at

are

every
that

gross
well

pay
taken

these

But

tarts.

should

be

give

to

on

thinned
the

best

results.
The
Elongated

{k) Pinched

growths considerably
be short; they must

exwnded

currants,
laid

to

Spur

or

grass,

raspberries.
or
kept open

rooting tree,

and

should

plum

succeeds

granite

soil

orchards

Standard

20

feet apart

do

well

When

by
never

in

trees

they

cultivation

in

nearly

the

Come

land

bushes

are

as

desired.

soils,but

of

lime.

In

planted some
15 to
bearing. They
along with gooseberries,
be

into

out

worn

planted deeply.

all

addition

should

soon

cultivated

these

be

requires

The
It

the

plum

land
is

requires

severe

can

be

surface-

top-

158

FRUIT

THE

The

GARDEN

Plums

Best

medium
size ; flesh pale golden,
and
Deep crimson
purple, above
fine
almost
for
fit
dessert
cooking plum which
flavour
rich,
a
;
;
very
The
carries well to market, and
is comis a great bearer
liable to crack.
tree
pact
; fruit not
and
sturdy and useful for all garden forms.
Belle
shallow
crimson
blackish
Louvain.
de
Deep crimson, shaded
very
; suture
;
stone
thin and
and
red ; flavour
acid, but rich ;
flattened, long ; flesh dull orange
very
excellent
F.C.C,
an
bottling or cooking sort.
1855.
chocolate
Gage.
Pale
dull
Bryanstone
with
spots ; rather
yellow and
green,
and
later ; flesh greenish yellow ; very
firm, and rich.
larger than the greengage,
sweet,
Tree
vigorous, and a good bearer.
with
reddish
COE's
dots on
Drop
Golden
to lemon,
(Golden
Drop).
Bright orange
and
the sunny
side ; suture
of
marked
crisp. One
very
; flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sugary,
the richest
flavoured
It is a valuable
plum
plums, that will hang very late on wall trees.
Belgian

firm

; skin

Purple.

thick

for

all

and
it succeeds
where
purposes,
sale ; of compact
growth.

market
COMTE

d'Atthem's

pale yellow, almost

firm, pale golden

(Comte

Gage

entirely
colour.

with

covered

as

with

Superb.
marbled
Apple-green
often
deep
exposed to the sun
; suture
yellow ; flavour very sweet
; flesh greenish

oval,

; stone

sweetmeat

dots

golden

for

skin

very

flesh

very

F.C.C.

Denniston's

broad

and

and

lucrative

is very

wide

Suture
d'Atthem).
dull
purplish red

in fruits

bloom

standard

orchard

an

and

even,

flattened.

and

skin

; when

rich

and

valuable

yellow, changing

dull

narrow

on
grown
all garden

for

sort

to

with

covered

orange
whitish
it is

wall

purposes.

Diamond
(Black Mogul).
Deep black, shading to crimson
; flesh bright golden, very
firm, glutinous, and of brisk acid flavour, delicious for cooking ; stone
large and indented
bloom
with a dense
fine when
from
fruit very large and
a
wall, and covered
; a cooking
plum of the finest quality ; tree strong and very twiggy, needing to be well thinned, bears

other
every
Early
russet

year.

OrliSans

; flesh

firm

plum, valuable
heavy

(Wilmot's
round

; stone

its earliness.

for

red, with

Early).
Deep
; flesh greenish
On
light warm

soils lucrative

Transparent

brown

spots

(Early Apricot).

Gage

flavour

rich

very

and

sweet

free
very
Grand

President

for market,

speckles of
a
cooking

but

tender

on

Canary,
shading to primrose yellow,
flesh primrose colour, firm and juicy ;

F.C.C.

bearer.
Duke.

F.C.C.

Gage.

thickly

When

covered

garden
as

an

plum,
orchard

covered

wall
but

with

it blossoms

very

Monarch

tree

and

1880.
from

with

on

grown

better.

are

Green
orange

and

flavour, but

1893.
when
crimson
Deep
purple, and
bloom
A valuable
yellow, slightly acid.
; flesh orange
liable
is therefore
to
early, and
damage
by frost ;
a

dots

golden

golden, of good

land.

Early
with

wall

bloom.

trees

From

or

orchard

open
dots
and

trees

house,
the

skin

brownish

fruit is often

marked

green
on

and
the

has
bloom.
This
no
splashes, and
when
fruits
wall
red
sometimes
Flesh
on
are
spotting
they
exposed.
firm,
comes
rosy
and
luscious
rich, sweet
nearly round, short.
pale brownish
; stone
; flavour
green
with
end.
Golden
Transparent.
the
stalk
at
Bright amber,
large red
spots
Suture
faint ; fl^sh golden
stone
sweet
amber,
small,
melting ; flavour rich and
very
;
flat ; cling stone.
F.C.C.
1893.
with silver russet
Suture
and
KlRKE's.
violet marked
shallow
gold.
Deep crimson
The
and
rich.
tinge of green
a
narrow
; flavour very
; cling stone
; flesh golden, with
finest dessert
purple plum for garden culture.
Late
A
of great
handsome.
Orange.
sort
new
cellence
exgolden yellow, very
Deep
Tree
Flavour
vigorous, forming a fine pyramid.
keeping well into October.
late fruit.
F.C.C.
1892.
a
good for such
like Coe's
In
form
Golden
(American
Bright yellow
Drop.
Gage).
Jefferson
with chocolate
Flesh
with green
shading, and often very nearly covered
primrose
spots.
sunny

side

with

russet

patches,

rosy

red

PLUM

THE
colour,

rich

very
and

compact,
Late

and

good

One

juicy.
sweet,
regular bearer.

of

Succeeds

159
the
in

best
very
all forms.

for

all

purposes.

Tree

yellow splashed with dull red, with large red

'fjleshtender, melting, dull greenish yellow ;
very
and
rich
flavour
sweet
a
pleasant ; stone
small, thick and round
; cling stone
; carries
bloom.
This
end
of the season.
F.C.C.
at the
plum is valuable
1892.
Monarch.
Flesh
oval
of medium
Roundish
size.
black.
pale
Deep purple, almost
late
rather
A
primrose ; flavour rich, and
sweet.
cooking variety of great excellence.
Tree
It does
not
require much
pruning when
strong, upright growth.
very
young.
F.C.C.
1894.
handsome.
Oullin's
Golden
Rich
Gage.
primrose and
yellow, egg-shaped, very
A valuable
cooking ; makes
early variety for dessert
or
a
vigorous large spreading tree,
fine for walls, or
and
old.
bears
Very
freely when
garden trees.
as
Pond's
Seedling
Egg).
(Fonthill, Red
Bright pink or dull red, with silvery and
red
fine
dark
which
attains
and
A
late
sort
patches with tinges of brown.
spots
very
Flesh
firm
size.
rich ; stone
yellow, very
oval, and
sweet,
gamboge
great
; flavour
small
for the size of the
fruit ; cling stone.
state.
Requires pruning freely in a young
valuable
for market
sale at the
close
of the
A great bearer, and
of the most
season.
one
Tree
free, and of spreading growth.
very
firm
President.
Suture
Violet
black.
faintly marked
;
; flesh bright pale yellow,
same
flavour pleasantly acid ; free stone
shape as fruit. A grand late kitchen
; stone
F.C.C.
fail to become
cannot
sort, which
popular.
1900.
and
Primate.
Skin
silvery dots ; flesh firm
entirely rich
crimson-purple with
sort
large, broad, very
golden ; flavour briskly acid, very rich ; a grand kitchen
; stone
A.M.
vigorous.
1898.
rough ; ^ow//^
Flesh
Bavay.
Dull
with greyish tinge.
firm ;
Reine
Claude
de
very
pea-green,
rich sugary
moderate, most
flavour, as a late variety very useful ; growth
cling stone
; of
spots

Transparent
the

near

Gage.

stalk

end.

Pale

faint

Suture

suitable

for

garden

tree.

when
to purple
Prolific
fully
(Prolific,Early Rivers').- Crimson
This
is
gathered from a wall fit for dessert.
pale golden ; free stone
; when
Growth
market
home
for
valuable
bearing
freely.
or
most
variety
early
very
a
use,
makes
and
a
large tree.
twiggy, never
drooping, rather
compact
side.
Colour
deep mulberry red,
Almost
suture
one
Sultan.
on
round, with a wide
shaded
yellow ;
; flesh firm, greenish
spotted with silvery russet, greenish yellow where
side.
F.C.C.
roundish
on
1873.
oval, thick, with a deep furrow
flavourx\(Ai ; stone
from
wall.
when
Flesh
white
bloom
a
Czar.
The
purplish black, with
Deep
Tree
home
for market
valuable
use.
A
or
most
early sort
pleasant, fit for dessert.
upright, and of very vigorous growth.
with
patches and russet,
Gage
Transparent
orange
(Original). Yellowish
green,
This
variety is
red ; flesh crisp, juicy, and
extremely rich.
spotted with
deep gold and
fruit resembles
the
Early Transparent
not
figured ; the stalk is deeply inserted, and
Rivers'

ripe.

Early

Flesh

in
in shape.
erratic ; it is difficult to form
Growth
a
shapely tree, but its freedom
Gage
it desirable.
of the fruits render
cropping and the exquisite flavour
with
pink,
pink, shaded
Victoria
rosy
(Alderton, Dauphin,
Royal Dauphin). Pale
from
when
gathered
a
and
silver
free
yellow
with
sKowe.
flesh
;
gold
orange
;
spotted
;
the
is a very
tree
finest grown
of the
valuable
This
fit for dessert.
wall
;
plum is one
likely to
are
free and
regular bearer, in fact the fruits require thinning or the boughs
for
is a
in any
Succeeds
the
form, and
with
great favourite
break
weight of fruit.
for
market.
bottling, jam, or tarts, and lucrative
White
lemon-yellow,
Egg). Pale
Magnum
Bonum
White
Bonum,
(Magnum
the fruits are
wall
most
When
from
beautiful,
Flesh
whitish
a
shaded.
not
; free stone.
a
cooking
with white
; as
covered
bloom, keep late, and are often acceptable for dessert
Growth
bearer.
wonderful
upright.
and
first-rate.
is
Tree
it
vigorous,
a
plum
very
gelatinous.
Fruit
splendidly ; flesh very
Wyedale.
deep crimson
purple ; cooks

Its

chief

moderate

value
in

consists

growth,

and

in

its

when

the
well on
tree
keeping
developed a regular bearer.

often

until

November.

Tree

THE

i6o

Black

Bullace.
the

on

The

patches.

Damson
in

when

fruit excellent

cooked.

It may

rich.

and

sweet

very

free

and

yellow, mottled

with

best

King.

quality, and

growth ; fruit green

variety. October.
Tree
spreading free growth,
of

Tree

latest and

Bradley's

first-class

twiggy

and

compact

November.

Bullace.

Shepherd's
snowy

Tree

until

tree

BULLACES

AND

DAMSONS

hang

GARDEN

FRUIT

profuse

bearer;

fruit

of the best.

One

Pruant
Prune
Shropshire
or
Damson,
Damson,
(Michaelmas
well
when
Cooks
of the
last to be gathered.
large late variety ; one
has large plum-like foliage, and
is wide
and
tree
spreading.
Damson
Frogmore
Prolific.
Tree
of very
free
growth, forming a large and
rich
and
sweet.
Quite worthy of
regular head
black, very
; fruit of large size, reddish
the dessert, and
cooked.
splendid when
Farleigh
Tree
Damson
Prolific
an
(Cluster Damson).
thorny, and
compact,
The
clusters
bunches
of
crowded
bearer.
of fruit are
that
enormous
so
they resemble
black
Stone
rather
large for the size of the fruit. Hardy.
grapes.
Prune
Hereford.
Growth
ends.
Bears
of
upright ; fruit oval, pointed at both
find favour
in the south.
well in places, but does
not
White
Damson.
Tree
upright and free-growing ; fruit oval; orange-yellow shaded
in October
is
white.
Rather
black
being in use
or
a
larger than
damson, and
green
for cooking purposes.
valuable
Damson

Cheshire

This
Plum).
fully ripe. The

is

THE

In

asked

to

every
with

year
scions

the

is

sea

not

in the

southern
for

colder

in

us

Red

counties, but as
exposed

districts

walls

on

admirable

are

several

varieties

Fruited.

Dull

Fruited.

Yellow

yellow.
canary
BURBANK.

it blossoms

situations

as

ripen early in August

they
given

for

suitable

grown
fruits
the

PLUM).

for.

the

form

(CHERRY

obtains
in all gardens this neglected fruit
novelty which
now
It is popularly called the cherry plum from
its similarity
in
close twiggy standard
bears
a
cherry. It forms
nearly
tree, and
wild
but it is necessary
that
the
stock
(Myrobalan) be grafted
failure may
It flourishes
of a good variety,otherwise
ensue.
by

desire

the

is often

MYROBELLE

for
which

red

early

trained

the
It

tree, and

is

sloe

or

blackthorn,

however, be
acceptable because
may,

dessert
attain
to
although they do not
California
and
and
stewing,
Japan
enumerate

we

with

cellence
ex-

have

remarks.

fruits.

pointed

Similar

Californian

tarts

to

with
frosts.

the

to

except

in

colour,

which

is

bright

fruit large and

pointed, rich red with russet,
bearer
variety is a remarkable
a
pot plant
; as
it is beautiful
the
fruit hangs
in flower, and
house
in clusters
for the
of three
orchard
thinned.
be well
for early tarts.
The
flavour
to
Very valuable
five,so that they must
of the
reminds
one
apricot.
Fruit
dots ; flavour
and
Masu.
sweet
golden
nearly
globular, bright red with
A Japanese
excellent.
variety.
bears
dark
red Japanese
BOTAN.
A very
variety, which
freely.
in gardens
for its rich claret coloured
This
is grown
Pissardii.
foliage and early
We
the trees
white
flowers.
fruits ; these
however,
as
they will bear
are
expect,
age
colour
the foliage.
the same
as

and

golden

patches

and

dots.

variety

above

This

new

BULLACE

-THE

LANGLEY.

THE

Mr.
the

Luther

time

February
not

Burbank,

of

writing

hardy

California,

of
hesitate

we

(32

1902

prove

degs.)

This

to

quince

damp

back

of

the

whole

side

length

of

should

manure

result.

is

is

given

"c.

its
;

and

the

The

the

fruit

they

may

This
is

of

Portugal.

will

usually
is

well,

grown

bear

prune

fruits

the

liquid

formed,

are

improved

as

the

than

and

others,

does

not

Several
but

they

ripen

fine

is

variety

the

for

best

culture.

general

The

tree

bears

flavour.

Fruit

in

cool

varieties
do

not

of
differ

the

and

uneven

rugged,

nearly

with

covered

down,

excellent,

but

in

twiggfy

more

freely,

greatly

be

ponds,

remarkable.

also

them

fruits

the

fruits

is

preserving.
of

shoots

make

to

as

for
side

time

the

out

bears

tree

so

the

trees

quinces

The

thin

When

branches.

and

of

early.

Pear-Shaped.

The

well,

and

and
the

by

flowering

at

buds,

cooking

home

at

merely

six

to

three

ripens

and

severe

stock,

at

212).

p.

for

is

beauty

simple

is

to

but

are

rounder

as

but
frost

208).

(see

fruit

hybrids,
the

young

p.

appreciated

much

tree,

main

Apple-Shaped.

The

QUINCE

growths
the

be

There

THE

quince

the

long

The

gardens,

in

culture

the

(see

Pomegranate,

moisture-loving

corners

The

Date

The

fruit

autumn

is

them,

crippled

or

several

introduced

has

Britain.

in

late

i6i

recommend

killed

has

Plum,

The

PLUM

seasons.

quinces

materially

The

are

from

tree

grown
the

freely

bears

in
above.

America

if

cultivated.

well

and

on

the

Continent,

CHAPTER

XV

THE

RASPBERRY

GEORGE

By

It

first

the

manured

well

and

dug

in

important,

is

that

the

Canes

Raspberry

Shortening

place,

before

BUNYARD

land

the

canes

planted,

are

Spring

in

or

at

Result

well-rooted

short,

cane

(g) point

with

cane

ground.

to

fairly

point

Growths

from

fibrous

good
6

pruning

ground.

from

to

from

or

for

bearing,

shortening
soil.

R.

roots

to

18

inches,

Fruiting

(t) point

or

line

off

inches

18

good
top

[y)

shortening
of

on

the

manure

the

required
winter,

before

can

the

be

year

it

is

added

Christmas.

The

is

right

that

year

means

second

season,

afterwards
a

summer

raspberry

of

be
cross

thus

length

to

dig

mulching,
prefers

year

for
or

or

the

fruiting

more.

the

soil

and

be

somewhat

be

must

heavily

canes
a

;
;

(it)weak

ground,

the

to

sult
Re-

season

ground

Fruiting

losing

V,

that

cane

shortened
line.

is
of

the

to

cross

(s) point
first

the

its

indifferent

very

in
cut

weakly

one-third

must

by

be

must

shown

least

at
cane

unwise
as

that

cane

(r)

cane

ened
short-

fruit

bearing.

for

summer
cane

cane

bottom
after

away

previous

last

long

indicated

first
the

raspberry,

of

cane

fruited

near,

the

of

cane

leaving

(a)

young

of

cutting

old

cane

of

shortened

nature

(q)

feet

inches

12

bearing

from

'^^"^-

rooting

to

of

point

shows

to

shortening

of

gathered

with

cane

cutting

of

point
feet

from

Growths

u.

bearing.

away

of

[w) point

badly

or

for

to

cutting

of

with

cane

{s)

level

ground

near,

shortened

cane

(v) point

weak,

(or

shortening

of

inches

at
roots

(p)

ground

roots;
12

Fruiting

Q.

of

abundance

during

Canes

short

{u) point

Small

P.

at,
of

(o)

cane

of
T.

shortening

down

cutting

of

rooted)

Any

to

Shortening

of

surface-

Buds

when

S.

(r)

owing

as

deeply

be
the

Swelling

Commence

culture

raspberry

Results

Planting

o.

for

deeply.
dug

in

damp

164

THE

October.

It

is

not

GARDEN

FRUIT
find

to

uncommon

few

unfortunate

(an

the

with

late

some

culture
the

they
and

the

left

for

while

we

fruit

is

but

the

well

extremities

immature

fruiters

the

to

which

the

appear

may

away,
without

Any

this in

as

From

fine fruit

as

enjoy

liberal

being

prepared

the

any
tend

burnt

bones,

permanently

have

stools,

these

as

Each

is

in

hot

of water,
are

more

soils

enrich

November
the

appeared

freely.
given

rubbish,

and

canes

at

summer

the

for

some

and

a
or

independent

lbs. of

and

some

years

the

best

be

distance

with

Training

will

that

soil should

should

be

Plant

months
suckers
the

firmly

others,

as

they

have

no

or

into

soil;

(ash Spanish
,

larch

is

ground
about

after

season

(^)stake

and

more,

best)driven
i8

4 feet

inches
above

or

the

ing
bear(A) last season's cane
(i)strong successional

fruit;
for

canes
season

wh

ich

quite

bearers

autumn

second
;

chestnut,

old

to

the

shown

planting

from

Stake,
Surplus

Suckers

dug

from

Upright

to

Removing

AND

likely
grow
away
good mulching of manure
in
April, and
dry seasons
to
soakings
give
necessary

than

suckers

new

varieties,
when
ground

many

are

be
may
in
this
though
respect
it

18

anything

the

autumn

canes

deeply dug,

most

are

year
March

see.

be

the

cut

stockyard,together

the

to

October,

least

last

to

of

run

to

the

be

the

out

very

regular
providing

growing

of

and
at

from

planting,and

for
that

on

should

ought

manure

October

in.

wish

treatment,

beds

good

middle

could

the

down

cut

and

red

both

medium-sized

forty yards'

the

one

the
are

them

be

continue
the

raspberries,like

Autumn

as

weaken

about

to

thin

to

Fon-

de

which

should

rest

will

season

allow

sucker

strong
the

of

cold

picked, about

have

extra

ahead

fruiting,and

growths.

February or
to
sufficiently

after

well

and

which

on

crop

Belle

as
necessary,
should
then

quite sufficient.
My practice is
March,

in

not

crops
other

of any

and
finest,

and

it is

two

summer
as

being

Why

one

(such

Seasons,

bearers

summer

fruit.

soon

best

yellow
prolific)is

be'.;relied

cannot

ground

appear
of room.

plenty

as

fine

bear

to

upon

bearers

canes

on

from

one.

The

borne

resources

produce

with

mystery.

Four

borne

to

content

are

autumn

tenay,
plants, showing
(c)fruited
in pruning
cut
out
; ( /) succesback
to
bearing canes
pruned
and
the
as
ripened wood,
sappy

Established

crop,

average

Pruning

Espalier

sional

an

raspberries
a

their

year's growth,

current

which

for

first crop,

strains

second

the

the
from

crops

object

the

as

but

two

the

year's canes,

prevents

anything

canes

requires

defeats

growing
them

from

obtained

are

grown,

last

on

sorts, and

which

bearers

by-the-bye)

name,

dishes

are

double

these

summer

plants

of

of

rows

old

fruiting the following

[k) surplus suckers
sliould
be pulled up when
;

small.

growth

to

support.

THE

THE

RASPBERRY

RASPBERRIES

BEST
GEORGE

By

BUNYARD

Red
Baumforth's

Seedling.

flavour, large

and

Carter's
is

very

uneven

broad.

The

fruit

crimson,

of

rich

;foliage

dwarf

growing

variety, very
ous
vigor-

variety,

fruit
and

slips readily from

good bearer.

the

,^

; growth

red.

Foliage wrinkled
straight and finn ; fruit
in Superbluntly pointed than
lative.
A
rich, deep red colour.
fine
with market
variety. A favourite
;

more

main

large fruited

Wonder.

marbled

large,

arching

rich.

very

Wonder

dark

fruit

Norwich
and

Norwich

to

Ca^j

and

sweet

Hornet.
similar

and

large

round.

Prolific

stalk, and

Varieties

Foliage

165

crop

canes

growers.
Red
with

Antwerp.

Canes

dark

spines ; fruit
flavour, slipping easily from
Semper

colour,

rose

rather

brisk

the

in

stalk.

FiDELIS.
small
Foliage
;
with black
pale green,
spines ; leaves
and
thimblepointed
pale green
; fruit
shaped, small, but most
freely produced ;
It is rich
being late it is doubly valuable.

canes

in

and

colour,

Growth

free.

thinned

to

makes
The

the

best
must

canes

perfect

the

crop

Arching

preserve.
be
well

of

The

of arching;
2J to 3 feet
(/)stakes
between
midway
plants in
ground, and
succes[m] bearing canes
; (n) vigorous

system

above

fruit.

Canes

Fruiting

the

row
;
Foliage
deep
green,
sional
canes.
vigorous ; canes
pale green,
all others
in size,
with
far
the
black
This
is
best
red
by
spines.
raspberry, it surpasses
The
fruitfulness, and
bear
for a long time.
vigour ; it also continues
to
fruit is very
is valuable
alike
often
It has
brisk
rich flavour, and
large, three
weigh an
ounce.
a
for
in punnets.
It is very
market
dessert
be
sent
to
or
preserving.
firm, and
can

Superlative.

very

large

One

of

and

the

lucrative.

most

F.C.C.

1888.

White

Grosse

plant
The

(Large
long time.

White).

Blanche
for

bears

Yellow

and

free

very

grower

fruit

a robust
yellow variety of Superlative. The
The
large and
greenish yellow.
fruit is very
the vigorous
free
and
bearing will commend
growth

form,
Antwerp,

is

but

yet

colour.

The

foliage resembles

Guinea.

in

amber

not

sweet

so

this

this
Yellow

as

raspberry

to

all

growers.
White

Rich
Magnum

White

with

covered

and

Sweet

(Yellow

Antwerp
colour.

yellow

Antwerp).

when

in flavour.

sweet

Bonum.
Foliage
prickles ; fruit of
thoroughly
ripe.

small

rich

and

flat
a

An

old

very

plant

The

and

and

of

bright

freely.

grows

pointed

variety,

esteemed

thickly
pale green,
pleasantly acid.

canes

colour,
primrose
early variety of

round,

habit

dwarf

that

grows

freely.
Cromwell's
soon

over.

Victoria

(Imperial

Yellow).

Only

valuable

as

an

early sort, and

66

THE

The

Perpetual

pointed.
between

the

Red

de
two.

Best

de

(Belle
is

Fontenay
F.C.C.

Leaves

de

Fontenay

Yellow

Four

Seasons.

The

of

growth

It

pale

bears

lemon

vigorous.

again

profusely
colour

the

and

summer

flavour.

is

there

as

little

and

difference

no

or

large

not

so

good

raspberry

as

vigour.

moderate

of

canes

broad

very

Belle

bold,

flat,

red,

synonymous,

as

purplish

Foliage

Fontenay).

given

1865.

Seasons.

Four

Raspberries

Autumn-Fruiting

Billard

de

Belle

GARDEN

FRUIT

early

from

is

crop

early
berries

are

early,

until

August
very

sweet,

the

and
frost
the

the

fruits

comes

later

are

;
ones

fruit
more

of

fine

round,
acid

to

CHAPTER

XVI

THE

STRAWBERRY

Strawberries

Bv

Simple

as

the

are

often

are

of
and

beds

If

to

this

is

grown.

from

soil

their

well

be

It

plants.
in

work

to

artificial

some

culture

usually

long, growing

too

and

deep,

successful

failure

of

unfertile

then

should

for

plants

the

feet

obtainable,

fertilisers

BUNYARD

causes

worn-out,

the

move

not

the

case

The

soil, keeping

the

propagating

the

GEORGE

operations

necessary

well

not

Out-of-Doors

second-rate

is

partly

in

with

soil

the

preparing

rotted

used

be

can

paration
pre-

varieties,

important

some

manure

incorporated

strawberries

indifferent

are

manure.

in

either

the

as

work

proceeds.
The

does
naturally prefers a deep, rich, loamy soil,and
not
strawberry
light, sandy, chalky, or
gravel soils ; by proper
however,
treatment,

on

be

well

to

grown

be

dealt
be

may

in

land

any

with

given

is

manures

with

the

trench

make

it

fish,

bone-dust,

thus

plant

and

Plants

dry

and

it in
that

necessary
the

soil

the

surface

plants by

not

to

be

for

nitrate

celery,

If

weather

long

encourage

soils
on

flower-pot

dry,

the

freely

water

manure

and

after

feet

apart.

is

prove
set

plant,

absolutely
out,

and

planting,

and

This

will

raising

the

prevent

or

being

spread

thick.

inches

manure

rows

It

well

roots

same

land

newly

leaves.

the

manure,

weather

the

each

over

the

the
feet

Should

planting.

for

horse

The
out

them

above
to

the

hot-bed

mark

rolling,

or

early growth,

an

old

lot
in

heavy,

sandy

the

the

treated

soil
this

poor

mix

litter.

possible, placing

is

stable

if

use

very

then

can

the

with

and

return

be

moss

firmly placed,

be

and

can

slightly sprinkling

and

the

clay

On

deep,

and

bedded

place

to

should

of

as

best

the

soils

manure,

by treading

advisable

layer

are

feet

that

added,

soda.

clay,

Gravelly
cow

Presuming
be

of
2

some

heavy

August

are

plants

moist,

keep
of

the

frost.

plants

plant during
is best

work

provided

in

evening

firm.

Strawberry

The

as

For

pots

the

with

some

horses
firm

early

the

made

mulch

then

and

by treading.

made

as

should

soil, adding

where

staple.

and

cow-manure

salt

guano.

it will

hot

removing

or

small

in

depth

soils, if light, use

and

prepared

apart,

firm

stables

from

manure

of

removed

loamy

For

then

trenches,

make

to

sufficient

sandy,

sprinkling

it is best

way.

soil of

thrive
it

in

the

can

frosty

done

as

be

planted

weather

and

early

good

as

planter's garden,

with
when

success

the

plants

showery
167

can

weather

land
be

March,

to

up

is saturated
had

should

and
be

but

it is well

?\Sirith
moisture.
where
taken

these

are

advantage

68

of.

Where

the

work

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

be

cannot

from

plants

end

of March

snails,or
be

one

old.

year

the

remove

other

pests

little

soot

lime

or

check

to

Correct

[x) Plantlet

or

trowel

makes

3-inch pot ; [j/)first

ground with
open

land
an

is

be

then

can

while

iron,

full of

too

fail in

may

Queen

British

is

case

litter

should

may
dressed

be

weeds.

Runners

in turf;
soil ;

of

ball

before

Vicomtesse

another,
in point
H.

de

In

the

with

{z)cut round
[a] carefully

lifted

Under

and

its wants,
under

even

similar

stimulate
the

event

laid round

be

strawberry plant

these

circumstances
will

manure

lime.
a

variety which

succeeds

The

favourite

treatment.

it

prefers a chalky or heavy

Thury
prefers a light porous
;

In

applicationof artificial
well-slacked

some

to

this will

ripens.
the

gardens

some

should

straw

little fruit.
an

beds

fruit

clean

fresh

and

humus,

the

placed on

perfectlyclean

advantage, in conjunction with

strawberry is very fickle as
place

one

the

slugs,

if

see

the

kill any

to

At

soil).

become

perhaps

bed

over

rooted
a

may

obtained

crop
form.

of these

of the

Rooted

the

old

The
in

Planting

of

the

planter to

the
clear

soil hoed

the

mulching being left on, some

plants to keep the fruits clean.
quantity of fohage, but bears
a

the

be

from

manure

and

growth

the

the

of

mulching

fresh

from

lifted

without

(though

fresh

Methods

runner

and

and

them,

enable

to

surface

the

double

runners

be
may
fine
form

fruit,they

that

plantsare

if the

but

replaced. If, however, they abound,

with

of

old

any
litter in order

about,

are

side

Remove

strawberries

November,

before

done

if they produce but

planted as late as April ; for even
for
the
following year, and then produce
strong plants

soil

containing

soil.

There

first-class in a
although failing totallyin one
are
county,
yet
Where
fruits are
desired
the flowers
only large handsome
neighbouring one.
small
the
and
be
hidden
As
the
thinned,
removing
ones.
partially
soon
as
may
be
should
raked
the
fruits are
the
side
and
old
off,
mulching
gathered
runners
and
No
over
kept free of weeds.
decaying foliage removed, the beds hoed
are

others

plantation

of

One

bed

new

year
after

old, and

many
left for two
are

under

made

Where

fruits.

warm

3 feet apart

and

facihties
this

years

be

way

or

exist

to

allowed

destroyed
some

for three

order

wall
each

one

be advisable
may
of observation
we
and

years,
required. In
a

should

strawberries

get

an
upon
and
have

even

each

remain

to

year

will

prefer to

where

soil

have
is

than

more

insure
no

beds

three

good
more

years.
of

supply
than

one

But
quickly exhausted.
recommend
strawberry plantationsto be
small
fruits for preserving
years when
purposes
few
a
early strawberries, plant closely
very
be put
early border ; a few plants should
out

liberal treatment.

there

of
possibilities

great

are

autumnal

strawberries

leaf and

all the

who

has

do

before

in

those
be

to

the

in

The

holes

sourness

of

the

on

Water

are

water

holes.

-inch

top,

soil,the

plants
This

some

being spoiled

have

we

days

seen

were

in advance

method

of

of

culture

is

barrels

the

being

apertures

take

of

bases

of

centre

have

holes

closed

with

evenly

be

the

at

will

the

diameter,

in

5 inches

over

planting.
together, and

the

are

be

can

in

grown

in

them

space

to

other

surface
should

there

the

cask

or

the

over

where

casks

good

or

hay

some

distributed

the

and

tub

bored

eighteen plants on

about

twenty-four plants

that

so

result.

September

unless

rot

fruits

fourteen

or

In

escape

cask

be

to

plants must

the

to
can

in

ordinary
early dish, especiallyif
very

not

of

time

fastened

the

berries

garden.

ought

the

given

superfluous

six

casks

at

4-inch

material.

be

in the
used

be

boards

prevent

of the

ten

some

beds.

the

in

The

beds.

open

stalks

will

in
cultivating strawberries
that large class of amateurs
frames
to
a
picking
procure

of

in cold

them

decaying
producing

flower

will

prevent

fine

secure

every
in

weather

fruits

interesting

ripened

insuring a

corner

warm

soil should
three

for

the

to

grow

the

in

fruits

gardens

recommended

placed

soil

the

same

crop

to

summer

of small

litter will

short

prove

or

they naturally ripen

and

good

will

and

strawberries

quite luxuriant,

of

Plenty

in

force

all the

remove

during heavy rains.

The
Barrels.
method

advantages,

not

to

is necessary,
because
and
and
the
showery,

damp

splashing up

Strawberries
barrels

is

soil,when

the

is often

soil

the

by

go
The

culture

is afforded.

protection

The
best
development.
way
the beds frequently,removing
over
vigour of the plants is thus centred

method

cover

special

some

October

to

Another

of fruits.
crop
let the runners
and

and

is

runners.

However,

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

I70

sides

and

of

feet

six
in

diameter.
It is claimed

for

this

birds, and

that

from

from

clean.
fine

The

large fruit

plants

same

other

fruit

is very

easilyprotected

easilyripened

more

and

keeps

be

in

treated

pot

as

plants for forcing.

we
regards
stronger
H.
de
Royal Sovereign, Sir Joseph Paxton, President, Vicomtesse
But
if smaller
Gauthier, "c.
Nicaise, Louis
Auguste
growers
planted, the holes need
Countess, British Queen, Dr. Hogg, "c., are

As

the

best

sorts

this

recommend

the

growers,

Thury,

as

3 inches

than

more

Waterloo,

placing
Some

tubs

the

under

Typical ones
usually larger than

been

for
that

varietymay

prizes at
the

shows

smaller

be

shade

trial

chosen

that

which
the

of

for

very
strawberries

remarks

the

possess

but
to

as

It

must

of

as

not

be

varieties,such
Late

Frogmore

they

the

descriptions

But

the

are

as

Pine, "c.,

of

first fruits

often

of

the

are

different

not

fruits.

only
shape.

habit, and
foliage,'
be

remembered

plants produce.
the

late

such

wall.
with

illustration.

follow,

best

made

Denmark,

north

of assistance.

is the

be

can

of

experienced

been

those

is,however, hoped

in the

the

difficultyhas
have

It

while

across,

Pine, Eleanor, Queen

Elton

fectly
per-

two
a
probably
tub, but if
years
to
plant annually, using good plants from

they can
culture,

respects

the

last

will

it is best

for

that

it is

position

its

is wanted
In

3-inch pots.

culture

style of

better

flavour.

Many

peculiarities
any
that fruit exhibited
consider, however,

:6-t^-"'".-_i

S'rBAI\-HERRY

CULTURE

IN

BARREL.

STRAWBERRY

THE

CULTURE

STRAWBERRY

H.

By

Although
extent
as
they

strawberries

produced

not

are

grown
numbers

UNDER

Kent,

also

artificial

by
Kentish

in the

in such
in glass-housesas
industry. Curiously enough, as the bulk
from

GLASS

THOMAS

H.

out-of-doors

are

grown

171

fields,
they

to

make

of

open-air

their

the

to

means

culture

same

nevertheless

are

important

an

strawberries

obtained

are

glass,the neighbourhoods of Swanley,

grown
Kentish
districts
and
other
Bexley Heath,
being chieflyresponsiblefor the early
market
supplies. During spring the prices asked for good strawberries
arc
very
the
labour
involved
in
and
high, and taking into consideration
expense
ducing
prosuch
them
at
an
early season, this is not to be wondered
at.
so

will

It
cultivate

well

be

those

are

first

under

consider

to

the

suitable

most

in

structure

which

to

forced

shall find they will

strawberry plants, and in doing so we
succeed
in a variety of houses, providing these
efficient heating
an
possess
Those
able
and
admit
of
who
to
are
plenty
suppliesfor
apparatus
light.
grow
market
of
conduct
their
work
to
endeavour,
as
economically as possible,
course,
and
therefore
prefer span-roofed houses because
they are less expensive to build,
and
will hold more
So that the plants may
have
plants than lean-to structures.
all sunlight possible so early in the
should
the
houses
from
run
span-roofed
year,
north

The

One

south.

to

afternoon

and

sun,

the

should

houses

side

will

then

midday
low,

be

receive
will

sun

otherwise

the

morning

benefit

both

it will

be

the

sun,

sides

of

the
to

necessary

other

side

house

equally.

erect

wooden

the

incur
considerable
glass,and this would
stages
The
within
and
labour.
the
the
extra
to
nearer
reason
glass
plants are
expense
and
be closer than, say, 18 inches),the better will they flower
(they should not
fruit.
The
height from the central pathway to the apex of the roof should be
walk
to
along comfortably. At the base of either
just sufficient to allow one
The
brick
walls
houses
roof
short
about
feet high.
the
rests
2
slope
upon
in
from
built by those
strawberries
for
market
who
to
100
length
vary
grow
of the
6 feet high to the
inside
and
feet.
feet wide
10
200
They are
apex
roof.
of the house
runs
a
Along the centre
pathway about 20 inches or 2 feet
of plants in 6-inch
and
either
side
of
this
six
are
rows
placed
on
wide,
pots, a
walls
of
the
house
The
brick
fills
the
beds.
number
that
two
conveniently
has therefore
the pathway
18 inches
above
the level of the ground outside, and
are
allow
be sunk
the workmen
in
order
to
conveniently.
to
to
along
pass
so

Several

these

the

it were,

built,as

often

are

would

two

the

three

be

outside

ones.

in

one.

distinct

span

Supposing
roofs, but

this

by

brick

respect
We

see,

(ifthe
then,

houses
that

are

well

if houses

strawberries, low-spanned

roofed

of

ventilated)as if growing
speciallybuilt for the
are

at

once

almost

are

ones

houses

three

only

the

free

two

is

ordinarily
circulation

well

as

to

solid

walls

inner
of the
purpose
the wall would
where

The

pillarsbuilt at intervals along

While
admits
giving all necessary
support, this system
the
the
and
air throughout
three
plants are
houses,

served

of

plants near

the

together,there

walls, and
be.

bring

houses

built

be

to

as

oiF

in

out-of-doors.
cultivation
most

of

suitable

forced
and

FRUIT

THE

172
The

economical.

equally well
facing due south

and

fruits may,
Better
also.

GARDEN
be

however,
fruits

may

in various

produced
perhaps be

had

other

from

structures,

lean-to

house

above
span-roofed one, but for the reasons
given
Heated
be preferred by a market
and
frames
the latter would
pits
are
grower.
is able
one
particularlywell adapted to the forcing of the strawberry, because
back
drawwithout
to
keep the plants close to the glass. They have one
difficulty
in
order
in that it is
the
the
to
to
water
to
remove
lights
give
necessary
weather
this is a disadvantage. Thousands
plants. In cold and unfavourable
shelves
of strawberry plants are
in vineries, peach-houses, melon
on
grown
after in these positionsvery good results
houses, "c., and if they are well looked
from

Gardeners

obtained.

are

than

who

endeavour

to

utilise

the

to

valuable

the

utmost

placed along the front of

space
and
the vineries,peach-houses, and
melon-houses,
high up along the back of
also.
Where
them
for forcing strawberries, they had
special provision is made
better not
be introduced
and
to vineries
peach houses, "c., as they are frequently
invaluable
These
shelves
the
of red
the
trees.
cause
spider on
during
prove
for
winter
in
accommodation
strawberries
in
and
providing
early spring
pots.
The
be kept free from
red spider, or
this will
plants must
spread to the permanent
Cold
suitable
in the
houses.
also are
frames
trees
positions for pot
weeks
strawberries
for a few
previous to the latter being placed in heat, but
these

glass-houseswill

their

in

will

matters

Propagation.

by

have

to

culture.
fullyentered into in the remarks upon
is
and
conveniently propagated
readily
strawberry most
stalk-like
the
name
given to those numerous,
growths

runners,

tiny plants at intervals, which

Propagation is effected by so treating
bearing
form

length

methods

The

roots.

below

shelves

more

The

of

means

be

fail

not

is that

of

we

this

doing
found

have

be

to

are

produced
plant.
by the parent
them
to
plants as to cause
but
the
described
at
various,
one

the

best

are

these

small

in every
way.
given to the work

It is of great

that layering (the technical

of placing the
term
soil)should be done early,so that strong and well-rooted
plants may
the
This
essential
is
be formed
successful
the
to
autumn.
by
forcing of the
Late-rooted
such
cannot
runners
good plants,for
strawberry.
possiblyproduce
be
should
when
to
making rapid progress
they
they are
simply commencing
result that
form
the
in a position to
by the time they are
roots, with
grow,
all the conditions
that conduce
to
practically
healthy,rapid, and vigorous growth
it is hopelessto expect
And
such
the unfavourable
are
over.
plants to withstand
strawberries
that
conditions
forced
The
earlier
are
satisfactory
subjected to.

importance

in

runners

runners

the

obtained

are

the

in

earliest
Preparation

to

it

with

at

to

that
be

of

such

fill the

the

compost
that

the

the

say
The

be

one

the

able

greater

to

establish

therefore

them
will

be

advisedly,for the

satisfactory

runners

thing
wherein

pots

is such
subject of layering the runners
for referring
no
apology is needed

culture

in which
young

will

fruit,and

best.

first

The
small

bear
We

strawberry

length.

some

which

obvious
must

item

earlier

the
to

Layering.

for

important

an

are

success.

always

not

are

rooted

they

ultimate

of

chances

very

and

in which

pots

and

the

that
to

consider
the

small

delicate

is the

runners

to

are

plants are
roots

preparation

may

to

be

of the

layered.

establish

easilyenter

soil
It

is

themselves

in

other

THE

words,

it

consist

STRAWBERRY

173

fine

of

particlesof soil,such as that passed through a

hard
must
entirelyfree from
lumps, stones, or any;
thing
to
the
of the
We
have
likely
found
impede
tiny rootlets.
progress
suitable
than
nothing more
good loam.
Preparing the soil and fiUingthe small
should
be commenced
pots
the runners
are
early,so that when
ready for layering
there
need
be
One
should
no
for pots.
delay occasioned
by having to wait
must

small-meshed

know

sieve

beforehand
how

will

be

many

to

(when

and

filled

pots

prepared
made

be

approximately
plants

required,

small

many
the
be

it

as

with

should

compost
It

able
is advisready.'
keep the small pots
they are filled)
some_^^_^

where

in the

where

the

them

the

and

sun

important

placing

them

weather

is

medium
that

upon
matter

easy

Before
minor

No

keeping
where

dry

(,pirst

of

runners

able

unless

size ;

layering

runners

stem

runner

it

are

extending;

(/)

scarce

bearing

Plantlets

Varying

second
;

not

runners,

(?)

{s) point

Sizes

of

third

runner

off

cutting

desir-

{r)

;
runner

less
the

they

all wet,

prepared
sheltered

are

will

pots
from

sodden

become

in

the

the

shade,

is the

rain, otherwise

and

necessity for
the

soil,if

the

totallyunsuitable

as
a
rooting
have
of a shed
use
strawberry plants. We
always made
the pots, then
north
stacking
preparation of the soil and filling
each
until
other
the
runners
are
required. When
ready, it is an
take them
the strawberry ground in a wfheelbarrow.
to
to

at

for the
faces

them

than

"

Runner
^

soaking

moisten

thoroughly again.

"

reach

needs
to

t""

placed

becomes

and

water

if

can

soil

hard,

with

shade

young
for the

commencing

details

whose

to

insert

observance

the
will

in

runners

small

the

greatly tend

to

pots,

convenience

there

are

of

several

working,

future welfare
and
of the
also,to some
extent, will affect the
progress
In
first
should
the
worker
the
leave
the
so
plants.
place, the
dispose
pots as to
other
path between
row
entirelyclear,so that one
pass along without
may
every
fear of doing
This
when
of
because
the
is
to
plants.
importance,
damage
any
the runners
well rooted
and
are
growing strongly,they take a surprising amount
of water.
It is not
from
of runners
wise
to
one
layer a larger number
any
The
should
than
is
the
make
to
plant
quantity required.
object
up
necessary
be to have
the runners
distributed
tion
as
evenly as possiblethroughout the plantamuch
then
will have
achieved
towards
been
obtaining plants of regular
;
and
thousand
For
satisfactory
strawberry plants
growth.
instance, if two
young
obtain
old plants from
which
to
are
required,and there are, say, four hundred
take
five runners
It is obviously unwise
each.
to
from
them, select about
suffer
for
from
than
is
must
to
larger number
a
a
one
plant
they
necessary,
certain
and
blind
be
in
for
to
ones
are
more
likely
fact,they do,
extent,
if too
selected
from
numerous
plant. It will be noticed
are
one
many
parent
each
stalk-like growth
that upon
several
of these tiny plants are
produced, and
here
If sufficient
be
of caution
thus
is necessary.
again a word
plants can
and

"

"

THE

174

obtained, take only

will usually be found
from

the

the
that

of

enough

runners

Blind

"

as

"

blind

not

when

which

its

more

from

one

discarding
and
of

any
sound.

of the

any

be,
may
known
technically

is

runner

foregoing

there

runners

the

emanate

course,

stalk.

same

"

blind

"

the

than

important

more

are
good
(whence,
fruit)has

centre

than

or

the

to

nearest

two

more

even

necessityfor

layeringonly those
"

and

that

When

best.

But

stalk,and

each

the

each,

Runners.

is the

precautions,
and

from

"

be

to

the

number

even

an

parent-plant
plantletsoriginating
to
are
layered,the first invariablytakes the lead,much
bad
is
it
In
others.
but
seasons
rarely
exceptionally
any
all the plants,selecting
will not
be obtained
by going over
from

one

stalk

same

detriment

GARDEN

FRUIT

leaves, and

young

become
abortive, and growth apparently
eventually the flowers and
blind
A
has
ceased.
runner
can
easily be recognised, for the
practically
contain
be
will
found
the
of
if
be
to
no
centre
to
felt,
empty
tiny plant,
will
in
the
blind
To
insert
runners
embryo leaves.
pots
mean,
many
"

''

"

"

labour, a very serious loss to the

fruit.
therefore, no
produce flowers, and
If
notice
of
the
have
abortive
the
of
these
plants
escaped
grower
many
of layering,the
number
of plants at his disposalfor forcing
during the work
will
It will be
be
therefore, that the greatest
considerably diminished.
seen,
for layering. A
certain
should
exercised
in selecting the
be
runners
care
be
be
will
but
that
cannot
number
of " blind
helped,
runners
always
layered,
the
besides
expenditure
of
cultivator, for none

of

fruitless

much

will

them

"

for
as

few

some

sound

when

they

runners

may

necessity,
the
sun

to

the

as

that

so

borne

them

The

we

the

mind

may
the

are

few

say

rooted,
of

worthy
following.

most

shred
shoots

double
small

of

passed

benefit

the

if it

and

to

plants
hard

were

baked

most

important

the
theto

open

be

plunged

exposed to
by taking

not

moist,

sponding
corre-

mind

pathway

diminished

and

in

should

pots

the

cool

thereby kept
than

cool

plant, a
plant where

bearing

alternate

is much

watering

and

the

them,

every

kept

are

each

around

difficulty.The

roots

pulled
of

pointed

of

words

layer strawberries

to

with

reference

its insertion

themselves

and

and

the
the

is also

remains

dry by

more

exposure

the

an

trees

stalk
press

the

the

preliminary

plunged
old

mat,

growing
of
the

the
shred

and

the
or

pot
a

That

into

of

pot

soil

there,

it may

that

and

there

are

by us to be the
have
we
practised very largely,
the ground, take a piece of raffia,
shred
(such as is used to attach

one

in

cloth

close
the

to

having disposed of
actual
operation. By

found

against walls) about

runner

items

established

recommendation,

Having

to

in

and

from

stick

the

eventually firmly
accomplishing this object.

fruits

it around

of

some

is indicated

runner

methods

the

is

keeping

proceeding

when

various

of

pots,

medium

well

or

the

soil

become

is the

from

runners

placed

be

without

labour

Such

in

layering

one

been

have

may

sun.

Layering.
be

of

should

pots

done

being

rooting

layering,or

conveniently layered

precaution to plunge
considerable, for the
suitable

number

explained,

heat.

after

into

most

ground,

fierce

small

above

as

of watering

allow
in

be

sufficient

of

number

"

blind

reallyotherwise.

were

selected

Having

"

become

may

to

the

soil of

the

3J

or

plant, and
pot

so

long,

inches
then

deeply

with
that

the

176

THE

too

call

now

may
facilitate

them

Whatever

suffer

and

pushed along easily,

are

in

from

gardens, and

in many

we

To

handles

with

framework,

use

layers, as
drought.

the

number,

to

wheels

two

on

the

allowed

be

never

fixed

tubs

be

to

must

GARDEN

prove

convenient.

most

Other
it

occasion.

them,

watering,

enable

to

another

on

many

FRUIT

Methods

Layering.

of

At

the

of

commencement

this

chapter

rooting strawberry layers

two
principalare those whereby
length. The
the
runners
are
immediately layered into their fruiting pots, or are
viously
pre(instead of being placed in small pots) layered into turves, and when
in these
who
rooted
to
practise
are
eventually transferred
largerpots. Those
mentioned

was

besides

the

that

first mentioned

the

the

with,
done

it bears
with

away

these

The

at

medium

of
the

does

that

labour

much

placed

once

Where

case.

claim

methods

two

fruit.

in this

of

at

strawberry plant being

until

remain

of

methods

other

were

detailed

here

one

there

in

the

small

the

in pots are
grown
thousands
of
where

filled

pots
rooted

of

soil

with
the

to

first

are

fresh

to

that

also

rooted

the

have

this

to

strawberry
advocate

not

thousand,

ten

when

removing
would

winter,
soil

the

disadvantage,

6-inch

of

number

then
and

autumn

do

this

in

be

which

always, except for the very small amount

be
exposed, as it is,
given as a top dressing. And
may
the
the summer
sun
so
(for
large and unwieldy
pots are
is
plunged in the ground like small ones), and, what
to

them

serve

of
baking
that
be
they cannot
and
autumn
more
rains, it may
injurious still,to the force of the summer
be
rendered
unsuitable
medium.
quickly
as
a
rooting
A
small
serious
drawback
instead
of
in turves
to
layering the runners
when
the fruiting pots of
to
removing them
pots, lies in the danger incurred
No
doubt
the
breaking, or otherwise
layers will root
damaging the roots.
into
do
small
filled
the
in
the
with
turves
soil,but the
as
as
they
freely
pots
to

heat

for

them

assigned

so

of

transporting such
strawberry plantation, and

the

placed has

compost

the

labour

the

quarters

Runners

immense.

they

that

imagine

can

few

plants

but

it will

altogether

is thus

pot

dispensed

where

pot

and, indeed,
plan may,
answer,
finest possible fruit is desired, we
the
forced, and
plants are
In
five
it.
of plants,say from
dealing with large numbers
one

is

of

advantages
first

the
of

this

place,it

turves

it is

as

method

are

almost

be

may

method, and, if ordinary

transferring the plants to
small

pots

be

can

and

without

said

for

the

quantities,and
made

be

It

is

bear

not

with

difBcult

fruits,will

their
about

finest

the

from
to

be

the

fruiting
in

the

entire

make

barrows, trucks, "c.,

the

of

absence

with

roots, but

the

the

number

of the

preferable.

it

other
risk

in

Plants

greatest

in
ease,

be

cannot

same

In

it.

sufficient

convenience

almost

pots

recommend

not

obtain

to

pots, while

taken,

do

we

in turves.
Runners.

the

the

runners

is

care

that

expensive

possibilityof damaging

plants rooted

Providing

getting

moved

as

small

the

purchase

to

doubtful

so

Where

quality fruits

object, not
them

believe

superior

in
that
to

strawberries
are

sine

of obtaining
fact,they should

some

qui

fruits
be

obtained

runners

extent

to

are

those

non,

from

grown

plantation

the

restricted
from

to

plants

taken

in

from

large
should

plants, but of
this use
only.
not

allowed

plants

which

to

?//

[jj

(-^
u

til

ft;

THE
bear

as
fruits,

STRAWBERRY

177

In the one
develop runners.
instance, all the
of
other
and
in the
the
to
production
runners,
they have to bear a double burden.
This
practice is not, of course, absolutely
necessary,
especiallyif the straw^berryplants are growing upon
good ground,
and
well looked
are
after ; it is,however, of great advantage. For
some
years
made
we
and
a
practice of annually planting a piece of ground with
strong
a

ot

crop

plants' energies

well-rooted
for pot

from

runners,

culture, and

Preparation

preparation

well

as

devoted

are

the

the

Potting.

for

should

following year we obtained splendidplants

the practice.
quite justified
Presuming the plants to have been layered,
repottingthem, in earlyAugust, into largerpots
The
be good
chief ingredientof the soil must

which
results

be made

for

in which

they will bear fruit.

turfyloam, preferablyturf cut from meadow
land, and
into a largestack.
Many cultivators place a layer
of manure
between
each
the
as
layer of turves
and
this
is
be
stacking proceeds,
mended,
recoma
plan to
for the soil is made
much
richer thereby.
There
is
another
considerable
advantage in
and
obtaining the loam
stacking it out-of-doors
the year before
it is required for use.
It often
happens that fresh
wire-worms, and

soil contains

of

throughout

exposure

benefit.

great
becomes
than

the

as

the

would

winter

soil also

suitable

more

that

the

The

be

such

by

rooting

from
a
freshly cut
pasture.
if
potting, possible,under

it

shed

is

with

be

may

sheltered

available

not

boards.

forced

from

to

To

obtain

soil

strawberries, the

potting should

the

full

prove

of

an

open
it

over

results

with
final

the

for

used

so

cover,

it,cover
best

exposure
medium

If

rain.

protect

case,

Prepare

soil for

that

be
good quality. It must
the
remembered
that the
remain
in
plants
pots
from
until
the
August
following February,
March, April, or May, as the case
be, and
may
and
that
the
strawberry is a vigorous grower
feeder.
Bearing this in mind, it will be seen
essential it is that the soil should
how
be good in
with

turves
to

a
spade
it,otherwise

smash

mixed

certain

bed
fourth
and
be

of

turning
the

into

amount

be

lime
mixed
and

first

pieces

the
of

rubble

manure

together, and

we

have

found

It may

be

also of

soil is

mixing proceeds.
place, sufficient,if possible,to

dry

It is advisable
serve

it

; {g)soil,rougher part
of
drainage ; (A) roots
small
plant from
3-inch pot ;
for
water
{i) space
holding
when
watering.

over

place. Break up
pigeon'segg, taking care
first

the

With

that taken

to

must

with

Potted

Properly

(/) Drainage

used

benefit.

Pot

6-inch

op

Plant

fine.

too

sprinklingof

small, is
if the

of

size

made

be

material.

of loam.
broken

the

about

soil will

excellent

three-fourths

to

well

to

Section

of

be

previous autumn

the

number

great

if this should

built

in the

bone
All
be

meal
the

the

from

loam
a

should

be

room
mush-

spent

proportion of
or

the
not

crushed

one-

bones,

ingredientsshould

watered

as

the

work
of

a
large heap
prepare
for potting the
majority of

of

soil in
the

178
It

plants.

still remain

be

can

turf

potted

is

diameter

in

the

at

with

may

48's), for
8-inch

but

by

6-inch

size

who

did

of

pots

for

doubt

no

for

it is the

that

in

market

First
to

and

place

extend

sour,

crock

half

for

The

inch.
tumbled

base

of

the

inch

an

together haphazard,

in

well

hole

pot,
all

and

Over
half

about

they

first

or

around.

of

depth

the

rate, the

any
that

will

more

freely.
away
large enough

pass

the

covered,

at

or,

use

is the

becomes

not

of

the
to

ones

be

does

bottom

beyond

must

pot

the

smaller

place

the

in

many

soil

given

water

hole

the

over

quite
single large crock

the

because

made

pot

thousands

carelessly disposed,

drainage
insufficiency of drainage, or
alFect
The
the
health
of
the
plant.
deleteriously
soddened

runners

varieties

best.

An

less

The

it.

repeating

justify our

not

are

when
vigorously even
forced
early. They
diameter
(ordinarilycalled
the
tried
practice of using
varieties
of vigorous
some

have

6-inch,

the

the

certain

grow
when

so

inches

4^

We

made.

than

strawberries

grow
is
there

and

one,

in

be

larger

results

the

those

will

roots

the

pots,

growth,
of

fewer

placed

be

advantage

There

not

less

which

in

pot

top.

do

for very
early forcing that, however,
grown
cultivated
in the open,
and
therefore
much

as

used.

suitable

most

inches

being

The

Runners.

thk

than

before

required. If there
be
pulled
they should

potting bench
pigeon's egg,

the

to

larger
hand

the

pieces by

Potting

transferred

be
of

pieces

smaller

into

then

may

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

few

an

be

must

not

must

not,

or

select
opening. Then
the
the
of
turf
and
them
over
immediately
drainage.
roughest pieces
place
will
fine soil fallinginto, and
This
of the
perhaps choking it.
prevent
any
be
Remove
There
should
the rooted
from
its small
so
strawberry runner
pot.
material
6-inch
small
is
that
much
of the
when
the
in the bottom
plant
pot
will

they

placed
the
be

probably displace

therein

done

wooden

have

only

soil

firm

may
be

be

whence

Treatment

the

regard

inch

an

on

that

the

Potted.

of

should

the

to

at

Care

depth

this
while

young
The

the

and

until

Firm

soil.
used

which

point when
the
plant
leaves, is not.

the

plant,

if this

of
can

covered

fill the

all
space
it firm with
a

make

surface

roots

in

necessary,
the rooted

making
or

the

the
roots

should

runner

layering are

quite covered,
should

of the

is essential.

potting

lightlyis

treating of
is

inch

an

completely

compost

once,

be

about

small

have

roots

is then
at

within

to

from

Continue

roots.

made

deeply
spring

in

rammer

above

remarks
so

half

wooden

immediately
With
damaged.

centre

reaches

prepared

the
much

too

proceeds.

with

the

it

place

work

covered

inserted, the
applicable. Place
i.e. the

to

the

that

With

remain.

not
as

been
time

latter

the
the

these

care

rammer

plant
The

soil of

the

covers

Dislodge
drainage
disturbing the roots, but if the

let

round, taking

surface

one

former.

without

crocks

the

the

of the

rim

the

the

heart,

be placed
hold of the
days in a shady position,so that the roots
get
may
soil as quickly as possible. This
new
likelyto do in the shade
they are more
if the
than
hot
them.
were
sun
were
Providing the runners
shining upon
well
before
watered
the day
thoroughly
being potted, they will not
require to
be
watered
for a few
days ; they should, however, be well syringed every
for

week

afternoon.

when

or

ten

newly

potted plants

STRAWBERRY

THE
After
be

having

removed

The

to

ground

with
and

will

rows

9
the

to

allow

passage
be watered

Watering.
work

of

rooted

Giving

the

plants
applicationsbeing
allowed

not

are

the

utmost

has

ceased

clean

have

the

autumn

others)
this

examine

is
have

In

way.
the

be

must

the

of

want

of
hottest

divide

weather

is

and

more

that

hardly

be

they

said, of

all

varieties

of the

When
than

more

in

crowns

is much

growth
three

In

off-shoots

small

several

runners

valueless.

are

sun

weeds.

eradicate

side-growths or

into

one

no

well

even

Remove

and

any

select,say,

to

or

the
o'clock, when
plants, for this promotes

pests.

splitup

to

or

When

can

important

most

five

or

is,where

adopt

to

remove

other

side of it

two

is,it need

insect

crowns

plants,
plants in

each

care.

water,

growths
strawberry plants (some

that

the

with

to

quite small,

and

from

"

"

wet,

case,

course

plants

minor

unusually
tendency to

such

off when

be

now

water

down

keeps

covered

the

the

either

upon

attended

surprising amount
daily during the

the

These

only

better

best, and

than

remove

remainder.

During
in the

late

summer

It should

be

the

beneficial.
latter

with

Winter
to

rows

plants will

the

and

for

may

growth.

wide
pathway sufficiently
watering. By having this

of

purpose
three

healthy growth and

by pinching them
formed.

another,
the

small

inches

Every afternoon, about

directlyupon
them, syringe the

early autumn

that

the

to

necessary
suffer from

shine

to

appear

the

for

this

take

leave

base

Arrange

pots.

about

pots

importance.

and

that

to

will

the

the

their

hard,

and

cool

they

so,

or

complete

level
as

plants, the

water

cultivator, and

the

into

row,

of

row

every
with
ease.

be

week

to

both

serve

worms

along

sixth

placed should

placing
sixth

walk

to

person

the

position,
will

of

apart,

After

after

are

This

entrance

inches

rows.

they

for

garden
there

sunny

ashes.

the

prevent
lo

and

which

part of the

shady

open

layer of

or

in

an

upon

thin

in

been

179

Protection.

to

certain

perhaps as
plants
cultivators
methods
Some
employed.
over
sides, spreading a little straw
method
from

is

soil

the
has

which

practised

of

but

plants,is

in the

Royal
effectual

more

This

against

these

will

roots

they

place
disposed
a

thousands

are

of

row

of.
of

The

the

bracken

then

be

very

liable

plants

and

first

plants can

protected,

row

be

to
a

do

layer
will

of

also

pots.

necessary
much
so

frost,not
There

plan

are

we

various

are

about

pots

the

pots

row

to

frost.

severe

covering
upon

of

bracken

of

plants,and

or

them.
layer between
from
cracking.
prevented

alternatelyuntil

bracken

placed together

next

First,place the

layer

describe,
hundreds

effectual

an

exposed
need

place

then

to

with

for many
years
hardly less simple.

and

and

if

away.

it becomes

the

stack

it forms

that

so

washed

Gardens

plants closely together in a straight line ;

ashes
(preferably the former) alongside the
press
The

the

the

think

we

or

it

strawberry pots on their

layer. For simplicitythe
uppermost
suffer
often
plants packed in this way

simply
the

blown

efi^ects of

the

is

manure

soil,lightlypricking

of winter

and

roots

the

dry, and

becoming

been

of thousands

commended,

be

to

from

the

artificial

some

the

being

approach

extent

themselves

the

its

prevent
the

Upon

plants to

the

protect

stick

pointed

of

slighttop dressing
sprinkledveiy thinly upon
a

on

small

the

piece

Continue
all have

outside.
of

ground

to

been

Many
when

i8o

THE

thus

packed

for

forcing.

closely; they

Preparing
will
To

obtain

the

production

plants make

of

much

November

and

the
fruit

the

as

of

season

necessitates

progress
and
their

culture

of

fruits

much

required.

are

than

work

more

the
During the spring months
possiblein the dull sunless days of

is

than

forcing

required

later.

two

or

until

strawberry plant

the

ripe

which

at

February

month

quicker
December,

left alone

be

may

preparationfor forcing
the

by

month

early
very
are
glass for market

matter

The

determined

in

these

quite safe, and

are

Forcing.

for

altogether

be

GARDEN

FRUIT

then

is

such

not

strawberries.

expensive

an

strawberries

Most

grown

to
so
ripen
early, but just sufficiently
them
during the six or eight weeks
immediately preceding the ripening of the
This
outdoor
is evidently found
be
the
most
to
profitablemethod.
crop.
Strawberries
be
command
forced
March
to
so
as
high
ripe in February and
very
for them
limited.
is strictly
prices, but the demand
Although such good prices
later in the
obtained
much
the
not
so
are
quantities disposed of are
season,
and
of
realise
better
the
that
cost
production
less,
a
so
considerably
greater,
growers
their
of the
profit upon
outlay. Exclusive
high price of very early forced

under

strawberries, another
fact that
in

the

February.
and

winter
artificial
in

fruits

Given

in

and

February

March

and

April, ^ey may

before, but if ripe

had

fruits

absence

of

sun

are,

Early

Very

the

February

and

November,
composed
during the

of

leaves

and

made

the

the

bottom

great

so
high that
glass. The
advantage, for

plant

should
until

be
the

will

soon

quite cold
plants

degs.Fahr.

Do

come

is

in

up
not

plants

when

heat
the

follow.
far
into

as

For

be

them

frame.
wished

plunged

in
A

flower,

temperature

the

than

the

days

is concerned

end

of
of

bed, preferably
of

should

leaves
6

and
leaf
the

plants

for the

8 inches

or

this

is of

growth

of

pit or frame
; afterwards,

be
night may
during cold, damp,
at

the

middle

the

hot

growth,
ten

to

necessary
weather
and

within

progress
or

weeks

be

bed

are

root

required

are

place

The

of artificial heat
the

therein

first week

the

mild

better

for.

encourage
begin to make

use

later

not

those

plants eight

towards

strawberries

cover

berries
straw-

with

involved.

time

extra

will

roots

the

for the

plunge

to

the

February, it would
previously. Cold

ripe

under

could

once

so

have

taken

method

made

in

force

much

however,

strawberries

ripe

to

late

the

naturallydeficient

are

unfavourably

not

If

June.

weeks

To

best

be

sunny

the

ripe

are

necessitate

weather,

compare

responsible

be

of

the

twelve

must

weeks

and

wanted

the

first few

conditions

by commencing

of course,
Forcing.

plants

in

will

weather

such

should

were

forcing quite

commence

sunless

mild

ripening

be

in

in

We

under

produced

comparatively

out-of-doors

grown

best.

qualityof forced
and
early spring. Cold
and

lies doubtless
consumption
of fruits that
speak now
strawberries
depends greatlyupon
limited

their

of the

not

The

heat,

flavour.

of

reason

is

flavour

forced

not

kept

at

not
or
foggy
lightsto admit air
open
heat
the frame
would
hot by reason
of sun
become
too
only when
need
Then
admit
air
or
exceptionallymild weather.
enough
(the
lights
just
inch
only be pushed down
an
or
rising too
two) to prevent the temperature
and
Close
with
the object of lowering it.
the frame
not
quickly,
early in the
time.
afternoon, and syringe the plants at the same
By so doing a moist

50

weather,

but

the

THE

82

ferable
If

to

let

them

"

"

perfectly

make

rapid

plants

should

degs.
Syringe

the

set

for

cool

remain

The

the

little

night

when

first

GARDEN

will,

fruits

progress.
be grown

Fahr.

FRUIT

when

fruits

"

are

It

weeks.

two

of

temperature

their

than

long
placed in

too

moist
in

house

the
"

be

set

house,

which
60

from

may
be increased

then

may

long enough.

not

warm,

to

the

65

to

degs.

70

moist.
plants frequently, and keep the atmosphere of the house
Admit
little air during favourable
early in
a
weather, but close the house
the
afternoon, well moistening the plants and their surroundings at the same
Attend
time.
the plants,never
to
allowing the soil
carefullyto giving water
the

become

to

all

at

farmyard

dry,

of great benefit
will be noticed
indicates

the

or

water

manure

while

the

that

the

period

colour

that

of

development

the

strawberries

of

colouring

be

the

almost

to

green
Not

near.

of the
several

of

course

until

Weak

checked.

be

surface

the

upon

In

from

turn
to

fruits will

the

sprinklingsof guano
fruits are
swelling.

or

soil

are

it

weeks
and

they

this

white,
changing

to

are

be
there
ripeness must
any
cultural
should
done
assist
in
the
be
methods.
to
Everything possible
change
and
fruits to
the
night
develop rapidly by maintaining the proper
encourage
all favourable
early
admitting air on
occasions, closing the house
temperature,

the

red

so

make

to

as

As

the

approach

the

temperature

little air

diminished

until

not

cultivator

forced

must

judge

for

of

fruits

admitting

house

nights

it.

are

maintain

to

brighter

and

neither

be

fruits

or

difficult

ten

weeks'

in

mind,

this in

the

and

the

nor

have

this

is

not

in sufficient

quarters

in warmth

given.

take

opportunity

every

delay the ripening of the fruits,for

afternoon,so as to increase the temperature
house
the
air should
always be left on

From

supply, and

they

few

are

numbers

experienced

take

so

long

the
as

the

matter

the
;

in

not

forced

berries
straw-

endeavour

if the

earlier

at

in

into

to

fresh

the

year.

to

plants

regular intervals.
forcing of the strawberry
and

been

Plants

first forced

cultivators

difficult

protected by bracken
be expected
early January, may

time.

of

ripening
gathered out-of-doors, most

longer days
so

outside, where

placed

Fruits.
are

warmer

be

not

be

water

not

little

less

development of the fruits has

will
be
required ; the strawberry,
flavour
days of its maturity. The
circulation
about
the
free
of
air
by a

water

bear

should

roots

should

ripening.

are

of

continued

removed

early in
cold

not

Succession
until

nine

should
grower
Fresh
air need

is
the

when

improved

the

strawberries

which

is much

still be closed

may

if the

are

weather

given to
almost
ripe

himself

within

say,
be lowered

if the

water

less

course,

when

to

should

night
the

fruits

to

is

atmosphere moist.
half
about
they are
to
65 degs. (leaving
of
mild), the amount

the

always keeping

that

house

the

strawberries

ripening

and

the

the

throughout

on

ceased, and
then, of
however, really grows
of

of

of

approach

near

ripeness,

lessened, although

moisture

The

the

naturallywarm,

fruits

coloured,
a

it

denotes

Plants

are

As
will
from

during the winter, and

produce ripe fruits in

activitybefore

the

end

The
made
January should give ripe fruits in eight weeks.
by plants
progress
then
the
weather
during January and February depends very much
upon
months
than
when
these
the
rule
rather
are
over
experienced ;
bright days are
himself
has
the exception, and
the strawberry grower
trouble
to
rarelyoccasion
of

forced

STRAWBERRY

THE
about

the

from

In

weather.

therefore

when

plants

had

be
say that ripe fruits may
in early January the weather

we

started

it is

February, however,

and

January

183

in

is

nine

weeks'

ten

or

presumed

different,and
be

to

time

moderately

favourable.
The

forced

how

strawberries

advantage
plants in

at

in

on

of

are

should

removing

thereby

assisted
this

later,however,

started

of

number
be

upon

bed

They

plants

the

hot

the

plants

disposal will

at

together. Most
in April and
the market
May, for then they
It is certainly an
and
risk of failure.
cost
the
month
of
during
January to plunge the

strawberries

forcing

out-of-doors.
With

placed

are

and

latter

the

minimum

mild

required

of

many

obtained

are

fruits

of

quantity

determine

in

placed

them

heat

from

their
in

considerably

quarters

fresh

making

becomes

precaution

winter

roots.

unless

unnecessary,

There
be
to
are
during February proves
exceptionally cold.
well
suited
to
numerous
positions in the glass-housesof every garden that are
the forced
and
peach-houses at rest or just started,
strawberry plant. Vineries
In cold houses
little growth
cold pits,or frames
do admirably.
that are
empty,
when
in
is made, but
after
few
weeks
there
the
warmer
a
plants,
placed
a
altogether.
house, make
quicker progress than if they had been left out-of-doors
Temperature.
Nothing is more
injurious to strawberry forcing than a
first.
Until
have
the
flowers
at
appeared and the fruits have
high temperature
artificial
should
heat
be
most
night
carefully requisitioned. The
formed,
should
first
be 50 degs. Fahr., to be raised the
fortnight
during the
temperature
60 degs., there
remain
afterwards
increased
to
week
to
to
next
55 degs.,and
weather

until

fruits

the

when

top of the
around

set."

"

have

house

When

and

the

at

the

fruits

if the

only
and

to

the

near

be

upon

to

be

of

Air

occasions
both

provide a

at

th^

circulation

"

The

set."

is

night temperature

doing

obtained.

readily than

more

plant.

so,

however,

These

will

thinning

Supposing
That

left untouched.

remain

to

much
the

Before

each

be

course

allowed

form

of fruits

number

all favourable

on

where

glass.

only
are

would

fruits should

will

house

air

dry.

they

to

seven

the

upon

formed, they

have

best-shaped

and

them

strawberries

finest

altogetherdepend

will

should

atmosphere

"set"

are

of

is very
necessary.
be given so as to

flower

bottom

remove
early in the year
65 degs. Fahr., placing them
the fruits,leaving six or
out

sufficient

in

are

the

plants. Keep

the

abundance

An

strawberry plants

the

be

thin

quite

required

four
the

or

five

largest

is obvious.

solelyto strawberry forcing, for

When
is thereby saved.
much
the plants to warmer
then
be
the
house
"set"
each
of fruits are
sufficient number
plant,
may
a
upon
fruits.
When
and
the
to
development of the
warm
kept moist
encourage
well
fruits are
the
really be "forced," for once
properly formed, they can
moisture.
heat
and
of
fruits
be
the
with
"set"
advantage
given plenty
may
Close
the
of the day.
frequently several times during the course
Syringe them
It is of

labour

advantage if
in moving

house

early
registers 80

in

temperature

from

warm

house.

to

the

85
65

house

be

devoted

houses

afternoon

degs.)
to

can

70

(it does
and

moisten

degs.

in

not

the

matter

if the

thermometer
Increase

walls, floor, "c.

fortnight after

bringing

the

then

the

plants into

84

THE

FRUIT

GARDEN

IN

STRAWBERRIES
A

of

crop

excellent

strawberries

COLD

frame, and they will be ripe some

ready for picking. Ripening as they do
before

and

they

outdoor

of

moreover,

are,

culture

i8

about

Upon
Good
in

Plant

rows

in

making

that

runners

until

the

of

will

plants

and

appear

the

at

of

With

the

great value

before

been

have

to

afterwards

of

them

in

in

obtaining a good
which

often

do

so

found

Sovereign

be

of

La

and

gathering

from

flower

covered

in

season

one

usual

how,

out

to

consign

all

left off
the

on

almost

weather

air,and

cold

the

the
water

about

by

dishes
in

grown
the

be

must

given to prevent
required,for
their ripening just
it is

lies in

frame

finest

the

air

fruit before

of

end

strawberries

cold

of

at
grown
One
should

frame.
The

April.

similarly.

are

can

always

safe

from

strawberry plants

to

with

better

One

plants

the

fruits

when

mats

suited

for

this

in

sharp

frosts

method

of

can

flower

the
forced

of

certain

spring

frosts

out-of-doors.

probable. We
than
Royal

are

culture

Sucree.

IN

the

in

THE

autumn

AUTUMN
is

not

now

of

with

be

the

luxury, for
comparatively easily
a

great

the

from

be

wet

autumn-fruiting varieties,they are

we
are
autumn-fruiting varieties proper
treated
of separately. We
concerned, for they are

With

present

In

admit

to

it is

Remove

advanced

strawberries

introduction

obtained.

frame

inches.

when

time.

some

heavy fog.

or

bearing

plants

fruits,for

Grosse

of

18

other

giving water

glass lights should

plenty of

in

STRAWBERRIES

the

for

The

the

grown
Some
of

damage

varieties

no

of

progress,

treated

pots

crop
much

should

frame

of

item

is necessary.
When
the
fruits
or
as
the
In
water
given to
plants is of great assistance.
to
fruits
naturally, they produce many
more
grow

developing, manure
good soil and allowed
plants

back

retarded

are

do

the

from

distant

frost

severe

and

obtained

either

be

weeds.

bright weather

rapid

too

of strawberries

have

endeavour

point

the

away.

out-of-doors.

those

Frogmore

at

of

over,

appreciated ;
this phase of strawberry
frame
in August
to

for

in

almost

are

are

much

then
weather, say November,
place them
be
during winter.
Air, however, may
given

approach

the

plants making

fruits
are

bad

drain

time

same

the

with

leaves

very
necessary
little attention

need

eradicate

remain

to

the

there is
day, except when
be
raised
the
at
lightscan
easily

have

bed

up

plant being

every

The

forced

the

in

grown
outside

the

apart, each

approach

there

frame

inches

feet

required, these

than

when

those

ready, these strawberries

best quality. Preparation

firmly. Beyond

them

will

weeks

plants

are

the

consists

few

from
before

the
bed
glass. Make
quite firm by treading.
this place a layer of good turfy loam
inches
deep,
making this firm also.
9
the
should
be
previous month, July,
plants layered
planted in the bed of

within

soil

fruits

obtained

be

can

cold

FRAMES

very

little

trouble,

strawberries

may

be

plants in spring, and again in the

strawberry plants to the rubbish heap

same

not,

however,

would
obtained

It is

autumn.

when

now

twice

the

fruits

STRAWBERRY

THE
have
in

been
the

from

gathered

should

autumn

practice of keeping

they

summer

soil

to

the

which

flowers

during

however,

of

best.

the

of

and

runners

about

inch

was

manure

water

manure

forced

appreciate
several

strawberries

years

made

we

of

plants

often

was

development of the fruits.

wide
placed sufliciently
apart

position, and

wrho
For

Royal Sovereign when

These
were
to
carefullyattended
during
weeds
Old
removed, water
given, "c.
removed, and replaced with new
turfy
had
been
mixed.
During August when

houses.

artificial

appeared,

the

the

all

some

Those,
some

hundreds

from

months,
depth of

the

soil with

save

some

removed

were

the

them.

185

The

given, and
plants were

allow

to

its

continued

use

in

a
grown
sunny
circulation
of air all about

them

and
evening they were
thoroughly well syringed : this is an
; morning
important item, for it greatly helps to keep that pest, red spider, in check.
and
By following this treatment,
each
thinning the fruits to six or eight on
able
strawberries
plant, we
were
to
gather
throughout September and part of
October.

VARIETIES

The

cultivate
under
strawberry that market
glassin preference to
growers
other
is Royal Sovereign.
it has been
And
the experience of most
that no
any
for fruiting
variety produces better early fruits than Royal Sovereign. Even
have
tried.
several
early in the year it is the best we
Having
very
grown
varieties side by side in order
for
their
merits
to
test
respective
early forcing,the
formed

opinions
however,

of

early forcing

to

strawberry plants
there

would

mentioned

for

produced.

that

these
under

placed
great

so

below

mentioned

apparently long

varieties

late
their

prevailed during

weather

plants

in

trial

under

time

that

were

the

which

there

were

degs. Fahr.,
flower

was

but

raised

British

forty)were

after

week
On

Queen.

placed under
60
degs.
i8th
February
to

plant of this,though, strange

It was
until
not
days afterwards.
a

to

say, the
March
ist

It is,

value.

Probably, if these
or
early April,
It
should
be
qualities.

apply.

remarks

glass in

difference

of

be

may

March

the

were

greater

placed

elapsed

portion

under

before

of

the

glass,thus

flowers

were

following :

Royal Sovereign,
Seedling. On the
Keen's
Seedling,of

Keen's
and
Sucree, President, British
Queen,
January fiftyplants of each (with the exception of

26th

upon

alone

characteristics

Grosse

La

ten

their

been

the

the

The

and

been

dull

very
after

weeks

accounting

had

have

not

that

first few

them

glass in
The
there

temperature

variety

were

two

to

flowers

more

come

flowers

remained

number
that

first

the

same

of 55
into

open
for

expanded

of no
were
plants of British Queen
open.
either
badly-formed
through being totally blind, or producing puny,
value,
in flower
Of
the
blossoms.
were
by 6th
remaining thirty-nine,twenty-seven
Next
other
the
twelve
March,
opening shortly afterwards.
jn order came
followed
this
with
and
flower
was
20th
one
out
quickly
President,
on
February,
and
others
by 3rd March
were
on
27th February,
; thirty-eight
by many
open
in
blind.
flower, the remaining four being
forty-sixwere
six

were

La

then

Grosse

Sucrde

No

less

first

opened

eleven

than

on

23rd February.

On

ist

March

forty-two

86

FRUIT

THE

blooms

GARDEN

in flower
were
(forty-four)
by 6th March,
the remaining six being useless.
Also
on
23rd February, exactly four weeks
from
the time
of starting.Keen's
Seedling opened its first flowers. Twenty-one
of good
the full number
were
expanded on 27th February, and by 6th March
did
not
ones
come
(thirty-threeout of forty)were
fullyopen.
Royal Sovereign
into bloom
until
28th
do so.
to
By 6th March,
February, being the last one
five more
in flower, and
however, thirty-sixplants were
quickly followed, thus
blind
nine
leaving
ones.
The
follows:
of healthyflowering plants of each variety was
as
percentage
Keen's
La
Grosse
President, 92 per cent.
Seedling,
Sucree, 88 per cent.
;
;
82A
British
82
cent.
cent.
78
Queen,
Royal
Sovereign,
per
;
per cent.
per
;
La
the
Grosse
had
thus
President, closelyfollowed
Sucree,
highest average,
by
British
the
Keen's
Queen
lowest, Royal Sovereign and
Seedling being almost
made
and
start
equally good.
Notwithstanding the excellent
by President
Keen's
is concerned, the ultimate
Seedling, so far as the production of flowers
Sucr6e
the
results,without
doubt, marked.
as
Royal Sovereign and La Grosse
The
suitable
and
most
former
bearing
produces strong scapes
satisfactory.
that
have
numerous
large flowers
plenty of pollen, and set remarkably well.
In order
have
their best so early in the season,
to
at
plants of La Grosse Sucree
should
have
instead
of developing
of
otherwise
the
flowers
they
light,
plenty
their
affairs
detrimental
often
remain
the
to
properly
leaves,a state of
among
fertilisation.
For
first early strawberry, to
started
in November,
be
Royal
a
and
Its flowers
borne
longer
Sovereign is the better of these two.
are
upon

and

out,

were

full number

the

vigorous

more

affected
that

at

the

to

stalks

that

fruits of La
a

deep,

by

it is

of

Grosse

Sucrde

are

are

which

to

as

smaller

sweet.

The

fine

is the

than

is that

colour

in

it does

not

and

ance,
appear-

Well-developed
Royal Sovereign, of

better.

those

of

fruits of the

flavour

are,

Royal Sovereign. The

foliage.
produces more

does

as

freely and
totallydiff'erent

rather

very
seeds,lacking the

with

therefore, not
invariablyexperienced

and

Sucree

Grosse

very

opinion

colour, and

crimson

La

of

grows
strawberries

matter

Sucree,
weather

development

known,

two
a

Grosse

dull, sunless

favour
for

room

is well

La

of

the

in

point

much

fruits of these
so

those

extent

same

season.

require nearly so
latter variety, as
The

than

latter

bright

are

red

prominent
former, though more
freely
Keen's
produced, and of handsome
Seedling also has an abundance
appearance.
of dark-green foliage,
and
-small and
bears
flowers
weak
compared
numerous
that
those
The
of Royal Sovereign
to
set
ripe fruits are small, of
fairlywell.
British
Queen has proved the
pleasant flavour, and of quite dark colour.
very
of the

least

the
satisfactory
;
Though one

best, its
President

constitution

produced

flowers
of the

few, badly formed,

were

best

flavoured

certainly such

is

strawberries

as

flowers, but

numerous

to

render

they

were

and
in

"

"

set

but

ently.
indiffer-

cultivation, if

it unfit

not

the

early forcing.

for

weak, small, and

far from

satisfactory.
Doubtless

if

more

of these
spring some
a
strawberry suitable
the

fact

of

the

favourable
varieties
for

weather

would

have

early forcing

above-mentioned

ones

had
done
lies in

proving

been
experienced
better, but as the
its
of

during early
chief

value

of

weather-defying capabilities,
little worth

marks

them

as

STRAWBERRY

THE

unsuitable

for

the

days lengthen
under

and

cultivation

pot

have

forced

The

flowers

List

are

pests

red

and

found

the

is

them

easily;

set

do

to

well.

very

fruit is

the

of the

not

in

pleasant

best.

of merit
early forcing in order
:
Royal Sovereign, La Grosse
de Thury.
of merit
Grosse
forcing in order
:
Sucree,
Royal Sovereign, La
Veitch, Auguste
Napier, James
Nicaise, Sir Joseph Paxton.
first

Strawberries

do

spider and green and

has, however, a serious

disease

this

later

Charles

Pests.

red
It

by

for

dull

rather

in

Hericart

for
Sir

Insect

ones.

its colour

Vicomtesse

Varieties

Later

the
as
season,
succeed
they probably would
power,
few strawberries
that would
We
not.

possiblythere are
plants of James Veitch,
large, of good substance, and

of varieties

President,

in

increases

sun

few

flavour,though
Sucrde,

the

consideration.

under

purpose

187

suffer

not

white

flymay
in

enemy
other.
A

than

greatly from
be

said

mildew,

to

and

the
be

it is

of

attacks

insect

practicallythe
often

more

only

attacked

by any
to
damp, stagnant atmosphere conduces
be avoided.
fungoid disease,and it should therefore
Smearing
the hot-water
pipes with
sulphur or dusting the leaves with this will check its
Great
the pipes becoming
to
care
however, be taken
must,
progress.
prevent
suffer severely from
the burning fumes
that would
hot, or the plants may
very
the

spread

of this

Mildew

arise.

will

often

glass,indeed,

under
have

been

mildew

potted

attack

it often

into

the

strawberry plants

makes

its appearance
Should
fruiting pots.

their

before

few

weeks

the

season

they

are

after
be

brought
plants

the

wet

one,

is

troublesome
than
weather.
more
usually much
during dry and warm
The
mildew
the strawberry plants is frequently contracted
before
the layers
on
detached
from
the old plants ; these
should
be carefullyexamined
before
are
transferred
the
affected
should
and
if
found
be
be
to
to
they are
fruitingpots,
affected
heavily dredged with flowers of sulphur, and isolated from plants not
secticide
inuntil
the
mildew
occasional
XL-All
is destroyed. An
fumigation with
should
suffice to keep down
and
white
the green
fly.

STRAWBERRIES

ALPINE
By

The

cultivation
as

seeds

for

strawberries

Alpine
past

years

To

seedling plants should be

runners
seedling plants and the

freedom

of

several

is

when

into

boxes
Culture.
autumn.

the

side

of

past cultivated
I recommend

years

occasion

growth, vigour
on

little

frames

or

By

offered
"

this

country

extent

the
at
to

French

find, however,

in the

there

is

former

in

strawberries

continental
the
secure

most

outset,
strong

has

"

runners

comparison

cessful
suc-

Between

lists of strawberries.
no

so

responsible;
only, whereas

are

nurserymen
"

been

not

whatever,

either

fruit-bearing qualities. The

marked
degree.
Having for
dence
confiI
with
from
seed,
speak

in

constitution,or

Alpine

in order
the

of
the

labour

more

in

great

persistentlycatalogued

and

advantage

the

of

Continent.

"

the
in

upon

have

they

the

HUDSON

JAMES

system
such

of

cultivation.

pricking
plants.
as

seed
is recommended
growers
it occasions
that
less trouble

off

to

and

It

the

be

may

seedlings
sown

economises

in

88

FRUIT

THE

in
if done
space
in each
month.

spring. We
In
doing this
germinates better and

The

seed

must

afterwards

the

GARDEN
the

seed

follow

the

sow
we

in March

or
April, one
sowing
practice as with
celery.
but
care
slight warmth,

same

regularly in
under
these conto
ditions
seedlingsto remain
Then
leaves.
it
is
better
after having made
to
two
one
or
rough
off in a cold frame.
harden
them
By the end of May or early in June the
with
be pricked off into
seedlings should
celery
boxes, as is frequently done
under
earlier in the spring.
for
week
and
them
two
or
protection,
Keep
a
they
will be fit for placing outside.
the
Towards
end
of July the young
plants are
in light well-prepared soil upon
planted out, about 6 inches
an
apart each way,
Attention
reaches
them.
eastern
to
border, where
only the morning sun
follows
onwards
until
of
from
the
matter
as
a
course
seedling stage
watering
in
the
well
established
be
the
autumn.
plants are
Every day this should
will be
attended
If an
border
is not
to.
eastern
available, one
facing north
be afforded
better
than
one
fullyexposed ; or, failingthat, such as may
by the
shade
of
trees.
partial
selected
and
the
be
During October
duly prepared by
ground should
An
position, or one
slightlyshaded
by fruit
trenching and manuring.
open
shade
the
for this ; at any
than
trees, will answer
ordinary
rate, a little more
strawberries
rather
is

space

side.

We

the

four

will

do

not

inches

working and
plant firmly, and

exception

the

fruit

are

the

by

This

had.

of

time

picking,

in

will

are

to

The

yield

bearing. The
old plants are

other

or

crop

the

upon

be

can

done

harm.

Water

is

essential.

ornamental

or

The

year
until

then
from

with
the

The
in

about

year).
and

runners

in

first

July, by

late crops

very

plants

will

the

begin

to

the

are

short

of the

to

same

the

early,and

the

old

(we
beds

well

as

to

for

prepared

once

light mulch

as

fruit

seedlingplants are again

time
as
Royal Sovereign.
find

them

should

be

both

protect

the

some

do
put

if necessary.
mulch
with

prefer first to
litter,so as to afford

sun,

off until

picked

are

allowed

lot of

next

upon

time.

heat

For

These

lightly

their

well
upon

This

partially

food

for the

fruits from

but
manure
given freelywhenever
necessary,
fruits
in
the
are
gathered early
morning into
direct
the
which
to
table, chiefly for
they go

be

until

plants

after

quite

With

show

first week

"

"

the

June,

usual

the

should

baskets

year

May

about

decayed leaves and

plants and shelter
not

the

in

July.

afterwards.

plants

either

is necessary
soil should
be

the

destroyed ; the ground is at

lot of
next
seedling Alpines

then

ground

same

into

ripen

of

vigour.

when

gives

from

work

young
until the

so

full
of

the

will

fruits

do

This

worked

beds

method

daily gathering may

easilybe
October, frequently till the end of the

severe.

second

the

their

end

good supply

for

seedling beds

the

too

surface

Our

row.

plants
other

no

When

August,

well

continue
not

the

the

times

to

one

in

plant

to

other.

being

rows

the

each

miss

water

few

of

end

two

always

hoe

nearly

and

fruiting.

continue

The

middle

if frosts

month

until

removed

is convenient
from

apart, then

a
using
growth begins again in spring. Then
stirred
all weeds
and
kept down.
flowers
we
pick these off,and continue
which
time
the
plants have
gained

flowers

It

distances

equal

for

of

the

harm.

any

rows

at

rows

more

allow

not

in continuous

plant

good

taken

prefer

than

to

be

water

small
break-

THE

I90
tough.
as

the

The

plants

fruit from

Dumbarton

be

can

placed

beds

older

is small

Castle.

sepals hoary ; flesh

covering the fruit. Plant
i
prolific and useful.
very
set

Edouard

Lefort.

exposing a
forcing than
more

smooth
for

open

rather

and

GARDEN
closely, and

indifferent.

three-sided

and

should

Worthy

pointed

firm, pleasantly acid, pale

foot apart.
A variety which

not

be

kept

of careful

red

; orange

foliage

deep

succeeds

the

two

over

years,

culture.
;

seeds

green,

main

deeply
compact,

crop,

and

is

seeds
deeply bedded
deep black-red
; sepals refiexed,
;
A
for
suited
earliest
variety more
flesh red ; flavour rich.
La
Grosse
Sucree
the plants form
More
:
ground.
vigorous than
of fruits.
Not
thus
a
figured, but resembles
produce
larger crop
Fruit

neck

and

crowns,

Fruit

FRUIT

Kitley's Goliath.
Fruit
red
Eleanor
to
(Oxonian).
striking carmine
bluntly oblong ; colour
deep
A
handsome
late variety of large size.
red ; seeds few
and
deeply set ; flesh red, firm.
Flavour
A
briskly acid ; sepals prominent
on
pale green
short, wiry footstalks.
; leaves
from
the foliage.
of the
fruit is borne
Still one
The
on
long stems
great bearer.
away
It requires to be eaten
Invaluable
with sugar.
for a late supply.
largest late varieties.

Of

habit.

compact
Elton

crimson

good,

Pine.
red

but

and

rather

hairy.
preserving.

rather
sometimes
flat; deep shining
long, wedge-shaped,
sepals clasping the fruit ; flesh firm, red ; flavour distinct and
acid ; foliage dark
shining ; flower-stalkslong ; stems
pale green,
green,
One
of the best for
old and
variety for a late supply.
justly esteemed

An

Fruit

; seeds

small

Fruit
rather
long, pointed; seeds dark, showing
clearly in the
flesh very firm, white, has a distinct rich flavour
robust,
; foliage most
the leaves.
dull green
An
old and
rising above
justly esteemed
; flower-stalks abundant,
well
attention
in a dry season.
for a late crop,
sort
repaying extra
Pine.
Fruit
Frogmore
Late
prominent ; sepals
long, conical, dull red ; seeds
close
and
large, reddish ;y?a'Z'oarrich and excellent
;/o/za^^ pale green
compact,
; growth
with
should
look.
This
be planted
variety is valualjle for a late crop, and
an
unhealthy
is dry.
north
on
a
border, and well fed in June if the season
bunches
of six to
Hautbois.
Fruit
in erect
red
produced
eight, of a dull blood
colour
when
flavour, greatly esteemed
ripe, of rich aromatic
by Yaa.ny; foliage dull green,
bush-like
form
for edging
and
suitable
neat
produced in a compact
downy, and
; habit
The
flowers
well
above
the
two
conspicuous, thrown
foliage. There
are
are
paths.
Hautbois
worth
and
Belle
d'Orleans
varieties
culture, the Royal
are
practically
; they
Filbert

orange-red

Pine.

skin

alike.
Fruit
Goliath.
Kitley's
bright glowing
red, irregularly pointed ; seeds
quite
the
berries ; flavour
brisk,
deeply set ; flesh soft, melting, pale colour
; sepals clasping
refreshing, and juicy ; foliage very robust
glossy green,
deeply toothed, on
long
; leaves
Fruit produced
One
footstalks.
of the finest and
best
weak
freely on long stems.
very
It is too
for town
flavoured
soft to travel
bearer.
use.
gardens or home
enormous
; an
SuCR^ie.
Fruit
La
Grosse
irregular and pointed, rich glossy red ; seeds black and
smooth
neck
and
rich ; this
a
sweet
deeply set ; sepals reflexed, showing
; flavour
very
and
seldom
has
than
has
leaves
foliage,
more
variety
crown
one
deeply
scanty
;
footstalks.
its habit
this variety should
be
toothed
to
Owing
on
spreading
planted
it is scarcely
worth
foot
Its
lies
value
cultivating out-of-doors.
in its
I
apart, but
for earliest forcing.
The
is never
adaptability to pot culture
large. In appearance
crop
neck.
it much
resembles
Kitley's Goliath, but has a long smooth
All.
Fruit
Latest
of
large and irregularly heart-shaped, furrowed,
pale red, very
surface
does
not
on
towards
always ripen well ; seeds numerous
centre
; flesh firm, white
;
and
British
handsome
and
pensable
indisrich, resembling
Queen
flavour aromatic, sweet
; a
Liable
in hot soils to
downy beneath, not abundant.
variety \foliage pale green,
take
red spider ; should
be
border.
The
nate
planted on a cool and shaded
is unfortuname
several
later
end
of the mid-season
there
sorts
varieties.
are
as
; its place is at the
Gautier.
Fruit
round
Louis
dark
or
cockscomb-shaped
striking,
; seeds
; colour
soft and
melting, of pleasant flavour ; sepals small
peach pink ; flesh lemon-white,
;

THE
foliage

STRAWBERRY

191

dark

footstalks
rather
dark
an
enormous
bearer, and
small, on
one
green,
;
have
should
The
also
garden
the
plants resist hot weather, and
possess.
advantage of fruiting again in the autumn.
the dessert
table it is much
On
appreciated as a
change from the red strawberries
for town
gardens, being hardy and vigorous.
; valuable
Mentmore.
Fruit
of dull
colour
red
throughout, large, of regular shape ; seeds
deeply
set ; flavour
luscious
and
large ; growth
bearing
sweet
compact,
; foliage
profusely. Not yet fully proved, but is very highly spoken of.
Newton
black
Seedling.
Fruit
pointed, deep
shining red ; seeds
long and
;
sepals slightly red ; Jlesh firm, pale pink, somewhat
acid ; foliage deep
bluish
green,
rather
The
flowers
alone
long and branched.
sparse
; leaf-stalks red
; flower-stalks very
render
this variety worthy
of a
primrose colour.
place in the garden, being large and
An
sale as
and
valuable
for market
bearer
fruit forms
enormous
variety. The
a
a late
leaves.
So
the
be
fringe outside
set
complete
vigorous that the plants may
a
yard
that

every

each
apart
way.
President

The
often round
(Green's).
early fruits squarely wedge-shaped
; late ones
;
red; seeds
\]ix\%\iX
small, deeply embedded
; sepals clasping fruit ; flesh firm, pale
red, soft and
melting ; flavour
briskly acid, good ; foliage deeply toothed, bright
robust
of the best
for the main
footstalks.
This
shining green,
is one
on
long green
very
out-of-doors
and
also for forcing under
glass.
crop
Denmark.
Fruit
of
Queen
small, but produced in great profusion, long and
small
irregular ; seeds
clasping the fruit ; flavour very
rich, first-rate ;
; sepals hoary,
and
thrown
above
the
foliage strong
upright, olive green
long, and
; flower-stalks
A
valuable
leaves.
north
border.
It
most
variety for a late crop when
a
planted on

colour

bears

an

Royal

enormous

crop.

Fruit
or
pointed oval,
large, abruptly wedge-shaped
very
seeds
red
bright red, glossy, with small
slightly embedded
; flesh firm
; sepals orange
;
footstalks
robust
flavour
briskly acid, juicy, pleasant ; foliage very
on
long red
;
the best
for early
of the earliest to ripen, and
flower-stalks longer than the foliage. One
forcing. It has not the rich flavour of some
varieties, but for general usefulness
a
over
soils where
be
Its vigorous habit
it cannot
insures
on
success
long season
surpassed.
better
fail ; if only one
is grown
sorts
Royal Sovereign is the variety to choose.
Charles
Napier.
and
Sir
Fruit
round
cockscombed,
irregular, both
smooth,
the
surface
with
short
neck
seeds
colour
red
dark,
bright
lying
on
paler
; flesh orange,
;
;
stiff
near
centre
on
briskly acid.
Sepals spreading ; foliage thin, pale green,
; flavour
The
The
well.
fruit is firm
and
carries
foliage has
footstalks; of moderate
growth.
is not
A
on
an
unhealthy
variety that
always satisfactory ; succeeds
appearance.
Good
for preserving.
gravelly soils.
of rich, distinct
flavour.
Stirling
Fruit
Castle.
small, pointed or wedge-shaped,
H.
de Thury,
Vicomtesse
A profuse bearer.
In foliage and
habit this closely resembles
valuable
and
and
them.
It is a good
between
difference
much
cannot
we
see
cropper,
for preserving.
flat
Sir
Fruit
Paxton.
or
Joseph
bright red, glossy, regularly pointed, seldom
cocks-combed
set
spreading ; flesh firm, pale colour ; flavour
deeply
; seeds
; sepals
market
This
is a favourite
robust.
berry,
strawslightly acid ; foliage deep dull green,
very
it is passable, but there
it is of a grand colour.
under
In gardens
as
good culture
and
better
for preserving, hardy,
for private use.
valuable
It is,however,
are
many
free-bearing
been
The
Laxton.
of
time
not
the
writing this new! variety has
at
Although
and
It
is
earlier
is
included.
it
it
that
of
larger
sent
so
out, experts
favourably
report
The
and
than
plant is
Royal Sovereign, darker
brighter in colour, and of grand flavour.
hardy, and a prodigious cropper.
F.C.C., R.H.S.
vigorous and
1902.
Sovereign.

Noble.

The

Fruit

through ; seeds small

deeply toothed, robust
upon

grand

soils that
for

will not

preserving.

coloured
all
large ; blood-red
bluntly round, sometimes
very
vigorous,
sepals uneven
mealy, second-rate
; foliage very
; flavour
;^(?a/^-jjfa//i'j
variety is valuable
just covered
by foliage. This
better sorts, the fruits ripen early, are
most
abundant, and
grow

THE

192

Fruit

Trafalgar.

bright

sweet

sepals

This

clasping
has

variety

recent

raisers

claim

best

Fruit

and

small

foliage

blunt

broad,

very

free

glossy

foliage,

fruit

ripens

perfectly,

and

piquant,
and

robust

fruits
is

the

better

in

trees,

This

strong.

small,

are

none

distinct

quite

for

acid

variety,

late

flesh

pale

bearing

Waterloo.

rather

seeds

The

and

before

fruit

the

not

get

green

La

be

flesh
is

This

give

while

for

small

gardens.
%Ya'i}i\;flavour

sepals
and

there
under

valuable

rather

drying

An

with

liquid

weather.

The

after

manure

should

water

well

is

variety

past,

ripens,

between

placed

be

the

striking

of

flowering

the

this

time

foliage

above

variety

the

at

acid

fruit
late

glossy

very

rather

the

excellent

as

red,

mulberry
melting,

the

we

rows,

Fruiting

Fruit

white,
of

one

globular,

melting

very

the

best

very

until

gathering

large

Varieties

for
the

of

red

bright

rich

flavour

This

the

produced

but

foliage

bearing

autumnal
frost.

small,

;
;

dark

very

old

and

plants,

St.

resembles

strawberry

in
green,
even

Joseph

shape.
Antoine

St.
seeds

small

great

value

It

is

in

growth.

far

by

the

of
the

foliage

most

frost.

variety

largest

healthy

hautbois

flavour

consists

in

glossy

olive-green,
free-bearing

the

autumn-fruiting

Fruit

deep

bluntly

white

this

Fruit

Padoue.

de

flesh

Joseph.

Saint
flavour

the

individual

the

succeeding

rich,
foliage

of

bearing

long,

years.

serviceable,

very

deep
juicy,

flavour

three

watering

will

d'Automne.

Constante

abundant.

of

well

merit

distinct

three-sided,
;

in

robust.

very

earliest

table,

the

small

seeds

the

flavour

plants.

profusion

runners,

the

The

travels

on

indispensable

flower-stalks

Autumn

great

has

crimson;

mostly

for

left

good

A
swells

hot,

very

the

near

is

and

orange

cavities

generally

It

although

bearer.

but

set

firm,

appreciated

always

foliage

round

be

may

size.

and

soils,

flesh

gardens.

town

round,

deeply

seeds

flavour

dish.

the

generally

for

great

into

strawberries

best

is

preserving.

bright

large,

in

mottled

plants

appearance

berry

for

gravelly

very

small,

and

sparse

leaves.

the

orange-red
pine

freely.
Fruit

white

clasping

It
or

is

small

very

The

one.

pale
rich

variety

gathered

fruit

of

spider.

red

with

the

orange-red

flesh

of

one

globular,

/"Vkz/

be

The

enormous.

and

gardens,

town

should

and

foliage.

the

late

very

apex,

good

compact.

forcing

early

Walluff.

briskly

is
is

crop

at

melting,

and

to

useful

rich

very

above

known.

red,

dark

evidently

flattened
soft

subject

soft

sepals

and

flesh

Thury.

colour

not

rather

de

wedge-shaped

often

is

is

it

but

habit

being

Hricart

ViCOMTESSE

robust

hairs,

from

but

set

fiavotir
rising

abundant,

strawberry

late

deeply

and

strong,

The

are

seeds

proved,

globular

sepals

wedge-shaped;

Flowers

flavoured

Victoria.

Trollope's

irregularly

fully

been

not

it is the

that

red,

moderate.

foliage

GARDEN

FRUIT

fine

seeds

for

of
yet

slightly
and

compact
sorts

broad,

crops

strawberry

red

an

colour

round;

foliage

fruit

autumnal

it

embedded

flesh

downy
crop,

is

and

and

bears

the

The
autumn.

vigorous

very

firm,

beneath.

red;

rough.
in

produces

claret

to

and

stout

introduced,

plentiful,

red

deep

very

of

rich
This

profusely

sweet

is

one

until

CHAPTER

XVII

THE

TOMATO

By

So

value

much

inclusion

in

is

Lunan

it

full

?pulp,

of

far

have

into

way

in

growing
is

variety
another

In

public

classed

be

much
to
to

to

hundreds

of
has

large
Channel
The

to

its

by

profitable
to

Culture

even

in

it

has

years

been

glass

for

years

on

value

the

that

It

claim
too

growers

scale

also,

supply

many
alone.

fruit

this

home

not

popularity

home

our

of

is

in

annually, chiefly from

imported

some

surely rising

grown

culture

the

was

until

but

large

hands

my

whereof

it.

treat

to

as

yellow

legitimately

may

practised by

have

are

as

the
and

also

quite

of

heat.

as

under

of

daily

at

totally

is

Canary

the

It

is

window

position

quite

any

happy

in

have

culture

is

districts,

it

its

of

one

the

consistent
it

can

have

useful

as

moreover,

is

most

where

the

of

limit

no

country

tomato

and

heaviest

the

in

in

and,

them,
The

seems

knowledge

gardens

among

there

that

the

with

pig yard.

or

of

one

home

food

varied

when

that

say

so

are

labourers

and

poultry

it is

cookery
to

venture

article

grow,

amount
or

methods

late

of
tons

tomato

an

glass

jiouse,

of

artisans

our

and

small

the

usefulness.

become

Under

garden

little

that

late

of

of

gradually

propose

we

with

demand

the

so

demand

covered

hundreds

of

will

fruits

and

the

as

been

it become

The

increased

it has

the

work
the

into
fruit

only

its

previous

that

happended

has

as

found

it

Islands.

uses

acquired

has

tomato.

being

been
and

inadequate,
;and

the

acres

of

product

no

as

greatly

the

fruit,

we

regarded

was

gardens
"

learn

of
have

to

appears

voluminous

his

also

former,

the

then

important

so

There

with

Since

ago.

authority

says

of

part

introduced

been

have

to

early

"

he

tomato

dessert

degree

meet

:So

as

that

say

such

years

the

same

notably

the

and

favour,

the

for

very

England

thirty

or

From

red,

agreeing

it in

the

native

continental
Kewensis

Hortus

"

to

supposed

is

mentions

the

as

according

but

1596,

garden.

old

as

yellow."

Tto

his

sort

twenty
in

in

and

it

in

They
with

is

whence

common

was

time.

tomato

teenth
six-

Portuguese.

swallow

you

The

Mexico,

of

It

Spaniards.

Gerarde

as

gravy
also

at

raw

its

that
the

as

ago
the

among

six

or

taste."

long

so

which

seeds,

fruit

summer

dessert

five

small

probably

year

England

date,

that

of

of

eaten

of

as

Even

common.

have

and

1583,

tomato

article

"

juice,

the

by

the

as

fruit,

and

the

is

common

something

America,

back

this

brought

been

was

THOMAS

to

collections

pulpy

and

South

to

of

says

are

attached

now

important

century

OWEN

easiest

croppers.
and

light

cottager's allotment,

green-

plant.

Glass.

Although
'93

stated

above

that

it

is
N

of

easy

THE

194

culture, yet

it is

of the

true

as

GARDEN

FRUIT

tomato

of any

as

fruit,that if the
had, an intimate

other

results

best

knowledge
fairlywell in any
the
built they should
be span-roofed,with
houses
glassstructure, but if new
are
will
where
be
ends
north
and
and
in
be
position
they
an
facing
south,
open
feet
wide
with
all day.
2
a
exposed to the sun
They may be lo feet wide,
be
They can
pathway in the middle, and the roof 8 feet high at the apex.
convenient.
built any
desired
feet long are
Plenty of
length, but those 200

as

of crop, qualityof fruit,

"c.,
The
is essential.
tdmato

regardsweight

of

its

ventilation

is necessary.
Begin.
to

When
the

of

After

and

with

house

in

pots

mination

will

it

reach

giving

take

the

small

pots

into

those

of

it should

now

Place

be

grows
in the

be

of

to

the

commence

filled with

the

roots

5-inch diameter, using loam

be passed through a i-inch

the

the

then
and

in

seeds
be

tion
cultiva-

the

middle

plants

leaf-soil

sieve, with

should

of

January

be

moved

before, except

as

just

the

Ger--

plants
young
and
by
strong
end

or

soil

in

placed
away).

thrown

before

the

position

warm

are

seedlingssturdy

Towards

roof.

and

week,

glass. Keep
the

on

and

water,

shelf

Two

should

one

grow
of

course

tepid

with
them

place
is,say, 65 degs.

place

will

watered

glass; then

piece
position near

remove

which

day on
Day.

(if both

one

the

them

should

temperature

only

case

of

succeed

will

seeds in a 3-inch
Year's
First
place two
equal proportions, passed through a ^-inch sieve..

New

on

seeds

piece

whose

convenient

leaf-soil in

planting, the

covered
in

is

tomato

loam

pot, using

be

to

are

requirements

little bone

that

dust..

the
deeply in the pots, using enough soil to make
pots only threefor
later.
The
be returned
a top-dressing
plants must
parts full,reservingspace
shelf near
the
house
to
before, and left there until they
a
as
glassin a warm
have
rooted
soil.
Then
be removed
to
a
freely into the new
they should
cooler
house
The
it is possibleto give more
air.
plants
or
pit,and where
young
should
still be kept near
60 to
the glass,
the temperature
65 degs. ;
being from
the
thebe
top-dressing previously mentioned
applied. Towards
now
may
middle
end
of February they will have
become
or
sturdy plants,and the question
be decided
For
whether
the
must
they are to bear fruit in pots or in a border.
first early crop
I should
prefer pots.

them

Final
should

be

Potting.
12

inches

loam

with

well

together.

one

in

The

of

size

diameter,

part of fresh horse

The
pots should

the

and

pot

to

be

soil should

droppings,

add

used
consist

for

the

final

of three

little bone

dust,

removal

parts fibrous
and

mix

all

carefullydrained, for large quantitiesof'

will
the
them
also should
Place
be clean.
water
plant
pass through
; they
in
in
rather
allow
when
the
order
of
to
new
deeply
top-dressing later,
pot
will be produced from
the
house
The
the plants
roots
stem.
or
pit in which
be made
bear
fruit should
lean-to
to
are
or
ready, knd whether
span-roofed
the
best
results
obtained
in
the
the
are
plants to a
early
by training
year
trellis near
Restrict
the glass roof
each
this
is effected
plant to a single stem
;
lateral
The
of
the
be
stem
not
by cutting out
plant need
growth.
every
than
if the house
that
is from
8 to
feet wide
more
10
5 feet long, so
4 or
it will accommodate
of plants each
in a span-roofed
two
rows
side, or four rows
house
the
be
close
thus
placed quite
leaving 12 inches.
together,
pots may
;
be

'J-\

o
Oh

Si

ft;
w
Co

ft5
t"

0:;

to

ft;

to
o

=;

196

THE

FRUIT

GARDEN

filled with

of fresh horse
When
in full bearing a mulch
the plants are
roots.
wonders
in
the
works
border
improving the fruits.
placed upon
made
with
other fertiliser,
from
the stable-yard,
water
or
some
(diluted)
in the summer,
be given at alternate
waterings. It is always best, even
chill off the water
the
before
using it. Artificial fertilisation of the
is not
to
secure
a
absolutelynecessary
good crop in the summer,
yet if

manure

Manure
should
to

take

flowers
the

grower
instead of
A

weak

tail tied

be

leaves.
when
the

I
the

fruits
of

but

the

to

to

end

of

them

ripening ;
the

growth

stick

the

cleared

be

inches

do

to

will

bunch,

out

diameter,

make

to

is the

so,

as

often

thing

best

the

have

tomatoes,

six

or

seven.

foliagemay

then

be

made

must

for

use

the

shortening

development

full

and

strong

to

advocate

growers
to

atmosphere

be
not
plantsshould
plantswill be exhausted

should

to

Some

stem.

encourage

are

the

tomato

and
of

prefer

season

house,
the

off close

five fruits

him

pay
the

the
fertilising
become
the
to
as
tall,
only
plants
gained by allowing
very
the top after the plantshave been
at
time,
fruitingfor some
be stopped. All laterals must
5 to 6 feet high they should

from

when

taken

it will

time

or

the

to

Nothing is
growth is made

therefore

the

four

averaging

rabbit's

flower.

afford

can

except

During
by syringing in the

thinned

be

main

moist

out.

on
June i,
syringed frequently. Planted
in
first
second
week
the
September,
or
hy
will be in pots
for another
room
lot,which

plants in each pot.

in cold
pits and
plants should have been grown
have
fruits alreadyformed.
into bearing from
the middle
some
They will come
the
of October
the end
of January.
To
continue
to
supply until April when
diflScult.
Seeds
towards
the spring-grown fruits are
be sown
must
ripe is more
until
the
end
of August, and
cold
frame
the
in
large
a
seedlings grown
in cold frames, or
the fruitingpots.
remain
to
They must
enough for removal
in a sunny
them
to
a
position out-of-doors,until frost is likely,then remove
still
will
make
them
of
air.
there
house,
They
good
giving
plenty
temperate
12

Late

Tomatoes.

two

These

It is important to
have
the fruits formed
before
growth and set their fruits.
house
Christmas, so that when
placed in a warm
early in January they will
have
we
quickly develop and ripen during February, March, and April. Thus
that it is possible to obtain
the
three
shown
of
from
tomatoes
satisfactory
crops
first
in one
Some
house
same
plants for the
preferautumn-sown
year.
growers
of January.
Seeds
in
the
ist
on
are
sown
seedlings kept through the winter on shelves
These
should
the glass in a cool house.
be potted into fruitingpots on
In some
those sown
1st February.
seasons
on
they have an advantage over
1st
January, but not always, and it is well to have a few plants of each.

spring
the
near

the
the

crop

middle

instead

of

October,

of

those

sown

and

the

VARIETIES
The
may

varieties

be

relied

and

upon

Frogmore

in

now

Fruits
Jied.

FOR

as

CULTURE

commerce

being

Selected.

often

Great

best.

size

of moderate

quality ; bright red,

innumerable,

are

of the

best

are

Certainly
conical

UNDER

one

GLASS
but

the

size in the

few

tomato

given
is

no

below
mendation.
recom-

for all purposes.

of the

in shape.

best
F.C.C.

both

for cropping,

R.H.S.

ance,
appear-

THE
Chemin.

Good

in

TOMATO
of the

One

respect.

every

197
favourites.

growers'

market

Light

red.

Comet.
time.

This

Duke

large

general

POLEGATE.

Ham

Yellow.

Veitch's

flavour,

Golden

Greengage.

that

of

red

variety.

earliest

F.C.C.

is

This

F.C.C.

be

one

R.H.S.

best.

F.C.C.

R.H.S.

in

Excellent

tomato.

every

tomato

included.

of

excellent.

the

fruit

is

R.H.S.

varieties,though

red

when

they

uncooked.

handsome

most

Rich

the

this

where

F.C.C.

and

orange

best

quality,

with

sometimes

tinged

prolificjthe fruit produced

R.H.S.
glass. F.C.C.
golden variety of good quality.
distinct variety of medium
size, the colour

small
A

in

of

clusters

thirty

under

or

much

resembling

peach.

The

cultivation

CULTURE
of

the

OUT-OF-DOORS
in

tomato

understood,
the

hardier

and

of

development

mind

that

for

only some
growth

maturity

have

been

for

must

outside

the

of

number

introduced,
It

will

this

is

from
early June to
say
condition
that
every
be
taken
advantage of.

the

important
middle

likely
The

of

first

and

field
bear

to

the

ground
October,

favour

to

its

better

open

plant occupies

tomato

has

but

years,
When

still restricted.

profitable industry.

planted
short
time,
months,
so

when

very
four

and

varieties

w^alls out-of-doors

positions on

wzxra

successfullypractised in British gardens

culture
in
the
garden and the field is
open

but

desirable, but

Most

R.H.S.

been

in

fruit is rather

the

Very

out-of-doors

TOMATO

for

and

standard

should

Nugget.
well

Peach.

Chiswick

exhibition.

present

red.

R.H.S.

F.C.C.

Succeeds

more.

for

popular with the public as

superior flavour, especially

of

Jubilee.

size.

Sutton's
or

cropper,

the

at

bright

but

great

deliciously flavoured

properties being

cropping

medium

red;

is

so

be

to

Golden

and

size.

Dessert

not

are

admitted

dark

of the

well-known

This

Sutton's

These

One

Dessert.

generally

grown

useful,

colour, moderate

dessert,

as

Prolific.

Perfection.

Sutton's

much

sort

Favourite.
Park

crimson

enjoyed

variety

markets

weight

large.

too

Green

Sutton's

appearance,

exhibition

handsome

Hackwood

respect;

fine

in London

sale

quality,and

use.

become

to

readiest

the

size,good

York.

of

for

inclined

are

variety commands

It is of medium

rapid
of

one

This
is the
position and
quality of the land.
It is useless to attempt
fullyexposed to the sun.
culture
The
outdoor
in
be
soil.
tomato
heavy, cold
ground should
It
futile
trenched
and
manured
the
winter
is
or
previous
spring.
heavily
during
to
well-ripened crop from poor land, and this has been one
expect a heavy and
chief
of failure in the past.
of the
causes
Having satisfied ourselves that the
condition
of the land
is in every
next
suitable,
our
duty will be to see that
way
for
in
the
best
condition
the time
arrives
the plants are
possible
planting when
be carried
for this work
to
out
(early in June). They should be sturdy, not
bunch
of fruit already set.
less than
ij to 2 feet high, and with at least one
of
Cold
frames
with
the plants.
to
are
or
glass
pits
a
covering
necessary
grow
the

be

and

warm

Preparing
in pans
not

of

important

most

should

or

possess

dry

or

house

The

placed in

and

frame

and

Plants.

the

boxes

these

seeds
frame

warm

which

is

should
near

be

at

sown

the

heated
artificially

glass.
he

the

end

If the

should

of March

grower
make
a

does
small

THE

198
hot-bed

which

on

little air for

rise

may

to

70

filled

have
soil

their

pots with

They

afterwards

must

Culture.

until

fairlywarm

admitted

be

must

the

temperature

May

the
the

ought

to

be

made

mats

will

the

Planting.

Do

cut

After
the

thoroughly

stems

taken

in

high

part of light manure

sprinkling of lime or

soot.

end

the

or

Then

this

be

to

air

never

wanted

Do

season.

to

for

other

some

of

nail
at

not

the
the

feet

lath

to

This

higher

than

The

If the

that

so

the

time.

best

distance

from

plant

they

should

dry immediately

is
well

are

The

When

after
be

this

plant

planting,and

difficult

after

may
be

should

do

to

so

planting,

water

is the

case

kept free
of weeds
by hoeing, the laterals stopped, and occasional
waterings given during
It will take
feet
at
imperial acre
10,890 plants to plant an
2
dry weather.
lbs.
Each
should
of
fruit
low
and
the
at
plant
yield3
ripe
a
estimate,
apart.
lb.
should
would
would
be 3d. or more.
This
price per
2d., the best
average

mulching

give
were

return

return

of

paid.

from

the

manure

2J2

do

per
know

not

land

in

so

acre,

be

rooted.

they

of the

energy

given

It will

nor

about

fruits which
laterals

or

whole

be

must

feet,as

shoots

the

of

top

night. Do not
plant
plant ; exposure
on
a
before
the
out
plant

same

or

before.

roots

weather

side

good watering
the

and

apart

suitable

ripen.

moisten

kppt

more

place out-of-doors.

tender

be

allowing
of April and
during
few
hours
each
day
of May
the plants

distances

at

is

tomato

end

are
some

feet apart, with

is in

should

soil.

new

covering
placed

be

as

plants occasionallyuntil
short

for

found

not

or

and
Use

the

frames

they appear,
developing fruit.

stem

afterwards.

of

mats

pots.

the

ground

the

grow

will

towards

Treatment.

precaution

the

the

6-inch

potting they

Towards

can

the

with

condition, neither very wet

firm around
each
plant by treading. Stout stakes
be provided, to which
the
be secured
plants must
as

height

to

the

for

rows

temperature

5 inches

into

say for
rather

them

by giving

The
frame

altogether for

provided

mats

I have
;

Towards

sides,and
as

frame

hardilyas possible,but

as

if the

into

ground

let the

directed

be

may

should

that

close

out

soil

the

and

them

in

the

one

of

frames

be

soon,

give

about

are

rooted,

the

the

potted

second

hold

bright.

which

too

Plant

when

not

above

form

to

of

plant,and
dry. Make
4J feet high

the

taken

must

upon

cripple
June

6th

to

grow.
form

flower,

quarters

open

to

them

to

and

well

and

room.

off the

driving stakes

crossways

parts

after

and

shelter

by

more

have

warm

plants
be

three

in

Cover

f-inch sieve,with

taken

showing

frosty night
lOth

is

loam

until

afternoon.

the

should

for

frame

even

the

plants grown
below
40 degs.

be

weather

stakes
the

the

temporary

purpose,
be
may

the

and

lightsmay

when

tying

roots

hours.

they

raising the young

singly into 3-inch pots and

cool

warm

When

given

the

fall

few

first week

the

to

for

roots

be

For

kept

well

there

them

into

closingearlyin

night.

at

consisting of ordinary
mould
passed through

leaf

in

and

degs.

75

or

material

other

some

time

some

them

still be

do

handle, pot

frame, keeping
remove

will

This

place the frame.

large enough to

to

plants. As soon
as
in the warm
replace them
about
a
fortnight. Then
more
They should
space.
but

GARDEN

FRUIT

or

of
short

at

given.

least

another
a

time.

crop

clear

ground

must

be

;^ioo profitafter

capable

of

yielding

all expenses
such
rich
a

TOMATO

THE
Gathering
the

Packing

and

199

Fruit.

the

Towards

the

end

of

July

of

some

earliest

fruits will show

be gathered before
signs of ripening. They must
quite ripe and placed in cold frames
(with the lights on) on a dry
Admit
bottom, one
plenty of air.
layer deep only, and exposed to the sun.
This
will greatly improve
and
colour
the
of
the
fruits.
A
treatment
quality
week's
then
will be long enough.
be in condition
for
They will
exposure

they

are

market
and

home

or

towards

will

be

first

less

least

will

of

get

I have

from

of

its

erection, and

planted against walls

water
given than when

Open

Air

is

and

to

grow
somewhat

of

hardiest

the
size.

good

lessens

their

Frogmore Prolifichas
of

the

best

Early Ruby
attractive

this

of-doors,

and

Currant

These

at

over

days

some

solid,or

and

from

the

it

compensate
investment.

well

when

plants

manured,

the medium-sized
for

this

Chemin

and

Sutton's

ones.

purpose

and

sell.

to

one

for

well,

fact

that

excellent.

both

are

and

open,

set

its fruits

Comet

in the

me

suited

for

open.

to

good

I have

grower
the

When

be

must

indeed,

tomato

the

however, slightlycorrugated, a
is

it

Sutton's

of

one

growing
freely,crops

the

Market

Early

out-of-doors.

Dickson's

heavily,and

its fruit

sets

are

are

tender,

more

often

not

Fruiting

and

among
useful.
left.

sauce

or

culture
enormous

Tomatoes.

the

best
At

the

of

of

do

succeed

not

Jubilee

Golden

planted.

end

of

The

the

placed in slight heat

tomato
chutney.

the

tomato

dimensions

UNDER

under
both

in

Red

When

these.

If

CULTURE

TOMATO

assumed

firm

be

return

soon

best

well
that

looked

be

is of

so

is

well

out-

of

the

and

the

one

best.

fruits
into

The

variety

therefore

are

?decorative

made

Varieties.
and

Ornamental

unripe

market,
is

packed

be had ;
crops can
south
out-of-doors, as

border

with
a

better

in the

are,

well

and

must

appearance.

Golden

hardiest

for

the

are

consequently

and

handsome,

most

market

be

better

excellent

value.

succeeded

The

sauce.

before, gathered
must

facing

the

and

They

should

fruit

it

much

limited

be

fruits

second

I said

as

would

an

they

must

one

The

walls

fences

-These

latest

depreciated.

that

prove
or

colour,

good
The

market

to

fence

or

of

manufacture

qualities,

two

the

rail.

low

believe

of

or

available

wall

warm

least

at

some

12

its value

from

heavy crops
under
glass. I

Varieties.

one

and

into

quality,smaller and
bring little less than ad. per lb.
Strong
for
to
20
lbs.,are most
satisfactory packing

ripening, and,

as

road

and

prices.

top

should
from

palingsare

or

size

one

realise

for the

only

despatched

in transit

planted against
cost

When

ripe.
walls

had

be
to

while

day

bruised

Where

more

should

appearance,

other

every
before
it is

are

suitable

ought

sorted

be

perhaps three, when

season

baskets,holding
for carriage by

in

should

fruits

the

qualityand

these

attractive

tomatoes

the

of

quality, which

cross-handle

had

end

of inferior

and
separately,
of

The

use.

the

season

and

grown
there

they

will

pots

will

be

ripen,

in

they
some

or

are

small

they

very
and
be

may

MARKET

commercial
and

Cherry

in

FOR

GLASS

glass for
England

Yellow

the

purposes
Channel

has

now

Islands.

first thing is

The

Past

possible cost.
by adopting
of the

alone.

extent

among

houses

in

The

wide

ground
Winter

and
the
there

let

proposing

Finchley
and

and

land

is
for

good
land

is

turf,

off,

first

best

many

within

easy

methods

best

of

in favour

the

near

determine

to

come

we

good quality and

of

build

we

houses

The

houses.

on

and

market

be

place.

grower

to

the

on

growers.

east

of

soil

be

must

attend

to

the

before

is

counted,
dis-

in

spent

viding
pro-

If

one.

to,

the

without

as

should
before

season

to

very
If

is much

houses

it is time

by

houses.

important

an

the

to

winds

the

its value

have

then

exposed

and

erect

New

profitablecrops

work,

grower's
especially

London,

well

impossible.

will

To

the

fill the

be
him

houses

for winter.
Soil.

the

the

considered,

Twickenham

north

money

question of drainage is also

drained, this will be the first work
is

trellis

houses.

with

market

then

The

cultivation

the

secured.

successful

question

depth,
land

poor

the

of

be

where

fair

to

in

construction, ventilation,and

too

trained
be well

and

not

The

be

familiar

reach

Those

if sunk

than

visitinga

cold

grow

the

of

protected, if possible,from

soil.

should

convenient
taken

about

will

must

not

are

and

chrysanthemums
this

who

position

Houses.-

the

not

Preparing

business

of culture

system

and

important

Hampton-on-Thames

the

drainage successful
completed early in April ;
to

are

at

see

effective

with

least

best.

are

and

of warmth

among
should

well

not

in which

brought

houses

convenient,

more

importance

there

when

if

question

the

will

also the

one,

smaller

way
in pots,
grown
question of economy

the

the

side,and

they

hedges planted
the

market.

best

in this

them

one

west,

before

embark

to

of

important

be

can

the

at

summer.

are

of

of which

on

Position
south

I said

upon

There

heating,

tomatoes

aspect

no

me

other.

vine

feet

of

As

is

impress
establishment,

at

for
in

produced

with
that
First,in combination
culture
and
t
he
of
the
lastly,
;
and
to
prevails
a
general,
large
the
Chrysanthemums
occupy

most

winter
early and
crops
high at the apex are
feet,an advantage in the

spring

roof.

near

and
those

For

and

couple

the

is the

tomatoes

this

culture.

be

can

These

high.

feet

12

that

shown
of

secondly, with

tomatoes

results

best

For
houses
be of various
sizes.
summer
crops
may
and
be
from
the
to
lOO
are
convenient,
length may
anything
300
side walls
of these
should
the apices
houses
be at least 4 feet,and

wide

feet

12

has

systems

of

growers
and

Houses.

feet.

the

first system

The

winter,

The
feet

how

experience

least three

at

chrysanthemum

tomato

21

consider

to

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

200

If

off

taken

will

This

ground

should

the

land

inches

be

on

which

thick,

invaluable

houses

the
and

built

carefullystacked

afterwards.

bastard-trenched

be

are

After

18

is under
in

the

some

turf

is

inches.

(In
subsoil
is
the
the
but
not
to
brought
surface,
bastard-trenching
simply dug
and
left in the same
position.) Add
well-decayed manure.
Planting should
up
be done
When
the
not
immediately after trenching ; the land is too soft.
be
be firmly pressed
plants are
planted the soil should
moderately dry, and
round

loose
be

the feet.
plants with
failure
will
be
soil,partial
the

planted ;
Planting.

the

only paths
The

usual

will

This
sure

be

is
to

those

practice

in

important.
follow.
between

If

The
the

large houses

or

24

tomatoes

floor of

are

the

planted

house

in

should

rows.

is

to

plant a

double

row

of

TOMATO

THE

plants,the
between

the

rows

of

used

as

above

and

rows

if

with

they

method

the

house

from

12

For

extent

of

the

should

be

staked

should

to

will

freely,consistent
middle

plants

be

planted.

but

of the

General
border

Treatment.

filled with
water

manure

is the

best

substitute

plenty

of

at
every
stimulant

be

must

fruits

every
the
plants

use,

in

with

not

to

of

fruit

and

plant

each

receive

then

Little

time.

temperature
admitted

be

to

70

plants

the

of

set

65

from

January.

number

for

over-water

planting.
a
good

at

degs. in
time,

any

is secured

and

the

artificial

converted

be

of

manure

good

into

tail,and

fruit,let

draw

it

Until

repute.

and

liberallyadmitted,

be

must

rabbit's

be

must

some

air

should

opens

midday

at

plants

in

abundance
and
given in more
from
the
application. Liquid manure
farmyard
but
and
a
frequently this is difficult to procure,

formed,

are

that

flower

to

early

sown

If the

are

first fruits formed.

the

trouble

atmosphere

an

water

other

found

suppose
the
plants

by the
planting is over

as

the
that

some
give
daytime, but at night the
bright sunny
days air may

care

When

soon

but

house,

will

governed

much

On

after

then

roots,

be

be

double

plants are

the

in

Exercise

day.
especiallyso immediately

the

As

not

maintaining

with

with

upright strings.

to

will

degs.

55

that

is left

are

many

April,

should

will

as

the

in

feet

there

About

through
We
working.

week

seeds

of

space
houses

the

sturdy,and

grown

required

fall below

not

and

to

they

be

last

the

be

attached

or

of water,

fire heat

no

more

all

apart

convenient

these

plants

houses

good soaking
or

of

production
of

inches

planting
high, strong

inches

number

18

for

ready

18

to

for

apart

throughout
pathway between.

wide

planted

were

foot

Thus

row.

feet

provides

is

the

The

double

next

plants

plants being

the

201

the

in

order

that

grower
go
flower.

over

He

each

over

the
When
fruits
by assisting fertilisation.
be
in
the
noon
afterraised,
especially
temperature
may
after a liberal syringing,80 or 85
the air is moist
after closing. When
will
be none
hour
cut
two
too
or
high. At least twice a week
degs. for an
the
stem
off lateral shoots, restrictingthe
plants to one
only. When
plants
and
time
have
been
a
good portion of the crop is gathered, a
bearing some
soil
will
much
of
rich
help to strengthen the plants and prolong
top-dressing
the
of the summer
their fertility.By the end
plants will be 8 or 9 feet high.
form
fruit which
then
be stopped, for any
might afterwards
They should

find

will

the

formed

are

would

not

improved

much

crop

of

the

be

already

worth
"

waiting
"

the

house

his best to assist

let the grower
do
for ; rather
for chrysanthemums
the
house
is wanted

time

the

by
How
the
end
of September.
towards
of
is capable of producing in the course
be
answered
two
scarcely
by
growers
have
occasionallybeen reported,but this
those

can

lb.
IS.

average
for the
8d. ; and

curious
acre

can

of land
Tomato

set

lbs. he

season,
as

an

the

return

acre

of

easilyfind
covered
Culture

should

out

with
in

be

land
for

pounds

many
season

fruit

is difficult

is

Upwards of 20
quite exceptional,and
If

the

price

plant (at 18 inches

plants at
nearly 20,000

themselves

the

return

to

be

would
say, and
lbs. per
plant
if the

averages

grower

2jd.

apart) would

each

takes

plant

tomato

to

alike.

satisfied.

well

from

of

per

be

this

distance, the
expected from an

glass.
the

Vinery.

It

is when

vineries

are

newly planted

THE

202

that

the

years

will

also will the

the

vinery
degree

less

borders

and

The

feet apart,

be

be

the

for the

over

summer

requisitionedagain
third

the

also

year

the

after

the

when

kept

same

way
vines

the

then

two

in

second

will

the

after

this

vine

the

is

then

day,

aid of the

the

be

may
and

May,

and

night

three

or

border

vines
young
the growth of

open
The

season.

in

vine

first week

the
of

is

vinery

first

the

inside

in

tomato

and

year,

monopolise

in

both

roof.

Houses

Entirely

Devoted

English-grown

Where

small

it is desired

house

of

round, a
provided, and divided
Instructions
heating.

year

first should

at

Tomato.

the

to

all the

tomatoes

mentioned

one

i|^ to

and

season,

tomatoes

will

the

prove

for

returns

remunerative.

at

for

completed
the

providing cash

in

tomatoes,
say
for the
successful
culture
necessary
suit the tomato
plants admirably, and

treatment

time

vines

the

with

planted

is useful

tomato

before

GARDEN

FRUIT

be

have

to

dimensions

the

into

three

of

sections

how
succeed
in
to
ample provision for artificial
all
succession
the
round
need
be
not
a
as
maintaining
repeated here,
they
year
The
have
been
and
supplies of tomatoes
fully given.
early
during winter
spring from the Canary Islands and other sources
less
are
so
plentifulthat it is hopefor the English grower
those seasons
with
the least prospect
to
at
compete
of our
assured
be sure
One
of success.
that if he could
of
largestgrowers
me
lb.
he
would
hazardous
be
embark
the
not
tempted to
securing '4s. per
upon
business
of growing tomatoes
for winter
and
would
earlyspring,when
crops
that
fuel dear, so
commercial
be
light and
as
a
undertaking this aspect of
worth
further
consideration.
the question is not
with

Tomatoes

much

so

superior

the

recoups

Many

and

during May

tomatoes

is

Pots.

in

for

grower

extra

flower

every
March

they

If

roof.

the

up

Wire-worms
is

is taken

care

be

are

of

these,

collect

for

best
the

finest

should

of

be

tomatoes

heavy,

Culture

Guernsey

and

artificial
is the

heat,

the

near

London.

these

crops

obtained

are

mediate
interfertilise

of

in

The

large

to

way
Wire-worms

numbers

Rouge

best

the

secure

best

ground.

varieties,Chemin
To

fruit

and
save

get rid of them

are

they

are

Comet

very
then

seed

own

your

Glass

acres

conditions

of

there

Still,this system
I

have

visited

Fire

without

glass are
are

devoted
more

is carried
one

where

Heat.
to

favourable
out

on

twenty

to
a

In

easily
two

from
fruit

the

the

culture

tomato

fond

the

are

that
during the season,
bearing in mind
size,regular form, and attractive colour.

under

Jersey

in Britain.

case

districts

but

the

over

them

grown
of medium

Tomato

better
price, and
production at this

in
February or the first week
and
trained
fruitingpots (12-inch)
flowers
and
as
they open, a prolific

troublesome.

carrot

Of

culture.

market

fertilise the

to

very

of

upon

destroyed by burning.

their

ripe
fruit

its

growing the seedlings in an

and
to
winter, taking care
end

the

into

it fetches
in

for

result.

the

often

by distributingpieces
and

and

market

English-grown

the

furnish

to

autumn

be transferred

will

profitablecrop

the

Towards

it appears.

as

should

intended

October

through

that

entailed

expense

Plants

remunerative

quality of

article

imported

the

comparatively early season.

by sowing the seed early in
temperature

The

earlyJune.
the

to

find

growers

Islands
with

this method

large scale

no

than
in

some

houses, covering

ten

THE

204

How

essential

most

is

the

watering.
will

the

much

in

better

garden
be

water

and

every
all

of

crops

provided

to

no

save

other

by

the

to

way,

sorts,
all

is

that

hand,

top

of

and

how

rain

than

falls

Tomato,

supply

the

of

is

water

much

upon

The

well

Tree

need

water.

(see

be

p.

built

decided
be

to

be

scarcely
to

the

means

supply

212).

the

which

expeditious

for

this

sunk.

all

(on

Therefore,
When

roofs.

method
which

have

conducive

more

must

be

power

would
It

spring

into

pressure

whatever

tower.

economical

must

necessary

by

the

An
houses

tower

the

or

of

establishment),

the

available,

source

give

to

of

size

glass.

block

the

may

enough

abundant

under

of
drain.

worked
the

on

culture
end

roofs

high

pump

depend

pumping

on

tank),

An

tomato

the

GARDEN

Water.

of

lower

the

at

falls

which
fix

tank

Supply

successful

to

build

to

rain

to

Secure

TO

FRUIT

on

(this

fixed
said

for
how
of

success

should
is

quate,
inade-

CHAPTER

TROPICAL

FRUITS

XVIII

AND

W.

By

In

this

value

cultivators
of

means

Such

trees,

finished

in

the

plants

fruit

the

in

them

and

difficulties

of

those

home.

at

it

profit

Citrus

genus

value, namely

the

lemon,

and

and

C.

Citrus

of

be

The

always

for

cultivation,

less

it

costs

might

one

is

horticulturists

be
pense
ex-

primary

than

which

say

sufficient

to

only

well-

surely

now.

satisfaction,

influenced

those

tropical
A

would

not

bought

English

enables

is

the

of

feat

deter

overcome

considerations

by

to

the

tropical

and

production
at

no

in

and

of

and

oranges

Britain

greater

It

would
of

sources

as

an

an

lime

outlay

be

may

is

an

profit, although
required

is

to

the

the

they

of

the

industry
recommend

to

be

can

to

grown

first-class

grow

of
fathers
fore-

valleys

hot
and

enormous

absurd

either
forms

and

Bengal,

now

be

various

in

fruit

found

origin,
found

Eastern

therefore

than

the

of

citron,

grape

Although

regions,

of

or

fruits

the

as

pumelo

Eastern

lemons

and

known

proper.

Hooker,

yield

which

are

shaddock,

sub-tropical

the

of

which

districts

oranges

east.

of
the

mountainous

the

west

Joseph

lemon,

cultivation

both

forms

all

of

three

species,

seven

decumana,

Sir

the

of

C.

FAMILY

medica,

C.

most

orange,

The

perfection

flowers

is, however,

CITRUS

type

according

the

countries

their

in

Himalaya,

the

Deccan.
in

the

cultivated

of

lime

the

Aurant'ium,
had,

and
could

grow

comprises

commercial

or

grown

fruits

probably

THE

wild

are

that

of

"c.

loss.

and

The

fruits

the

figs,

skill.

our

oranges

of

that

famous

most

or

difficult

spirit

would

the

favour

writhin

pineapples,

apples, bananas,
the

There

melons,
of

recognised

much

is well

management

two

of

found

practically beyond

are

of

we

some

this

is

which

some

production

the

accomplishing

reward,

of

as

Many

produce

they

fruits

hitherto

grapes,

durian,

custard

useful

consideration.

of

because

THEM

certain

not

their

peaches,
and

mangoes,

and

incurred

forced

GROW

to

have

although

mangosteen

of

attention

which

but

TO

WATSON

call

to

country,
of

omitted,

are

house

pride,

this

grower
as

creditable

to

proposed

is

tropical countries,

in

writh

as

it

chapter

HOW

forced

peaches.
The
as

they
at

lemon,

decorative
will

home

plants,
hang,
have

and

orange,

by
shown

their

which
that

less

the

commonly

fruits

being

time

they

allowed
are

English-grown

shaddock

to

dry

and

oranges

remain

are

on

trees

unpalatable.
are

sometimes

grown
the

superb

But
as

as

long

as

cultivators

dessert

fruits.

2o6

THE

The

value

item

of

that

fruits

the

flowers, which

deserves

are

FRUIT

GARDEN
in demand

always

are

The

passing mention.

varieties

weddings, is also an
cultivatingfor their

for
worth

Oranges
Blood

with

Malta.

or

crimson,

that

and

skin

smooth

rather

stained

pulp

is the

under

for

cultivated

commonly

most

conditions

it is grown

which

it varies

and

market,

variety.

the

and

The

in
best

Fruit

known

Navel.

thin

as

pulp

large, with

sweet.

Exquisite, Dulcissima, Silver Sustain, and Egg.

and
skin
small, compressed;
easily removed
peculiarly aromatic
AH
the
of this are
forms
of the
best
juicy and very sweet.
excellent, one

Tangerine.

being

the

to

known

are

This

quality according
forms

juicy and

very
Michael's.

St.

Fruit

Michael's.

St.

as

Fruit

with
large, egg-shaped,
a
end; skin
nipple-like projection at one
thin ; pulp pale in colour,
juicy and sweet.
very
Fruit
when
the
fruits have
Jaffa.
large ; skin
generally thick ; pulp juicy, and
been
left long enough
before
to mature
being gathered, pleasantly sweet.
Fruit
Seville.
Grown
for the manufacture
large ; skin thick ; pulp acid and not sweet.
A free-flowering variety.
of marmalade.

Lemons

Bijou.

fruitful.

Imperial.

Seems

to

Brazilian.

or

intermediate

be

lemon

vigorous

; tree

in

Remarkable

the

between

large, juicy, aromatic

Fruit

Sweet

slightly bitter

small, globose, juicy, aromatic,

Fruit

and

dwarf

being

and

well
the

acid

as

; tree

lime.

free.

devoid

almost

as

and

of

teristic
acidity charac-

the

lemons.

of

Metford's.

juicy and

Fruit

large

as

An

superior.

fruit it resembles

flowers, and

as

excellent
a

ostrich's

an

lemon

skin

^%%;

it is

shaddock, but
thorny shrub

; in

purposes
lemon.
true

pale yellow

smooth,

culinary

for

the

size of

the

^k,^
leaf,

ovate
flowers, small,
leaves, white
of pure
It is
acid juice.
nearly globose, yellow fruit with thin skin, and an abundance
in the West
is the principal source
of citric acid, so
Indies, and
largely
largely grown
known
for flavouring and
The
best
forms
as
a
summer
are
as
beverage.
employed

Lime.

The

and

bitter, sweet,

lime

true

is

with

Persian.

known
is also
forbidden
and
the
or
fruit, pumelo
pomalo,
as
are
largest fruited forms
sturdy trees, with large leathery leaves, very
thick
petalled flowers, and
oblong fruit as large as an ostrich's ^'gZi r nearly globose ;
and
bladder-like
skin
rather
thick
coarse
grains, pale, watery, and
; flesh in
coarse,
and
fruit is about
the size
acidity. The
as
lacking both sweetness
variety known
grape
It is
is slightly bitter and
has
smooth
the
flesh
aromatic.
of a swan's
skin, and
^^g,
in the United
States
tonic.
as
a
morning
largely eaten
Shaddock.

fruit.

grape

This

The

Cultivation.
forms

of

Grafted

oranges

the

planted

in

fibrous

prefer good

the

border

loam,

manure

resting

be

temperature
Where

the

will

which

house

can

soil should

not

be

relied

secured.

for

exactly as
should

be

deer

or

moisture
be

and

apples

to

peaches

or

In

vines.

at

the

root

kept just moist.

require

any

devoted

entirelyto

water

from
the

in

grown

enriched
periodically
applied in
dung
both

fruits,the
pots

either

with

Plants

wintered

November

cultivation

of

tubs
may

they
top-dressings
When

overhead

about

or

they
case

March.

and

seeds.

from

true

come

be

may

cultivated

plants as camellias, or

the

to

other

upon

They

in relation

in winter

be

cannot

preferably sheep
require
plenty of
they
growth
of

of

case

proportions

same

out

in
lemons

therefore

plants must

of about
be

As

and

oranges

in

while
;
in a low

till March.
it should

-J

o
".

3,

-4

CO

to

in

FRUITS

TROPICAL
be

spacious, well

should

glazed,
whole

the

occupy

and

ventilated
and

area

good loamy soil. In this the trees

and
treated
as
ordinary orchard-house
sides

or

walls

The

trees

form

open

grow
of the

of the

be

can

forced

The
peaches.
drained, with about

well

planted

suitable

at

Fan-trained

trees.

trees

border
feet

distances
may

of

apart
the

occupy

house.

require careful

pruning
shoots,

Strong woody

tree, should

be

so

as

results being thus

of tree, better

dense.

for

as

deep,

be

207

cut

out,

if

obtain

short

obtained

should

the

up

be

an

allowed

trees

build

to

and

sturdy wood
from

than

required
still,
they

not

better

or,

to

to

framework

stopped early

to

waste.

prevent

It is a good
Oranges require all the sunshine
plan to start
they can
get.
first
week
in
of
house
the
March,
by maintaining a temperature
early,say
latter
from
the
with
sun-heat
from
onwards
the
to
perature
temMay
50
;
70 degs.,
A
be 10
this.
or
a
good syringing twice
15 degs. higher than
may
be kept free of insects,and
this
with
day should be given. The
plants must
solution
week
with
of parafEn.
once
a
a weak
object some
syringe them
growers
If the plants are
in
tubs
the
treatment
as
same
they require
pots or
grown
close attention
those
be given to the condition
must
planted out, but of course
the

latter

the
or

become

back

Half-inch

soil.

of the

in

induces

open

bones

also

and

old

and

afford

mixed

mortar

leggy and unsightly may

the spring and
keeping them
break
them
to
freely.

reduced

be

close

The

apple

custard
tree

about

15

is the

feet

and

and

soil

the

that

have

for

too

grown

renovated

moist

to

serve

keep

large

by cutting them
few

This

weeks.

APPLE

CUSTARD

small

with

Plants

nourishment.

fruit

Anona

of

magnolia-like

squamosa,

high, copiously branched,

and

clothed

with

bush

or

leathery

borne
in spring
are
oblong leaves, glaucous beneath, in the axils of which
The
fruit
is egg-shaped,
solitarygreenish fleshyflowers about i inch across.
scale-like
of
of
number
and
is
inches
inches
composed
ovaries,
a
or
long,
3
4
artichoke
of
form
fruit
which
confluent
and
or
a
pinea
globe
are
a
suggestive
it
soft
is
difficult
and
that
the
When
it
is
so
pulp yellowish,
ripe
cone.
fleshy,
has
been
likened
flavour
handle
to
to
ripe fruit without
a
squashing it. The
custard
In
the
that
of raspberries and
apple is a
tropical countries
cream.
wild
favourite
fruit.
or
Although originallyfrom tropicalAmerica, it is now
cultivated

in

both

hemispheres.

In

India

the

with

it ranks

as

mango

necessarilybe

Imported fruits must

fruit, ripening in May.
trees
propagated from
are
long before they are ripe. The
fruit
three years
that
when
about
to
so
rapidly
they begin
and
There
that
the
is a tradition
in India
god Ram
each

to

create

fruit that

should

(/iAtf/=fruit),or bullock's heart

custard
apple {A. squamosa).
Europeans, although it is eaten

all others.

excel

by

former
the

is

natives.

not

In

wife

Sita

considered
the

vated
culti-

gathered
they grow

old.
his

produced

Ram

and
{Anona reticulata),
The

seeds, and

West

the

Sita

decided

Ramphal
Sitaphal,or
palatable by

the

Indies

another

2o8

is
species {A. reticulata)
as

the

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

called

A. squamosa

apple, while

custard

the

is known

sweet-sop.

apple, or sweet-sop, is a fruit of first-rate qualityfor dessert,and one

from
in anything like perfection in this country
can
only be obtained
in
few
It has been
trees.
gardens here, but
a
successfullyfruited
home-grown
enthusiast
is,therefore,an excellent opportunity for some
only casually. There
There
cultivation.
is no
its
house
himself
to
to
a
distinguish
by devoting
under
in
doubt
because
it can
be done
that
plants grown
successfully,
pots
and
without
treatment
particularattention, flower annually,
ordinary stove
any
and
and
then
generally ought to
ripen fruits.
House, soil,and conditions
now
has
Bullock's
heart
for forced
be the same
leaves,
long smooth
as
peaches.
exterior.
fruit
with
three
and
flowers
rough
a
two
or
sub-globose
together,
be observed
It is not
must
worth
growing except by the curious, but care
in
custard
that
it is not
taken
in error
for the
apple, as it bears this name
Custard

that

the

Indies.

West
A.

Cherimolia

Creoles,
produced
A.

and
a

are

year

muricata

or

two

in the

ago

(the sour-sop),

small

has

(the cherimoya)
good enough to

find

palm-house

large

has

green

fruits,which

ovate

with

favour
at

Kew

were

fruit

delicious
of

by
Fruits

Europeans.

some

prickly

eaten

are

in flavour.

medicinal

value

only.
PERSIMMON,

DiospyrosKaki,

the

DATE-PLUM

OR

persimmon,

or

date-plum,

is

an

Eastern

tree

It

which

for

scarcely
Japan
in
for many
English gardens, although it has been cultivated
years
Southern
It forms
is
Europe.
a
bushy tree, very similar to the apple, and
deciduous
the
leaves
rather
and
about
inches
are
oblong,
leathery,
long
5
;
;
brilliant colours
The
in autumn.
flowers
(female) are green, an
they assume
inch
borne
The
in diameter, and
fruits
are
singly in the axils of the leaves.
remain
and
ripen in late autumn,
long on the tree after the leaves have fallen.
apples ; in colour
as
they are
They vary in size and flavour almost as much
scarlet.
The
male
and
female
flowers
borne
are
on
usually bright
separate
plants, and the varieties are
propagated by grafting. Most, if not all, the
females.
The
swell
cultivated
have
ovaries
full size without
to
are
plants we
centuries

has

known

in

having

been

been

cultivated

fertilised,but
Kew

greenhouse
were
as
red. Soft,and
at

It would

in China

appear

were

the
as

juicy as
that

the

fruits

large
a

as

and

are
a

for

seedless.
Ribston

its fruits.

Fruits

matured

Pippin apple, and

is

in

when

sunny

ripe

ripe tomato.

conditions

most

suitable

for

the

persimmon

are

sub-tropical. It is not likelyto be hardy anywhere in England,

in
the
warmer
ripened on a plant grown
except
parts, although fruits have been
Ellacombe's
wall
Canon
So far as
Kew
in
garden at Bitton.
ments
experiagainst a
have
the conditions
most
congenial to this plant are those of the
gone,
in a border
house.
Here
it is planted out
of loamy soil in a position
agave
sunshine
and
where
it gets plenty of summer
in winter
the atmosphere
air,while
below
is dry and
the temperature
The
never
50 degs.
pruning of this
for peaches.
In Japan the trees
are
plant is identical with that recommended
what

we

term

THE

2IO

FRUIT

GARDEN

Fruit
Ko-TSURTJ.
It begins
small, oblong, pointed at the end, orange-yellow.
Inferior in quality, yet
ripen early in August, but is not
quite ripe till September.

to

is esteemed

earliness.

for

KUMOSU-MARU.

mark
middle

the

to

the

on

end

Shimo-maru.

early in

exposure

to

frost

size

skin

quite ripe

when

apex

black
cobweb-hke
yellowish-orange,
Ripens from
flesh rich in flavour.

the

of November.

property

medium

Fruit

appearing

its astringent
Fruit
It loses
four-sided.
roundish-oblong, somewhat
and
September
changes to a yellowish colour, ripening entirely after
and
of excellent
Flesh
changing
to
juicy, crisp, and
reddish-orange.

quality.
TsuNO-MAGARl.

light reddish

Fruit

TsuRU-NO-KO.

roundish,

quite ripe ; flesh

when
apex
flavour.

four-sided

somewhat

pointed,

It retains
its astringency even
; seedless.
Fruit
medium,
oblong, pointed, bright red

yellow

dull

purplish

with

red, spotted

the

at

stem

skin

quite ripe.

when
with

marks

black

black

the

on

in

rich

dots, sweet,

in October.

Ripens

MANGO
The

{Mangifera indkd) is,par

mango

native

Originally

conditions

are

one's

make
have

mouth

grow

in

mangoes
cultivated
The

one.

to

10

tree

feet

15

this.

The
the

require
be

must

there

trees, and

There

are

they

are

They

Kew

is

it

as

or

of

account

annual

an

dressing of

November

to

kept
8

some

pear,

to

feet

all

grafted,

of

recommends

Alphonse

is worth

In

flavour

and

high.
the

the

formation

the

rich

crimson

glow

end without
upper
any
when
in fruit
not

stunted

or

many

In
on

other

temperature

of flower-buds.

it
;

to
to

seems

Woodrow,

be
be

as

Alphonse,
In

the
a

merit

are

His

lent.
excel-

are

doubtful

varieties.

Universally admitted

its fruit is indescribable

mangoes.
of all agreeable flavours.
with

"

to

"

of

than

It appears

manure,

quoting

no

and

high

plenty of it, and

in whose
Gardening in
book,
the
bones
in
form
are
good
mango,
any
lbs.
much
each
salt,as
to
10
as
big tree,

encourage

enumerates

on

satisfied

smaller

much

seedling mango
being
as
best sorts
recommended
seedling apple. The
by Woodrow
Pirie,Pakria, Punhala, Borsha, Mulgoba, Banchore, and Massarata.
these, he

to

produced

of apples,according to
varieties,as many
as
many
different
in size, flavour, and
value.
The
as
best
are

effort

feet

to

tropics or

they

that

except

It likes

England

the

serious

40

them

into
to

been

but

30

maybe

only

have

gardens,

"trunks

but

at

other

size

fruits

that

tasted

have

mangoes
either go
of any
heard

never

true

several

large

who

therefore

have
is

least

excellent

an

in October

given

and

is

in

fruits

at

soil.

for the

to

an
apple or
sub-tropical.
According to Woodrow,

tropical,or

loamy, deep

and

treatment

India,"
is

which

same

country.

by those
import ripe

must

we

It

to
a
grows
circumference"

in

plant

fruits

attempts

home.

at

Kew

at

become

been

them

enjoy

this

plants

has

All

To

cultivation

their

master

It

fruit of the
the
tropics.
excellence,
wherever
the
widely distributed
the
of
and
the
termed
tropics,
peach

it has

first-rate mango

of

water.

far failed.

so

India,

suitable.

descriptions given

the

of

addition

description
finest

subtle

of

all

blending

it averages
8 ounces
its colour
is green,
;
at
exposed side ; its shape is oblong, thickened

weight
the

stigmatic point
the

or

beak.

The

by
bright
irregular,
rarelyforming a shapely specimen."
red

midrib

of

varietyis

its leaves.

to

The

be

nised
recogtree

is

BUNCH

OF

MANGOES.

(Average

size

of

Fruit

3J

Jy

inches.)

^^_

J
',

'.'

'(

S
K

FRUITS

TROPICAL
Plants

they are
by the
be

of the

best

easilysent
Kew.

greater

than

obtained
The

that

fruit would

to

the

any

of

been

Calcutta, and

suitable

house

for about

has

as

case,

from

large peach-house

than

more

be

list of

fruit

Wardian

India

in

for

or

English

dessert

fruits another

which

in flavour

ported
trans-

were

would

labour

not

tion
of cultiva-

filled with

of forced

that

and

recently shown

which

the

vinery, and

each,

2s.

cultivation

their

peaches. A house
it might be
as
highly creditable,especially

certainlyno
in

in

for Trinidad

cost

of

purchased

be

can

England

to

collections
vid

mangoes

211

mangoes
of adding

the

means

and

qualityis

unlike

have.

we

BANANA
Bananas

of tropical countries,
by the inhabitants
largely consumed
perate
a
They are also now
popular article of food in temall
the
round
countries, large quantities of them
imported
being
year
from
the West
Indies
and
the
Canary Islands for consumption in the British
Islands.
that they
They are cheap, conveniently portable,and so wholesome
will soon
and
the apple for general
rival,if they do not surpass, the orange
even

being

use

among
The

and

are

excellent

for

food.

all classes.

imported
other

from

banana,

fact

the

it has

that

to

be

before

cut

that

it is

ripe,

been
quality to
allowed
the plant.
to
mature
on
can
Consequently high-classbananas
only be
obtained
in this country
is one
of
from
plants. A good banana
home-grown
the most
of
fruits.
Kew
few
in
At
and
in
other
enjoyable
a
large gardens
be conveniently cultivated
to
England where
they can
they are
grown
fection.
perThere
are
numerous
varieties,varying in size from 9 inches in length
fruits no
to
by 3 inches in diameter
dainty little thin-skinned
bigger than a
man's
colour
thumb.
either
smooth
and
their
is
are
regular,
angular
or
They
in
either
and
resembles
of
their
flesh
that
ripe apricot
yellow or russet-red,
a
colour
said to
and
mellowness
less juicy. Some
is pale yellow and
sorts
or
are
be of a bright
colour
when
about
are
ripe. There
forty species of Musa,
green
edible
have
fruits,the best of these being M.
only few of which
sapientum,of
is

reasons,

necessarilyinferior

fruit

in

has

Cavendishii
the Chinese
chinensis,
or
varieties,and M.
plantain is distinguished only by having fruits that require
tried at Kew
best of those
Champa, Medji,
cooking to be palatable. The
are
sorts
Raja, Ramkela, Guindy, Arracan, Martaban, and Ladies' Finger. Other

which

there

banana.

have
at

are

many

The

recently been

Kew

and

obtained

also

in

the

from

Malay Archipelago

the
Indies.

West

Chinese

The

and

are

being tested
principal
with
English

is the

banana

Canary Islands ; it is also a favourite

and
the
of its comparatively dwarf
stature
enormous
of its bunch
of fruits,weighing nearly a hundredweight and
bearing about
hundred
be
and fifty fingers (fruits).Such
developed in a
a bunch
may
of fruit and
Each
bunch
than
feet high.
not
10
stem
more
produces one
It
root-stock.
several
the
from
other
stems
dies, to be succeeded
same
by
in
variety grown
cultivators,because

the

"

"

advisable
and

grown

begin

to

to

allow

more

than

one

singly in pots or tubs.

change colour and hung

stem

to

The
in

each
bunches

warm

room

stool,the
should
to

others
be

ripen.

cut

may

be

when

They

house
then
is

not

removed
the

are

size
two

at

fruits
their

THE

212

best

fairlysoft to the
large pots or tubs.

when

in
grown
allowance
a liberal
liberal

but

it is

60

fall below
afforded

foot

in

in

lower

soil
drainage. The
enjoy plenty of sunshine

should

A
in
or

Solanum-like

made
la

de

with

into

Pas.
the

They

and

tropical

some

conserve.

The

from

If

does

border

contain

renewed

fresh

for every
of

supply

proper,

reallypalatable and

of

feet

water

not

be

can

rich

tion.
planta-

all times.

at

TOMATO

offered

sometimes

are

plants

ture,
tempera-

temperature

degs.

70

liberal

intermediate

an

has
become
plant, Cyphomandra betacea, which
where
fruits are
the
sub-tropical countries
It is a native
of Peru, where
it is known

fruits

tomato

had

is

deep, and

be

and

TREE

be

may

winter

than

least 3 feet

at

in

grown
where
the

not

be

be

may
house

of

Musas

of

Musa

large,and therefore
They like a strong loamy soil and
of AI. sapientum require a tropical

is necessary.
the forms

summer

it should

results

root-system

banana

only

degs. and
Musas

for

on

manure.

its best

at

First-rate

The

All

Chinese

the

GARDEN

touch.

of root-space

supplies of

temperature

soil

FRUIT

liking for the

refreshingto

for

sale

London

by

has

tomato

tree

those

who

raw

Tomato

as

As

dealers.
be

to

learnt

have

popular
eaten

acquired.

appreciate
them.
Their
of
flavour is that of the sweet-cup
with
a
suspicion
[Passtflora
edulh)
added.
The
from
and
if
in
raw
plant grows
planted
seeds,
a warm
readily
potato
in good loam
unlike
it forms
house
in about
shrub
two
not
years a big herbaceous
a Datura, copiously branched, and
bearing pendent clusters of egg-shaped orangesoft pulp,
yellow fruits 2^ inches
long ; the thick leathery rind encloses
a
are

which
fruits

borne

are

easily.
that

be

can

With

it deserves

refreshing.
tomatoes,
It

or
easilysucked
squeezed
by a singleplant. They
regard to this plant we

place

Twenty

and

in

dessert

among

years
those

of

most

different

is very

growing

ago
who
In

now.

it

into

the

yet

difficult

was

did

of

partook
tropical countries

and

hot
to

English

the

decidedly

people

many

of

travel

fruit-eaters

it is

weather

get

them

hundreds
would

doubt

no

teach

to

In

fruits.

Several

mouth.

keep well,
have

to

only

in

cooked

tree

tomato

is

eat

to

state.

rapidly

popularity.
POMEGRANATE

Fruits

England,
countries
with

us.

rarely produced by the

it is grown
only as an

are

where
where

the

It has

mentioned

in

sun

been

the

has

more

cultivated

Bible.

It

power

by

attractive
it
from

man

is wild

in

{Punka Granatum) in
flowering shrub ; but in
fruits as
freelyas the apple does
an
early period, being frequently

pomegranate

Cabul

and

Persia, and

is cultivated

best varieties are

throughout the warmer
regions of the globe. The
propagated
by grafting. Seedlings should
only be used as stocks for the several first-rate
varieties
which
bear
fruits containing plenty of pulp.
There
seedless
is a
Indian
known
cultivators.
to
variety
Captain Burton, in his
Pilgrimage to
El Medina
and
The
he met
with
Mecca," describes three which
in Arabia
:
"

"

best

is Sh^mi

it is red

outside

and

very

sweet,

almost

stoneless,like

muscat

t3

to

0-;,

FRUIT

THE

214

GARDEN

VANILLA
Vanilla
the

Mauritius

in

not

about

inches

Cuttings
the

of

poles

same

about

are

when

they

hot

they

oil and

should

bed

and

planted

are

but
fertilisation,
then

They
the

to

fertilised.

are

stones.

fastened

At

dry.

to

sun

and

soft

mature

to

basket, plunged

fruits

they are not

change to

begin

become

have

The

night they

brown,

they

to

started,
years.

exactly
to

grow
until

they
yellow colour,

half

for

raised

with

supported

top-

be

minute

in
in

kept

are

dressed

are

again. When
quite cured they are of a rich dark chocolate
needle-like
with
good condition
they are covered
crystals.
Vanilla
and
fruited
at
plants are
Kew, at Syon House,
grown

with

colour,

dried

if in

few

other

bunches

of

is

charcoal,
aerial

are

and

The

their

rich

pods,

pods

full

to

the

in

the

An

Aroid

acrid

box

with

edible

big Philodendron, or
plant generally being

not

it

grows

to

the
a

spathe

is

of its
be

might

similar.

fruits are, of course,

unlike
that of an
while

or

to

dry,

degs.

with

by
and

peat,
of

means

they

then

DELICIOSA

fruits

nature

is

perforated
but

or

The

foot

or

more

the

in

order

being

remarkable

Monstera

for

is very
similar
the
behaviour
of
glorifiedivy,
of

parts
There

the

spadix
and

Irish

ivy by
the

is,however,

windowed

former,

the

only partiallyopen
i

The

all the

delicma.

different.

Anthurium,

large size,

juices.

Multiply
of

very

exceptional,

termed

Monstera

and
then
have
fifty,
you
in
Monstera
the
peculiarity
and

drawer

the

60

about

wall

the

part of

where

house

is filled

to

by

grown

hottest

being

which

wall,

it ;

for years.

aroma

poisonous

or

themselves

MONSTERA

the

lean-to

in

with

been
the

during

of

temperature

of

attach

placed

are

wall

back

base

plants

is very
long, have

9 inches

winter

the

at

Wythes

each

and

successful

sunlight,except

against

The

crocks.

Mr.

minimum

border

narrow

roots.

retain

trained

tropical,the

are
a

Syon

plants

his

House

twenty

as

many

They

conditions
There

as

exposes

day.

the

At

gardens.

He

him.

is

long,

generally

after

they

and

surface,

feet

The

sand.

with

season

Thus

flowers

exposed

and

each

to

old.

When

renovated

be

The
soil is kept moist.
grow.
three
in
size
into
two
or
flowering
grow
fertilised artificially.
This
is accomplished in

be

to

to

The

America.

is grown
on
poles in partial
Manure
leaf-mould.
and
sand

of

parts

gathered, placed in

are

box.

Central

of

native

Vanilla

should

are

and

month

soil

from

months

and

water,

closed

and

six

is

vegetable mould
the
surrounding

orchid

as
way
in about

full size

equal

the

root

require

It

follows

as

with

stems,

which

up

flowers

the

is

above

the

they readily take

The

for

Mauritius

planifolia,a climbing orchid,

is conducted
principally
purposes

Vanilla

of

fruit

commercial

Seychelles.

well-rotted

of

dressing

which
the

loam, mixed
be used, but

in

should

of
and

in

treatment

shade

is the

of. commerce

cultivation

leaves,and
or

rather

the

the

to

the

about

striking
flowers

inflorescence,

is

is

length,

like,
straight,thick, and clubboat-shaped. The
spadix
and

or

inches

thick.

to

to

in

ft;
o

"s

f^
'A

CO

to

TROPICAL
It takes

about

FRUITS

215

becomes

is then
not
yellow when
ripe, and
a
huge corn-cob, but is soft and pulpy, deliciouslyaromatic, and most
the
palatable,except that it causes
to
palates. On
a
some
pricking sensation
The
whole, I think it better to look at and to smell than to eat.
plant requires
for its development, a
plenty of room
pillar or back wall in a large tropical
house
of a palm
in such
the palmtree
structure
suitingit,or the stem
a
as
house
It would
Kew.
at
the
equally well on
ground, but it would
grow
much
I have
it growing in summer
seen
occupy
by the side of a little
space.
in the
Mr.
Chamberlain
of
pool in a sunny
at
position out-of-doors
garden
but
the
is
plant
Highbury,
tropical.
essentially
a

to

year

mature,

unlike

EUGENIA
This

is

freelyin

country.

little

compact

and

its fruits

hedge,
a
preserving. They are about
less juicy
flavour, but are
in

drink.

The

are

myrtle
in

black

or

the

box,

native

of

They

Chili, but

easilypropagated

it is

from

which

not

seeds

unlike

widely

now
or

it

Falmouth,
or

for

them

in

make

dessert

said

are

grows
of this

parts

warmer

and

currants,

aromatic.

more

air

open

size of

and

It is

sub-tropical countries.

the

at
Carclew, near
Tremayne
gathered annually to be used as

the

plant is

unlike

not

in
greenhouse, or even
Colonel
In the
of
garden

forms

delicious

shrub,

UGNI

to

distributed

cuttings.

GUAVA
Psidium

Guava

is

numerous

their

axils

fruit

is

and

branches
clusters

of

two

West
ovate
or

Indian
smooth
three

shrub

myrtaceous
leaves

green
whitish
flowers

small

or

inches

^-inch

tree,

with

long, bearing

in diameter.

in

The

globose (varietypomiferum), or pear-shaped (varietypyriferum),and is

unlike
little apple, with
It is
acid flavour.
not
an
agreeable,somewhat
a
green,
for
in
its
which
countries
form
eaten
fruits,
are
or
tropical
largelygrown
raw,
the well-known
jelly.
guava
P. cattleianum
(the Purple Guava) is a Brazilian species, with dark crimson
It was
first noticed
is preferredto the common
fruits,and by some
by
guava.
Mr.
William
after
whom
the
named.
He
was
Cattleya
Cattley,
genus
grew
and
fruited it in his conservatory
of fruit being produced
at
Barnet, two
crops
These
either as bushes,
in the same
tree
plants are
easilygrown
by one
year.
if not
dense
trained
have
flat against a trellis. They
too
a
or
tendency to grow
A
intermediate
in
thinned
somewhat
an
position
freely every
year.
sunny
An
is the best position for them.
house
earlypeach-house suits them
admirably.

LOQUAT,

OR

JAPANESE

MEDLAR

small
shrub
thick
branches
or
Eriobotryajaponicais an evergreen
tree, with
foot
I
long, and terminal
leathery leaves, sometimes
bearing large lanceolate
fruits are
hawthorn-like
are
flowers, which
deliciouslyfragrant. The
like,
plumcontain
and
of
with
than
is
stones
a
core
red,
larger
yellow, tinged
they

The

desirable.

favourite,

fruit.

It

is

It

trees.

still,

and

flowers

both
the

quince,

shapely

but

meat

garden.
Society,

shrub,

in

its

There
iii.

299

fruits
is

ere

good

at

air,

open

closely
it

but
it

can

illustration

it

where

the

It

related.

of

be

to

place
it

in

grows

fruit
Transactions

(1820).
Vanilla,

The

(see

p.

against

214).

specimen

or

rapidly,

soon

in

the
for

trees

of

the

It

ago.
south

by

it

grafting

forming
quantity
the

is

wall,

where

house,
seeds,

dessert

old

years

improved

among
the

Any

as

gnarled

temperate
from

raised

easily

general

Market.

hundred

trained

is

is

requires
win

in

and

loquat
is

nearly

is

loquat

the

forms

it

where
Kew

flowering

it

which

to

the

never

The

fruits.

evergreen
"

"

in

both

vigorously,

growing

fruited

and

Covent

Garden
of

aromatic,

fruit

the

value

the

and

sweet,

very

countries

to

wray

China,

and

Japan

cultivated

was

its
knows

tropics

the

of

native

there

grown

in

acid,

sub-tropical

finds

sometimes

it
lived

has

In

GARDEN

slightly

is

portion

apricot.

an

and

who

one

pulpy

of

suggestive

on

FRUIT

THE

2i6

English

Horticultural

of

XIX

CHAPTER

VINE

THE

By

With

the

and

introduction

they

have

grapes

reached

such

quantities

of

increasing

demands

indicate

of

Downes,

Black

was

the

earliest

that

for

nearly
One

gardens.
so

much

to

20s.

is

The

has
made

the

pruning

or

Egypt

of

some

varieties

supply,

end

of

May

years

often

as

ago

to

and
after

as

be

rule

had,

so

British

from

valuable

so

Lady

and

could

grapes

were

clinging

Its

Records

of

back

go

of
to

be

portion

the

cultivation

of

to

5000

vine

about

the

of

our

there
and

6000
into
year

they

fetch

from

island.

of

were

15s.

The

country
at

use

and

which

Romans,

not

time

the

des

mention

temperate

Plantes

in

man

of

the

The

the

agencies

making
but

Romans

therefore,

are

had

of

without
have

must
or

even

in

of

wine

in

period
it

Cultivees,

fruit

Europe

exact

known,

be

to

wildness

abundant
other

an

wine-making.
in

luxuriant

and

to

Britain.

in

usually supposed

the

of

is

for

L'Origine

birds

traced

grown

wild

is

(Nicholson).

a.d.,

its

and

with

grape

be

can

early Scripture

producing
by

years
this
10

in

in

existence
the

vine

generally

growing

Candolle,

dissemination
the

the

even

found

trees,

before

early, perhaps

very

is

grows

tall

to

for

Europe,

De
it

that

vine

the
now

particularly

more

Minor.

Asia

of

fruits

record,

Southern

and

cultivation.

introduction

conceded

grapes

or

improved

Barbarossa,

forthcoming

were

history

hardy

[Fitis vinifera)
Asia

grape

creeper,

begun

thirty

the
or

vine,

the

vine

tropical

Asia.

of

Southern

that

remarkable

most

Western

of
of

early

or

also

fifteen

late

The

Hamburgh

grapes

that

exotic

most

grape
of

doubt

no

than

frequently

says

ripe

twenty

some

Black

ripe
no

wonder

of

seems

certainly

native

at

for

of

and

the

the

Hamburgh,

condition.

good

of

ever-

extent

last

to

advent

on

the

the

export

and

Britain,

measure

Black

depended

in

which

some

the

Colmar,

varieties

months

cannot

period

regions

Gros

had

in

Before

in

considerably

so

due

market

has

country

annually
of

the

before

increased

idea

some

for

this

growers

greatly

give

grapes

is

grapes.

and

will

in

of

lb.

There

It

five

thought
per

earlier

late

largest

building

whom

to

glass

the

of

cultivation

the

millions

under

the

fallen

has

change

rarely

date

fact
of

grapes

of

supplying

culture

the

were

some

after

great

were

of

methods

in

reach

culture

This

of

Alicante,

they

that

the

to

preserving

Peters

Christmas

home.

This

methods

St.

at

price

the

years.

West's

America

devoted

why

twenty

to

the

Vine

name.

economical

knowledge

within

proportions

grapes

glass-houses

and

increased

brought

but

nothing

were

now

been

convenient

more

with

glass-houses,

heating

vine,

of

THOMAS

OWEN

is

of

the

generally
possession

usually

credited

with

been

having

records
in

FRUIT

THE

2i8

vine

the

that

parts of

some

Italy hold

good

Vines.

There

and

vigour

to

best

known

is the

which

planted during

(1903)

now

failed

produce

to

far

as

manure,

feet

girth of

bunches

600

lbs.

feeding

delicious

its

carry

be

expected

is

the

roots, the

to

flavour

makes

of

which

from

bunches

the

as

many
Another

wonderful

Cumberland

the

hundred

one

and

twenty

Hampton
cover

roof

H.R.H.

Water.

one

head

Ascot, is another
(if not more) vine

Lodge

Cumberland
the

gardener

residence

It

modern.

of

suppose

that

the

the

It
It is

vine

in

filled several

the

would

vine

-The

is that

age,

and

every

three-quarterspan

are

as

At

the

in use,

so

down
It

the

is

the

to

of

of

weight

the

bear

and

round,
Park,

attendant
his father
the

than

the

crop;
from

many

certainly

branches
to

2000

the

2400

residence

portion of Virginia
is in charge of his

upper

Another

by

Lodge,

Silwood

is in

in
it

notable

more

residence

country

fertility.It
the
gardens

span
and

free

the

by

size,and

now

berries,but their
unapproached

him

to

proportions.

year.

weigh
difficulty

the

old, but

and

much

Now
about

remarkable

is attested

vine, near
Roehampton.
others
houses, and were
be

lb.

is open
certain

more

quite

not

This

Breadalbane.

glass-house
known

is

district.

size, and
of

vine

handed

age

two

it is

respect

feet,and annually
gardens of Cumberland

great

great

Manresa

splendid quality grapes

Vineries.

of

of

Marquis

is the

has

of

vine

vine

of the

of mention

to

the
Park.

Windsor.

at

and

matured

and

the

are

year,

of its size

square

this

80

others

these

vine

is divided

subject to
regulations,
passed through the vinery in a day.
at
above, a royal vine, is the one

the

the

also

so

This

vinery is in the
Prince
view
Christian, and within
It is open
the public all the year
to

Majesty's
near

3450

in

This

bunches.
of

of

space

age

In

of age.
evidence

years

in respect

vine

of the

Court.

latelyin charge of the vine, from

lived
and
his grandfather, who
Court

great

of

area

an

stem

the

or

have

they

about

weighing
bunches

cultivation

have

to

hundred

have

Great

Hampton

at

in

like

vine, and,

one

bunch

the

have

to

never

cover

ground

was

is therefore

where

long, and

is said

vine

I know.

visitors

Windsor

Lodge,
than

respects
is

thousand

feet

amends.

generous

nine

as

from
is 90

small, and

are

by any variety of Black

Hamburgh
inspection of the public every day
and

feet

3J

way
knows

that

It

and

of

the

its branches
the

perhaps

vine

London.

1768,
year
It is said

size

the

historic

in

one

no

3I feet,and

twelve

some

in

help

for

early days the

annually, each

to

As

is

stem

height

of grapes

allowed

only

it is

concerned,

the

old

an

when

little

with

country

own

of age.

of

examples

our

Palace,

miss

largest of

respectively. In

thousand

that
are

feet.
At
square
three huge limbs, the

into

of

crop,
the roots

as

in

attain
Court

thirty-five
years

and

the

2200

82

The

penetrated.

and

years.

wonderful

seeing
King George III.,in the

of

reign

will

should

vines

hundred

one

are

hundred

three

several

Hampton

at

in

the

old, and

years
for above

vine

the

one

interested

one

vine into Britain.

Pliny
grape
Miller
the vineyards
that
says

introducing the

six hundred

w^as

Remarkable

no

of

means

GARDEN

Scotland
is said
at

Kinnell

celebrated
This
available

to

vine

is

of

boasts
rival

the

House,
ing
deserv-

comparatively

it is reasonable

It produces heavy
larger now.
crops
Black
is
variety
Hamburgh.
most
generally adopted for the culture
The

roof.
are

In
gardens the lean-to and
many
also still erected.
These
latter houses

3Kr3gS8!

STEM

OF

THE

HAMPTON

COURT

VJME.

THE
useful

most

are

built

against

is also

the

already
house

roof, which

span

Those

exists.
be

may

can

would

the

roof

is

erected, and

will

(2)it

is utilised.

space

useless.
and

for the

give

small

Vines

twice

as

built

be

to

many
is

planted, and

span

case,

is covered

by

the

possible

is

with

cally
practifoliage,

vines, will

permanent

absence

of the

consequence

be

can

all

wall

wall

the

(i)

house

back

I
a

of

the
as
commonly understood
for early forcing as well as the lean-to,
hip roof, is self-descriptive. It answers
indeed
in some
better
especiallyin that more
light is admitted,
respects, and
in
the
afternoon
and
It
also
particularly
evening.
gives a larger roof surface.
The
disadvantage of this styleof house is that it is more
costly in construction.

light.

roofed

Span-

three-quarterspan,

houses

The

grapes.

covering
growing

for

grapes
commercial

best

at

the

that

have

rest, may
ventilators

Heating.

short

would

all

first

London,

air

provided

as

as
4-inch pipes
many
coldest weather
without

in the

as

requirements
against successful
Nothing operates more
of rows
overheated
pipes. Naturally the number
upon

size

of

the

house,

and

and

will
the

the

one
are

in

of

purpose

or

more

to

be

order

of

our

found

that
also

must

care

give sufficient
pipes being at

of

in

for

the

be

vines,

observed

heat

to

meet

time

any

very

than
glass-houses

in

pipes laid

it is intended

whether

for

fruit culture

hot.

the

late

contemplating

one

notably Finchley, Broxbourne,

be

must

Any

visit

to

and

mid-season

houses

These

possible;
air-tight.

made

are

Provide

facilities
much

as

south.

span-roof

advise

of

of

production
and

establishments.

distance

Abundant

Worthing.

when

market,

more

north
with

ground
I

is

successful
face

grape-growing

parts within

many
and

for the

of

two

or

or

should

of these

acre

an

best

are

ends

what

lean-to

cover

it,for

reason

is because

lean-to,and

of

The

exist

for the

wall

againstwhich

roof.

the

will

afterwards, in

not

will

as

the

they

roof

the

in

house

the

advantage

take

to

before

vines
not

that

wall

possess

not
as

lean-to

The

specialconditions

no

such

may
years, until
in fruit,but

return

lean-to

usually being
are
naturally

heat, and

roof, provided

to

unwise

for

year,

all sides.

span

the

sun

on

enough
be

in

has

lean-to

the

be

first few

The

wall

hold

In

than

fortunate

grown
latter where
a

exposed

of course,

be

if

cheaper

is

from

more

cheaper

are

would,

equally good
span

is

who

built

grapes
recommend

benefit

they

easilyfixed,and

more

219

required very early in

are

grapes
wall

south

than

warmer

where

VINE

will

down

depend

early forcing

only

or

If for the former, the houses

should
be comparalate crops.
or
tively
lean-to
Six
of
and
rows
4-inch pipes should
small,
or
three-quarter span.
the four placed within, say, a foot of
suffice
four flow pipes and
return
two
for midsummer

front

the

wall

returns

two

of

in the

proportion,

but

fixed

flow

in the

Trellising

the

middle

it is false
and
for

(but quite

house
of

near
glass,thereby cramping
disfigurement by sun, and also from
18 to 24
should
inches
glass. From

varieties
to

the

grown.
front of the

Wires

house,

one-fifth
at

1 2

the

enter

be

inches

an

Valves

fix the

to

leaves

night by
allowed, according to
inch

apart.

at

thick

be

must

house.

mistake

cold

extreme

of

stems), and the

require less pipes in

vine

will

insufficient.

common

the

subjecting the
foliage,

the

the

these

where
It is

from
houses

lay down

to

pipes
Roof.

inches
Later

house.

economy

return
the

the

10

should

to

contact

too

injury from
with

the

of the

vigour
placed parallel

the

be

trellis

THE

220

The

Border.

the

on

by

dow^n

covered

remark

to

arches,

on

or

front

the

Commence

for

distance

of

feet

18

placed

grass side downwards.

be built as high as the

wall,

the

above
the

wall.

left

to

and

from

these

turf

drainage
When

fill up

The
from

This

that

5 inches

with

deep

to

the

grass

beyond the reach of many.

as
regards
accommodating
is

from

the

land

cut

up

but

and

not

is

fill up

and

vines.

Planting.

summer.

the

Autumn

formed

space
The

say
is done

have
former

the

them

will

be

land, preferably

vine

provided.

and

square,

most

highest

Turf

'

and

soil.

cheap

cut

quality
is

if the

but

if collected

and

be

of this

the

that

grow,
be

banks,

cut

stacked

Where

is well

the

drained,

Turves
grapes.
little of the loose

as

All

the

to

have

we

the

Mix

scrapings.

heap,

of ;|-inch bones,
cwt.
bushel
plaster rubble, one

one

and

inexperienced

into

the

to

turf

After

should

means

do

the

the

one

is

now

be

as

walls, and

equally

practised
well

all well
of

importance

hands.

next
important question to
important advisedly, because
of the success
depends much

in

with

the

so

prepare

the

but

in

manner

of

and

autumn

both,

for

is

otherwise

or

it

protect
border

careful

the

on

been

has

to

soil is concerned

the

consider

soil

the

having

provided
as

of

together.

material

far

two

the
think

the

vine.

other

in

that

for

best.

answers

planting
good time

added

be

road

it sticks

succeeded

Planting.

summer

of

between

methods

two

are

growth.

in

arches

should

turf

that

of deep loam
and
produce excellent

bricks, mortar,

upon
that

this work

should

turf

required.

the

planting the

with

moist

so

until

rain

amateurs

must

8 inches

or

turves,

3 feet

turf

consists
will

the

pasture

the

aware

good

top of

of about

old

it will

makes

is built

barrow-load

properly mixed

There

or

months,

broken

impress

to

from

of

old

of

quicklime,
ought here

which

am

roadside

firm

planted.

from

assure

which

a
are

drainage
archways

the

good

the

space

be

possible loam

manured, it
large pieces 7

cartload

barrow-loads

to

into

in

the

in

was

vines

possible.

as

each

moist,

public

roads

vinery

well

soil

the

with

than

sandstone

to

the

built

border

these, a wall of turves

completed, i.e.at least 2J feet

cut

intact.

outside

of

edge

to

are

or

and

house,

wall,

when

turf

hasten

best

four

the

of

on

the

or

and

be

soil used

three

which

upon
if trenched

To

of

margins
for

together

should

attained

be

to

vines

chalk, lime,

is

success

are

the

left

the

be

possible,be

if

size, instead, as

the

higher
completed, a

consist

on

new

inside

border

pipes laid
I ought

soil.

the

space when
border
is to cover

inches

walls

limited

outside

will

border

should

resting

the

this),the

inside

the

suming
Pre-

of the

bottom

should,

chapter

border.

border

outside

On

the

the

to

of the

receive

to

of

wall

front

inches

soil in which

with

Soil.

for

borders

readers

demands

that

so

the

the

should

and

from

under

ready

the whole
filling
in forming the

ago, of
first step to take

The

planted.

is

pillars,

on

with

practice years

common

and

awray
subsoil

the

all

refer
formation

the

of all fruit-houses

wall

girdersplaced

iron

connected.

are

rubble,

with

that

of

nature

would

to

as

cleared

been

(if the

concrete

and

here

information

have

to

GARDEN

reiteration,I

avoid

glassfor

soil

old

the
covered

To

under

peach

FRUIT

By

this is

work
for

meant

is carried

winter

planting when
out

planting

when
is from

the

the
vine

the

vine

is dormant

is in leaf and

middle

of

full

October

O
to

Q
O

as

01

in

?-1

o
o

a.

THE

Christmas,

to

from

grown

for

purchased
the

and

will

never

be

benefit

and

growth

to

the

of

base

damage

vines

soon

roots

pots
warm

great

very liable
and
moist.
will

The

be

after

do

to

so

the

heavily until

the

The

back

to

one

By

pots.
be

of

plants

will
well

be

become
The
have

young

vines

is

an

to

from

July

are

to

say,

buds

two

or

the

observed

vines

vines

out.
roots

year's

border

that

backs,"

cut

young

to

planted

when

apparent.
Planting.

them

of

two

from
it.
4 inches
first
is the
week
in July,

must

should

vines

the

be

case

the

good watering

the

or

allow

"

in

care

disturbed

from

roots

must

next

in

are

receive
no

vines

the

on

will

the

about

cut

planting, the

turf

are

two

Protect

this

called

same

leave

reach

to

stem

plants a

the

to

not

Shade

time

for

are

all

leaving only

cane

to

attached.

each

those

Give

unduly

do

to

new

previous year,
on
again
grown

winter

care

soon

Treatment

around

are

completed

is

be

the

down,

it is safer

long enough

best

pots.

be

not

must

soil,which

the
when

but

the

of

there

November

the

about

until

roots

in which

vine

the

long.

from

Take
are

"

feet

form

should

vine

The

"

planting

as

water.

stake

the

hand

the

in

of

borders
to

ridge

sure

mencing
com-

made

soil should

loose

narrow

of

The

the

water.

bulk

shortened

with

soil

end

cut

to

will

suitable

advised

as

small

eyes
spring, and

them

roots

the

which

is

reallyenough,

most

or

this

by placing soot

from

removing
so

of

Planting.

following

the

do

the

the

be

the

roots.

in

in

Before

for

make

to

clean

should

deep

be

be
may
their pots,

from

unravelled.

the

root

vines

purpose

washed

planted

Place

that

Towards

trellis the

insects

also

and

inches

must

each

order

in

vine,

to

To

the

grown

be

is

one.

by

the

vines

one

bud

Summer
and

way

buds,
one

accident

will

the

given, and

water

the

lower

the

from

removed

be

with

6 inches.

about

this

preferable, and

recommended

contact

soil about

the

For

be

dipped

that

in

place

to

; place
depth of

of

than

coarse

uselesslysaturated.

pruned,

latter

the

planting proceeds, vines

roots
Long and
strong

as

3 feet

surface, some

the

less

necessary

the

to

not

should

They

roots, and

feet

or

covered

the

the

success.

inches

shillingseach.

soil

firm

made

be

being best.
previous spring are

the

probably be tangled, and must

and
planting, holes 2^ feet square
9

border,

border

October

of

inserted

from

221

will

roots

the

month
"

eyes
few

soil shaken

The

is

the

"

VINE

in

the

canes

day before
laying out

in full

growth,

certainlysuffer.
watered

with

As

warm

in
dry, plants grown
be
kept
vinery should
hold

taken

should

be

of

the

new

encouraged

months
two
by keeping
vigorous growth during the next
before
the
house.
A
the
closing
atmosphere moist, by syringing copiously
little
moderate
of
be
air
amount
must
warm
bright mornings, a
given on
less fire heat
The
in the summer.
then
used
as
early as 6 a.m.
being admitted
of active
the vines will succeed.
the
better
season
growth
During the whole
in order
the
of the
be kept moderately moist
to
atmosphere
vinery should
this
condition
and
and
the
is
to
secure
healthy growth,
strong
encourage
way
by syringing the borders, walls, and paths of the house several times during the
to

make

course

vines
canes

and

rapid

of
are

the
10

and

day,
or

feet

12

pinched off

also

at

least

once

should

in

be

long they
side-shoots
(" laterals ")

the

evening.
stopped, that
will

then

When

is,the

form,

and

the
ends

young
of the

should

be

THE

222

FRUIT

GARDEN
until five

encouraged
and

then

be

summer's
must

growth

developed,

have

end

the

August

of

complete, and
to
ripen the

in order

October

When

buds.

By

vjfillbe

admitted

be

six leaves

or

stopped.

arrives

the
air

more

wood

and

ventilators

the

in favourable
weather
fully open
will
November
the
vines
and
and
night
day,
by
have
and
should
matured
their season's
growth,
should

be

left

be

complete

at

rest.

Distance

Apart

is necessary

require more
intended

than

space

early forcing

for

Hamburgh,

to

allow

will

for

be

Second
When

said

be

Old,

have

ing
Fruit-

for

Point

where

the

inserted

"eye"

been

having

vine

the

when

back

cut

rest,

at

from

grown

leaf ;
pinched at first_
cane
; (k) laterals
point as
stopped to one
(z/) sub-laterals
is stopped
near
produced ; the leader
base, according to
top (6 to 8 feet from
length desired) ; (jr) lateral
vigour and
leaves
from
extremity pinched to three
and

afterwards

to

leaf

one

produced ;

as

shortening for fruitmg in pot,

bud
below
round
point
always
to a plump
of stopping, and, of course,
quired.
to length reSame
vine (leafless)shortened
X.

(y) point

to

three

laterals

buds

cutting
points where
cross

off

line

{d) point

close

back

of

in

to

stem

previous

laterals

indicates

planted

be

to

wire

lowest

above
is

cut

of

growth

end

of

the

are

renovation

early autumn

vine

borders

and

the

the

consequence,
also then
be

of year

and

and

must

in

mind
To

If

then

the

of
work
in

taken

be
vine

the

condition

in

should
time

the

out,

worn

indifferent

cleansing

new

first week

The

ist.

at

season

of the

commencement

early crops
May
vinery
and
forcing commenced.

It is the

may
I think
it

begins.

the
of

hand.

pruning all summer

fruitingvines, for making new
vines, and
planting dormant

vines

too

and

for

vineries

from

insect

of

vine

when

the

when

vine

another

an

springs; (t)

previous

vines

fix the

to

of the

his
gardener naturallycasts
of
work.
important
year

the
to

borders
(s)

cultivation

of year
it

in

closed

Planting

or

mid-season

the

Planting

when

November

on

November

Pot

for

after

time

31st and

forward
Years

and

end

advantage

an

season

IN

Year

fix

to
to

October

Two

is space
enough
apart
speaking generally,4 feet

considering the

it is well

Vine

winter

usually planted with

Seedling, and Buck-

are

distance

proper

closer

planted
and

those

feet

these, and

the

again,

late varieties.

and

is

varieties

some

be
may
mid-season

Foster's

Sweetwater

land

tion
Discrimina-

as

others, and

for
those
together than
supplies. Early vineries
Black

Plant.

to

in this matter,

shortening

wire
cane.

out,

; (z)
winter

been

have

lowest

of

cut

trellis
and

point
; (3)
off;

of trellis ;

pests.
Pruning.

vines
to
Supposing the young
first
the
satisfactory
during
progress
of
their
the canes
growth, by November
year
will be
feet
and
10
or
12
long,
ought to enjoy
It is acknowledged
a
long period of rest.
by
have

made

?GRAPE

EEINE

(AN

OLGA
IVALLS

EXCELLENT

OUTDOORS).

VARIETY

FOR

VINE

THE

all

cultivators

good

fallen

the

then

these

strong
4

three

buds

will

should

long.
at
pruning

of

the

to

within

shortened

advocate
time.

made

of

length
the vinery

from

its leaves

have

only w^eakly growrths,

of

buds

three

after

pruned

their

previous year'sgrowth.
feet, and the strong
2

to

that

The

is

have

vines

be left of the

be

vine

the

sooner

any
back

cut

Some

left

the

Should
be

must

canes

feet

be

better.

only

say,

that

223

bases, that
The
canes

to

be

may

8 feet of

is covered

is

to

moderately
left

should

cane

with

fruit-bearing
less time
I admit, but the vines are
wood
in much
planted with the object of first
and
having regularlydistributed,well-developed fruit-spurs.
making strong canes
This
is difficult and
often
impossible with the long cane
pruning ; the buds at
others
refuse
the
base often
to
at
all,and
higher up only grow
weakly,
grow
producing, as a consequence,
badly developed and
irregularlyplaced spurs,
which
in turn
of the
Moreover, the main
stem
only produce small bunches.
after
in
vine
attains
this
of
never
strength
by pursuing
system
proper
years
and
forced
with
careful
vines, excepting early
as
pruning,
ones,
management
will produce
thirty to forty years, the importance of
heavy crops for from
Some
of the wood
off when
cut
making a good start will be apparent.
pruning
should
be
be
placed in the shade ; it may
saved, tied up in bundles, and
wanted
for propagating in spring.
of
the
the
pruning
vine,
Having completed
have
do is to wash
down
the house
the
to
next
thing we
glass,woodwork,
walls
and
and
hand
scrubbing brush.
a
thoroughly, using soft soap and water
border
should
Before
the vine
be covered
with
mats
over
beginning this work
and
After
loose
its
made
is
to
wet
straw
being
sticky.
or
cleaning over
prevent
surface
soil
inch
and
fresh.
the
about
with
A
an
deep
replace
remove
new
each
the
fastened
roof trellis.
stake should
be applied to
vine, and the same
to
be thrown
their full extent, and
After
this the vinery ventilators
must
to
open
the
vines
at
given the advantage of all air possible night and day while
rest,
roof

of

will

which

ventilators

early in
not

to

of

the

be

from

must

be

November

vine
When

frost.

the
should

precaution
hard

frost the

roots

outside

are

may
About

they

in the

water

Borders.

in

and

the

rest

comes

during

will

be

as

winter

when

as

frost

covered

keep

to

If

them.

over

hot-water

freeze, and

outside

an

outside.

midsummer,

have

to

for when

they

is

border

outside

the

of

border
to

an

end.

year

or

over

off

rain,

the

stems

from

protection
recommended,
a

the

in

pipes, or
thawing

takes

the

the
of

event

place

the

top-dressed,and
the

work

can

inside

it

winter
grapes
First-class
grapes
it is better
have
to
in

the

having

be
border

carried

being

two

out

done

is

not

be

can

both
sorts

with
one

of

paratively
com-

year

after.

two

Growth.

About

the

roots, the

the

to

at

all.

early forcing
an
advantage

doubt

renewing,

need

for

but
no

and

autumn,
border

inside

an

border,
There

Commencement

pruned,

empty

harm

not

hard

of

case

should
boards

or

covered

be

the

In
border

mats,

this will

open

pipes

little disturbance
and

straw,

better

are

to

For

absolutely necessary

borders,

frost,as
had

March.

outside

crack.

pipes

grown
inside

from

taken

of

The

night.

at

ventilators
be

end

the

dry leaves,

with
the

protect

until

now

closed

20th

We
the

the
suppose
cleaned.

vinery

March

is the

best

vines
to
young
In March
the
time

to

start

the

be

long
vines

THE

224
for

their

well

having

summer's

second

syringed

FRUIT

GARDEN
Close

growth.

the

vines

and

heat

reach

must

be

not

The

fortnight.
low, say 55
the

early in the afternoon,

vinery, letting the
Artificial
65 or 70 degs. Fahr.
used
for at least ten
days or a
be
at
night should
temperature

interior

the

temperature

of

of

upon

regularly,therefore
started
too
early or in
to
to

break

into

the

and

next

attached

be

simply

the

piece

growths

touch

may

active, and

heat,

used

be

to

temperature
shoots

young

touching
brought down

of premature

case

be

of

bud

the

The

trellis

the

to

the

are

should

matting

fastened

and

be

must

in

the

prevent

gradually

leave

to

either

on

be

their

prevent

they

apart

soon

When

them

to

to

to

vine.

the

careless

artificial

provide

must

chiefly at night and

fallingbelow
57 degs.
inches
10
12
or
long

form

to

latter.

will

ready

be

are

must

least

the

In

permitted

of

longer

one

tender,and
very
oiF.
Growth
break
them
grower

which

of the

accident

by

are

the

be

advisable

permanent

loss

and

not

must

ones

is,however,

be

not

temperature.
swell

inches

15

intervening

it

the

to

about

be

the

ofF;

taken

all

of

success

must

fruit-bearing spurs

should

side,

will

determine

must

permanent

These

vines

high

but

growth,

We

grow.

future

bursting strongly

young

buds

the

fortnight

the

buds

the

and

about

the

Much

degs.

depends

vine

house

the

mately
ulti-

glass;

trellis.

the

to

careful
requiresmore
formance
perolder the shoots
As they grow
than
this.
and
become
by the exercise of patience
stronger,
An
be
brought safelyto the trellis in time.
may
how
interesting point now
itself,
namely,
suggests
to
produce fruit ?
early should the vine be allowed
No

item

in

The
Vine

Young

First

in

After

Growth

young
pruned back

Year's

bunches

Planting

(e) Shoots

rubbed

oiF to

lowest

wire

of

(_/~)side or bearing shoots,

laterals,stopped two
joints
bunches
of
beyond
fruit, other
laterals
leaf ; subpinched to one
laterals
also pinched
leaf
are
to one
bunch
made,
though beyond
a
as
trellis ;
termed

these
before

(g)
fruit

may

extend

two

pinching, as
leader
stopped
on

leader

cut

or

three

space

or

three

i|

to

stopped

at

to

the

third

grapes,
feet long, may

some

Allowing

energy
luxuriance
of

to

produce
stronger

be

permitted

these

young

production

the
wood

which

may
the

of

each

size

of

will

usually produce

second

or

from

leaf,an

the

axils

d every

third

they
of

the

be

leaves

fruit

subsequent

shoot

at

the

second

of

shoots

opposite
leaves

This

these

from

instead

young

of grapes
after three more

below

two

carry

fruit diverts

to

of

stopped.

two

which

weigh

bunch

leaf,and
must

to

been

or

cane,

vines

The

growth.
a

has

one

should

leaves

permits;

; (/z) bunch
off.

issue

feet

and

lbs.

developed
sub-laterals

to

bunches

moderate

of

cane

of

left 4

was

culture

vine

will

must

leaf.

the

have
cause

also

be

VINE

THE
Summer
shoot

the

to

stopped,
on

Treatment.
trellis

advised

as

it grows,

as

in

when

and

sub-laterals
9

10

or

and
feet

the

secure

long

it

main

should

be

notes

the first year'streatment.

This

will

shoots
be

soon

which

moisture

atmosphere

due

attention
directed

end

of

all

at

second

in
have

must

before

the

for

Watering,

and
ventilation,
the

must

advised

as

laterals.

other

cause

form,

to

treated

spur

as

Carefully stop

225

times,
the

at

the
year
filled
have

vine
will
young
the
roof with
healthy and

luxurious

strong

foliageand sturdy,

young
word

the

of caution

is

impress

to

tie them

will

the

whatever

or

for

"^

never

trellis

the

cause

"

the

first

when
tightly, for
secured
they are only
developed, and
further
swelling of
shoot

^is

V_

^-

neces-

upon

to

\_

vine,

be careful

beginner to
to

the

of

shoots

ence
refer-

down

tying

to

sary

With

canes.

is

partially
the
the
ting,
mat-

used

tying, to sink into it,

destroying the bark ;

often

should

this
when

be

tying

remembered

is done.
Vine

The

the

Third

We

have

end

of the

growth,
work
will

and

for

Year.

now

the
the

or

less

year's

routine

of

third

necessarilybe

more

to

come

second

year
followed

the

on

lines

previously recommended.
be
must
pleted
comPruning
as

should

be

soon

as

cut

back

the
to

vines
two

on

Roof

Trellis

at

Third

Winter

Pruning

of pruning
stem
{k) Point
previous winter;
(/) points of second
pruning ; (m) points of third pruning, or current
year's winter
pruning ; {n) {o) bearing shoots
(that in preceding summer
each
bore
bunch
of grapes,
joints beyond
a
were
stopped two
leaf as
back
cut
to
fruit,and laterals pinched to each
made)
ing
bud, the object being to keep spurs close to rod ; (/) leadone
which
laterals have
been
on
pinched to one
growth or cane
cut
out
properly cut off ; (?) buds
joint as made, and shown
;
tion
(r) point of shortening cane, the dotted line indicates continuafrom
which
bearing
growth the following year ; (s)buds
when
shoots
at
issue, and
pruned,
ultimately form
spurs,
inches
distance
18
opposite sides of the vine, about
apart on
each

lost

have

buds

side.

one

their

leaves.

would

be

The

enough,

side
but

shoots
it is

(spurs)
preferable

226

leave

to

FRUIT

THE
until

two

weaker

the
should

bud

be

one

previous year's growth

the

strong

should

each
the

pests

during

with

insecticide.

The

bunch

better

main

shoot

or

cane

always

may

back

cut

left

be

to

that

and
vine

young
will go

box

the

feet

2|

or

The

small

compound.

bud.

cane

long

Instructions
to
for this purpose
as
anything I know.
prepare
been
free
from
insect
Even
vines
have
if the
box.
young

useful

as

way;
it accompany

moderate

Gishurst's

with

washed

be

then
it is

off.

the

give

to

before, namely,
principle as advised
hard
back,
leaving
only a foot of
fairly

the

long

likely

same

cut

feet

cane

is

rubbed

be

the

on

must

which

see

then

must

shortened

be
weak

the

can

you

GARDEN

of

season

it is

growth,

When

and

is done

this work

precaution

wise

will

need

the

them

enlarged

washed
border

the

cleansed,

house

be

to

have

to

inside

both

and

out.

Enlarging
this is

do

to

way
which

and

additional
and

when

build

outside

border.

fresh

turf, the

old

would, however,

(with the

used

border,

the

walls

turf

Growths

from

HAS

from

Shoot

(a)

cluster

point

cutting
pruning
stem

of

shortening

bear,

level

the

water

vinery

will

the

through

as

the

to

care

and

enjoy
of

the

the

old
the

March,

the
care

If

any
sufficient

border
vine

same

far

round

they
when
rout

of

be

must

lously
scrupu-

in the

should

border

crops
be 3I feet and

the

grapes.
inside

With
one

the

the

it

work

the

where

stem,
from

most

again they

5 feet wide.

cut

make

to

place
ridge
original border extends,

the

about

fresh

new

be

started

are

will

are

of

want

into

have

to

soil

added,

This

will

the

water.

growth,
be

At the end
of the third
the roof
already described.
year
with
be nearly covered
the
wood,
bearing
returning
grower
valuable

these

fibreless

coarse,

that

should

soil

as

soil,and

new

of

number

carefully
planted, taking

they

the

to

old

replanted

bruised

suffer

ne

lopg,
roots

material

fair

soil

new

of,and

as

be

the

points

first

any
small

soil

the

was

are

with
as

border
often

rest, and
the

All
taken

roots.

add

where

long

vine

shorten

spur

of

stem

the

when

as

at

Then

penetrate

roots

20th

of

will

injury.

to

important
vines

towards

(()

pruning.

wmter

at

clay round

compel

most

and

loam

new

vines,
until

the

in

placed

be

the

away
reached

are

should

; (x)
spur
allowed

old, top-dress

the

or

not

roots

soil.

with

of soil

of

shoot

buds

two

to

beyond

back

The

(zo)base

to

be

forked

fruit,but
leave
shoot

point
to

of
to

bearing
away
in order
to
Iceep

near

lowest

from

bunch

of

of

roots

loam

procure
be

originally.

new

this

placing

the

should

bearing

bud

desirable

not

of

winter

to

showing

Buds

{v) shoot

Winter

in

Two

uppermost

and

small

that
to

of grapes

also

bud

Spur

Pruned

BEEN

about

to

will

ingredients)in enlarging
results unquestionably

better

Before

follow.

that

prefer

other

as

inside

the

to

If it is difficult

enriched
useful when
by fresh
very
recommended
the other material
I

were

turf,giving

feet both

best

turf walls

borders

the

of fresh

others
of

space

The

the

pull down

to

built

were

formed,

Border.

the

gone
of the
some
hand-

outside

border

suffice,with

annual

the

THE

top-dressings,until
both

inside

after

should

and
make

Before
the
would

border

the

of

manure

the

is of vital

drained

very freely. The

allowed
become
to
vineries
have
a

started

week

or

before

buds

flower,
this I
of

the

be

into

from

the

given.

The

before

this

mean

time

however,

is closed

house
the

border,

watering
berries

the

of

the

must

March,

diluted

the

water

three

to

be

not

should
receive

May)

receive

water

manure

until

days or
bearing in
liquidmanure
ten

fertiliser.

the

all

for

{y)

crop

soon

as

ripe, it

Shoot

February

taken

ofF

of

the

is

frost
the

sun

the

as

berries

is safe

to

say

and

that

air

seen

harm

follow

the

use

will

in

two

not

buds.

beginning

soaking

of

the
covering
May the border
quickly dry, and

This

one.

From

formed.

again

must

this time

(say
given every
with
each
watering, always
If farmyard
in strong
doses.
water

varied
fortnight,and the manure
artificial
mind
not
to
manure
apply
is to be had, I would
always use this
never

to

away

has

Afterwards

inside
have

good

cut

that

the

or
a

Early

over.

I have

and

stableyard given.
of

fruit

borne

has

that

altogether ; (z) shoot

fruit cut back
produced

of

end
be

frequently

as

is

the

the

Pruned

Pkopeely

the

should

danger

influence

as

we

the

to

covered

towards

from

the

water

that

before

being

covering

until

forgotten

by
gallons

extend

roots

say

water

manure

be

help

into

nothing gained by
border
again until the

outside

replaced
being exposed to

must

crops,

and

is

swelling,
when

is full
the

must

come

guano

before

There

are

organic
(with

stableyard,and
next
watering

this also is watered

and

winter.

loam

border

the

carrying heavy

Spur

outside

or

than

top-dressed.
again until the
growth, when

of guano

If

water.

warm

better

nothing

and

artificial

of

use

water

is closed

vines

the
weak

handful

if

been

burst

to

given

This

all

early

clear

house

watered

be

not

and

years

8 feet inside.

be

of

November

warm

have

water

be

must

of

soaking

should

warmed,

the

when,

never

borders

of

ist

before

manure

added

two

had
been
then
progress
poor,
that in the composition of the

is

growth

should

The

dry.

about

are

weak

active

border

borders

need

They

be

border

importance.

the

on

so

the

the

if their

recommending

in

are

vine

thorough

should

more

and

meet

observed

considering this subject,it

constructed
borders,
artificially
that water
them
through
passes

dealing with
well

outside

In

Watering.

so

at

vines

be

There
necessary.
first mentioned)

not

are

hand,

other

It will

from

material

and

the

; on

refrained

additional
roots

feet wide

say

to

suffice.

These

of

complete,

much

too

have

manures.

feet
2
year, when
last enlargement of

and

next

quite large enough

requirements.
subject of enlarging borders, I should like to say, that
made
soil recommended
good progress the quantity of new

had

be

fifth

the

soil would

new

of the

227

I consider

roots

not

less

are

it

I leave

vine

end
The

out.

of border

extent

the

VINE

of

twice
even

should

as
an

often

be

as

overdose

an

artificial
of

this,as

THE

22"

I often

have

in the

receive

not

be

such

allowed

When

all

at

should

immediately

the

borders

nourish

vine

the

exhaustion

after

required in
intervals.

of

vines

grown

year.
while

the

beneficial,and

strongly
should

water

are

The
Young

from
cut

Two

down

much

as

to

Buds

of the
season
any
the borders
in winter
least

At

this

one

highly
Farmyard
is

season

in stronger

Atmosphere.

the

time

solution

than

the

During

is closed

the

is absorbed

what

by

derived

sustenance

through
its

by

vine's

until

vinery
black
and
must
nearly ripe, moisture
leaf surface,
vine, with its immense
the

sustained
the

by

as

in

from

growth,

Vine

and

at

at

used, and

be

crop

will be

water

recommended.

be

to

;
to

application.

summer

Moisture

Growth

borders

the

cut

for

practicallydormant.

irrigation of

never
are

less frequent
at
ing
guidance in watervinery apply equally to

made

regards watering

as
are

must

grapes

rest,

at

are

early forced
started
glasswhen

word

must

liquidmanure
ripening a heavy

and

of the

vines

thorough

with

here

vines

border

watered

quantitiesonly,

under

One

the

until the

vines

the

remarks

border

berries

until

ripe,the

are

only

developing

moderate
The

the

manure

be well

Thence,

of fruit.

for

clear water

Give

dry.

the

grapes
before, nevertheless

copious w^ateringsas

afterwards

the

GARDEN

latter.

of the

case

become

to

FRUIT

be provided.
is almost
leaves

the
A

roots.

the

moist

free from
insect
also helps to keep the
vines
thrip, and red
dry arid atmosphere encourages
form
to
vigorous
of
spider particularly. The
providing moisture
ways
several.
this
is
the
One
are
by using
syringe, and
fixed
is perhaps the
best.
Others
the
hotare
by having troughs
upon
force
indiarubber
water
pipes, or by attaching an
a
pipe to the tap where
of water
latter is an
economical
This
and
an
method,
already exists.
easy
but during winter
and
cold as
is naturally so
spring the water
lower
the
At
when
of
the
house
that
to
applied.
temperature
it is best to
the
season
use
troughs on the pipes, and syringe

{i) Growth

rubbed

atmosphere

off;

retained

(/) growth

pests.

cane.

JL

with
course,
much

water.

warm

but

used,

be

is used

water

with

watering-can

fine

rose

of

may,

objection I have to this is that

time, injuriouslyaffectingthe border

the

at

too

by

Cane

Young
DOWN

of the

wetting

constant

Syringing
until

the

Vines.

the

buds

soil.

have

burst

into

the

time

the
the

growth,

vinery
vines

is closed

should

be

Sometimes
when

moistened

with

the

moisture

from

with

rain

water

lime

is

syringe

foliageshould

the

attacked

the

used,

the

several

times

no

great

berries

harm

will

be

to
so

depend

must

it in

spotted

health.

be

fruit will

the

and

wards
After-

day.

it

syringed ;

the atmosphere
to
keep
spider or thrip, they must

red

is used

be

not

cut

Two

Buds

From

TO

then

practised
vine

is weak.

upon

When
well

result,but

disfigured as

the

vines

are

syringed ; and if
if water
containing
to

be

useless

for

dessert.
Temperatures

and

Ventilation.

table

of

approximate

temperatures

a?

t)

CO

THE
for

guidance to the amateur

chapter ; therefore, much
in spring and
early summer,
The

capricious.

chief

VINE

and
need

229

inexperienced

not

when

growth

is

given

said.

The

is young

and

be

now

the

at

greatest

tender,

avoid

and

end

and

of

this

is needed

care

the

therefore

weather

front
draughts,
cold
must
sparingly opened (if at all)during
weather, and
especiallyif east winds
prevail. Generally speaking, the heat in the pipes can
reduced
be soon
of the
Air
valves, if sunshine
by means
suddenly occurs.
in sufficient quantity can
be admitted
the
ventilators
to
keep the
through
top
ventilators

air

admit

within

the

is reached

order,
declines, until

should

registermore

than

his

80

and

in

the

as

front

the

and

weather

the

the

without

vinery

amount

the

as

method,
of the

power

the

intervals

at

same

causing

warmer,

always gradually;

The

p.m.

afternoon

the

becomes

but

top,

increase
to

noon

out

close

to

in
sun

thermometer

to

85 degs.

or

It

will

successional
until

started

are

from

carried

Crops.
for

vines

day they

be

it is safe

SuccEssioNAL
start

Afterwards,

safely given at both

early in the morning,

maximum

reverse

limits.

proper

be

may
little

until

to

be

temperature
more

point

is

the
to
as
grower
in mind
will bear

if he

crops
fruit

the

the

help
is

ripe,

six

months

time

proper

that,

from

to

the
For

usually elapse.

of November,
should
the ist
produce ripe
early vinery, started on
end of April. Started
the
should
be ripe
ist
December,
on
they
grapes
Of
the end
of May, and
the
harder
at
season.
so
on
hy
through
forcing
course,
it is possibleto
in which
shorten
the
be produced, but this
season
can
grapes
It is always better
would
allow
be at the
of the health
of the vine.
to
expense

instance, an

the

at

for

period

The
to

is

of

ripen depends

bunches

vine

with

ought to be
variety of

single stem

of

the

allowed

the

bunches,
weight
grape,
If the
bunches
quality is the desideratum, "c.
average
be
would
varieties.
or
2^ lbs. each, eight or ten
quite enough for most
allowed.
If it
in proportion might
be
the
bunches
are
smaller, more
from
twelve
the
of
then
of
and
to
not
a
weight,
highest quality,
question

whether

If

of six months.

number

upon

quantity

fifteen

bunches

to

or

left of

be
may
System.

Extension

growth

the

most

natural

under

artificial

plan

lb.

this

By

several

stem,

one

i^

or

each

so

it is

but

to

detriment

the

to

vine.

of

instead

method,
allowed

are

without

vine's

restricting the
This, no
doubt,

grow.

always conveniently

is

carried

the

adopt,
several varieties
is limited, and
conditions, especiallywhere
space
will succeed
I am
wanted.
of opinion that the vine
better,live longer in
are
extension
the
on
produce better crops when
good health, and
system
grown
confined

when

than

practice
two

rods

to
one

stemmed

vine
method

shoot

close
of

Of

vine

in
may
"c.
Lodge,

vines
at

the

Should
ones,

base, and

This

will

by.
pruning, "c.,

the

encourage
take

will

be

number

of

their

vines

three
the

The

years.

common

extend,

to

still further

to

out

is

to

extend

have
the

Court,
singleis very
simple : he has only to
process
take
the
and
it to grow
place of the
and
the
four
to
accomplish,
or
years
for newly planted vines
advised
same
as

fill the

time

allow

if it is desired

course,

double

into

who

growers

not

for

single stem

best

stem.

one

Cumberland

to

the

among

branches,

select

to

largestvinery, as

cultivator

wish

to

at

Hampton

convert

his

As

the

young
make

to

away

the

during
system

can

them

twice

following
of

FRUIT

THE

30

it supplants must
gradually be cut
plan no loss of fruit will be sustained
Or
the
of converting the
one.
single vine into a double
process
time
of
the
at
be carried
in
out
planting,by having
simpler way
a
for single-stemmed vines, and
the
far apart
recommended
as
as

quickly
heavily for

TO

the

bring

back

be

may

and

the

at

bear

out
through-

reinvigorate
patient, and

to

and
will

succumbing.

draw

to

how

long-sulFeringand

is

vines

of

more

will

if desired.

above,

thousands

know

to

instead

singlerod

stated

as

are

loss

vine

before

first

^There

as

each

is filled

roof

the

as

grown

doubled,

be

The

vine

from

shoots

two

preferred,

attention

to

few

of

the

which

causes

the death
one
frequently conspire to bring about, not
(it is very seldom
vines.
dead
condition
of
amateurs'
but
the
a
vine),
unsatisfactory
many
the border
fault ; it is badly drained, the soil is exhausted, or
the
is at
the
have
entered
unwholesome
soil
border.
A
mistake
monly
combeyond
may
of leaving too
made
in the management
of the branches
is that
many

most
sees

Often
roots

the

on

spurs

foliagein

vine

summer.

the

issue

third

As

the

of

must

axils

be
should

be

stopped
leaves

the

rule, sub-laterals

at

foot

the

The

afterwards

should

spur;

shoot

summer

leaf,

sixth

each

between

allowed.

of

overcrowding

consequent

less than

never

be

of

with

pruning,

inches

15

should

spur

from

leaf.

time

healthy vines

issuing from
which

the

at

There

and

strong

on

be

to

are

health.

well

is

Vines.

owners

ill-treatment

much

It

train

commences

Old

to

vine

this

afterwards

can

whose

country

endure

growth
first

years, and
Renovate

them

the

progress,

By following

plan
fruit-bearingwood,

with

How

makes

cane

room.

year when
think
the

one.

GARDEN

and

be

laterals

the

stopped

the

at

allowed

and

to
wild,
run
by the amateur
The
indiscriminatelyduring the season.
vine
has
chance
of perfecting its main
leaves
no
or
properly developing its
fruit buds
under
these
conditions.
Another
trouble
is
of
frequent source
the
with
collection
of
of them
crowding
a
vinery
medley
plants,.many
probably
infested
with
noxious
I see
in preserving a few
harm
no
bedding plants
pests.
in the spring in the vinery if there
through the winter, and propagating them
is no
other
It is when
place available, as they are
usually free from insects.
is
made
mixed
collection
in
to
of
an
the vinery more
a
plants
attempt
grow

perhaps

or

as

the

to

This

give

to

remedies

when
and

be,

may

your
Pull
them

"

which

would

compromise
plants, that

You

do

fill the

to

as

burn

up,

not

always want
vinery with
the

to

rejuvenate

and

is made

his

cause

between
results

bad

gardener

one

ill-conditioned

information

some

the

ask

may

bring

to

is all very
well.
least four
at
years

takes

opinion

the

into

health

and

them,

and

plant

young

be

grapes.
of the

permanently

Now
the

to

as

vines

to

ditions
con-

follow.

best

fertility,
ones."

replanting vines
Better

advice

failure,and

re-establish

point

the

it

would

health

out

of

vines.
The

and

adopt

reply

and
vine

You

remedies.

to

his

the

to

are

twice

or

round,

year
favourable

and

the

once

less all the

remedy

be

removed

are

first

outside

following

thing

border,
year.

To

do

to

then
do

is

to

examine
this

examine
the

the
one

effectually
dig

roots.

Should

inside

first,and

trench

feet

there
that

be

an

outside

inside
the

wide, deep enough

GRAPE

APPLEY

TOWERS.

GRAPE

MUSCAT

OF

ALEXANDRIA.

THE
reach

to

the

drainage, and
safety'ssake,

for
necessary
trench
should
vine

border.

vine

be

carted

Then

with

and

stem,

taking

is within

one

will

roots

18

be

then

away,

exposed

make

roots

the

loose

the

leave

cut

back

on

root

the

met
stem

of

soil that

over

covered
turf

about

border

the

proceed

until

good
be

many
taken
the

Presuming

the

border

the

as

for the

towards

feet from

this

proceeding,

straw.

or

for

used

is

is

as

of

out

should

work

for about

high

as

where

removed

mats

turf

wall

3 feet

should

vine,

this

damp

with

vines

be

This
the

While

with

the

taken

soil,
working

the

have

we

of

again

account

no

away
with.

effective.

covered

will

must

every
feet of

and
satisfactory
edge of this build

This

or

graduallydraw

drainage

be

231

from
the
stems
away
8 feet.
The
material

it

as

be

the

on

finished.

All

must

drainage to
wall,

found.

or

say

of

care

inches

far

as

away,
a fork

VINE

the

will

in which

be

front
when

a
new
lay out
long, bare roots, then carefullycomplete the
work
advised
in the notes
best time
do this is towards
as
to
on
planting. The
the end of October, but it may
be safelyundertaken
until the end of January.
I would
recommend
that the vinery be kept cool until the vines start
naturally
first week
into growth,
in April.
the
Disturbing the roots
cause
say
may
the young
leaves
to
be given for a time.
droop slightly; if so, shade
must
little fire heat
As
should
be used
as
possible. Syringe the vines frequently
buds
the
during the day, and in the evening as well ; this will encourage
the
burst.
A
will
result
if
to
is
and
moist
atmosphere
warm
healthy growth
It often
and
the house
happens that the spurs and fruit
carefullyventilated.
buds
the
of vines
of health
have
become
stems
out
on
irregular,weak, and
When
this is the case
it is necessary
select a strong growth
to
partly withered.
the base of the vine as
it to
into a long
as
near
possibleand encourage
grow
will
that by repeated pruning back
it
in the course
of three
four
so
or
cane,
the
the
Towards
take
the
of
end
of
worn-out
stem.
old,
place
May
years

the

will

roots

new

many
a

First

roots.

top-dressinghalf

(one-fourth to
the

to

the

same

bearing
vine

Where
no

there

be added

filled with

by adopting

the

to

the

two

are

with

into

roots

be

only

fresh

to

not

draw

to

borders
soil

as

to

must

as

vines

seen

whether

be

carried

soil

quite

These

space
brought from
a

so

outside
out,

only

near

the

reduced

new

already provided

the

in
fertility

advantage
in exactly

treated

border

one

give

little soil added

immense
be

the
away
deal with.

soon

of

must

treatment

same

frequently
perfect health and

method

be

soil,then

new

with

will

outside

happens

I have

roots.

condition

there

the

the

manure,

This

manure).

into

way

fresh horse

of

it is advisable

that

when

as

of

difference

their

making

thick

following year

in mind

can

found

inch

an

The

way.
makes

stem

borders

any

three-fourths

vine.

inside

or

be

to

most

comparatively

is

factory
unsatisshort

time

described.

above

PROPAGATION
By
is

one

is

to

Seeds.

by

raise

ordinary

means
a

new

purposes,

There
of

are

seeds,

variety.
and,

various
but

this

be
the vine may
in which
ways
when
is rarely resorted
to
except

It would

moreover,

take
one

too

could

long
not

to

be

raise vines
sure

of

the

propagated :
the object

in this way

for

variety being

true

to

Sow

name.

week

in

them

with

March

seed

the

the

put

of,

and

decide.

7-inch

the

the

end

of

season,

of

more

the

the

air and

by
is

young
winter

pot

should

be

frost

on

will

Another

2-inch

pot.

these,

tied

by being
shoot

be

may

the

resorted

to, but

By

side

is

with

it

It

where

structure

bud

the

end

from

As

high,

composed
with

most

6-inch

old
makes

the

soon

the

it

must

of

tough
the

potful

mortar
an

cut

as

of

time.

of

rubble
excellent

into

and

it

in

remain
the

The

in

future

be

either
and

January

the

for the

August,

to

may

buds

two
cane

of

soil.

the

weather

wet

the

for

admission

the

by

tion
posi-

towards

do

of

course

the
and

seedling vine,

in
is

"

Secure

grow,
base of the

vine
young
be shifted
fibrous
loose
bone

shoot,

into

the

compost

to

the

for

its pot

7-inch

pulled

sifted

dust,

broken

the
filling

out

it.
of

same

size

of

out

It should

be

or

pot

roots,

the

quickhme,
root

for

and

formation.

of

of

an

the

long

before

from

each

issue
short

and

is

this
a

soil.

the

convenient

be

not

long,

an

pressing

size of

when

inch

i^

time.
inches

10

or

potting a soil
pigeon's egg,

barrow-load

piece

other

within

usually

one
a

turfy loam,

well

will

roots

pot, using
To

often

not

about

some

with

marbles

encouraging

of

It will

pieces

into
of

the

gradually,

is

only

Cut

depth

time

same

filled

has

loam

soil

the

at

the

firmlyby

the
propagating house,
plenty of heat and moisture.
and

done

pot filledwith

3-inch

soil.

the

to

away
in

and

centre.

position

then

roots,

be

full of

its

useful.

eyes."

or

of

spur
the

As

when

propagation

found

propagation,

cut

the

of

the

to

growth.

must

away

mode

buds

downwards

above

cutting

the

full

be

soon

of

in

into

turf

turf, which
must,
soil,and supported in

of
bud

of

piece

break

to

it is often

bud

tie

to

the

will

The
This

means

to

commences

and

foot

there

vine.

the

being just visible

should
be
placed

bud

is

is about

it

pot

the
at

good

side

cut

to

advised

as

filled with

by

underneath

Insert

inch.

of

strong

vine

roots

of emergency
method
best

England,
vine

cut

or

as

emit

from

cases

may
into

ceased

has

During
desires

grower
back

make

pot
trellis. The

The

in

of the
the

and

in

bud

6-inch

little

spur

Buds.

practised
shoot

it will

severed

severing

repotted

it will

as

assisted

saturation

the

propagating the
the

the

to

get

following.

underneath

expands
placed in a

be

be

growth

desirable.

temperature

same

of

shoot

young

It will

to

cultivator

the

temperature

be

grown,

large enough

harden,

to

cover

have

middle
the
until, towards
position out-of-doors, there

prevent

shaped as
during winter,

method

immediately

to

seeds

as

same

must

sunny
shelter

make

be

must

in the
if grown
bear fruit the year

season

rains

two

it should

that

This

its side

border

in

the

to

indication

an

pot

high

begins

temperature

placed

laid

is

cooler

and

seedling

planted in
repotted in

this

it

return

commenced.

maturation

another

soil,and

long before the

removed, placing the
be

it is

as

inches

shoot

If the

first

pot, the

not

be

then

soon

as

in

12

or

When

until

the

lo

glass.
summer,

pot

planted

seedling is

potting

vine

of

the

firm

the

and

of

After

pot.

near

glass should
sturdy growth.

in

the

water

it will

good

are

The

or

away

the

seeds

seeds

two

house,

warm

If the

thrown

When

in

pots

of

pots, placing

small

in

a
piece
glass.
above
seedlingsshow
ground.
the glassto encourage
plants near
be taken
out
one
seedling must

hold

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

232

of

about
well
When

this

peck

mixed

add
of
this

repotted

accomplished.

One

until

the

have

buds

of the

if the
be

FRUIT

THE

234

parts

back

in

increases
make
the

grafted,

for it

in

size,so

two

three

or

bottle

longer

no

the

must

its

to

in the

is

water

vine

the

years

in

winter

At

the
be

must

water

As

use.

the

must

time

cut

be

variety will

take

of

away
shoot

grafted

discarded

be

to

new

in

strength.

of

of

of the season,

course

which

cut

away

the

to

place of

old.
Inarching

green
In
this
be

and

strength

room

the

and

grow,

long growth,

inserted

shoot
as

to

make

longer according

or

part of the

where

to

inches

in

allowed

be

graft is securelyjoined to the stem

One
the
autumn.
only of the top

the

hardened

should

successful,it will

I2

that

pruning,
close

to

is

that

sure

become

grafted shoot

grafting

cut

be

cannot

GARDEN

is of

shoots

are

the

case

in

grown

as

the

near

soon

be
of

base

the

planted

fruit

obtain

in the

out

stem

value
the

VINE

The

cultivation

country

weighing
When

the

border

of

of the

many
from

had

be

can

time

same

forced

pot

much

has

after

roots

and

the

preserve

harder,

and

the

placed

are

in

grown
but

the

grapes
for the

are

health

early

would

be

filled

their

this

of

grapes

small

in

pot.

narrow

and
as

way

ripe, and
production

sides

are

for

vines

permanent

so

be

must

early

of

but

early grapes,

early vines

be

can

pot vines

eiccellent

obtain

ripe

bottom

the

border,

and

vines

pot

consequently

pots

be

can

only

vigour

years.

through the

valuable

not

were

brought to perfection in this

bunches,
Eight or more
year.

the

after

most

we

vine

new

POTS

enter

can

use

if the
two

on
a
pot vine, and
grown
in the
bud
is inserted
the

forced

is

should

been

every

grown
be

vine

its aid

Without

longer period.

pots

further

no

by forcing. By

grapes
the
at

IN

can

the

which

of

The

away.

so

each,

bottle-grafting.

discarded

that

whereas

least take

at

of

be

to

year

a
good grapes
crop
permanently planted in

vines

as

in

unduly

heavy

as

on

next

months

not

are

soil into

rich

are

lbs.

vine

two

shoot
vine
has
produced
a
young
similar
shoot
of
the
other
upon
green
excellent
of
is an
possible. This
as
way
shoot
of a
new
as
by inarching a
grape,

CULTURE

the

eighteen

vines

exhausted
thrown

to

in

pots,

produced

of

thousands

for

it would

ordinary way,

for

when

summer,

the

as

grafted

expeditiouslythe

finding out
it is possible to

to

in

out

directed

as
way
substitute

same

wishes

one

and

pot,

it should

the

is carried

but

nature,

in

variety

large enough,
vine, as

similar

united

much

would

be
The

more
quickly.
carrying a crop of ripe fruit,with its richly tinted foliageof crimson
Instructions
and
for decoration.
for the
gold, is excellent
propagation of the
the subject. We
will suppose
the
on
given in the general notes
pot vine are
have
been
into
to
plants
potted
7-inch pots.
young

out

worn

pot vine,

As
be

soon

into

repotted

holes
broken

at

the

sides

crocks

soil should

the

as

be

an
as

vines

have

12-inch
as

well
inch

again

pots.
as

in the
with

The

pots

base.

The

must

pots
be

drainage

larger pieces placed

previouslyadvised, excepting that the
deep

with

roots

clean,
should
over

and

should

consist
the

lumps

of

should

they

have

of

clean
The

holes.
turf

may

be

ft;

GRAPE

ALICANTE.

VINE

THE

rather

larger, and

added.
to

half

It is better
the

run

them

risk

to

of

elsewhere.

gallon

the

repot

All

the

:|-inch bones

of

vines

the

damaging

235

in the

house

foliageand

vines

that

to

they

where

soil

be

may

than

growing

are

their

growth by taking
be
7-inch pots will not

checking
into

potted

were

of

barrow

of the
be made
must
fruitingpots, so a
It is useless
first year ; only the
the
trying to fruit weakly ones
strongest.
I have
seen
so
vigorous will give a good crop of fruit the following season.
hesitate
I
that
much
harm
result from
artificial
the
of
manures
injudicioususe
recommend
and
their use
to
especiallyso in
quantities,
except in very moderate
the
of the pot vine.
The
case
object of the cultivator should be to provide a
afterwards
soil that will best
Artificial
stimulants
root
can
growth.
encourage
be applied safelyin a liquidform.

large enough

to

put

In

into

of

the

an

ordinary melon

be

stopped

pot.

season's

leaf.

roots,

and

they
given

will

water

more

best

which

at

Where
it

to

beneficial

small

and

be

to

is fresh

by

quantity

weak

deer

had

sheep

or

the

well,

gone

and

the

wash

vines

Towards

it in.
will

be

well

can

fastened

be

They

much

ashes, so
will

water

be

probable,they
and

there

expose

strong
still it

to

still be

must

the

better, the

necessary.
should
be
until

remain

years

of

is the

this

the

to

the

used.

be

may

manure

summer,

and

developed

manure
spread
provided all

wood

will

be

air

more

case

has

hard,
be

must

to

frost.

old,

that

To
a

to
to

start

grow
of
crop

The

have

and

fallen

more

and

end

the

towards

the

cooler

be

leaves

the

removed
wanted

until

will

roots

After

enough to produce
is quite possible.

really two

is
it

of
vines,
the
canes
position out-of-doors,where
about.
their
being blown
improvised trellis to prevent
some
carefullylooked after as regards watering, and if plunged in

the

pots

end

the

When
growth having practicallyceased.
and
cooler
maintained
a
given
temperature
and sheltered
August, are placed in a warm

of

change of manure
that
days, taking care

for

surface

tank

substituted,

be

occasional

for a few
water
instance, weak
;
guano
well
artificial
reliable
other
dissolved,and, again, some
in the water
before
prefer to mix
using rather than

on

be

convenient
in

bag

must

manure

cow

days

should

most

the

one

second

warm

very

the

and

of

pots with

water

bag, sinking

An

soot.

some

on

it should

the

at

fill their

soon

manure

manure,

placing it in

of

will

they

roots, indeed,

day,
watering.

it is

prepare
this is not

the

than

potted

pot vine

rim

the

long

feet

for

When

below

stopped

be

come

once

when

is 8

vine

should

they
good health

other
every
stimulant
I consider
to

form

twice

pot

the

at

most

it firm.
inch

an

the

of

may

vine

practical purposes

as

in

are

for the

When

for all

few

make

less than

be

found

house.

least with

adding
is

need

soil is added

the

be

shoots

vines

As

place can

long enough

the

possible. A
that they
little,
so
as

soil should

cucumber

require watering

at

water.

out

surface

Lateral

If

will

The
form

or

this is

the

little

as

soil.

new

better

growth.

third

or

No

roots

drawn

be

the

completed

is

potting

the

must

with

contact

in the

disturb

potting
prominent roots

selection

and

moist

winterly

less
is

weather

cool
other
structure,
lightshed or some
not
to
into
care
again,
taking
growth
a

fruit

from

vine

pot

the

of

majority
is, they are
grown

following
pot
in

vines

bud
year
offered

7-inch pots

in

season

one

is
for
the

not

sale

easy,
are

first year,

236

FRUIT

THE
back

to

year,

when,

cut

close

bud

one
as

the

to

rule, they

GARDEN

ground

make

and

on

grown
useful
canes

strong

ing
follow-

again

the

the

end

by

of

the

season.

VARIETIES

GRAPES

OF

Black
Black

Hamburgh.

so

often

alter

the

and

different
Mill

the
of

appearance
and
shown

conditions

distinct

several

are

receive

to

are

different

There

sufficientlyso
Frankenthal
Hamburgh,

three

Hill

that

grapes

Soils

if these

it would

and
at
grape,
Black
Hamburgh,

the

are

Hamburgh.

this

of

varieties
These

names.

conditions

and

varieties

three

difficult

were

of

least
the

growth
under

grown

recognise any
one.
is the old Hampton
all three
excellent.
The
Black
Court
true
However,
are
Hamburgh
The
bunches
vine.
and
berries
this veteran
tree
on
are
small, it is true, but
produced
of flavour
for richness
other
I have
and
sweetness
tasted.
they surpass
Hamburgh
any
This
the other
two.
as
variety is not so large in berry or so heavy in bunch
Frankenthal
Hamburgh.
Is distinguished by its noble-looking bunches, immense
their
dense
black
bloom.
It is vigorous, and
berries, and
regularly bears
heavy crops.
Dr.
gives the following description of the berries : " Roundish, frequently oblate,
Hogg
hammered
and
scarred
sometimes
thick, adhering to the flesh ; deep black
purple ;
; skin
flesh
often
cell round
the
forming a hollow
firm, and
seeds, juicy, sugary,
sprightly, and
is an
excellent
This
richly flavoured."
description of the variety, as I can
testify from
the true
Frankenthal
is grown.
experience of it at Chatsworth, where
my
together

be

to

Mill

Hamburgh.

Hill

it is the

respects

some

Chatsworth

At

of the

best

three.

the

form

true

rich flavour

For

of

this also

of

one

the

had

or

easiest

had

be

may

in

in size of

well

so

ripe

condition

good

Madresfield

merit.

It

day.
be

would

it is

finished

raised

tapering,
is intense

them

grow

ideal

the

April, and

grape

by retarding

for

amateurs.

the

growth

of

dessert

autumn

It is also

later

forcing

vines

it may

it
be

Christmas.

As
black
this unquestionably
in point of
a
next
comes
grape
the
When
well
above.
and
place it before
properly
grown
handsome, and certainly one of the best exhibition varieties of the
Court
Madresfield
is said
by the then gardener, Mr. Cox, and
to

at
"

between

and

of

and

Hamburgh.
By hard

even

extremely

was

cross

long

at

Court.

Some

to

grapes
the end

at

In

grown.

equal to the Black

Frankenthal, but does not
vine is easily distinguished

bunch
it is as
berry and
large as the
The
develop so dense a bloom.
foliage of this
For
by its large size and
generally drooping appearance.
summer
there
is no
black
taking it in all respects, to equal Black
grape,

Hamburgh

colour

was

it is almost

Muscat

the
and

"

Alexandria

of

berries

large

and

and

"

oval, and

Black

Morocco."

when

The

bunches

perfection

to

grown

the

are

bloom

beautiful.

As
the bunches
a rule
two
to four
weigh from
pounds
greenish, rich, juicy, and distinctly Muscat
flavoured.
It is
find a difficultyin overcoming
the tendency
the berries
an
easily grown
yet many
grape,
of cracking when
almost
have
I have
not
fully developed.
experienced difficultyin this
I believe,
of well
myself, in consequence,
cropping the vines and
respect
or
having more
less air on
the house
night and day just before the grapes
colour, with a little heat in the
It is a summer
and
and
for winter
not
autumn
recommended
and
pipes.
spring.
grape,
Muscat
Hamburgh.
For
of flavour
this variety is unsurhigh quality and richness
passed,
and
when
of the most
handsome
black
to perfection one
for
Grand
grown
grapes.
it will always
maximum
well
shown.
It is,however,
exhibition, where
points when
carry
difficult to grow,
and
is therefore
It should
be
only sparingly cultivated.
grafted on the
Black
Muscat
of Alexandria.
or
Hamburgh

upon

each.

is tender,

flesh

The

Gros

grape,

Guillaume.
not

varieties
must

be

so

that
left

recommended;

commonly
will
6

not

or

the

misnamed

Often
or

succeed

inches
bunches

grown

under

the

long, with
are

often

This

Barbarossa.

well

so

as

it used

to

close-pruning

several
2

feet

buds.

long

be

system
The

and

is

years

extension
18

well-known,

ago.
; when

inches

It is

handsome

one

pruning,
system

across

of
the

of
the

those

shoots

culture

shoulders.

is

"?'

a:

GRAPE

GROS

COLMAR.

THE

238
provided

be

vines

the

with

hot-water

more

in

are

FRUIT

in

flower,

GARDEN
is usual

pipes than

order

to

for

good

secure

ordinary
of

set

fruit

grapes,

for

rather

high

when
perature
tem-

value
be
able
to
to
Again, during ripening it is of great
the
Without
this help and
heat
with
give increased
plenty of air.
precaution of not
the
results.
Immense
best
it is impossible
to
quantities of this
overcropping,
secure
from
the end
of June
for the
London
to the
are
market, and it is in season
grape
grown
The
vine is rather
of March.
It commands
the
middle
highest price in the market.
is its greatest
and
This
therefore
precaution must
subject to red spider.
enemy,
every
its appearance.
be
taken
When
have
to
possible it should
a
vinery to itself.
prevent
There
other
and
excellent
Muscats:
and
the
distinct
is Bowood
two
are
one
golden
Canon
Hall.
The
above
remarks
will apply
other
as
regards culture
equally to the
of these
two.
requirements
is

advantage.

an

is

Muscat

Bowood
The

berries

stronger

slightly larger

are

is hardier

and

grower,
rounder

and

in

than

shape, but

of Alexandria.

Muscat

is

flavour

the

not

rich

so

or

sweet.

Hall.

Canon

and

rather

chief

exquisite

flavour

Seedling.

wants

early white

and

and

handsome

excepting
in

that

of

grapes.
under

Muscat
a

white
forces

the

skill

Muscat

of

longer, and
required to grow

is

fruit.

of

set

proper

from

much

are

It

the
this

has

not

of Alexandria.

It

as

obtain

to

seedling

grape,

bunches

the

Considerable

form.

difficultybeing

This,

succeed

both

distinct

rounder

the

Foster's
who

is

it resembles,

successfully,

grape
the rich

This

Alexandria, which
berries larger and

same

is the
grape,
well
as
as,
and
conditions

sheet

anchor

better

or

vine

of the
the

than,

Flavour

treatment.

grower
burgh,
Ham-

Black

and

sweet

refreshing.
Sweetwater.

BucKLAND

delicious
Golden

It also

flavour.

forces

Hamburgh.

In

of refreshing and
handsome
a
summer
grape
for early forcing Foster's
Seedling is preferable.
size of bunch
and
Black
berry this resembles
Hamburgh.

This

is

well, but

amber
colour
when
varieties, a beautiful
golden summer
rich
and
fine exhibition
A
sweet.
juicy, the flavour
very
in good condition
time after it is ripe.
but will only remain
easily grown,
a short
BuccleuCH.
The
when
Duke
of
to perfection
largest-berried white grape
grown
;
The
berries are
strikingly handsome.
large, globular, and of a beautiful
pale amber
very
colour.
It is not
it ought
this is accounted
for by the
to
so
generally grown
be, and
as
consistent
I think
fact that it is not
its occasional
failure to produce
a
a
cropper.
crop
is due
of culture
method
It makes
not
chiefly to the proper
being understood.
strong
and
house
a
growth, and should
light warm
facing south, so that ripening
sappy
occupy
It is

of the

one

ripe. The
variety and

handsome

most

is melting

flesh

and

of

the

is assured.

wood

good

expect

It is

buds.

ripe.
It

should

and

the

be

Bowood
of

symmetrical
The

to

to

crack

obviate

undoubtedly

attractive
The

will

Pearson.

Mrs.

at.

of

spurs

served

be
stalk

The

flesh

is

ripe.
size,but

is firm

and

Free

that

rank

to

the

of

dessert

the

by
the

soon

in

Hill

the

bunches
Of

as

they

water

Mill

raised

variety
grapes.

as

ripe.

are

summer,

Hamburgh

late

Mr.

Wm.

usually more
I prefer the

are

two

well

growing

worth

Like

Madresfield

ventilation, fair cropping,

and

in

any

Court, its

with

warmth

in

refreshing.

is in cultivation

to a limited
extent
only. Its
of
best, but unfortunately it is not
attains
is symmetrical.
a
good size, and

the

dingy, opaque,

flavour

to
two

grapes.

juicy,

among
bunch

The

two

autumn

sweet,

variety

it

for

if kept long after

between

cross

handsome

a
or

Flavour

entitles

the

ripening.

before

This

suits

summer

this.

when
appearance
of medium
are

berries
look

result

the

is

It is useless
system.
back
to one
or

pruned

are

border, receiving plenty of

excessive
rain.
protected from

porous
well

This

coloured

amber-

apt

are

flavour

extension

and
must
grape,
and
decay at the

of culture

Napoleon.

of

pipes,

is

This

method

Chasselas

the

be

the

of Buccleuch,
and, like Duke
was
Clovenfords.
It has
large oval berries, and
and
those
of Duke
of Buccleuch.
larger than
same

collection
berries

should

variety if

Muscat,

Thomson,
latter.

autumn

the

on

grown

this

spotted
shallow,

Champion.

Golden
and

become

in
grown
in winter

border

be

must

and

summer

berries

The

It

fruit from

of

crops

rich.

It

amber

requires

colour,
Muscat

not

at

all

treatment.

pleasing

GRAPE

GROS

GUILLAUME.

GRAPE

MADRESFIELD

COURT.

THE
There

other

are

For

appearance.

amber-coloured

well

is
in

in

their

the

not

collection

The

is

It

will,I think,

Frontignans
of

best

which

be

Tokay,

first.

placed

following

Of

three

of

little

with

They

nature.

porous
or

artificial

no

that

heat

is still

the

flavour

of

worthy

home

of

for rich
there

Black,

delicious

several

are

Grisly,and
and

vine, bunch,
succeed

They

and

best

varieties,the

White.

berry,
in

flavour

They

and

also

moderately

their

as

poor
well

and
succeed
expensive to grow,
is
and
foliage
small,
occupies but

not

are

that

these

the

soil

and

bunches,

GRAPES

modest
trio as
regards size
very
regards their cultural requirements.

are

variety

generallyacknowledged

the

are

moderate-sized

as

NEGLECTED

be

must

de

grapes.

SOME

the

were

for dessert

of winter

imposing size and handsome

Calabre, Trebbiano, White
all
formerly much
They were
grown.
the
for
but
craving
large bunches,
they

satisfied

best

of

grapes
of Hale, Raisin

others
and

way,
value

same

first-rate.

not

and

239

late

instance, Child

Nice, Syrian, Tokay,

very
have

VINE

little

space.
Black
rather
and

Cluster.
small

of

good

Frontignan.

and

bunches
Black

Chaptal.

good

to

white

size and

good

black.

Its

setter.

Flesh

bunches

are

firm, juicy, and

sweet,

walls.

good

Napoleon.

unlike

not

grape,

flavour, but

Chasselas

outside

for

is

and
and

variety
black.

of

excellent

Flesh

firm

berries, but

and

flavour.

and

flavour

the

Its

juicy.
is

only

recommended.

be

not

oval

free-cropping
of medium
size,round, and
This
produces large bunches

are

Monukka.

freely

very

Berries

berries

third-rate, and

crops

compact.
Suitable

very
flavour.

Black

of

This

but

the

Golden

It forms

Hamburgh.

handsome

bunches

flesh

is very
soft.
is one
of the best, and

This

deserves
be more
to
extensively
bunch, is a free setter, and the flavour is excellent.
Berries
oval, of medium
size,becoming
pale golden when
ripe.
Rose.
Chasselas
This
for its excellent
unlike
variety is remarkable
flavour, not
Muscat
of Alexandria.
Its bunches
with large round
are
large and compact,
pale yellow
berries.
Flesh
juicy and sweet.
It forms

grown.

handsome

Chasselas

Rouge

Ferdinand

coloured

forms

red, very

small, tawny

Lesseps.

de

unlike

not

grape,

juicy,

medium-sized

and

This

is

very

Muscadine

Royal

is

of the
This
is one
more
golden.
parents
distinct, sweet, and refreshing flavour, not so
result
This
is the
the ordinary Sweetwater.

and

Frontignan.

purple berries.

This

juicy and

Flesh

Meurthe

Frontignan.

Muscat.

black.

loose

bunch.

The

berries

are

amberdeliciously sweet
berry, but the colour
of Mrs.
Pearson,
and, like it, possesses
a
that
of the
rich as
Muscat, but richer than
of a cross
the
between
Strawberry
Grape
and

small, pretty,
in

size of

bunch

and

Muscadine.

Royal
Madeira

the

somewhat

sweet.

Its

It

flesh

is very

firm

and

medium-sized

bunches,

with

compact

bunches

with

reddish

flavour.

flavour, which
large

round

very

much

berries, which

resembles
are

quite

sweet.

develops

black
of medium
The
size,and a good cropper.
grape,
peculiar but not unpleasant flavour.
Muscadine.
well
out-of-doors
This
does
south
wall.
It
on
a
remarkably
Berries
when
fairly large bunchesi
beautiful
ripe are
large and round, which
a

amber.

The

Prunelas

flesh

is

medium-sized

has

produces

and
of good
sweet,
This
is of excellent

is firm

Royal

and

fairly good

sweet,

with

flavour

is rich

and

delicious.

FRUIT

THE

240
Salamon's
of

grape

San

is of

Frontignan

somewhat

Antonia.

This

juicy,

size

the

It is

berries

of

impossible

Strawberry.
Syrian.

describe

to

This

is

Like

West's

St.

who

black.

Peters.

flavour

; it

late

to

brisk

is

flavour

black
is

and

grower,

As

prefer quality

The

Madresfield

as

ripe. Flesh
oval, and
pale yellow when
and
keeps well when
properly ripened.
those

and

berry

bunch.

It is

white

bunches

mixture

tender,

keeper.

small, and

berries

the

deep purple bloom.

Frontignan, Pine, and

Muscat,

of

Flesh

bad

are

sloes, with

as

oval.

it is

Court,

Madresfield

resembhng
and

grape.

strong

in

somewhat
bunches,
purplish black, large,

currant^

the

American

An

size both

shoots, leaves, and

The

black

good

are

flavour.

good

Grape.

Strawberry

only

fine

produces

The

appearance.
and
with
sweet,

medium

flavour.

Muscat

in

Court

GARDEN

and

firm

this has

grape

size

and

and

pleasant.

This

in

cool

bunches.

immense

produces

very

much

berries
is in

grape

Berries
late

good

large,
grape,

it,especially

recommend

to

The

appearance.

It is

sweet.

small

rather

are

until

season

to

and

end

the

of

February.
All

the

which

above

easily grown

are

requires a high

temperature

The

raisers of

the

but

several

However,

account.

years,

already in existence
is scarcelyany
room
such
have
usually some

that

respect

not

far

so

one,

it

as

new

of

know,

West's

Peters,

St.

perfectly.

INTRODUCTION

of grapes
there

varieties

in every
Moreover

RECENT

OF

GRAPES

houses, except

develop

to

are

and

numerous

so

left for

excellent

so

improved variety.
in
able
difSculty turning it to profitraised
have
been
ones
during recent
the
best
superlative excellence.
Among
a

new

These
have
be useful
to
proved themselves
Lady Hutt and Appley Towers.
well
established
and
in
favour.
Hutt
is a
are
now
public
Lady
acquisitions,
late variety of good flavour
and
will
white
and
time.
keep a long
appearance,
is a late black variety, intermediate
Colmar
and
Gros
between
Appley Towers
It is as free bearing as
the
latter with
Alicante.
rather
larger berries,and it
Gros
Colmar.
colours
and
much
easier than
The
better
following also have
forward
but
their
value
been
to
has
not
as
aspirants
public favour,
put
yet
established
been
for us
recommend
them
readers
to
to
sufficiently
our
:
Lady
are

Hastings,

Diamond

Duke,

Black

VINE
We

CULTURE

several

have

Jubilee, and

excellent

IN
varieties

an

care

fire

no

in

important
the

The

heat.
the

cold

heat

same

not

for

careful
details
as

nights

at

reasonable

development

the

regulation of

will

of

during

work

hasten

the

this

time

for
vine
of

the
into

year.

of

mind
the

the

vine

the

early in

growth
.The

of

season

under

ist

need
that

that

of

successfully

grown

has

It

is

much

depend
the

made

be

will

of

be

cally
practi-

conditions.

It is

spring

April

to

only by

can

growth

vines

afterwards.

exercise

to

he

most

usual

the

made,

attention

vines.

ventilators

the

be
well

and

care

vine

the

recommended

to

HOUSES

grower
ventilators,bearing in

controlling the

sun
entirely on
and
intelligent
sun

is available

heat

COLD

Wales.

that can
grapes
border
has
been

unheated

When

of

of

vinery, provided the

carefullyplanted, and that they receive
in

Prince

is

on
a

account

good day

of
on

VINE

THE
which

close

vinery. This term

closing the vinery is w^ell understood
the amateur
I would
it refers to the first
gardeners. To
amongst
say that
occasion
which
heat is applied to the vine to cause
it to commence
on
growth.
The
ventilators
should
be closed
in
the
afternoon
make
the
to
early enough
rise
80
for
It
will
to
hour
two.
an
or
soon
temperature
degs.
75 degs.,or even
cool down.
A reliable thermometer
be fixed in the vinery, and
must, of course,
in such
cannot
a
position that the sun
possiblyshine on it,or it will not indicate
The
be carefully
thermometer
must
correctly the heat of the atmosphere.
it
which
the
vines
watched, as it will be the compass,
steer
to
to
as
by
were,
a

to

successful

should

the

241

issue.
well

be

Before

ventilators

little

even

warm,

but

the

depend
or

to

70

danger

top

always

is

cold
be

and

develop

It

winds

so

in mind
the

ripen

after

the

9 a.m.,

temperature

not

to

advances

regard

it is

sun

Never
make

to

borders

the

open

passed away, and only a

limits by means
of air

in

that

be

must

so

season

crop.

time

that

is better

essential

and

thermometer

later,towards

has

the

the

as

within

kept

As

not

bear

soon

given,

75 degs.

can

caution

be

must

of

vines, walls,

as

be admitted

must

air

ventilators.

must

to

upon

from

same

grower

top air
top

the

morning,

in
syringing in the afternoon
80 degs. Fahr.
A supply of water
be warm.
Syringing with cold water

vinery
75

the

the

temperature

the

through

becomes

to

if the

is closed

house

more

all until

at

then

admitted

the

syringed. In
degs.,a little

registersabout 60
the sun
as
gains power,
shall not
rise higher than
front

"

"

heat

temperature

in the

house,

so

The

check

air

the

tion,
ventila-

only he
forget to close

the

kept

to

and
front

has
the

rise
that

to

it

ing
follow-

growth.
Hamburgh,
(Black) Black
Madresfield
Court, Black
Frontignan (small).Early Royal Ascot, Black
Prince
Golden
Foster's
Alicante, Black
Seedling,
Hamburgh,
(White)
;
Buckland
Ferdinand
Chasselas
de
Sweetwater,
Lesseps, Royal Muscadine,
Napoleon.
may

varieties

excellent

are

in
Channel

thirty
5s.

north

the

years

ago

Peter

Kay

per

years

the

MARKET

FOR
culture

of land

acres

might

purpose

are

of
now

for

grapes
covered

with

has

undergone
pally
glass-houses,princi-

market

London, the neighbourhood of Worthing, and in the

market
enormous.
to
Twenty or
are
suppliessent
fetched
much
lb.,
or
20s.
as
25s.
regularly as
per
grapes
lb. were
considered
quite ordinary prices. In 1896 Mr.
of

Islands, and
I OS.

or

past few

Many

this

CULTURE

GRAPE

During the
great changes.

for

that

wrote

the

the
lower

prices
still.

obtained
Mr.

varied

6d.

from

remarks

in

to

5s., and

those

read

before

Kay's
paper
how
to
start
Garden, upon
reprinted in The
land
which
is
best
That
market
are
a
worthy of reproduction :
nursery,
should
There
subsoil easilydrained.
has soil 2 to 3 feet deep, resting upon
a
and equallyample means
for obtaining an
abundance
of water,
be ample means
land is pasture or arable is not
the
Whether
vital,
for getting rid of the same.
now

the

ruling

are

Horticultural

even

Club,

and

"

of communication
preferablypasture ; then its closeness to means
be considered, especially
with
must
regard to fuel and carriage of produce
localities that, with
in different
and
these
much
so
market,
things may vary

but, of

to

course,

THE

242
all the

conditions

best

FRUIT

appertaining

GARDEN

it,an

to

acre

cheap at ;^300, where

things being equal with

be

may
Other

be dear at ;^ioo.
localityit would
regard to the fitness of vine growing for profit,it is wise to give preference to
will suppose
We
the
land
enterprising
likelyto improve into building land.
in another

time

the

first

The

spring.

Then

heat.

the

speculative
less

houses

ought

grower

quantitiesare

of

the

These

probably

vines

to

Alexandria,

of

varieties

other

Gros

only

the

bottom
whether
is of

that

ones

that

are

Towers

Appley

best

early

the

grow,
if he

varieties

Maroc.

proceed
the

be

and,

nearly

are

The

in for.
go
Court
and

to

Madresfield

of

sorts

Muscat

Colmar,

Hall.

autumn

will

he

for
glazed in readiness
propagating-house supplied with

think

must

Canon

is

then

purpose,
would

be

might

build

glass to

grower

turn.

commercial

in

the

for the

Early

vineries.

Alicante, Gros

Hamburgh,
a

that

so

suitable

thinks

he

of the

erection

begin,

to

land

secured

has

grower
towards

grown
and

the beginner must

not
experiment
taken
Alicante,
whole,
as
a
opinion,
much,
grow
my
Muscat
of
has
been
the most
to
not
even
excepting
profitablevariety
grow,
houses
of
Alexandria
Canon
Hall.
and
experience is that, taking
own
My
Gros
with
with
Colmar, and one
Alicante, one
planted with
equal size, one

other

but

Canon
out

remain

sorts

new

too

Hall,

and

This

is

hardly
extra

against

make

five

say,

years' results
Muscat

then

next,

the

general belief, but

for

the

up

lesser

but

In

sorts.

would

Alexandria,
in my
true
experience,

is

The

grower
and
economy,

and

from

them

with

glass upon

further

no

idea

simplest

the

than

that

covering

consistent

system

with

and

is the

shanking.

the

the

in

Hall.

for Muscats
there

then

their

of

come

last. Canon

and

obtained

weight

sales,Alicante

of

of

red spider
to
specialliability
marketing,
his glass-housewith
of vines
for profit must
erect

in

waste

with

taking,

Colmar

best, Gros

proved

be

to

tested

greatest

greatest

area

practical

and

strength

usefulness."
If

ground

be

can

secured

there

where

saving

from
ten
vary
built
Houses
than

more

labour

to

borders,

outside

borders

the

twenty

together

ten

outside

into

house

will

is

years
their

good depth

Then,

by planting the
ramble

place for
at
hand,
manure

and

The

and
for the

in

some

sake

market
cases

vines

wall,
the

out,

vines

outside, where

them.

the

loam,

of

able
consider-

grower
where

of its mechanical

they

doubled.
be

the

air

more

makes
the

soil

the

carry

speciallymean

practice, but

that

start

by

introduced
the

border
arches.

resting on piers or
is assured, and
they

naturally prepare
best

through

well-made

in

and

use

of the

is very
heavy
bone-meal

effect,and

vines

root

can

is made.

that

the

outside

house

far better

border

What

planted

old

of the

and

not

borders.

vine

of

sort

will

when

was

front

sun

the

to

should

as

the

borders

inside, a
the

in

according
inside

only
profitably; whereas
life and
vigour are

be

soon

years,

is,not that
through the
inside

be

with

should

both

efi^ected

In
a
making
for market, the land
in Scotland
where
is so well
are
nursery
grapes
grown
of the vines
suited
the growth
that
to
simply planted in the natural
they are
It
there
is
made
border
whatever.
is
soil,
no
only in exceptional situations,
Mr.
the vine borders, "c., are
that
this
is possible.
to
as
however,
Kay's remarks
"
also well worth
With
regard to the profitablelife of a vine, it may
studying :
of

adds

material
to

will

congenial
he

has

it London

of first quality. A

It:

THE
commercial

vine

return
so

much

as

to

does

grower
possible from

is

VINE
often

not

soluble

more

243

^-inch

use

bone-meal.

largerbones,

or

as

quicker

cultivators

Moreover,

do

not

rely on the depth and richness of soil as upon

frequent top-dressings,
thus
the
The
the
surface.
roots
encouraging
near
drainage of a border is very
and
it
be
of
allows stagnation,or so free
such
important,
must
nature
not
to
as
a
will
in

permit

the

border

probably

be

towards

be

to

wreakened.

much

shallower

The

i.e.

borders,

of

practice

exceeding

not

the

feet

future

inches

depth.
Other

"

in the houses
until the vines
plants are nearly always grown
come
culture
is largely practised. The
bearing, and at the present time tomato
vines
therefore, as well as raising young
grower,
ready for the spring, must
for
If
also.
it were
tomato
plants
not
having
possible while
ready
arrange
the vines
tide
first
the
in the
other
are
two
over
growing to
crops
years with
be much
difficult than
it is to establish
houses, it would
more
a
vineyard under
vines
should
feet
be
about
glass. The
2
properly
high by the
young
grown
middle
of May, and
is a good time
then
the
in
border
which
has
them
to
plant
been
for
them.
At
the
time
of
bone-meal
is
prepared
a
planting
good dressing

into

to

mix

top.

with

the

soil,and

short

They

will

require

careful

and

roots,

July,

August.

vine

the

abundance

and

led

more

planting time,

at

sometimes

20
grow
after
year

the

first

the

establishment

noted

in such
is

commercial
to

the

often

How

it

restriction
When

health

and

even

vine

for years afterwards.

in vine culture
that

extension

attains

that

one

vines

on

of culture

the
double

treated

could

and

then.

and

this leads

First

get

many
for the

and

then

artificially
compounded
vine
are
mostly very

even

may
their

constitution,

soil

be
and

v.

Constitution
to

we

the

it, and

for

houses

impose

system.
benefit to its

thing

to

The
food

concentrated

as

localities

some

localities differ so much

perfect ; but where
other
conditions, universally to apply one

in

the

for

vine.

culture.

intense

for

it

covers

strive

fertilisers for the

of
to

results.

better

which

chief

is the

its

bound

am

extension

structure

recommended

suited

be

can

from

weighing
far

where

vigour

easily,with

thought
proceed

may

mixtures
well

the

wise

not

constructed

is called

what

strong

are

they
year,
vines
cropped

loss of

end

Jtine,

first

restriction.

in the

age of four years, it would

itself in one
if the
season

in

be enlarged there
cultivatingthe vine,

affords

mechanically

our

under

vines

requirescareful

new

discouraged,and

be

this is

the

as

of extension

question

system

to

occurs

is the

But

intended,
that

aspect

one

wealth,

and

is

season

to

the

on

they make
through

When

lbs. of fruit.

10

mulching

through their
Indeed, I have seen

long.

vines

permanent

the

treatment

feet

planting bearing
of

as

until

already made.

wood

liberal
25

even

used

growing
August growth ought

of
the

be

attention

constant

during

water

given

and

and

end

By
to
develop

side,and

that

say

the

vines

There

"

of clear

should

manure

they

character
would

mixture

of
be

folly.
"

It is difficult

of

grape-growing
that
fairlyestimate

grapes.

No

doubt

conscientiouslyto
under
in the
there

the

conditions

future
will

give a

be

there

rosy

as

is any

aspect

they

are

likelihood

generallyto
at

present,
of

always good and, indeed,

the

and

rise in the
remunerative

business
I

cannot

price of
prices

THE

244
for

the

small

best

very

Packing

travel

to

GARDEN
all know

we

great bulk
Market.
for

Grapes

usually have

but

samples,

of the

proportion

FRUIT

sent

This

considerable

some

first

such

that

fruit

grade

is

market."

to

is

important matter, for

reaching market,

an

distance

grapes

before

it

and

essential they should

The
is very
arrive in the best of condition.
bunches
are
left
this
be
about
inches
usually cut with a portion of the shoot attached
4
;
may
kinds
of baskets
are
used, but those in general favour are known
long. Various
As
baskets.
wood
wool,"
a
as
baby
packing material, wood
shavings,or
it is sometimes
A little of this is placed in the
called,is used.
as
baskets, and
"

"

then

"

with

covered

sides

around

the

rims.

They

of

an

the

be

baskets

or
pink tissue
baskets, and the

close

together
for

weight

average
is

weight

exact

the

rriust

is

grapes

white

of

with

given

the

that

so

made

are

do

they

basket, some

basket

before

finest

The

paper.
stems

sent

pounds

less ; but
the
market.
When

some

more,

fruit is

basket

Twelve

move.

laid

are

the

to

secure

not

are

the

bunches

to

receive
to
speciallymade
fit
inta
a
They are
them,
baby
just
of movement.
thus
The
illustrations given of the
preventing any possibility
also
baby basket
packed, and
placed in the hamper
ready for travellingto
Some
of our
best
market, will give a good idea of the method
employed.

packed they

are

them.

of

now
grapes
brisk trade

was

that

Fertilisation.

the

While

vine

In

warm.

be

falls.

the

in

bloom,

thinning.

to

distribute

and

in

It is
the

grapes

perfect

help.

The

draw

the

it back
other
follow

with
free

to

reduce

the

be

to

and
at

against

pollen

its

the

of

an

At
inch

flowers

in

flower

must

or

in

With

some

be

effected

the

be

ready

about

few

of

artificial

without
the

shy

most

varieties

"set,"

to

liberating
and

Hamburgh

time,

same

the

varieties

capsules and
piece of paper,

Black

noon

with

contact

the
a

Should
at

will

and

is

and

vines

throw

or

some-

results

better

will

Muscats.
first

the
the

apart.
learn

once

of
aid..

kept dry

twice

Hamburgh
help such

bunch.

be

formed

coming

cannot

thing
to

most

first
At

as

to

many

to

do

after
as

the

obtaining
vine

may

good

carry,

"set"
of

is

course

symmetrical. Thinning the berries must

thinning the berries of all varieties may be
the second
be exercised
thinning discretion must

particular variety considered.

all he

its

Muscat

the

bunches
be

likelyto

half

on

The

commenced.

thinned

bunch

force

number

selectingthose
then

the

Thinning.

of

sure

"sets"

"setting" variety be

by using

Grape

trellis

the

by

stamens

all the

appear,

a
ago
have

artificial

withoilt

have

badly. To
flowers, thereby removing
some
pollen as it falls in

collect

some

the

shake

fertilisation.

the

also

will

the

should

house

berries

years

imposed

duties

covers

place

take
of the

few

easily detected

is

first flowers

the

instances.

are

over

Also

of

baskets

which

cap

will

the

proper

fertilisation

hands

after

Hall

the

as

week

"

grapes.
vine
the

atmosphere

week

another

Muscats

pollen.

soon

the

securing

Canon

"setter."

as

hampers

"

there.
good market
but
the heavy
France,

to
English
flowering of

good plan to
pollen and make

stigmas, thereby

the

of

the

fertilisation

Usually

course

with

is in flower

the

for

off

given

scent

flower

market
The

in flat

that

find

and

also commenced

practicallyclosed
delicious

size

such

America,

to

go

placed

are

differentiate

Before
between

the
the

worker

puts

fertilised

and

scissors
the

to
un~

to

ft;

a;
h,

"^

to

fc;
ei
t.
o

(^

S3

cq

hi

f-i

"-n

'?il

THE
fertilised
will

This

berries.

small, while those

appreciable progress.

berries
the

be

must

centre

of

way
towards
and

cut

of the

best

base

hold

take

bunch, leaving them,

is done,

of the

of

long

shoulders
is

no

blades
may
turned
but

or

round

to

must

touch

to

head, hands,

the

the

is

first

thinning

not

be

is

much

very

grapes
be large when

not

berries

left

with

they

will

Gros

more

In
the

grapes
thinned

thinning

berries

as

for

he

in the
the

If
will

berries

that

this

must

Gros
of

must

be

ing
accordBunch

of

Grapes

not

Thinned

Colmar,

Buccleuch,

for

instance, require double

the

space

varieties.

bunch
would

exhibition

without

observe

Duke

the

carefully.

another

to

and

size.

for smaller

bunch

will

and

ultimate

Maroc,

go
the

afterwards.

late grapes
a
greater distance
left between
each
berry, varying

sufficient

swell
to

when

the

be
first

the

and

to

the

will

the
thinning
mid-season
thickly. With

remembered

be

position,

bunch, taking

early the
ripe, so

be

not

necessary

do

to

so

dirty ones

After

be

forced

are

berry

blunt

again ; if,however,
carefullydone there

bunches

the

thinned,

heavy

clean,

grapes

it will

over

the

the

over

rapidly, and

is

There

must

or

disfiguredpermanently.
thinning

bunch

the

use.

with

berries

clothes,

or

apart.
select

bunches,

worker's

round

move

not

care

no

and

bunch
the

suit

to

purpose,
small
ones.

pulling at the berries

with
tarnishingthem
The

is

in

The

work

with

the

prefer
kept sharp

place.

an
on

another

one

inch

small

for the

goes
after

cross

two,

the

berry,

stick is necessary.

be

take

he

those

of scissors

sizes

must

that

of

course

latter

hand,

the
the

and

and

forked

several

They

off

the

saying, therefore, that

thinning
be spared

can

left

the

cutting

ones

special make

in

which

excellentlyfor small

answers

for

but

bunch

tarnished

be

as

steady while

slightlyuntil

in

days, as the
of a day or

few

berries that
any
I said before, half

bunch

it with

afterwards

it would

This

the

keeping

the

without

of

course

will, even

fertilised
It

24s

in the

goes
first ; afterwards

out

pullingdownwards
as

will be apparent

remain

make

VINE

should
in mind
have
the worker
a
picture of
grapes
In
when
wish
it to
growing
fullydeveloped.
appear
berries
should
the
be
that
it is especiallyimportant
of

fully developed they

When

undue
bunch
bunches

as

pressure.
in having
as

the

It
too

berries

is
few.

as

easy
The

swell, and

firmly
by leaving

should
to

way
to

rest

err

to
remove

avoid
a

upon
too

this is

berry

one

many

carefully

from

that

THE

246
part of

berry

the

will

bunch
often

Period

of

half-grown, and
and

where

undue

relief

cause

Stoning.

then

the

air admitted.

more

FRUIT

GARDEN

congestion

is noticed.

The

removal

of

one

half-a-dozen.

to

This

the berries are

little more
than
place when
of
the
should
be
reduced
vinery
temperature
by 5 degs.
The
in the
stoning
period is indicated
by an arrest
growth of the berries ; they
in
hardly to increase
appear
for
size
a
fortnight or three
weeks
; by occasionallycutting
through a berry the progress in
takes

"

"

formation

the

of the

observed.

be

that

All

through

the

liable
used

to

of

skin

variety is then
scorched,"

be

to

period

The

of this

berries

term

stoning

trouble.

without

very

may
varieties

the

excepting Lady
know,
Seedling, will
pass

Downe's

the

stone

"

damage

express

to

berry causing it to shrivel

turn
slightly and
black, a
the
that
is fatal
to
damage
of the
quality and appearance
the

The

grape.

remedy for
before, is more

best

said
this, as
air,not only during
a

little

through,

the

ventilators
The
The

that

the

vine

insufficient

does

suffer

not

moisture

in

from

and

the

on

the

of

want

the

the

the

water

and

night.

grow
time

grape
the

of

completion
full

development,
then

grower
alert
at

both
bottom

Period.

rapidly during

stoning
Thinned

the

Ripening

between

Properly

top

of

day, but

and

during

berries

most

Bunch

the

admitted

be

must

the

roots

be

must

take

and

or

care

from

It

is a
atmosphere,
give a
good plan to
inches
inside
the
border
fresh
of
horse
top-dressing (2 or
deep) upon
3
how
manure
(with a little soil added). It is wonderful
face
quickly the surroots
the
is
less
multiply in this material, and
atmosphere
more
or
enriched
the
ammonia
Before
emitted.
final
the
by
swelling of the grapes the
grower

will

do

well

develop perfectly.
before
at

it is

too

closing time

late.
with

to

If

consider
he

thinks

It assists the

liquidmanure

whether
it

is,then

the
a

development
diluted

with

crop
few

is

too

of the
water.

for .the vine

heavy

bunches

should

berries
But

to

be

damp

the

to

removed
the

greatest

house

aid

to

FRUIT

THE

248
syringed, the

temperature

from

of

end

the

the

of

course

admitted
more

March

the

night
by

less

or

to

month

of

and

day,

the

weather

allowed

be

may
the

of

end

rise

to

will

the

temperature

outside.

For

85 degs. with

to

After

May.

fire heat

June,
and

GARDEN

are

grapes
discontinued

be

afterwards

successional

advantage,

disposed of in
air liberally
and
will
be governed

the

vines

started

later

the

heat
only for the
principleof working is similar,i.e. close the vinery with sun
fortnight,then give slightfire heat, and gradually increase the temperature
little fire heat is needed,
For late autumn
winter
as
or
growth advances.
grapes
and
afterwards
late
assist
in
in
to
summer
excepting
or
ripening them
autumn,
the atmosphere becoming cold and
to
damp.
prevent
first

THE

ON

VINE

THOMAS

By

The
Isles

vine

for

is

the

wholesome

OUTDOORS
COOMBER

walls
commonly grown
upon
very
of its fruit ; nevertheless, there
are

not

sake
it will

planted

thus

WALLS

The

wine.

and

flourish
wall

should

have

south

many
for dessert
west

or

aspect,

British
where

and

if

making
be fully

and

full benefit

of the
exposed
sun,
reap
The
also be suitable
soil must
sun's influence, which
is essential to success.
to
fertile
loam
well
A
drained
is best, and
the vine's requirements.
deep
naturally
all the preparation such
soil wants
be made
is
to
a
a
rooting medium
satisfactory
feet
be trenched
and
broken
of
to
2
deep
a
good
incorporating
supply
by
;
up
soils are
crushed
rubble, most
bones, wood
ashes, and lime, or old mortar
to

Strong
in

canes

young

their

dormant

while

to

about

the

roots,

than

6 and

not

less than

firm,

and

most

shoots
or

as

be
may
buds
are

Thorough draining is necessary.

before
the
planted early in October
bursting

buds

three

from

inches

below
with

in

either

all

the

short

growth

to

winter
at

extend

surface

this should

litter.

The

The

treatment,

and

of them

only
They
and

the

it when

where

it

the
are

must

strongest

laterals

left
be

stopped

sub-laterals

be

more

quite

best, and
its
walls, with
to

apart.

more

be

rod

one

With

removed

the

train

long, allowing its subsequent leading

The
leaf.
stopping the laterals beyond one

the

them
so

soil

feet

the

vine

to

within

and

feet

closely cutting away

shoot
receive
should
leading young

arising beneath

arrange

not

made

be restricted

should

one

cut

the

succeeds

vine

moderately high

upon

checked,

was

following season

be

fall,

be

base.

and
indefinitely,
consists
in shortening
merely

pruning
the point

growths.

growths
stop

the

leaves

should

Carefully remove
out
regularlyspreading them
the

placed

but

they

case

3 feet apart in a vertical position. It can

desired,and planted accordingly at 3 feet or

position,and

this in

canes,

culture.

subsequently mulched
simply managed when

single-rodsystem

vine.

the

can

trained

more

base

fruit

or

disentangling and

from

is

the

for grape

spring when

down

that

so

suitable

rendered

or

the

wood

the

districts

fit both

fruit

produce

in

outdoors

it be
16

about

that

pinched

they
at

the

meet

the

so

disbudded

inches

apart

half-way
first leaf.

that
on

those

At

the

the

either
of the
winter

of

its

lateral
similar

strongest
side

of the

adjoining
pruning

VINE

THE

the

leading growth
of the

part

vine-stem

of management
and
should
be

training and
than

more

Vines

be

back

gives sufficient

pruning
be

for the wood

allotted

the

wholly

be

filled,after

to

rod," each should be treated

lightlycropped the third season
lateral be
permitted to carry more

laterals.

or

if it

as

This

older

method

thoroughly ripened,

become

is
the

the

upon

buds.

to

space

confined

basal

"

branch

one

to

laterals

the

as

space

until

will

before, while
two
prominent

treated

cut

are

followed

may
should

time

should

249

after

which

time

When
were

the

vines

have

separate vine.

but

being planted,

and

at

the

a
bunch,
one
vines
be governed by their
weight of the fruit that established
may
carry must
vigour and size ; overcropping, however, always has an
enfeebling effect,and
is no
better stimulant
than
the drainage
impairs the quality of the fruit. There
no

from

sheds

cow

stables,which

and

well

be

can

in

applied in

autumn
as
as
growing season
dressingsof lightsoil,bone meal, or similar
also of much
are
value, while during seasons

with

short

walls

outdoors

take

its course,

the

is beneficial.

litter

The

than

after

form

gathered.

is

fertilisers used

rich

during

in the

drought, mulching

of

virulent

most

diluted
fruit

the

enemies

and

if the

Top-

autumn,

the
the

that

the

borders
vine

on

vines

spider
mildew,
kept
are
subject to, are
their
at
adequately supplied with
nourishment, moisture
properly
roots, and
in summer,
of red spider will be comparatively
attacks
syringed with soft water
is
An
efficient remedy for mildew, which
rare.
very injuriousif permitted to
Flowers

also.

remedy

bark

gallon

red

Bordeaux

is the

sulphur,

of

loose

is

As

which
winter

dressing after

be

Gishurst's

removed,

of hot

mixture

should

soft water,

this should

distributed

rubbed

used
the

into

be

with

vines

the

compound,

well

and

but

applied

fine

dredger, make

have

of

rate

that

crevices,so

spray.

good

and

pruned,

been

the

at

in

the
to

oz.

whole

the

Of varieties
thoroughly soaked, is a very effectual cleaner.
Cluster
and
Sweet
Black
for general purposes.
Water
is excellent
Royal
Muscadine
be added
also useful.
Reine
novelty of
are
Olga should
; it is a
the
award
of merit
from
Royal
an
excellence, and
recently obtained
great
while
the
the
bunches
Horticultural
Its
colour
is
are
red,
large,
Society.
tawny
and
the
Vitis purpurea,
Vitis Coignetia,
flavour
ornamental
For
is rich.
uses
surface

of the

rods is
"

"

Parsley-LeavedVine

are

invaluable.

VINE

CULTURE
ANDREW

By

The
in

subject of
of this

work

outdoors
more

as

decorative
of Bute

Wales, with
quite proved
remunerative
in the

culture

description

which

in
few

THE

were

PETTIGREW

the
years

open
ago,

would
when

hardly have found

only examples

the

place

of vines

those

than

fruit

in
vines
of growing
practicability
and
this
it
is
account
on
undertaking,

the

present

OPEN

growing against cottage walls, and regarded

experiment of the late
producers. The
plants
in
his
in planting vineyards on
estates
Glamorganshire, South
has
the
readers
of gardening periodicalsare
now
familiar,

in this country

Marquess

place

vine

IN

work.

the

open

that

as

the

more

subject

or

less

finds

FRUIT

THE

250
After
sites in the

years'experience I am
England and in South Wales,

than

more

south

GARDEN

of

with

for

making the wine, and

could, taking one
season

opinion

of

twenty

furnished

convenience

every

with

suitable

on

ances
applilabour, vine

proper

lessen

to

paying industry,and
the
It is evident
from
that
foregoing remarks
give eniployment to many.
any
invest
one
contemplating hardy vine culture with a view to making wine must
considerable sum
of money
in providing suitable
plant, buildings for its
a
culture

and

manufacture,
For
is

these

and

counties

of

this

South

and

on

as

has

the

in

of

phase

returns.

any

open

fruit

hardy

the

attempted
the
only establishment
yards.
is in the
concern
Marquess of Bute's vinethe experimental stage of hardy vine culture
be as well now
to
give a short
past, it may
So

Wales.

fact that

other

any
be

only

must

business

the

emphasise

than

risky undertaking

remunerative,

England

To

for storage before

there are
uncertainty of our climate, vine growing

the

and

be

to

it is carried

where

in

and

expensive

culture,

be

another,

cellar accommodation

reasons,

more

with

made

that

far

in

southern

I know

as

long since been

vineyards in question.
Castell
The
first portion of the vineyard at
Coch, Glamorgan, was
planted
the French
in
the
in the spring of 1875 on
as
practised
neighbourhood
system,
of Paris, in Burgundy, and
the
with
the variety Gamay
champagne
country,
colder
which
is
in
the
Noir, a hardy grape
extensively
wine-producing
grown
districts of France.
This
variety has a strong constitution, fruits freely,and in
its fruit,which
The
makes
good seasons
good wine, ripens well.
ground
very
south
from
north
to
was
thoroughly trenched, and the vines planted in rows
country

historyof the

feet

feet

apart, 3

raspberry plantsare
stakes, and
inches
the

first

their
the

of

This

off

when

they

have

shoots, as

soon

as

All

than

work

is much

the

make

strongly,and

vines

This

The

pruned

are

as

that
soon

that
When

stakes
surface
with

are

the

may

to

leaves

three

stools

get

but

ground
manure.

the

between

In

to

grow.
the

in

Coch

shoots

England

consequence
do in the

the

gives
rainfall
more

grow
French

struck

were

as

the

fall in the

buds
of

of

the

much

and
pruning is finished,
thoroughly examined, and all

short

they

lateral

the

at

growing

begin

principal work

vigorous growth

the

of the

circumstances,

grapes

than

vines

few

yards.
vine-

with

the

they made, which,

in France.

the

as

the

in

vines

the

as

the

to

stopped

are

appear,

the

form

high,

within

to

throughout

time

Castell

at

the

made

leaving from two

pruning is to keep the

hard

dressed

than

they

vineyard.

growth

vines, and

down,

ground, so
possible.
the

the

reached

stopping

the

visitingthe vineyard

healthy appearance
they said,was
stronger
close

France, and

sub-lateral

more

of

The

But
in the

operations

it is in

Frenchmen

cut

months.

other

feet

securely tied

are

is continued

are

summer

than

of sub-laterals

pinched off from the

keeping the ground clean,

all the

greater

lateral

the

stopping

tendrils

vineyard during
more

points pinched

they

grow

stakes

to

canes

hoeing, and

and

trained

and

rows,

the

the

the

the
As

top.

joint ;

and

season,

in

apart
trained.

vines

of

the

all the

rows

bad

is then

in
Manuring
once
vineyard gets a slightdressingof
is done

dwarf

radiated

ones

forked
slightly
years
every

the

to

heat

cleared

shoots

doubtful

soot

canes

close

and

earth's

three

the

year'sgrowth.

current

useless

and

and

autumn,

the

as

away,

replaced.
and

top-

according

to

spring before

VINE

THE

the

vines

break

the

plant,

the

added

it

to

long

every

been

done

and

The

out

in

first

wine

with

since

year

of

the

two

three

or

season.

piece

years
in

vineyard

the

more

less

or

when

exceptions

in

made

they

and

was

foot

planted

and

two

1877,

in

are

keeping

Cuttings

quarters

made

shoots

growing

prunings,
In

the

as

and

planted,

was

permanent

was

the

they

soon

four

to

completed.

cuttings.

their

as

stopping,

during

vineyard

best

gooseberry

three

tying,

was

until

vines

disbudded

are

out

the

space

strongest

planted

every

of

allotted

with

spring.

made

carried

is

portion

the

the

is
were

following

has

the

seasons

bad.

were

The

(except

of

few

dozens)

Tait,

dozens

of

auction

it

The

late

late

the

about

Channel,

as

been
of

crops
less

the

wine

to

The

wood.
of

vines
have

twenty-five

mildew

in

been
to

full

made,

place

thirty

parts

bearing.
for

hogsheads.

of

it
In

some

to

they

have

is

years

The

is

seasons

past

will

finished,
planted,
as

the

many

is

the

contain

and

yield

situation
excellent

site
from

about
as

has

forty
not

at

Bristol

the

and

produced

sheltered

it

where

of

soil

have

planted.

were

which

been

good

and

at

selected

was

shore
the

by

experiments
estates

site

the

Both

well,

planting

when

close

vineyard.

Coch,

sold

experiment

the

Welsh

his

Dr.
several

was

further

succeeding.

grow

since

to

sold

was

dozen.

per

of

make

of

parts
its

vines

year

1886

in

Cardiff,

for

Castell

than

and

of

from

The

vineyard,
Three

vines.

are

miles

every

him

which

115s.

it

bought

wines,
of

results

the

of

Cardifi^.

at

in
some

realised

with

different

in

probability

suitable.
almost

grapes

and

year,

by

vine

merchant

question,

pleased

so

whole

the

and

wine

connoisseur

in

following

likely

most

the

seven

found

subject

high

acres

was

to

noted

instructed

was

quality,

dozen

per

was

of

there

Swanbridge,

have

excellent

merchant

the

cultivation

thought

was

wine

Bute

that

60s.

Birmingham,

the

Lord

Coch,

with

of

from

of

was

at

Birmingham

at

Castell

1881

vintage

Lawson

from

and

canes,

until

of

the

to

from

process

above,

first

the

they'
and

shoots,

same

described

year

as

the

the

done

is

more

when

spring,

on

which

time

rows

good

following

as

made

were

nursery

the

after

clean,

ground
From

Nothing

distinguished

are

on

growth.
the

grow^th

bunches
left

into

start

into

251

open

north
about

three

and

by
nine
of

acres

of

hogsheads
been

less

than

CHAPTER

TREES

FRUIT

has

these

much

that

so,

end

the
the

are

ought

of

the

much

in

beauty

and

other

so

position

Where

fruit
and

utility

very

value,

any

the

the

garden

is

trees

tainly
cer-

effect

picturesque

fruit

shrubberies,

and

may

trees

formal

the

in

it

do

the

fruit

planted

are

would
the

If

in

the

where

lines

fruit

of

contrasts

many

beauty

form

flower,

at

set

if

the
of
one

other

much
and

trees

in

seen

so

exist,

how

apart,

be

to

to

contrasts

any,

among

colour

to

with

when

even

appeals

distances

were

and

the

consummation

trees

few,

trees

and

greatly impressed

successful
fruit

period

impossible

is

it

spring

in

trees

of

garden,

regular

if

so

of

flowers,

at

apparel,

sombre

most

the

to

blossom

into

being

fruit
as

beautiful

of

come

without

fears

{Ribes), belonging

currants

abundance

early days

garden

fruit.

the

their

in

the

and

of

they

surrounding

the

hopes
of

crop

seen

the

most

shrubbery.
imagine

to

fruit

dwarfer

and

evergreens,
the

of

hardy

in

this

commonly
pear,
with

Having
naturally

best

the

as

in

picture

than

is

large shrubbery,

background

trees

of

outside

plum,

suitable

are

value

their

and

way

dark-green

provided

with

conifers,

by

groups
of

foreground
with

here

and

the

almond,

fruit

medlar,

for

realised,

planting,

wonders

one

For

garden.
and

shrubbery

apple

why

many
trees

they
past

years
used

in

and

the

when
are

we

not

have

shrubbery,

results.

decided
arises

fruit

seen

cherry,

prettier spring

sloe.

of

kinds

used

growing

trees

clumps
All

and

of

by

is difficult

there

then

an

value,

In

fruit

or

charm

pyramidal

the

seen

and

amidst

It

or

somewhat

proceeding.

floral

exception

dressed

bare.

orchard

the

the

are

is almost

the

ordinary

floral

fruit

large

in

their

shrubberies

intensely

shrubs

best

where

The

their

doubtful

family, produce

rose

enhances

more

distracted

where

more

with

trees,

the

to

when

when

and

more

do

display

the

fruit

border

is

as

the

in

shrubbery,

producers

fruit

as

shrubs.
to

us

ground,

the

as

and

blinded

but

considerations,

hardy

beauty

of

trees,

are

trees

regarded

trees'

invaluable

used.

year

mind

once

these

through

pass

of

production

for

still

ordinary

almost

be

the

they

the

would

cherry

they

pleasure

the

is

our

what

and

flowering

place

be

to

as

and

use

primary

All

in

garden,

view

in

that

speak,

to

so

their

fruit

the

than

has,

trees

fact

ornamental

of

plum,

pear,

the

TREES

PETTIGREW

A.

HUGH

apple,

obscure

to

character

minor

of

of

importance
tended

FLOWERING

AS

By

The

XX

to
to

plant

which

are

fruit
the

trees

best

for
kinds

their
and

ornamental
varieties

value,
to

grow.

the
In

question
making

OLD

WALL

PEAR

TREE

IN

BLOSSOM.

THE

WISE

APPLE
FLOWER

TREE

(COURT
AT

FROGMORE.

RENDU

PLAT)

IN

THE

254

the

could

spring
bulbs

such

climbing

Polygonum

planted.

severely

Although

be

means

in

as

the

as

are

other

elsewhere.
of

value

show

yet

great
that

of
trees

material

are

no

at

less

both

is

pruning

our

beautiful

quite

sufficient

disposal
than

has
for
useful.

the
the

requisite
said

garden

should

trees

be

not

beauty
is

been

vigorous

need

in

as

be

easily

might
but

fruit

their

about

the

in
and

roses,

of

some

instances
this

bring

to

more

trees,

in

object

judicious

Much
fruit

hardy

wealth
fruit

the

adopted

for

trees,
and

honeysuckle,

mentioned

trees

the

camassia,

standard

only

cultivated

are

and

over

grown
case

various

these

garden

the

fruit,

whatever

useful

where

this

the

pruning

out

for

solely

In

trees.

pear

jasmine,

be

beneath

grass

tulip,

narcissus,

might

time

the

in

clematis,

wistaria,

as

in

and

carried

flowers,
to

apple

of

scilla,

crocus,

plants

GARDEN

naturalising,

by

baldschuanicum

varieties

grown

enhanced

snowdrop,

as

addition

be

be

FRUIT

production
one

case

in

the

regarding
written

decoration,

of

ought
flower

the

to

so

when

as

mental
orna-

indicate
and

to

n,

"-4

as

CHAPTER

XXI

PLANTING

FRUIT

By

Bush

Season.

fruit

trees,

end

the

in

early

trees

latter

fruit

trees

should

be

not

How
roots

be

back

growth

gross
roots

mark

is below

as

raise

to

Make

this

the

them

soil
a

with

space

the

that
is

fibrous

soils,
the

is

tree

the
;

near

fill the

then

firm

very

and

mark

are

placing

straw

to

then

may

it
the

some

the

hole

Shake

the

within

stem

is

before

As

above

inches

is

always

better
tree
2SS

than
and

the

soil

the

fill the

best

the
to

water

stake,

trap.
where

{d)
If

remaining
take

ground
plant
in

so

fill all

roots.

mentioned,

planting, especially

Deep
the

to

beneath

surface,

ground
bruise

inches

soil, spreading

the

make

{e) Completely

or

It

the

of

soil

more

to

stem

not

care

lightly.

nothing

between

tree

staked,

extent.

surface.

is then

be

down

add

and

inches

with

roots

if

and

before

mark

fine

"

anchor

hole,

the

soil

this

knife

encourage
"

planted

was

at

be

shortened

to

of

in

tree

tree

raise

to

roots

by treading, taking

to

near

the

hole

upon

sink

upper

the
the

soil

should

be

number

and

sharp

apt

are

the

they

with

trees

wide

up

should

They

the

cover

fibrous

surface.

the

them

sufficient

soil

sufficient

result.

fruit

feet

to

as

so

to

planting
Break

if the

roots,

certain

made

downwards

deep

of

spreading

are

{c) Place

Then

ground.

it

roots

in

lift the

tread

to

work

January

shortened

in
be

tree

how

Christmas,
if the

than

mass

are

observe

tap-roots.

showing

later

sufficient.

be

directly

firm,

tree

throw

standard,

certain

is fatal

the

well

is almost

should

fertility.

thrive

they

by cutting

called

before

large

if

to

the

necessary

of

stem

soil,

earth

staking,

of

will
of

growing

are

keep

ones

interstices,

the

it

lowest

is

as

the

from

condition,

good

the

planting

growth.

or

hole

The

done

planted

failure

points

roots

commonly

surface,

level

the
the

size,

the

detriment

to

upon

the

above
out

left

be

must

soil

the

much

the

to

care,

certain

usually

will

for

without

is in

best

summer's

is made

chosen,

If

{b)

are

first

important

been

which

these

dimensions

as

any

inches

of

is

Trees

out.

hole

hole

most

hole,

the

below;
6

the

having

these

trees

the

small

hole

the

are

of

shortened
from

into

position
deep

base

the

to

into

fit

following
feet

after

If

to

the

(a)

TO

are

until

pruned

planted

late

carried

thoroughly

Plant.

speaking,

it

plum
If

shrivel.

to

land

the

plant

to

mid-November.

liable

whenever

that

about

are

best

is

towards

planted

be

may

It

April.
trees

pear

shoots

Generally

proves

crammed

made

The

and

carefully

the

performed

April.

experience

although

until
and

apple

earlier
be

gooseberries, "c.,

onwards
;

can

until

November

is

November

BUNYARD

currants,

and

transplanted

are

all

of

October

of

GEORGE

TREES

so

damp

care

surface
that
and

the

clay

(/) Complete
they

are

tied

256

THE

FRUIT

GARDEN

the
from
with
stem
rabbits, if necessary,
together. Protect
of thorny branches
placed
wire-netting,or by means
Soil.
for
As a rule, ordinary garden soil is rich enough

in

orchards,

fed

with

rotted

hole,

When

soil

of all fruit

the

The

instances

Wall
may
made

it

and

manure

soil is very
Trees

good

made

were

from

for

of the

surface

The

method

roots

it

the

it

season

work

the

has

ground,

planting

laid
and

mice

can

thickly,

in

have

rats

trees

the

rob

or

should

very
In such

well

should

surface

first four

to

when

The

the soil of

used

be

trees

planted, the soil

dry by the demands
are

turf

cases

well-rotted
If

plant in.
planted.

removed

holes

when

used

be

soil

chopped up and
loose, friable, and

years,

otherwise

nourishment,

hinder

the

for
free

land

the

the

may

progress

the tree
making a good start.
prevent
planting strawberries, raspberries, and

roots, and
of

of in the

chapters

devoted

to

these

fruits.

One-

or

Year-Old

field

trees

trees.

Land.

the

is treated

currants

Maiden,

for

Weeds

in

be

never

wall

the

fruit

Keep

weeds

crack.

loam

water

Grass

planting.

laid

soil,until

where

exhausted

by previous

dry
on

the

loose, and

and

be

with

should

Where

become

upon

after

in

bark.

Trees.

have

covered
trees

to

half-

soil.

should

occurred

have

off the

nibbled

are

trees

well

being

resumed.

for

The

the

During the planting

experienced, and the

be

roots,
soil

the

harm

friable

firm

frosts

that

deferred.

roots

be

like

Planting.

happens

be

to

the

with

do

to

become

to

trees

Deferred
often

and

the

causes

is liable

but

poor

is mixed

manure

decays,

all fruit trees,

ground surface, above

the

on

or

vanised
gal-

mesh

soils,they must
plan is to place

in

excellent

An

manures.

it

roots

land,

grass

manure

planting.
also

or

i-inch
around.

PRUNING

Apple

NEWLY

PLANTED

TREES

Tree

differ

of pruning the first

advisability
'^
planting. Roughly speaking, trees
'''ms'erfng'^bud'"'([
year
that are
be pruned
carefullyplanted before Christmas
point of cutting off
may
of
stock
;
snag
in the
month
of February in gardens, but
orchard
trees
shoot
from
bud
;
allowed
should
be
summer's
before
a
of
growth
they are cut
cutting
point
foot
back, about
back.
Thousands
of trees
ruined
are
by over-pruning the
from
at
ground,
first
weakly growth and fruit-spurs,instead
the
height desired,
year ; they form
but
always to good
of that
of a
vigorous growth which
lays the foundation
buds
well matured
the
orchard
have
tree.
developed
finely
trees
Supposing
wood.
had a summer's
growth, the pruner first cuts out all misplaced

Experts

^^^

second

as

to

the

after

or

on

shoots

stem,
from

and

shortens

taking
9

to

12

care

the
that

inches

of

rest

the
new

back
end

to

within

inches

of

the

old

(or terminal) buds point outwards.

growth is left annually ; the desired

growth

or

After

the
this

basin-shaped

FRUIT

PLANTING
is secured

tree

the

shoots

require
the

by cutting
that

so

this

back

balance

proper

for

treatment

inner

the

is

three

TREES

branches

kept

years,

four

to

all sides

upon

fruit

other

257

buds,

of

the

for

trees

and

regulating
Cherries

tree.

longer ;

but

when

each
developed only weakly shoots or those which
cross
useless
and
be
will
Trees
cut
to
out.
other,
require
carefullypruned
spray,
With
give the finest fruits,so that year by year a little attention
garden
pays.
trees, as pyramids, espaliers,bushes, it is only necessary
annually to cut back
the side-shoots
four
to
the
buds, and to leave 6 inches of new
growth upon
heads

leading

well

are

Of

shoots.

The
must

side shoots
be

not

six

buds

may

go
be

may
of the
than

should
blind.
cut

tree

shoots

Fruit

those

near

apples
the top
more

otherwise

the

suffer.
Cut

white

back

and

currants

six buds

within

the

of

their

6 inches
planting,afterwards
annually be left
growth may

after

new

until

the

bushes

formed.

are

require different

currants

chapter dealing with

the

to

them

shortened

base,

and

to

of

some

cordon

Trees.

red

of

trees

pear

of

be

to

the

at

gooseberries
of

fruit-spursmay

Bush

bases

Shoots

ought

those

basal

left

in closer

the

closely,four

too

be

ing
prun-

until

years

of cordon

in

cut

close

course,

for a few
is necessary
desired
form
is secured.

Subsequent
error

of

excess

Moderate,
where

treatment,

culture

is

young
well-ripened shoots
is

growth
wood

forced

as

mon
com-

giving

an

Tree

trees.

to

manure

see

this fruit.

Treatment.
fruit

in

Black

are

it

AND

made

are

assist
will

is

in

season,

one

the

trees

do

Side

ANY

at

(/") Shoots
their

not

cut

to

soil

having

usually
having given perhaps
is

so

AND

-LIFTING

much

richer
two

been

than

soil of

Third
inches

buds,

are

Leaf.
from

It

and
fruit

trees

is wise

to

water
soapy
is described

-PRUNING

ROOT

heavily manured
the

Those

Extend,
ensue

or

require manuring.

those
trees
bearing heavy crops ; liquid manure
pruning of wall
help both trees and fruits. The
chapters dealing with their culture.

Ordinarf^
garden
after

outside

only

ROOT

previous

bases.

then

in the

the

that

Second

the

Shoots

to

Shoots

the

of

Removed.

allowed

are

Pinched

in

Others

the

Retained

were,

produced, and
young
of the cherry and
plum,
trees, especially
Where
liable to be injured by frost.
are
inches
than
12
long
new
growths more
sappy

selected

been

Summer,

Four
Situated

Best

and

having

best

Winter,

Second

in

Strongest

satisfactorycrops,

for the

nursery

begin

that
to

culture

of

apples and

grow

tables
vegepears,

rapidly.

very
R

THE

258
Severe
often

unfruitful.

become

trees, to
young
horizontal
ones.
the

do

trees

pruning only

and

cutting

ofF

cut

If

all the

this

not

in
the

them

wildly, and

more

arrived

and

at

work

are
spring.
done
gradually.

be

must

first open

To

and

of fibrous
of

be

there

tree

other

any
be

may
a fair

gross

remove

found.

quantity

other

should

next

side
be

fibrous

it is best

found

the

thick,

if few

treated,but
are

until

the

roots,

the

side
then

stem,

shorten
that

roots

gross
Should

the

reached

are

for

tree,

one

on

{i.e.the

tap-roots

these

lift

trench

fall,

large

too

of it 4 feet from
underneath
work

roots)

leaves

the

Some

following

gross
the
shorten

to

before

of October

end

the

they

these

lift

to

going straight down,

roots

the

the

grow
then

has

time

is done

suffer

GARDEN

makes

The

altogether,and

removal

FRUIT

roots

leave

to

the

until

completion of the work

following October.
refillingthe trench, the

In

the

soil

and

roots,

towards

brought
much

fill

to

prefer
(which

Each

Extend

from

all

Others

Branch,

Pinched

Good

Four

to

Shoots

Two

Winter,
to

having

mulch
is

Buds

of

Spurs

except

being

Leaves.

shortening

inches

cut

back

or

are

of

base

of
to

two

eight

the
of

main

branches

growth

summer

; all

to

within

mulch

side

shoots

from

trees

These
It

remarks

is not

main

refer

advisable
be

roots

to

liable

to

espaliers,
pyramid,

root-prune
to

be

standard

blown

and

trees, for

down

if the

the

trees

they
heads

new

of

planting,
the

rains.

for

the

sun

soil

and

All

fruit

firmly planted.
apples and pears.

be

must

bush

retain

to

prevents

warming

obstructs

buds.

We

surface

encourage
instead

after

immediately
the

{g)[Points

to

March

in

roots)

firm.

the

done

and

been

Upper

the

with

soil without

to

moisture
Third

in

Allowed

as

It is better

loamy
making this

manure,

be

surface

trench

the

up

good

some

Tree

the

possible.

as

the

placed about
they should

be

must

finer

of
would
of

on

the

losing

trees

are

their

kept

form
and
bear
trees
moderately thin, fruit-spurswill soon
naturally. Cordon
often
attention
to
manured,
they
are
root-pruning ;
require frequent
highly
and
liable
when
to
too
freely.
being also mulched
fruiting they are
grow
Cordon
and
cordon
the Quince
on
apples on the Paradise stock are fibrous
pears
suffer if root-pruning is performed
of
end
the
rooted, and they do not
at
October

or

the

beginning

of November

as

soon

as

the

fruit is

gathered.

26o

the

thickly

become

trees

will
in

FRUIT

THE

not

As

freely.

so

grow

fruit

far

smaller

the

and

August,

with

set

only

the

may
or

Growth

(z)

this

long;

foot

more

shoots

one

Ts
most"|r^owth
pinched
full

three

sized

General

filling the

^j^^j,^^ ^^

Remarks.

as

gross

follow

(a)
the

This

roots

the

and

winter

"i^i

wind

syringing

or

Peaches

so.

roots

when

even

well

and

watered.
u

i_

even

when

them

fruit

hese,

old,

feeders.

deep

The

stones,

be

freely used,

is often

of

rendered
the

root-pruning

best

and

lime

even

soil.

benefit

and

are

and

fruits.

because

destroyed

root-lifting

old

Summer

the

necessary,
roots

with

ends,

calcareous

greatly

manure

soil, whereby

advantages

in

require

satisfactorily ;

brick

porous

luxuriates

liquid

and

make

to

should

^^

^j^^

Root-pruning

too

or

trench,

rubbish

mortar

one

become

the

at

Syringed,

walls

on

drying

done,

days

ten

roots

coarse

are

cold,

prevents
nectarines

trees

been

pruned

WALLS.

root-pruning

01

to

leaves
to

manuring

heavy

be

if shaded.

xir

mulching

too

Should

five

in

and

the

the

whether

root-

again

and

and

for

fast
when

is excessive

for

may

ON

severe

pinched

laterals

and

root-pruning,

eventually

or

from

push

to

trees

planting

the

-TIGS

and

grow

Peaches

beneficial

is on,

y-,

to

buds.

has

nectarines

foliage

thg

growth

fruit

trees

robs

too

fruitful

more

glass.

be

form
when

young

will

often

root-pruning

will

basal

the

causes

swell,

buds

after

these

which

checked

not

wood

by

under

grown

and

when

than

more

to

root-

even

feed

to

growth

after

shortened

be

overhead
stopping

of

Point
rather

greatly

prevail

Leading

Pinching

if

year

of

well

wild

make

if the

years

As

advisable

not

especially

third

formation

benefit

need

not

and

they

the

six

the

do

green,

required

are

Nectarines.

make

Plums

years,

or

will

branches,

pruned

as

stopped

is

safely root-pruned,

be

can

is

it

they

them.

few

cherries

and

they

size;

or

ruin

walls

On

roots,

large

fruiting

shoots

be

wood

the

fruit

more

should

when

terminal

Peaches,

Plums,

much,

strong

bear

they

as

shoots

much.

so

mat-like

then

earlier,

such

tree.

pruning

of

the

pinched

leaving

and

spurs,

possible

as

ones

form

GARDEN

are

of
or

briefly

work

being

fertility,(^)

induces
too

formation

pruning.

deeply
of

covered),

useless

roots

cures

canker

(c) improves
and

shoots,

the

(which
flavour

(e) reduces

is

of
the

often
the

labour

caused

fruit, {d)
of

summer

by
vents
pre-

CHAPTER

HOW

Foundation.

ERECT

TO

By

The

XXII

First

FRUIT

GEORGE

level

BUNYARD

soil

the

and

dig

enough

admit

to

square

fix

bricks

let

be

hold

to

another

Main

The

If

zinc.

perforated

the

centre

or

the

is

should

These

receive
made

be

feet

hole

in

of

^y

4i

the

and

damp.

and

all the

and

Covering.

Outside

The

and

it

side

of

hold

may

house

the

planks

order

tar,

protect

to

which

cold

or

to

secure

sides.
be

may

or

as

18

be

reed

These
fit

from

inches

thick

so

to

as

In

glass

order

exclude

is

shutters,

each

which

should

be

fruit

round
the

to

the

eaves

pieces

inches

wheat

straw

and
but

of

be

protected

the

filled

by

in

of

wood

ends

the

at

heather

or

they

outside;

should

be

of

small

hay

or

by perforated

of

use

the
an

moss

candle

dark

room

opening,

opening

zinc

in
fine

windows

readily inspected,

be

may

keep

to
means

roof,
with

and

inside

the

saves

provided

provided

end
can

This

be

must

Ventilation
of

to

In

draughts.
the

that

inserted.

are

shutters

apex

one

useful
space.

attached

lateral

from

are

roof

the

ground
by

roof

longest,

both

provided

be

outside

the

position

the

on

lasts

and

is strongest

must

closely

Windows.
21-OZ.

in

kept

they

in

"

bonds

"

is

matchboard,

|-inch

stout,

wide

inches

corners

is

If

overhead

placed
6

is

thatch.

to

and

this
Inside

inches.

board

the

at

upright,

may

Sedge
used

Doors.
made

can

thatch,
and

by
be

for
well.

as

inch.

Thatch

The
and

placed

rafters

4^

are

baskets

side

the

is

by

other

right angles

at

thatch

inches

the

roof

the

which

upon

door-plates

outside
to

receive

to

it the

fixed

be

material

cheapest

the

top

quartering

ground,
to

the

the

matchboard.

the

the

pare
Pre-

keep

and

pitch,

exterior

even

an

will

with

way

and

tion
founda-

square.

this

air

inside

ends.

inches,

from

feet

have

by

ture.
struc-

line;
and

the

usual

the

dry day

woodwork

should

quartering

in

choose

4^

be

firm

make

is fixed

this

should

the

extra

an

inches

above

mentioned

plate

ground

when

The

dowel

the

Support

plates

lower

the

creosote

main

size.

same

receive

to

The

inches,

from

foot

firm.

framework

plate

the

and

long

of

outside

long,

inches

12

ground

between

half-way

in

put
be

feet

large

corners

posts
the

covered

20

the
about

corner

above

and

than

more

should

the

for

stones

or

just

made

aperture

an

holes

out

inches

14

to

be

house

support

Posts.

by

should

air

wall,

the

in

inches

14

in

for

provision

may

with

dowel

iron

an

Some

piers

brick

-HOUSE

also
severe

enough

at
at

18

storing

other

by

being

time,

but

times.

18

inches,

left

weather.
to

of

keep

between
These

out

wasps

under
the
ings
open-

and

262

ventilators

Other

flies.

under

side of the

with

perforated zinc, while

structure,

Protection.
should

fastened

be
would

entry

Shelves

attach

from

the

is

be

In

shelves.
useful

of

centre

the

fruit-house

Floor.

The

become

fruit shall

then

between

of air.
the

touch

not

table

narrow

natural

is the

earth

with

Upon

wooden

raised

Baskets

is

edge

fruit for

of

surfaces

paved

of fruits should

latest varieties

The

dry.

too

foot

of

specialfruits.

or

One

slight circulation

sides.

rafters,and

being placed 6 inches

f -inch matchboard

made

are

the

at

it.

possible floor

best

collections

rats.

the

shelf

lowest

the

that

so

placed underneath

be

can

to

allow

to

as

straw,

displayingexhibition

for

early use
to

the

wheat

so

is covered

wire-netting
thatch, so that an

readilyfixed

are

to

shelves

The

;|-inchapart,

place clean

shelves

the

all.

of

stout

ground
the quartering.

the

the

distance;

six in

about

fruits

the

lay

inside

aperture

by ij inches,
byf inch, from these

very
ground makes

should

they

contents

to

convenient

the

middle

the

shutter.

from

inches

bearers,2

shelves

the

which

upon
2

outside, about

^-inch mesh
the
matchboard
outside, beneath
also to keep out
This
is advisable

the

place uprights,

shelf

is

there

the

protect

to

lowest

the

outside

difficult.

be

Inside
First

To

and

placed, inside

be

must

each

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

be

apt

are

stored

on

the

lowest

end

an

inch

shelves.
Names.
of

angle
the

slipsof

degs.; slit

45

card

neat

Provide

be

may

held

zinc

inches

times, bending

this three

The

firmly.

other

not

to

necessary

Apples.
best

The

used

when

and

them

become

in

the

from

mealy

order

store
properly constructed
if
carefully gathered
very

basket

the

scale

we

should

prefer

wood-wool

rows

as

two

of

an

so
"tongue"
is pushed

under

to

use

an

If

gathered.
baskets

thus

all

jolting is

fruit

or

for

contents

baskets

the

fruit

common

sorts

question

to

from
should
answer.

with

should

be

avoided.

Growers

carried

be

lined

to

it

soft

to

another
When

should

means

be

to

moderate
fine

with

and

fruit

when

few

is
full

removal
except

is

an

tree

or

choice

used

are

wholesale

if

yokes

on

ladder

in

When

layer.

material, and

the

straw

regularlylaid

bruising,
alarmed

gathering
a

gathering

the

The

gather

to
not

on

ladders

Where

attach

with

for

condition

For

fruit-room

the

to

invaluable

are

hook

being
only be one

should

espaliers.

or
a

fruit

the

to
necessary
will keep in a

firm

lined

when

larger receptacle.

basket

one

This,

trees,

The

to

in

bruised.

there
be

trees

transferred

are

is soft
can

dwarf

ordinary peck gathering

The
basket
large enough.

the

they

basket

Codlins

months

three

without

basket.

to

fruit

avoided.

among

use

wood

full

be

however,

supply.

always
flavour

brisk

their

being
sacking, although for gathering

with

is taken

are

lose

sorts

may,

the

for

stored

open

It

of

most

apples are

dessert

summer

dessert

fruit-room

and

the

and

stored.

the

shade.

FRUITS

The

when

or

lined

be

packing,

these

Codlins

trees.

make

to

in the

HARD

early ripening

fresh

to

apt

are

store

of

at

that

label

zinc

of the

this fruit-house

erect

GATHERING

the

end

one

up

central

the

straw.

It is

or

long, turn

for

difficult

fruits

fall,

GATHERING
for

often

very

(seeds)are

of

HARD

they are maggoty.

colour, the fruits

If

dark

FRUITS
and

sound,

263

when

cut

the

open

pips

ready for gathering. Our experience,

however, is that more
apples are
spoilt by being gathered too
early than the
Fruit fully matured
reverse.
keeps sound
better
longer and is in every way
than
fruit not
quite ripe, and a few fruits lost at gathering are
unimportant
if

obtains

one

bulk

the

finest exarnples
may

carefullylaid
the

except
feet

deep

Any
should

bruised

not

be

more

with

it.

of

the

It

is

in

every
admit

will

being

crop

Spring

two

or

one

layers,therefore
fruits

may
heaped, but
handled

the

if

well
the

of

in this way

latter

Pears.

and

in

fruit-room
can

to

avoid

storing

be

at

once

any

Pears.

week

before

they

find

to

ft. 6 in. ; diameter

of barrow,

Pears

are

Never

Baskets

Fruit

the

Room

of

wheel,

sorts

can

ft. S in. ;

ft.

It is found
to
appear
less liable

keep

very
should
be

this

at

seen

than

find

not

when

a
glance, and
ordinary care

wind

is

care

layer be

fruit, for

laid
the
any

frosts,either

severe

one

be

baskets, as

do

essential

than

more

unsound

or

out

We

give sufficient heat.

tender, and much

More

required
permitted

in

in

commencing

any

be

must

pears

by
and

should

exercised
not

be

fruit-room.
that

be

to

drier

left in the

be

fruits.

especiallyis

can

bird-pecked
in the

to

The

not

must

outside

taken

lamp

fruit
every
removed.

placed

once

Early

floor.

the

the
be

covering

storing.

then

decay

when

shaft,

They

bruise
must

care

We

together.

to

moved

of

on

juicy ones.

the

Gathering

the

Transferring

for

Trees

the

carefully

but
necessary,
inside
outside
or

gathering

from

width

covering
come

Useful

most

Fruit

Length

be

to

they keep
sides

Barrow,
Hard

later

have

thickly than

cold

i^

to

up

ing,
stor-

OF

extra

heaped

contact
not

that

entire

uneven

be

can

all those

into

out

more

sorts, which

fruit will

affect

fruit-room

laid

dessert

These
in

care

and
come

more

with

bruised

decay

the

storing

should
single layers,and the remainder
be
than
two
layers thick (one preferably),

goty,
magfruits

stored

Apples.

that

not

smaller-sized

When

time.

proper

ones.

Late

require

placed

the

at

crop

in

harm.

or

sound

as

and

pecked,

the

shelves

without

bird

the

the

on

late

of

be

are

these

ripe

the
;

are

tree

better

flavoured

should

be

when

cleared

gathered
at

intervals.

The
mealy and decay in the centre.
varieties
mid-season
be tested
can
{a) by slightlyraising the fruit,when, if fit
to
gather, the stalk parts readilyfrom the spur ; {b)by examining the seeds as
the spur
the
it is
with
the stalk end
over
apple ; (c)by observing when
grows
colour
to
attached
of
from
to
orange.
; {d) by a change
green
The
Pears.
These
be
Late
trees
must
require to be carefullymanaged.
So

treated

they

are

to

become

264

THE

well
left

mulched
the

on

watered

and

to

almost

trees

Stewing

FRUIT

into

Pears.

so

roots,

bulbs

or

materials
laid

on

readily

November

These

that
the

as

be

may

shelves

dessert

placed

in

taint

the

the

size

stored
In

fruit
fruits

be

are

to

no

Clean

used.
be

the

baskets

with

store

same

and

flavour,
to

in

varieties.
the

and

(according
be

can

the

where

full

secure

bruise

GARDEN

placed.

the

boxes,

should

case

wheat

be

must

season).
or

fruit,

fruit

nor

as

do

they

potatoes,
should
straw

hay
may

not

onions,
or

be

other

thinly

CHAPTER

XXIII

STORAGE

FRUIT

By

The

of

subject
fruit

to

its natural
in

of

varieties

fruits

Late

is

retarded
the

below

by avoiding
admittance
is

It

retard
house

the

of

straw,

placing
for

6
the

bad

apex

of
of

for

bad

week

best
of

May

to

and

to

months.

say.
The

"c.,

be

may

days

ten

or

of

means

in

even

having

the

evaporation

temperature

during

and

harvesting

lessened

that

by

in

who

the

or

is

siderably
con-

and

weather,

warm

fruit-room

be

If

straw

ones

to

three

camped

will

ones

ridge.

also

free

too

Camped

for

in

this
265

way

straw

should

weather

is

as

in

finished

straw

may

cover

them
the

placed
over

with
absence

the

be

can

and

be

same

picked

covered
12

with

The

"sweating."

and

to

their

done

with

slight ventilation,
apples

be
looked

frequently
them

covering

have

how
to

be

In

material.

garden,

camped

straw

attached

they

and

fruit-room,

know

to

should

distinguishable

be

glad

built

cellar

of

frosty

suitable

the

they

again
of

In

upon

until

are

soil, leaving wisps

the

in

out

layer
and

out.

be

have

upon,

them

rest

such

available

any

weeks

then

sound

rest

picked

specially

will

who

purpose.

to

or

requires

growers

the

ones

mats,

may

about

remaining
inches

three

or

until

word

strawberries,

out-of-doors

temperature

smaller

fruits

the

and

material

The

brought

of

the

sight

about

atmosphere

of

place

best

apples

and

the

lost

be

large fruit-grower

for

potatoes,

bruised

retarded

variety

two

for

quality

providing

fruits, especially apples.

floor

cellar

kept

pineapples,
in

of

be

only
of

thousands

are

light layer

of

be

October

preserve

I have

that

but

abundance

an

profitably

principle

keep

to

March,

air.

only

occasionally
a

the

to

March

the

possible

such

by

beyond

deterioration

following
have

be

in

quite

it is useless

and

advantage

never

variations

the

it is the
the

on

sudden

their

of

melons,

should

can

that

of

there

yet

with

question

fact

This

object.

March,

to

abuse

result

the
we

could

fruit

the

the

fruit

until

that
fruit

is

it

importance

great

inexperienced

preserving

will

long,

too

instance,

March

in

of

one

the

in

qualities. Moreover,

October

weather.

be

conditions

deterioration

no

for

is

caution

may

For

season

the

fruit

to

structure

practised

peaches,

or

considering

retarding
the

its

may

as

little

warmest

In

if

apple

grapes

such

with

well, however,
any

the

only against

fruits,

softer

in

But

and

apples

of

Christmas

the

It

preserving

favourable

sacrifice

then.

Christmas,

and

appearance.

under

naturally

until

June.

and

apple
at

may

retardation,

quality,

undoubtedly

be

effective

however

October

an

It

season,

weight,

THOMAS

retarding, storing,

growers.

saying that,

OWEN

over

feet

preserved

out.

with

apart
in

sound

in

266

THE

condition

This

for months.

late

and

only.

varieties

With

varieties

long.
Orange Pippin,

Cox's
them

is

I have

to

of

serves

Ribston

and

Orange

to

others, the

them

place

in

good

in

keep

refers

apple

fruit-room

until

of

preserving

June.
I

retarding
proper
ways.
may
the Royal Gardens, Frogmore, underneath
at
privilegeof building one
of an
Ventilation
was
provided by a shaft at
existing fruit-room.
for the
trellis work
of open
easilyregulated,and by double doors, one
of

additional

air when

weather

the

ordinary

fruit-room

fruit-room

being
for
to

of

This

an

and

is
in

eyesore
be
to

man

the

with

quantity of
window

able

or

useful

garden

fruit

where

be

to

other

built

of

soil in
of

and

stored.

It

opening

to

making

cool

the
must

air

an

GEORGE

end,

admission
warmest

and

have

sunk

than

arched

an

be

can

It should

each

the

fruit-room

length

the
floor

the

retarding fruit.
with

shrubs

is limited.

space

lo

for

which

In

had
the

degs. cooler

underground

be

upright,

By

feet

to

door.

invaluable

it

found

from

was

method

stand

to

the

at

lock

ordinary

an

room

and

above,

over

this

description may

this

sown.

grass

in

temperature

covered

and

desired, and

as

in this way

several

built

early

keep

apples, such

way
Stored

cellar.

condition

be

of

best

mid-season

to

and

try

purpose
varieties
choicer

the

to

Pippin, and

paper

the

keeping
useful

no

reference

Blenheim

known

The

GARDEN

manner

It

in

them

w^rap

FRUIT

be

width

A
roof

planted
without

or

its

high enough
proportion

in

doorway

at

one

end

cavity outside.

BUNYARD

all those who

wish
to
keep their fruits
strongly impress upon
firm and
fresh for a long time
be ripe
it is most
that
to
important for them
when
also be carefullv
handled, and finallylaid singly
gathered. They must
stored.
the shelves
without
when
be wet
never
bruising. Fruits should
upon
Examine
when
the
Small
better
fruits
three
four layersthick.
apples keep
or
time
from
that are
to
time, and remove
decayed or decaying. Keep the
any
in the
floorof the fruit-room damp continually. Capital storage is ready to hand
Kent
the
houses
which
exist
in
and
oast
generally
Sussex, as
hops are
many
too

cannot

and

gone
There

the

is

ground

no

cleared

oast

doubt

floors and

that

the

before

out

these

first

apples

the

substantial

floors,but

the

late

keeping

buildings are

suitable

fruits

for

keep

best

on

the

gathered.

are

both

on

the

former.

brought in, and to lay

After
out
straw
sort
to
heaps
carefullyon
one
3 feet deep.
up
sweated
these heaps have
to
they are slightlycovered
keep off dust, "c., then
frost becomes
covered
foot deep with
as
probable they are
one
fresh, clean
there
In these heaps the fruit keeps sound
and
straw.
plump, and they remain
March
the
until January or
market
The
varieties
according to
now
price.
The

usual

plan

is for

in

most

to

women

clean

it

sort

the

fruit

as

it is

of

in

late sale are

ing,
QueenWellington, Blenheim
Orange, Winter
Greening, Deux
Beaufin, Cox's
Ans, Norfolk
Orange Pippin,
Knob, and Wyken
Pippin, and_ locally Hanwell
Sowing, Grange's

favour

for

Northern

Golden

Pearmain,

and

Court

Pendu

of Glamis,
supply of Tower
Prince
Royal Jubilee, Lane's

Plat.
Newton

But

in

few

years

there

will

be

large

Wonder, Bismarck, Hambling's Seedling,

Albert, and Bramley's Seedling. Year
by year

268

FOR

FRUITS

OF

SELECTIONS

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

North

of

CERTAIN

England

DISTRICTS

Scotland

and

of Bath, *tBisApples.
Red, *Allington Pippin, *tBeauty
tAlfriston, tAstrachan
tCox's
Christmas
Cockle's
Pippin, Cox's
Pearmain,
Pomona,
marck, Byford Wonder,
of
Pearmain, tCellini Pippin, tDuchess
tClaygate
Orange
Pippin (wall). Col. Vaughan,
Domino
tDevonshire
Codlin, tEarly Julian, Early Victoria,
Oldenburg,
Quarrenden,
Alexander
+Ecklinville
(wall), Early Red
Pippin,
Seedling, Emperor
Margaret, Fearn's
Scarlet
Spire, tGolden
Pippin, *Gascoigne's
Seedling, + Golden
tGalloway
Noble,
Grieve, tKeswick
*tGrenadier,
Seedling, tirish
Peach, tjames
Codlin,
*Hambling's
Prince
Sudeley, tLane's
tKerry Pippin, +King of the Pippins, *tLady
Albert, Langley
tMr.
*Lord
tLord
Grosvenor,
Pippin, tLord
Suffield,Margil, Mother,
Gladstone,
Derby,
Nonesuch
Mrs.
Phillimore, Northern
Peasgood's
(wall),
Greening, *Newton
Wonder,
Ross
tPott's
Russet,
Juneating, tRibston
Nonpareil,
Seedling, Red
Pippin, Rosemary
Golden
Scarlet
*Royal Jubilee, Seaton
Nonpareil, tSummer
Pippin, or Ingestre,
House,
of Glamis,
tStirling Castle, tStone's
Apple, Striped Beefing, St. Edmunds'
Russet, tTower
The
King, tWellington, tWorcester
Pearmain,
Queen, *tWhite
Transparent, tWarner's
White
Ingestrie.
Juneating, tYellow
in many
and
does
succeed
in the open
Cox's
Orange may
parts, but it is worthy of a

wall

in
*

the

North.

Refers

to

which, although

sorts

not

well

yet

desirable.

most

Cherries.

Black

Nectarines

Pine

prove

Apple,

and

Peaches

others.
Outdoor

for

Culture.

Early Grosse
Hitive, *Waterloo.

*Early
Castle,

likely to

Morello,

Apricots.
Figs.

are

Late
Wood,
Early Rivers, Frogmore
Early Bigarreau, Governor
Duke,
Bigarreau, Windsor
Bigarreau.
Napoleon
Breda
New
(very free), Hemskerk,
Moorpark,
Large Early.
Marseilles
Ischia, Brown
(all for open
air).
Turkey, White
Outdoor
Culture.
Lord
for
Dryden, Elruge, Humboldt,
Napier,

Duke,

May

known
in the North,
Specially recommended.

York,

Violette

ander,
Condor,
Dymond,
Bellegarde, *Early AlexHale's
(fine)^ Stirling
Goshawk,
Early
Mignonne,

d'Hiver, *Beacon
Mello, Bellissime
(Rivers'),
d'Amanlis, Beurrd
Capiaumont,
Easter, *Beurrd
*Beurr^
Beurr^
Beurrd
Chretien
Gififard,Beurre
Superfin, *Bon
Fouqueray,
Hardy,
de Lamy,
Conference
(Williams'), Belle Julie, Catillac, *Colmar
d'Ete, Comte
(Rivers'),
du
Emile
d'Etd, Doyennd
Comice, Durondeau,
Boussoch,
Doyenne
*Doyennd
d'Heyst,
Fondante
de
Fondante
Glou
Thirriott, General
d'Automne,
Todtleben,
Morceau,
de
Grosse
^Jargonelle, Josephine
Calebasse, Hacon's
Incomparable,
Malines, *Louise
Bonne
of Jersey, Marie
Louise, Marguerite
Fulvie, Passe
Colmar,
Marillat, Nouvelle
Petite
Souvenir
du
de
Pitmaston
Marguerite,
Duchess,
Vienne,
Congr^s, Triomphe
St. Germain,
Verulam
Uvedale's
Nelis.
(baking), Winter
Thompson's,
Pears.

Beurr^

Aston

Will

stock

for

in

succeed
south

or

Baronne

Town,

Beurr^

Brown,

Bosc,

some

de

*Beurr^

situations

as

standards

the

others

are

best

on

the

Quince

walls.

west

do well on
walls
in the North, and
As
rule these
in some
a
places as standard
de
*Black
Blue
^Belgian
Purple, Belle
Septembre,
Diamond,
Prolific,*Cox's
Golden
Comte
d'Atthem's
Emperor,
Gage, *Coe's
Drop, Denniston's
Superb Gage, *Early
Prolific(Rivers'),Gisborne's, *Green
Gage (old),*Jefferson's Gage, Kirke's Blue, *Magnum
Bonura
Bonum
Orleans
(white). Magnum
(red). Monarch
(Rivers'), *New
(early),
Yellow
OuUins'
Golden
Gage, Pershore
Egg, *Pond's
Seedling, *Prince
Englebert,
of Wales,
Reine
de Bavay,
*Prince
Claude
Sultan^ *The
Czar, Transparent
Gage (early),
Gage (original),*Victoria.
Transparent
Damsons.
Hereford
Prune.
Frogmore
(early),*King of Damsons,
Plums.

trees.

For

standards

; rest

on

walls

south

or

west.

OF

SELECTIONS

Recommended

Apples.

Cornwall

for

Dessert.

*Lady

FRUITS

Devon

and

Pippin,

Kerry

Sudeley,

269

Coasts

Mother,

Russet,

Egremont

Cox's

Orange

Pippin,

Pippin,

*Boston

Derby,

Warner's

*Allington

Pippin,

Russet.

Pearmain,

*Mannington's

Sturmer

Nonpareil,

Ecklinville,

Suffield,

Lord

Culinary.

*01d

Spire,

*Golden

^Lord

Prince

King,

Bismarck,

*Alfriston,

Wellington,

*Bramley's

*Lane's

Seedling,

Albert.

Pears,

*Louise

Jargonelle,

*Emile

Pitmaston,
Plums.

*The

Czar,

*Williams',

Bonne,
Glou

d'Heyst,

Victoria,

and

for

Monarch

*Doyenne

Durondeau,
Diel,

Beurrd

Morceau,

Bergamotte

standards,

du

Cornice,

Esperen.
and

for

walls

?Dennis-

ton's

Superb,

Jefferson,

Peaches.

Hale's

Coe's

Golden

Early,

and

Drop,

Monarch.

Crimson

*BeIlegarde,

Galande,

*Dymond,

Violette

Hative.

Nectarines.

Lord

Strawberries.

Napier,

*Elruge,
Gunton

Countess,

*Dryden,

Humboldt.
Latest

Park,

Royal

Sovereign.
*

These

are

the

most

reliable.

of

all,

*Monarch,

*President,

XXIV

CHAPTER

PROPAGATION

OF

GEORGE

Bv

Apples,

plums,

pears,

September

and

heals

sooner

the

important
should

planted

be

stocks

the

they

and

heat

following

For

there

should

be

[b) rind-grafting
first

the

woody
the

should

of

bark

the

woody

the

branch

opened

is

(wedge-shaped)
is

upright
The

well

and
have

is
with

closely

tallow
made

is

done^

They

graft

them

does

not

local

July
the

easily

would

learn

gardener

than

Amateurs

some

March,
the

by

up

to

stock

the

by

foot

and

of

fit

the

raised

first

one

of
but

and

bound

straw

or

used

growth
they

are

not

bark

of

wax

clay

or

removed

be

may

soon

as

resin
for

bast,

placed

is

manure,
;

is

the

three-sided

cut

if

inserted,

of

end

or

and

removed,

the

the

rind

outer

is

In

graft
be

in

obliquely

cut

the

scion

Russian

with

As

In

branch

the

only.

side

air

the

the
can

is

In

stocks

branches.
is made

which

bark.

and

small

notch

it.

the

grafts

two

horse

the

the

round

hot.

stock,

receive

under

upper

exclude

to

the
to

mallet,

opening,
on

be

chisel,

chisel

the

in

they

rising.

is

large

to

grafting

grafted

upon

upon

cut

their

take

the

be

sap

of

they
at

to

the

and

tongue,

cut

inserted

tightly
it

must

notch

stock

and

the

in

intended
until

then

down

cut

be

two-thirds

(a) Whip-grafting

long

can

{c) cleft-grafting

with

be

are

grafted

grafting

with

cut

they

soil

April

or

should

grafted)

with

March

trees

not

be

to

covered

standard

is

with
fit

around

slightly loosened,

are

trees

short

this

in

older

flattened

bending,

work

mixed

pressed

to

if

of

shoots

dwarfs

corresponding

portion

required

or

methods

exactly

stock

and

February,

scion

fit

to

part

scion

but

is

April.

and
before

dried

and
it

case

March

planted
all

them,

bark

{i.e.the
place

stocks

upon

the

{a)

until

in

three

are

and

satisfactory.

operation

shady

If the

back

cut

the

scions

large espaliers

if

There

in

remain

to

but

season,

desired

laid

better.

stock

to

seldom

are

bud

the

in

at

are

perfect

either

established.

done

growth
they

is the

more

In

well

best

August

description.
the

and

tree

not

when

centre

by seeing

grafting,

length,
the

minutes

free
If

better

inserted

woody

written

the

from

the

ten

long

poor

of

and

is

ones.

be

is

grafting

season.

it is

Buds

spring.
from

in

by

is

same

should

of

use

healthy,

the

upon

The

usually

scion

grafted

in

former

by budding

April.

and

and

stock

made

increased

are

March

in

than

November

clean,

are

growth

separate
more

in

quinces

of

trees

stocks

budded

be

can

and

union

budded

upon

BUNYARD

by grafting

The

that

If

also

operation.

easier

cherries,

and

TREES

FRUIT

the

then

clay,

some

graft

the

over

of

used, composed

grafts

have

is

removed

and

month,

until

"

taken
the
the

and
resin

"

ties
union

and
are

is

APPLE

GRAFTING

ON

CUT

BACK

ESPALIER.

on

a:;

:?;
'-.

h,

tq
ft;

ft;

OF

PROPAGATION

complete.
growth

If the

ties

loosened

not

are

FRUIT
will

they

TREES
into

cut

271

the

and

stock

its

arrest

formed, and the hold of the scion is

also weakened.
The
scion should
be protected by a piece of splitwood
tied to
the stock and
the new
be
that
winds
do not
supported by it,
scion-growth
high
If
it.
the
exceeds
feet
of
the
scion
it
should
be stopped ; it
damage
1^
growth
is thereby strengthened.
With
dwarf
stake 3 feet long should
be firmly
trees
a
placed in the ground and the new
growth tied to it, so that the new
tree
and
perfectly
straight
upright.
may
grow

resting-placefor

Budding.
shoots
off

cut

the

lifted

(by

central
of

it down

the
with

shoot

note

that

the

the

The

down

end

of

edges

bark

bud.

inserted

with

the

those
also

be

prepared by
smooth
portion,

the

gently bent,

is then

go,

in

of

the

from

tops may

is then

cut

receive

bud

it will

as

The

ends

the

stock

transverse

T.

knife) to

and

cut

ivory

the

tiny

die.

bud

that

so

"

is

the

under

"

the

cut

woody
lips

cut

upwards

eye

then

are

The

press

the

grow
and

in

bud

in

the

shoot

the

late

or

the
to

as

buds

In

remains
the

when

should

be

not

looselyto the stock to

early spring the stock

the

woody
the

Practice

alone

the

bud

bud
will

will

begin to
its growing
upright,
the
just above
away

insure
is

when

is removed

inserted.

tied
or

entire
wood

following April

the

the
ties
green,
It is important to

altogether.

bud

the

looks

bud

cut

direction.
This

and

shoot

of

the

removed

out

work.

is then

tree

be
"

and

open,

comes

empty

good

autumn

sloping

Layering.
bush

if that

Therefore

not

they can
"
or
pin

neck
;

celerityand

insure

does

cut

later

is removed

portion

so

far

as

and

letter

leaf-stalks

of

The

water.

long

extracted.

be

falls,the

loosened

be

that

bow-like

6 inches

about

in

the

stalk.
budding knife to the base of the leafIf a portion of the bark
that
protrudes beyond the T it is cut away,
so
and
lips fall over
envelop the bud entirely. Then
lightlywind round
bud
After
about
fourteen
raffia,leaving the dormant
exposed.
days, if

must

by

by applying

leaf-stalk

will

inches

i^

above

"

"

the

ends

together forming
flat end
of the budding

portion can
T-insertion

the

the

off

cut

and

buds,

place

cut

be

the

the

the

should

furnish

upright

cuts

of

out

shoots

an

two

leaves

to

are

the

making

The

which

is thus

insects

is

accomplished

forms

formation

the

encourage

portion
The

U.

letter

the

by selectinga

central

placing the

lowest

of

towards

the

base

below

the

soil,so

inches
should

point

and

roots

shoot

few

well

be

of

first notched

be

secured

beneath

the

soil.
Stocks
may
Rivers'
real
two,

For

Broad

or

advantage
and
Pears
also

may
cordons
trees

Apples.

for

used.

be

the

and

the

strong
Orchards.

but

sturdy

ones

These

used

for

espalier and

the

The

de
two

la Cour
reliable

and

two

other
stock
more

Marie
are

Free

or

Dutch

or

of

these

growing

apple

Paradise
four

apples

stock

stock,

stocks

has

fit the

best

or

any
first

latter.

should

trees

stocks

None

smaller

Crab

the

English

it.

the

pyramids the Quince

bearing very much

grafting,Conseiller

the

of

varieties

other,

standards

either

into

come

Plums.

garden

orchard

trees

Nonesuch

and

for

be

over

For

be

the

upon

Pear

free-growing garden
should

be

quickly.

used,
"

are

Brompton

and

But

trees.

as

this

upon

mothers

D'Uccle

Louise
the

As

stock, which

"

for
the

for double

suitable.
the

Mussell, the

272

THE

FRUIT

Propagation

GARDEN

by

Grafting

274

THE

FRUIT

Propagation

GARDEN

by

Budding

PROPAGATION
Mussell
than

Plum.

the

Most

other, but
in August.

budded

Apricots

cuttings

of

length in

in

Currants

and

three-quartersof their
buds,

as

the

Black

by

inserted

one

better

are

always

Plum

division

of

stocks.

the

by

roots,

three-quarters of

end,

upper

best

are

their

up

inserted

are

If wanted

upon

stem

; the

buds

must

not

furnish

the

tree

with

them

be

removed

the

young

fruit is borne.

cuttings,the

latter

rooted

being

pots in

in

house.

warm

Nuts

bushes

from

cuttings, which

removed.

are

low

as

from

soil in March.

the

propagated by layersand

moderately
Cob

the

spring

which

are

They

Common

or

shoots

raised

are

below

length
at

which

upon

Figs
a

four
except
Currants

shoots

growths

are

this.

increased

tops of

the

by

Mussell

soils suit

some

determine

can

the

on

stock

275

soil in March.

Gooseberries

all

experience

August

TREES

FRUIT
either

upon

Brambles
and

roots,

do

local

only

and

the

the

of them

budded

are

Blackberries

OF

and

Filberts

raised

are

by layers; they

do

not

from

true

come

seed.
Medlars

budded

are

Pear

the

on

stock

Propagation
Budding.

o.

Portion

of

"taking"

White

Thorn.

Budding

by

and
well-hardened
of the
season's
current
growth,
apple shoot
petiole
buds;
{g) point of cutting leaves, leaving part of the leaf and
direction
in
handle
of knife
to
verticall lines indicate
(leaf-stalk)to serve
as
a
the^bud ; (A) dotted
shoot
Note.
The
buds
of a shoot, often
"taking"
buds, the trimmed
being called a "stick."
upper
the
and
borne
soft wood,
small
basal
buds
of
not
fully developed
on
are
usually discarded, as also are
the shoot
bud
almost
of the apple and
(i). p. Proper bud, long and pointed ; a wood
always in the case
but
in the
and
wood
not
portion of bark
so
cherry, nectarine, peach, and
plum ; {J) shield
or
pear,
with
bud
and
and
short
bud,
rounded,
bud, such
stout
portion of leaf.
Improper
as
Q.
; a blossom
the
season's
of the
plum, especially when
weakly or
occurs
on
growth
cherry, nectarine,
peach, and
stunted.
and
bud
R.
bud, long, narrow,
being usually a wood
pointed ;
Triple bud of peach, the centre
be [a wood
and
whether
bud.
Bud
there
three
s.
must
properly taken
two,
buds, one
are
or
one,
pared
prefor insertion
in stock
exposed
by cut of thin-bladed
sharp knife in taking off bud ;
; (i) bark
The
is usually about
the wood
removed
whole
bud
has
been
leaving the eye intact.
(i)part from which
long.
I inch
inch
inch and
Inserting
Bud.
vertical, an
or
a half
long,
the
t.
Making incisions in stock ; one
the other
Both
reach
thus
inserted,
cuts
must
through the bark
only. u. Bud
forming a T.
transverse,
raised
bud
be pushed
the corners
of bark
to
partly by the
to allow
in, this being done
are
a little so
as

showing

mode

of

the

or

strong

the

fingers and
when

the

finished
whole

of

the

by

handle

it cannot

be

below
the bud,
usually started
end
being secured
by drawing
itself.

Attention

afterwards

of

into

placed

v.

to

the

month,

loosen

portion

tied

Bud

the

stock

stalk

Take

over

course
not

care

in

bandage
the

below

cut

(^) bandage

second

the

remove

or

of

leaf

the

upon

cleft,

being held by lapping the

course.
through the second

bow

is necessary

usually be done
safely within
kept clear of useless growths,

the

end

the
a

knife

the

passed

to

due

off

foot

it, and

the
the

over

time.

bud

of

top
i

bend

should,

bud

the

about

long,
upper
bud

This

in all

cases,

may
be

In
slightly shortened.
6 inches, may
left
be
shoot
to
from
bud
from
bud.
Growth
for securing the growth
the inserted
w.
; (j)secured
; (r) vigorous
scion
bud, performed when
remaining
portion of stock ; (i)point of cutting off portion of stock above
the growth
when
in some
inches
is necessary
A stake
to secure
no
cases
part
12
growth is about
high.
autumn

of the

the

stock

stock

may

be

cut

but

back

the
to

shoots
2

inches

above

above

must

the

be

preserved

bud,

or

or

very

portion, 4

to

is left.

Budding
Stocks.
influence
For
of
root
only, as the Quince stock for the pear, 3 inches ;
branches
not
or
nearer
generally on dwarfing stocks, 6 inches ; for trees required with a stem
should
be budded
of their own
the
at
than
standards
the ground
not
i foot, 9 inches
having stems
; and
condition
and
of growth.
desired.
the
The
time
season
height of stem
ofibudding depends upon
this
later is preferable.
do
and
sometimes
of June, but
Always
Cherries
apricots are
ready by end
wood.
The
the
order
of budding
while
the bark, with
from
work
the
be .properly detached
bud, can
follows
be
taken
apples, pears ; fourth,
as
first, cherries
:
second,
apricots ; third, plums,
;
may
and
nectarines
peaches ; fifth,walnuts.
Heights

for

trees

276

THE

Propagation

FRUIT

by

GARDEN

Layers

and

Suckers

Quinces

raised

are

from

Raspberries

cuttings

increased

are

Walnuts

Layering.
bud

i.e.

the

wood

joint,

and

with

kept

[z)

shoots

buds

entire.

K.

budding
soil,

detached

in

Layering

shoots

in
the

or

is

"eye,"

plant

if

and

August

firm

and

necessary,

and

each

soil

good

(i)

buds

be

must

inches

wanted

not

case
to

below

just

to

secured
and

deep,

left

(2),

wood

two-year-old

or

by

parent

of

is

shown
left

with

tongue-

three

at

or,

one

and

with

many

they

detached
left

at

may

formed

have

the

left

are

planted

for

above

the

buds

ground

be

layered

"

"

crown

The
the

young

same

way,
with

Secure

summer.

plants

the

in

detached

be

then

can

and

over

bud,
level.

the

in

bent

cane

strong

soil

turned

freshly

will

roots

autumn

gooseberries

in

of

point

the

severed

being

and
them

in

and

cane

Currants

layering

as

sometimes

now

then

with

blackberry,

emitted,

freely
the

here

generally

though

year,

and

encouraging

planted.
of

plant

quantity

previous

Budding

for

for

process
are

entire,

left

then

the

The

cross-lines,

dotted

properly

are

and

autumn

of

soil

the

layers

the

Quince

and

with

layered.

shoots

by

from

growth,

shoots

{t)

layering

desired.

where

of

in

layers

Plum,
level

practised

layer

roots

year's

next

planted

points

the

in

for

be

then

can

selecting
peg

formed

Cane

m.

Pear,

year's
L.

following

autumn

soil

good

the
with

nothing

leaving

branch
all

ringing,

(j)

wide,
the

layering,

one-year-old

of

down

cut

indicated

as

course.

with

commonly

soil,

Shoot-Tips.

covered

layered

as

previous

the

due

Apple,
or

not

is

the

of

shoot

be

may

of

low

very

process

above

grafting

or

kept

[a]

notching

three

most,

Stocks

plant,

possible

the

layers

inch

an

below

through

stone

cross-lines).

Securing

Stock

as

but

The

small

through
In

half-way

or

half

wood.

covered

manipulation,

soil,

than

soil

the

below

part

of

branch

the

half-way

piece

April.

in

with

less

cut

out

the

of

rooting.

for

].

from

point

cutting
open

not

transverse

taking

upwards

the

barks

inner

mal"ing

especially
near

and

outer

March.

in

plants.

Suckers

i.e.
it

inserted

old

sown

and

keeping

upwards,

i.e.

(dotted

Layering

the

cut

encourage

Grafting.

the

slanting

shortened

layering,

both

removed,

to

or

good

of

Layers

277

are

the

seed

(.;)tongue-layering,

incision

an

notching,

inserted

peg

moist

entire

ring

;
a

be

must

grow

with

modes

making

and

off

taking

but

Various

I.

joint

or

long,

from

from

by

TREES

foot

taken

raised

are

Propagation

these,

suckers

by

Chestnuts

and

FRUIT

OF

PROPAGATION

transplanted.
,

Suckers.
detached
fair

with
of

for

roots

they

such

for

or

inches

suitable

so,

high,
stocks

the

from
and

the

and

emit

budding

sucker

(/)

or

when

grafting

in

one

in

due

plum,

course.

"

old,
in

the

stools,"
earthed

are
autumn

are

cut

up

following

with

with

other

plum,

pear,

be

seldoin
and

and

and

damson,

can

stem,

detached,

Apple,

called

year
Lifted

summer.

from

properly

stock.

for

or

stock-plants,

The

shoots,

freely

spawn"
from

nature

varieties,

suckers.

roots

"

it

as

distance

little

some

or

similar

of

at

desirable

usually

not

produced

respective

resulting

sucker,

stem

sucker

Suckers
of

for

{d)

suitable;

being

raised

filbert;

attached

()

planting.

nearly

or

of

increase

sometimes

are

ground

form

roots

and

used

stocks

about

roots,

lifting

sometimes

the

good

amount

stock

Root

N.

trees

level

good

with
and

are

quiiice

and

down

good

with
soil

planted

278

THE

Propagation

FRUIT

by

GARDEN

"Eyes"

and

Cuttings

CHAPTER

WHOLE

By

There

are

surplus
method

to

fruit

be

to

observed

preserved

off"

as

on

[in)
\o)

vine

fruit

the

vine

to

as

strongly

about

forming
being

these

with

to

piece

or

should

root

inches

joints

three

joints,
care

the

cases

greatest

will

show

care

in

the

needed

and

Eye,

the

(those

blackberry,

summer's

to

inches

soil,

loose,

to

old

wood

of

spreading

fig

the

bud

cutting

below

properly

and

growing

[r) triangular

in

of
after

or

eyes

roots

prepared

are

neck

and

Vine

freedom

the

cork

above

G.

great

cool

"eyes,"

with

forming

usually

in

one-bud

triangle.

Pour

the

into

transversely

cut

eye

forming

cuttings

rich
of

the
cut

soil

out

of
all

of

the
buds

the

from
and
of

highest
on

similar

way,

bud,

cutting.
279

heel

with

the
of

roots

below

form

at

the

base

soil, except

be

inserted
if

and

from

the

to

two

[t) cutting

the

between

well-

in

long,

horizontally

cutting

the

ing
deala

springs,

it,
wood

[w]
with

apple,
cutting

nearly

formed

are

wood

the
to

planted

roots

of

shorten

two-year-old

heel,

the

cutting,

the

two-year-old

of

intended

part

the

length,

of
in

which

Chapters

the

[s) cutting

from

branch

from

inches

fig

parts

the

in

shown

are

vine

and

length

the
2

portion

with

off

removed

are

(u) cutting

mulberry,
base

taken

formed

diameter,

Gooseberries

and

fig, mulberry,

buds

are

in

Currants

two-thirds

or

roots

inch

of

growth
The

branch.

to

one-bud

or

vine

of

(/) triangular

water

set

and

cutting

for

eye

the

skimming

tightly.

syrup

of

This

cold

and

part

the

marked

below

from

such

bud,

to

cane

downwards,

below

lower

Cuttings

[n)

rooting

Apple,

about

and

the

and

and

below;

Forms

previous

{v) cutting

inserted

is

in

above

vine

fire
fit

will

aid

cold.

minutes,

ofi^the

that

into

peeled

of

pint

one

between

the

applied

fifteen

or

pan

with

are

as

fruit

the

best.

H.

of

of

bottles

Cut

previously
be

add

ten

up

inch

above

wedge-shaped,

freely.
the

the

about

deep

from

Great

be

above

buds

blackberry
I

all

the

and

bottle

the

having

ready

"Eyes"

cut

upwards

the

cut

the

of

heel

which

three

or

Fruits).

shoot

ripened

{p)

Various

of

with

In

dry.

must

the

only
\\

Portion

f.

transverse

for

corks

by

in

loaf-sugar

draw

wedge-shaped

back

the
;

roots

[k)

above,

[q] transversely

Cuttings

soil,

from

growing

wedge-shaped

with

is detailed

large-mouthed
and

which

gently

it, but

of

Cuttings.
;

of

boil

cover

space

transversely
cut

and

the

they

success.

every

them

ready,

well-cut

eye

inserted

bud,

which

chapter

mark

have

autumn,

pears

this

quite ripe,

tablespoon,

surface

some

so

place

pound

one

to

Have

(/) wedge-shaped

cut

many
clean

syrup

fire,and

or

it rises

One-Bud

ok

as

of

Propagation

is

it

perfectly

size

to

some

To

bottle, allowing

Eyes,

and
and

In

use.

it, for

ready

are

handle

Have

cold.
the

they

the

or

gas-stove

until

cuttings

before

Victoria)

summer

invariable

bruise

to

Have

according

follows

as

scum

the

not

Queen

cherries,

with

gathered

as

that

wood

the

on

syrup

it, so

care

carefully.

prepared

the

years

be

must

quarters,
flat

off

place

many

Majesty

during

spring

taking

or

place

and

for

me

who,

apricots,

winter

Nectarine.

and

of

skin

gardens

Late

fruit.

required,

piece

by

handling

Peach

halves

for

Her

to

nectarines,

preserve

preserved
in

of

owners

practised

PRESERVATION

{Confectioner

peaches,

like

-FRUIT

ponder

many

fruits

would

is

S.

XXV

of

of
and

latter

and

vine

with

the

blackberry

joints.
root-

THE

8o

the

former

rinsed
tie

the

of

deep

firmly

the

bottles

iron

or

of the

bottom
the

wood

bottle

in

on

fire

without

cork-presser and

with

well

tough string

some

the rim or
string tightlyunder
and
securely corked, place them

the

Arrange

gas-stove.

or

little distance

pan,

pressed in
bottle; then

in the

filled

being

on

pan

first

be

times, securing

three

The

copper
in the

wood
rest

water

cork

bottle.

the

GARDEN

should
in ; the cork
before
being put

is put

in cold

over

FRUIT

touching

each

piece of

coarse

apart,
other

in

slipsof

some

that

so

bottles

the

the. sides

or

neck

bottom

or

flat
may
of

pan.

Fold

each

in
the

the

neck

of

place
pan
point.

the

bottle.

on

For

or

with

then

pan

the

cloth

cold

Cover

gas-stove

all

fire,heating

or

be

to

towel

coarse

the

arrange
lower
of the

level

the

to

with

over

it is well

this work

fill

water

them

linen, and

quickly

contents

provided

with

almost

metal

of

material

other

or

fully
care-

part

ing
boil-

to

thermometer,

the
of the
between
bottles,and as soon
placed in the centre
pan
the quicksilverrises to 200
as
degs. Fahrenheit
immediately take the pan oS the
fire and
with
its
in
cool
contents
cellar,and there let it remain
room
or
a
place
until quite cold.
Then
take out
the bottles,and place in a cool cellar or cupboard
of preserving summer
economical
fruits
until wanted.
This
is a simple and
way

should

which

for winter
the

dessert,and

of which

use

will

be

remain
Apricots.

and

the

The

will
small

flesh.

an

the

bottles
of

quart

or

mouth
in

about

of the
and

peach

properly

in

water,

it

to

has

rim

sugar
of the

the
been

bottle.

be sound

have

candy.

add

should

This
and

the

or
case

the

be

of
10

then

these

the

same

heated

unblemished

half

an

inch

peach,

and

piece

a
a

or

15

so

as

proof) add
thoroughly, mixed
completely to melt

of well-softened

then

arrange
To
each

under

tie down

filledwith

be

reaching
bladder

into

three
with
the
the

within

over

it.

with

be

gathered

fruit.

piercing the

well-fittingbung
inch

and

long, and

bottles must
brandy. The
added, covering the fruit and
Place

following will

the

and

crushed

be

must

carefullypress
three-quartersof an
of

about

chance

no

bottle,and

half

given

the

It should
a

piece

of

At
the
place in a cool, dry cupboard.
of two
untie
the
take
three
the
and
add
out
or
months,
one
or
string,
bung,
of the candy and
ounces
brandy syrup, to replace the quantity absorbed
by
fruit.
A small
three inches
tage
or
piece of vanilla,two
long, may with advanbe added.
The
will be fit for
cherries
Replace the bung and tie down.

string,as
two

the

the

fruit

stalks

of

ounces

of the
of

the

sugar

cool

sugar ; when
brandy after
inch

that

quarters, and

or

peach.
For
preserving

must
plan.
the stalks,leaving them

brown
four

halves

in

cut

pale brandy (which

best

of

ounces

the

quite so ripe as in the case

they should be fairlyripe

for the

Sweet.

or

The

Cut
so

be

must

detailed

as

Morello

excellent

perfectlydry.

three

They

afterwards

Cherries,

end

months.

time

same

any kind, to
this way,
the fruit

in

the flesh must

soft.
Remove
of the stones, adding
be too
not
a few
It
(afterpeeling them) to the fruits,about eight kernels to a bottle.
diflScult
therefore
be found
that apricots are
than
to
peel
more
peaches,
a
to
sharp knife should be used, taking care
peel as thinlyas possible and not

injure the

found

go

the

spiritsof

but

treatment

an

At

for many
be
not

or

Preserved

objection.

kernels

the

in

fruits should

aid of chemicals

the

strong

perfect condition

nectarine.

coloured,

to

have

many

in

without

that

CHAPTER

INJURIOUS

In

INSECTS

of

culture

the

of

question

efficient

and

Attacks

1.

Professor

by

such

damage

and

plant,

the

are

in

state

difficulties

in

follows

counted

direct

and

of

with

some

as

upon

manent
per-

the

perhaps

most

alertness.

mental

fruit

glass, the

upon

be

to

under

or

looked

be

to

rarely

growing,

which

have

of

eat

chew

or

of

whole

the

of

part

application

the

by

include

insects

which

insects

by

caustic

the

of

plant

for

killed

are

These

which

the

poison,

some

tribe

of

pillars,
cater-

beetles.

destroyed
tribes

insects

therefore,

and

worms,

and

of
as

garden,

open

is apt

are

grower

those

green.

Attacks

{b)

diseases

types

by

which,

Paris

as

orchard,

these

Bailey

TREES

insects.

by
The

(a)

the

fruit

general

three

are

classified

in

FRUIT

WILLIS

rightly they

the

keeping

J. J.

all

considered

AFFECTING

By

and

after

but

of

means

There
been

insects

injurious

factors,

DISEASES

whether

fruit,

dismay,

of

amount

AND

XXVI

suck

applications
lice

these

and

which

scale

resin

which
of

placed

the

All

pests.

under

and

washes,

therefore,

are,

bodies

be

may

emulsion,

kerosene

the

injure

insects

and

food,

their

this
like

the

ing,
headthe

are

specifics.
Parasitic

2.

leaf

blight

characterised
or

less

the

general
The

mixture.

it is

difficult, if

before

the

obtaining
will
3.

the

not

of

part
off
be

of

of
seen

in

to

into

it.

made

applied

be

the

less

headway,

the

and

early

plant,

host
is

applied
of

danger

thorough

rule,

fungicidal

fungicide

will

more

from

some

of

the

there

has

is

tissues

If, however,

established

fungus

it

as

the

As

drop

to

with

spray

are

fruit.

or

are

its

ing
spray-

its progress.

physiological
In

and
these

parasitic fungi,

it, shows
the

if the

is

proportion
gets

kill

to

permanently
Even

troubles.
attacks

in

leaf,

grape,
like

the

which

tendency

the

of

and

excrescences,

have
diseases

once

impossible,

foothold.

these

useful

disease

parasite gets

check
The

is

treatment

After

thoroughly.

for

or

branch,

root,

attacked

are

treatment

of

mildew

scab,

gall, canker,

currant

pear,

surface

which

apple

the

as

discolorations,

spots,
the

over

fruits

and

The

tree.

definite

by

such

and

plum

the

distributed

leaves

diseases,

fungoid

of

the

general

source

of

yellowing

diseases

there

cases

entire

general weakening

accustomed
the

but

bacterial

are

leaf,

or

dearth

as

Such
of

the

which

any

if

are

definite

the

even

by disease,

nourishment.
and

those

or

rarely

spots,

plant,

entire

there

were

diseases

foliage

the

very

stitutional
con-

in

as

or

the

large

cutting

some

are

in

termed

likely

dying

of

to

the

INJURIOUS
leaf

along the
which

one

there

is

the

on

veins

affects the

for

tree

time.

which

further
So

as

is

ravages

of

extent

follow

by

be

cut

development
of

matters

and

away
of

the

sanitation

specifictreatment.
swiftlyon the heels

the

All

burned.
disease

much

destructive

of

disease,and

of insect

agency

disease

year,
feeders

giving
that

on

kind

one

of

orchard

opportunity

every

for

tree

the

is

usually

pests.

the protection of our

fruit crops
the
increasing difficulty,
on
consequent

an

in which

areas

moved.
re-

more

at

the

be

the

be

must

is often

experience shows,

our

thus

year
the insect

283

that

edges, showing

must

the
in

attempt

likely to
the

after

favour

to

management

strengthened
far

are

parts

or

DISEASES

diiEcultyis
not
particular part of it. In general
any
wither
and
to
plants so attacked
hang
up
troubles
for
of
this
treatments
no
specific

leaf,and

plant

important than any

Injurious insects

the

foliagein
There

seem

Careful

AND

around

entire

diseased

conditions

and

for the

tendency

The

sort.

main

INSECTS

fruit

or

insect

from

increasing

bush

established

is
grown
settlement
of

special crop.

APPLE
Under

apple tree is rarelyaffected

injured by mismanagement,

the

treatment
proper
It is chiefly when

insects.

plant food, or too heavily cropped,

powerful factors in the production
the
be

attacks

of

insects.

over-luxuriance
The

Blight.
the

diseases

The

first is caused

opposite

chief

weakness

or

chief

most

heat

The

that

of

trouble

Soil and

ensues.

apple disease,and
of

causes

injury may,

either

also

disease

for

or

of

want

climate

are

frequently invite

therefore, be

stated

to

of

growth.
attack
the apple are
canker, mildew, and
bad
the
second
arises from
drainage,
by

such

causes,

that

by

starved

improper

as

manuring,

over-cropping,

American
and

many
excess

of

moisture.

or

The

American
known
as
woolly apple aphis, commonly
of
orchard
infestation
which
is
exceedingly
example
and
is very
injurious by destroying the health of the tree, and yet at
common,
trouble
the
time
is so
or
to
same
remedy that it may with little expense
open
The
be stopped at the outset.
of the apple bark plant louse or
even
presence
the
detected
be
aphis
woolly
easily
by
cottony growth on the insects,giving
may
the
of

be

appearance
wool
cotton

several

inches

With

can

aphides

the

taken

of

as

an

film.

white

When

sticking to

were

in

regard

sticky that
all the

of

attack

Blight, may

the

there

bough

are
or

many
even

it

as
appears
loose
hanging

if
in

knot

pieces

length.
to

be

that

remedies
well
it

rubbed

soft soap,
tar, or, in fact,anything oily,greasy, or
and
which
by adhering for a time will choke
on,

touches, will

be

of

use.

apple are the green-fly{Aphis malt),codlin

moth
{Diloha caruleocephala),
[Carpocapsa pomonella),blue-head
goat
caterpillar
moth
moth
moth
l
apped
[Gastroneustria),
{Cossusligniperda),
lackey
[Bombyx
small
ermine
moth
[Hyponomeuta padeUus), apple saw-fly
pacha quercifolia),
weevil
and
{Anthonomus pomorum).
apple blossom
[Hoplocampa testudinea),
moth
is most
Of all these pests probably the codlin
frequent and persistent.
Other

insects

that

attack

the

THE

84

because
grower,
which

attack

and

although
only

be

codlin

of

plums,

pears,
Walnuts

of

one

the

the

maggotty

too

well

GARDEN

regular recurring yearly troubles

and

peaches, quinces,

and

also

chestnuts

have

from

part the
fruits

mischief

been

found

of the

is due

also liable

are

apricots

fruit

the

fruit,

young

of

this infestation

to

As

injured.

much

infested.

be

larvae

the

to

sometimes

are

to

of

quantitiesbefore it is large
or
apple saw-fly presence

fall in

to

arise

use

any

condition

worm-eaten

or

causing it

as

sometimes
may
for
the
most
infestation,yet
Other
moth.
of our
orchard

to

other

the

is

know

we

enough
from

the

FRUIT

prevention

a
hay-band in three
remedy, the following plan may be adopted : Wind
coils tightlyround
of a tree
little distance
from
the ground, and
the trunk
at
a
should
These
bands
be placed
apply other hay-bands to the larger branches.
in
around
till
the
and
fruit
harvest
tree
June,
kept on
early
; further, they
that
should
and
be pushed up or down
the worms
were
or
chrysalidscrushed

and

under
free

them
from

the
lastly,

great

old

ground

Cherry

looking

week

every

rough

larvae

of the

leaves, are
from

appearance,

be

Saw-fly

which

of

the

should

tree

be

kept

place of shelter,and,
blackish

small

moist-

and

pear

little

the

often

trunk

as
slug-worms, from their
saw-fly,known
sides of the
slimy slugs feeding on the upper
their
from
not
recognised as caterpillars
very peculiar
leaves
of
the
they take their name.
They feed on
sometimes
peach and quince, and they do serious
on

cherry
to

the

other
no
give the worms
free
rubbish.
from
kept
[Selandria atra). The

to

as

itself should

resemblance

infested

so

Pear

and

Also

two.

or

bark

cherry, pear, plum, and

mischief
by devouring
remainder
lower

appears

side, which

destructive
The

like

attack

may

throw

can

off

off the

moulting
therefore

second

kills them.

and

the
of

untouched

and

at

by exuding

obnoxious

matter

application
a

powder

caustic

first

good

of

held

turns

the

that

leaf, so

together by
deep brown
a

the

skin

colour.

of

the
the
The

times

at

or

coating
but

they

powder

is allowed

time

to

of

rapid and complete.

very
if
caterpillars,
spraying. The
such
gas-lime,
as
them,
quicklime or

on
a

the

side

upper

veins

be
caterpillars
can
checked
by dusting

be

If

of

skin
network

the

annoyed by throwing
it

is left
of

work

the

of

slime, and

cannot

continue

thus,

as

this

it were,
process,

(soon after the first)takes effect

the
dressings
to
elapse between

to
regained
produce the slime exudation, and the
they
power
with
application will do little service.
Heavily syringing the tree
strong
soapsuds applied by a powerful garden engine are very effective in getting rid
liberal dressingof lime
of this pest.
Also
and
well
mixed
soot
a
together is
the
in
this
the
case
a
a
capital remedy ;
thorough washing of
foliageon
off
the adhering coating, is needed
to
complete the
following day, so as to clear

will

the

have

work.

CURRANT
Currant
upon

the

drawing
so

often

Aphides
under

away
seen

side
of
on

the
the

or

of

Green-fly

the

{Aphis ribis)are
injurious by crowding
and
innumerable
their
by
punctures
the
to
brightly-colouredblistered growths
attacks
the currant
in bad
nearly
leaf,and

leafage,and

sap,

give

upper

side

rise
of

INJURIOUS
the

whole

the

fruit

of

the

INSECTS

foliage will be
blighted. Where

DISEASES

AND

285

and
of shape
and
crumpled out
damage is being caused, it is a good
In dry weather
plan to break off the leaves and burn them.
plentifulwaterings,
to
so
as
keep up good growth of the foliage,are a great check
to
aphis increase.
Currant
Gall-mite
deformed
{Phytoptusribis). The
bud-growths, which
will

be

distorted
much

for

many
caused

are

have

years

by

been

exceedingly

an

great trouble

of

source

minute

mite,

black-currant

to

small

growers,

by the naked
unnaturally large development

too

to

be

seen

in the buds
and
causes
an
eye, which
propagates
of these into spherical
outside
of greenish scales or abortive
knobs, formed
green
leaves folding over
each
inside
of the
various
would
other, and
parts which

graduallyhave
of the

buds

healthy
as

developed into leaves,flowers,and fruit,but are ruined by the action

These
knobs
be found
forming during the winter, while the
may
still
the
of
natural
are
shape, and in January will have attained to
of an
in diameter, and
inch
them
a
quarter
containing within

mites.

much

as

numbers

of the

mites

Prevention
off

breaking
of

the

mites

plan

the
which

two

or

are

got rid

of

far from

eggs.
The

burning

which

would

three

large pail of

frequently tried

most

in

is

this

otherwise

of water,
and

water,

is

and

though
way
many
spread infestation,yet
be wished.
from
treatment
Among
dressing of 2 lbs. sulphur and 2 lbs.

have

was

gallons

which

them,

could

as

resulted

good

in

method

and

answering

of

together
pints to

three

infested

galled buds

amount

boiled

some

Remedy.

the

is very

some

lime,

and

and

further

diluted

applied

with

at
a

the

rate

syringe

to

of
the

bushes.

GOOSEBERRY
The

peculiarlyfree from disease,

others may
be mentioned
Among
pests
very
the
moth
moth
dot
magpie
{Abraxas grossulariata),
{Mamestra persicaria),
berry
gooseand
currant
sawfly
ivy red spider [Bryobia pratiosa), gooseberry and
scale {Lecanium
and
the
ribis). The
(Nematus Rihesii),
gooseberry and currant
moth
done
and
the
of
is
the
amount
sawdamage
probably
by
magpie
greatest
The
is
of
the
moth
most
one
widely
magpie
fly caterpillar.
pretty butterfly-like
distributed
The
common
garden leafage infestors.
garden food plants of the
black
caterpillarsare
currant, and
gooseberry, red and white, and sometimes
also
attacked.
the foliageof apricot and
is
pear
of wintering in
Prevention
The
Remedy.
habit of the
and
caterpillars
sometimes
leaves
still
the
lying among
bushes, or
(spun together)
hanging on
but

gooseberry

several

when

insect

planted

in suitable

soil is

troublesome.

are

shelter
any
of the
pest.
make

the

At
that

sure

bushes

currant

pruning
should

bushes

the

on

pruning

and

collected

and

ground

pruning
there

are

trained
be

can

not

are

beneath,
time

on

walls

deferred

take

the

place

possibly infested
burnt.

Flowers

after

rubbish
of

is

better.

until

sulphur

of

to

get

rid

to
over
carefully gone
When
a
caterpillar.
may
especiallyrequisite. The
longer
the
Pruning and dressing under

be

hold

which

search

advantage

taken

should

bushes

the
leaves

no

be

must

the

from
dusted

fall of
beneath
on

the

the
the
leaves

leaves.
bushes
when

All

the

should

be

the

dew

is

286

THE

or

on,

and

liberal

hatch

pierce full
mid-rib, is
from

flies

After

air.

in
in

out

come

serviceable

are

remedies

powers

life

eggs
the
on

the

operation

the

soil

to

of

where

in

they

are

of

their

removal

winter
be

may
that

in

dug
be

surface

of

out

also

into

soil

hole,

under

from

place
The

the

recommended,

is

soil

other

some

in it is buried.

taken

picking

of

with

removed

addition

the

dressingsof

of

sulphur powder

be
is

THE
The

Hand

the

dew

midge [Diplosispyrivora) is a very frequent trouble

caused
damage
by its little legless,yellowish white
growers,
in
inside
the
numbers
in their very
early state.
living
pears
young
the
fruits
the
the
on
feeding within
growth
maggots
and
is
checked
and
the
centre
stunted,
decays,
they
pears
young
and

die

soon

When

fruit would

cleared

it is well
Most

observed.
on

are

on

to

The

as

the

in grass

plan

of

the

on

turning

leaf

pear

orchards

to

there

pick

of the
pear,

are

only

those

leaves

off

insects

that

and

should

be

the

disease

cylindricalfour-legged mite
Where

fallen

the

up

maggots,
quently,
Conseof

the

crack

the

or

is in

crop
fruit and
destroy

having sheep

the

gather

where

cases

pear

thoroughly good shaking of the

the
to
bring down
injured fruit will be of
the infested
quicklime on
a
dry day beneath
effect
have
in
the
a
good
killing
escaping

grown

ofi^ by

also

treatment

so

in

measures,

pears,

this

tree

well.

by a
leafage.

found

To

surface

the

minute

pear

little stunted

pears

answer

caused

small,

be

near

would

preventive

spreading a coat of
slaking it, might

then

maggots.

too

As

infested

Also

and

not

off the

the

of

boughs

off.

possible.

as

service.
tree

the

drop

reach, pick

be

is

PEAR

gnat

pear

from

to

ever
what-

replaced

be

manure.

when

hole

bushes.

the

as

autumn

with

may

in

borne

deep

soil

some

saw-

broods

bushes

tails

the

late

bushes.

fruit

the

the

time, they

which
of

case

the

which

under

they

legs,their
last

the

from

state,

the

grubs

leaf,excepting
fore

for

the

in

or

summer,

saw-fly

The

destruction, moulting

work

pupal

its

attacked

placed, which

with

the

the

leaf.

all the

skin

most

of

female

the

leaf
the

the

account

on

the

their

the

to

of

until

upon

casting

turn

weeks

leaf

to

on

is that

skin

of

one

leafage of

the

ruining
the

continue

they

perhaps
with,

history

beneath

feed

to

hanging

three

of

The

is

contend

to

following spring. For prevention of attack, excepting what

may
certain
the wing by stray saw-flies
from
plan
elsewhere, the most

should

by

Thus
and

time,

to

themselves

bury

great

continue

devoured.

time

the

holes, and

of

have

growers

the

attack

saw-fly

of acres.
by scores
May and lays her
and
begin feeding

about

appears

or

similarly used,

currant

fruit

and

recurrence

leaves, even

soon

and

bush

that

frequent

on

soot

of

application

gooseberry

destructive

the

GARDEN

safe.
The

in

FRUIT

few

and

prove

dealt

deal

earth

fallen

of the
If the

ground.
with

known

as

"

{Phytoptuspyri),
infested,or

disastrous
as

to

as

the

roots

tree

are

pests
is

blister," which

leaves

them

infested

its contained

does

burn

with

soon

apple

great

the

as

may

already described.

the

harm

trees

attack

are

is

frequently

INJURIOUS

INSECTS

The

plum aphis
and

the

sides

the

leaves

bodies.
of

by

As

of

because

is

The

mischief

and

the

in

numerous

collected

found

shoots, and

young

washes
the

with

the

up

exudations

mealy

colonies

sometimes

are

found

great

moth

of soft soap

foundation

of

advantage

in order

insects.

is

excretions

close

these

their
under

the

on

in

pores

from

the

parties on

fruits.

necessary

orchard

be

to

green

winter

place by millions, and

takes

tenacious

the

Remedy,
they have

which

their
are

leaves

of the

our

insects

They

stems

or
fly{Aphis pruni) is to be found on apple, medlar,
green
is exceedingly destructive.
plication
Multibesides
the plum, and

apricot,
of

of

287

PLUM

THE

peach,

DISEASES

AND

sticking

in

desirable,

most

degree

aphides,

the

to

kill them.

to

perhaps

[Cheimatobiahrumata)

is

In

favoured

years, when

some

widespread.

the

are

some

caterpillars
prey

The

the

and

by drought
the

on

leaves

all

injuriousof

most

and

heat, the
of plum,

buds

apple,

In
currants.
on
cherry, and nut, and sometimes
regard to this
pear,
it
be
well
call
attention
fact
the
that
where
to
to
trees
are
pest
may
young
fastened
stakes it is necessary
to
that something be done
to
stop the traffic up
these
also where
and
thence
bundles
of sticks are
tied
the
trees
to
supports,
;
round

the

trees

will

probably

well

looked

to

be

their

prevent

source

after.

The

guards

greased band placed on

The
following method

the

late Miss

and

cheapness,
The

to.

for

E.

the

is

employed

is

better),being passed

enough
whole

for

is made

edge.
bands

This
the

considered
both

the

as

to

round

ends

kind

grease
be
to

to

lay

of band

width

it

stem

of

with

on

way
thin, flat

of

far

of

all the

diseases

more

than

fruits
any

other.

ripe.

It

is first detected

by

trees

suggested by
by its simplicity

was

have

trees

is used

fit

fastened

by

by

grocers

by

the

women.

preferred, but
piece of wood,

paper.

wider

(the

should

band

round

attended

grease-proof

thought

are

be

to

be

the

long

cut

The

paste.

the

each

near

paper
On

the

best

paper

is

way

plentifully,

and

layer.

VINE

under

worst
shanking, the next
being
makes
generally
Shanking
change colour, and is continued

is

done

any

thickness

of

tied

mat

well

THE

Probably

themselves

in

itself

The

these

bast

in

as

tree.

and

rapidly and

and

wide

of the

spread

be

guards

paper, which
is known
as

tough

like,and

inches

piece

be

can

may

of

the

fruit

hundreds

some

overlap well,

by

secure

work

the

to

for

recommends

which

when

butter, lard, and

up
applied by a band, as many

the
time

at

grease-banding

wrapping

This

by animals,

spring unless
hatching
should
well
be
tarred, and
stakes, therefore,
above
the supports or protections.

LL.D.,

consideration

material

or

tree

of

Ormerod,

being gnawed

attack
caterpillar

of

culture

hot-house
The

the

most

vine

is

is that

troublesome

subject

to

known

as

mildew.

just

its appearance
with
more

the

formation

or

of

when

less

the

berries

activityuntil

slender

black

thread

begin

the

crop

round

to

is
the

288

THE

berries,healthy growth
become

shrivelled

found
a

in the

soil

stoppage

overcharged with

stalks

The

sour.

very
of

GARDEN

arrested, the

is

and

FRUIT

of

flow

proper

organic

lose their

primary cause
healthy sap.
which

matter,

and
the
vitality,
of shanking
This

condition,

may
combined

be

berries
wrill

be

caused

by

with

bad

develop luxuriance
acidity of the soil ; the vine will then
It
be
that
the foliage has
maturity and ripeness of wood.
may
been
and
red
invited
too
too
atmosphere
an
spider,
high
dry
destroyed by
by
is
raise
and
A
for
the
to
roots
a
shanking
never-failingremedy
temperature.
composed of good virgin turf.
relay them in new
compost
Mildew
forms
of disease.
two
[Peronosporaviticola).This
fungus causes
If the leaf is attacked
mildew
if
the
the disease
is called
fruit, it is
downy
;
Leaves
affected
this
known
brown
show
their
rot.
as
fungus
by
upon
upper
surfaces
side of the
leaf
the under
on
spots of a greenish yellow colour, while
These
be seen
opposite these spots may
peculiar downy or frostygrowth.
a
in number,
be quite small
and
few
abundant, the frosty
or
spots
may
very
almost
lower
When
the
surface.
the
growth
covering
fungus is abundant, the
leaf soon
In severe
brown, and falls from the vine.
yieldsto the disease,turns

drainage,

causes

than

rather

disease

the

cases

extends

to

generallyearly,causing
fall off.

In

treating

effect.

good

in

various

size

resembles
the

host

through
surface

them

covering the
and
shape.
delicate

plant,
these
of the

but

saps

leaf.

to

cease

attack

growing,

disease,Bordeaux

the

upon

mixture

turn

be

may

fruit

brown,
used

of

of

with

It attacks

summer.
a

upper

powdery growth.
surfaces

Sometimes

it

of

The

cells with

fruit when

It

leaves,

young
from
the

differs

leaves

send

not

epidermal
adjoining cells,while

taps the

the

the

with

with
from

its

filaments

minute

numerous

all the filaments

attacked

shows

upon

the
into

are

the

shoots,

downy
patches of

white

spreads quite early over

It does

spider'sweb.
the

is

and

middle

the

fruits,covering

mildew

for this

The

branches.
berries

the vines is of advantage in freeing them

lodgment in the crevices of the bark.
disease
[Uncinula spiralis).This
usually makes

may
Mildew
about

young
of the

found

have

spores
Powdery

and

many

grapes

Early washing

which

appearance

the

surface
the

suckers,
spread over

surface

and

tissues

of

and
the

whitish

the
berries shrivel
and
the skin
rapidly spreads, and soon
cracks,
other
of
which
of the
fruit.
decay,
admitting
complete the destruction
spores
the surface, this disease
to
Being confined
yields to the applicationof almost
fungicide,but flowers of sulphur is probably the best.
any

dust.

This

Insect
Red

Pests

the exception of the phylloxera,

{Tetranychus telarius).With
and
troublesome
most
It is not
spider
general
a
pest of the vine.
but
what
called
true
It has a difficulty
spider,
belongs to
are
spinning mites.
in moving
the
and
of its claws
on
perfectlysmooth
surfaces, but by means
which
the
it
pin-headed bristles with
furnished,
are
they
moves
readily on
under
sides of the leaves,
and fastens its threads
hairs or slightprominences,
to the
thus
and
which
it lays its eggs,
gradually forming a coating of web, among
under
this shelter
with
a
colony increases
alarming rapidity,especiallyif the
red

Spider

is the

THE

290

FRUIT

GARDEN

of

air,insects,clothing,"c., or by spraying ; and if the leaf surface is moist

conidia
tubes
leaf
such
the
the
tissues of the
enter
germinate, and
germ
the ground
to
quite dry, and crumbles
directly. Very frequentlya leaf becomes
fallen leaves are
first infection.
Such
dead
within
of the
twenty-four hours
much
for
of
the
than
the conidia
the rapid spread
epidemic
more
are
responsible
which
leaf to another.
When
the
one
dry fragments of a
pass directlyfrom
leaf fall on
diseased
in
the
tissues quickly
damp earth, the mycelium
present
delicate
cobweb-like
and
forms
commences
growth
mycelium,
an
exceedingly
which
the
of the soil and
surface
runs
produces myriads of very minute
on
of air, and
infect
the leaves
in a
are
conidia, which
dispersed by currents
similar to that of the largerconidia
borne
the leaves.
manner
on
The
Mycelium
fallen leaves continues
in the soil originatingfrom
diseased
extend
and
conditions
conidia
the
to moisture
to
produces
as
so
long as
requisite
and
fail the mycelium passes
When
conditions
these
are
temperature
present.
stimulated
into
renewed
restingcondition, but readilyassumes
activitywhen
the
and
heat.
by returning moisture
By this means
fungus survives from one
a

in

once

of

when

that

the

destructive

"

unless

certain

soil is

the

disease

under

epidemic

when

to

soft

"

and
foliage,

in hand

it is

Measures.

dimensions

the

assume

is wise

that

so

to

the
in

spray

only

such

If

the

of

by spraying.

admitted,

thoroughly

can
only
attacking plants grown

consideration

with

the

solution.

with

it.

Diseased

the

thoroughly
one

ounce

the

leaves

drenched

with

gallon of

be

disease,using

3
surfaces

be

crop
of "

solution

plantsare

insects

and
to

be

has

of

adding

water,

be

Jeyes' Fluid,"

in

be
It

potassium
oz.

thoroughly
also be

before

removed,

well

should

moisture.

solution

leaves

burned

been

air

cannot

kept

of

drenched

they decay

the

soft

wetted

and

soil should

the

be

proportion

of

CROPS
WILLIAM

liable to serious

parasiticfungi.
practise successful

CRUMP

injury from

Where

impossible
promptly and thoroughly with these
best be accomplished by spraying with
it is

attack.

disease

water.

By

Growing

can

with

soil should

the
and

gathered

SPRAYING

noxious

of the

present

diseased

production

if it appears
it can
end
fair
a
supply of

gallons of

under

disease

the
to

under

the

even

constantlysaturated

not

of

oz.

should

After

is

atmosphere
anticipation

ground.
to

and

accomplishthis

To

If

foliagethat the fungus

foliage is fairlyhard the

assume

present.

are

soft

epidemic,

an

sulphide (liverof sulphur), 2

It is important that the
soap.

to

year after
It
sterilized.

recur

Preventive

fall

is almost

disease

of moisture
and
high temperature
an
excess
of
conditions, accompanied by a deficiency
light,result in

Such
of

is

the

infected

remember

to

proportions

glass,and

soil,and

the

that

house

a
year
is important

the

in

another

to

season

fruit

either

classes of

organisms,viz.

is allowed

therefore
cultivation,

enemies.
an

two

of these

we

to

flourish

must

Generally speaking, this

the
insecticide,

deal
can

thorough application

CROPS

SPRAYING
of which
and

will

methods

all these
their

of

than

at

if

of

weaker

are

good knowledge of the habits

insects
various
the
or
fungoid pests. Nearly
easier to destroy at some
particularperiod of

understood

development

organisms

existence

her

better

be

or

has

one

sometimes

We

other.

any

291

of

hear

Nature

preserving

by man, by certain injuriousinsects

this does
being destroyed by others not injuriousto plants. Doubtless
occur
and
the
lies
real
in
to a certain
but
the
preserving
difficulty
recognising
extent,
insect friends,and
in
them
furthermore
and
in being able to secure
rely upon
sufficient
hordes
of rapidly
numbers
with
the
the
at
to
right moment
cope
balance

own

when

with

interfered

not

multiplyingenemies.
Insects

How
others

Feed.

suck

fruit

of

Insects

which

; those
their
host

bite

take

take, piece by
of

Because

plant.

food

their

this

and

suck

coating

out

the

their

food

their

enter

plant

with

safe

bite

some

of

and

leaf,stem,

or

destroyed by placing
leaves,i.e. by spraying. A large

they

kind

poison,

the

into

such

must

one

cells
be

cannot

for

is also

there

but

way,

this

consequently

be

may

they push
of

particles of

of the

insect

be

and

insecticides
insect

use

portant
im-

an

the

of

plant

destroyed by

particles will

against

second,

external

into

them

not
an

used

use,

pores

or

the

most

paraffin emulsion.
two
classes,viz.

by being

irritants,or

breathing

Substances

common
or

divided

effect

take

in

powder

broadly

which

by closing the

either

outside

such

alkali

caustic

spraying may
poisons, or those

internal

the

several

are

being

in

used

food

There

and

Insecticides

from

Insects

alimentary system,
kills by contact.

Insecticides.

important

ordinary

proboscis

juices.

ways
tissues

that

insecticide

First,

have
sap

that

two

piece, the

of the
the surface
particles of poison upon
proportion of the injurious insects feed in this
class which

in

with

eaten

those

which

causing

the
act

death

by

called

insects

are
destroy
most
important
destroy fungi, fungicides. The
the
these insect pests and
connected
with
on
matter
spraying is to attack them
old adage, "prevention
the
first signs of their presence,
better
to
act
on
still,
or,
hand
to
than
is better
they are
cure," for once
they are allowed
get the upper
the
themselves
in
roll
leaves,
difficult to dislodge,especiallythose which
very
all the
The
remark
to
the insecticide
where
cannot
applies
same
penetrate.
found
that an
have
such
with
breed
startlingrapidity. We
aphides, which
time
is
the
kill
at
same
when
insect,
insecticide,even
strong enough to
every
Hence
in their
we
harmless
the eggs, enclosed
to
shining, hard, shell cases.
to
endeavour
intervals
wet
to
the
have
at
as
so
to
daily
every
sprayings
repeat
their reaching
thus prevent
the egg, and
from
it emerges
as
tiny insect as soon
in Worcestershire
fruit and
the adult stage for further
hop grower
egg laying. A
has
ladybirds,as an
recently imported a large quantity of Californian
the
in
devour
will
whether
same
good way as
to
aphides
see
they
experiment

intense

irritation

insecticides

they

do

those

in their

an

The
common

used

native

experiment
has

the

of

with

skin.

to

to

country.
much

We

shall watch

interest.

The

worst

this

interesting

feature

and

is that

the ladybirdsas well as the aphides.

injuriouseffect upon
of Agriculture supplies gratisspecial pamphlets upon
Board
valuable
much
and
injurious insect pests, and they contain

prising
enter-

spraying
the

most

informa-

FRUIT

THE

292

GARDEN

and
so
dilatoryowners
growers
less
and
have
far
gainers
spraying,
occasion
with such winged speciesas the pear
with
insect pests, especially
to
cope
in the
which
its
opening buds of the
deposits
midge [Diplosispyrivora),
eggs

tion ; and
as

some

flowers

pear

and

their

from

neglected

which

and

the

as

and

should

in

When

water.

add

then

lb.

soft

water

and

clothes,and

do

of

it is about

the

and

branches

of

stems

and

and

direct

soda

caustic

have

in

other

trees

in

the

it will

rid

the

that

the

wetted,

bark

bright
be

can

are

gallon of boiling water,

add

until

the

spraying
handy

and

added

and

most

aphides

to

40

50

parts

so

with
hands

time

clear

from

apple
If the

all lichen
Vermorel

enable

the

worker

himself.

of

concentrated

this

through
use
ready
is a
Knapsack pump
The
old-fashioned
remedy for
in quantity on
the
premises, and
soft soap,
with
100
gallons of
for

Vermorel

is still

be made
largelyused, as it can
cheaply. Boil 10 lbs. quassia chips, 7 lbs.
water
syringe freelywith this solution.
;
Poisons.
The
above
kill by contact,
but
when
each
to
come
we
have
to
to use
poisons, which
we
destroy the leaf-eatinginsects,far greater

and

skill

winter
and

be

must

the

moth,

In

exercised.
mottled

some

umber,

the

we

have

arsenic

small

copper.

percentage

is advisable
the

and

to

spraying

add

It

is almost

soluble,and
a

mixture.

little lime
Paris

to

insoluble

prevent
water

green

virulent

lackey moth, the ermine

early applicationof one

they are not destroyed by the

liquidsall the foliagewill quickly be devoured.
against this class of insects is called Paris green.
of

if

seasons

the

The
It
in

best
is

water,

moth,
of

and

the

there

and

the

the
care

the

others,

poisonous

insecticide

chemical
but

from

attacks

injury this may do to the

by slaking caustic lime in

(made
a
heavy powder,

is

to

American

lbs. of soft soap in one

well together
the two

is then

water,

or

machine

up

the

spider, the
by contact.

shining.

is

of

of

If

crude

together,

upon
best

vv^ash will

gallonsof paraffin,mix
produced ; one
part

two

emulsion

garden engine. The

for
garden purposes.

machine

well

trees

killed

trees

is made

make

The

weevil, thrips,red

insects

tube

brass

or

effective
the

lb. of

two

it.

quite a creamy
with
emulsion, mixed

then

water,

the branches
and
spray well up among
away
Dissolve
emulsion
is prepared as follows
2
:

the

Paraffin

stop the damage

is

distributing

and

well

are

the

make

propagate

therefore, that

to

way

dissolved,mix

been

exercised

many

the

growths,
mossy
nozzle
is used a long rod

to

or

February,
apple blossom

and

but

breeding grounds

necessary,

they encourage.
there
this purpose

of

maggot,

sucker, scale,earwigs,

It

to

nothing so
(a burning wash) syringed through
The
wash
machine.
hop-washing

alkali

be

must

middle

codlin

blight,the

them

agriculturaltreacle, stir well and

gallons. The wash has a burning effect

ten
care

allow
formed

are

pick

to

care

only remedy;

pests
For

both

common

make

to

Thus

taken

have
is the

is very
compelled in some

be

insect

an
ordinary garden engine
by dissolving i lb. of commercial

We
which

season,

infested.

are

with

potash

insecticide.

spread.

to

caustic

all be

dilatoryneighbours

our

Orchards.
as

upon
should

any
pear each

various

Old

economical

so

long

so

orchards

by

Cleansing

put

from

orchards

of such

is caused

that

safe

trees

other

owners

be
we

and

secure

every
is hopeless

case

on

could

pressure

universal

little infested

burn

the

all

if

compel

to

to

use

compound
is often

foliageit
water)

is
difficulty

to
to

CROPS

SPRAYING

it

keep
settles

in

strength,

too

have

we

in

widely

form,

some

is

mixture
that
used
to

at

least

poisonous
combat

as

excellent

some

sulphide
for

of

mildew,

the

of

spraying

will

successfully

against

hand,

they

offered

or

potatoes,

or

shortly
destructive

imposed
be

removed,
insects

useful

generally
good

and

dealers.

found

potassium,

much

are

especially

by

have

we

have

excepted,

they

are

cultivator,

restrictions

compounds

but

ground)
We

colour

above,

insecticides,

other

small

cheaply

now

for

remedy

of

the

and

the

to

forms

On

quassia

such

compound

unequal

finely

article.

safer

powder

of

(more

and

superior

the

becomes

improved

An

much

newer

amateur

of
and

the

growers.

the

extract

fungicide

Bordeaux

hoped

large
For

is

mixture

the

foliage.

stirred

constantly

is

consequently

the

similar

of

many

for

is

and

liquid

the

vessel,

injure

to

offered,

tried

convenient

unless

the

purple,

effective.

sulphur

liable

now

expensive

As

of

London

used

and

is

is
is

green

and

bottom

and

Paris
also

for

suspension,
the

to

293

better

nothing

liver

sulphur,

of

other

ground

upon
so

and

as

but

the
It

crops.
sale

the

than

to

diseases.

enable

of

these
growers
fruit-

XXVII

CHAPTER

CONSTRUCTION

OF

a.

By

fixing

In

Vinery.

The

circumstances

be

must

lean-to, semi-span,

made

and

height

of
there

Although
of

be

feet,

17

say

will

that

In

shape,

If

span.

for

very

rafter

the

not

fair

of

18

is

feet

with

of

such

22

left

largely

to

be

considered
of

rafter
sag

the

in

very

This

brackets

is

of

bolted

top

in

quite

Another

method

to

Another

Ventilation.
the

and

bottom,

and

top

air

affect

foot,

in

lower
the

as

suitable

at

be

may

out

of

ordinary

The

now

the

many

of

glass, the

the
reason

When

top

to

the

sashes

vine, especially
be

wheel

be

lever,

or

when

hinged

should

This

are

which

the

done

top

both

should

and

is

to

be

early
i

the

one.

inch

or

bottom

substantial

very

cold

injuriously
an

open

and

top

front

the

points

may

house

the

at

the

that
centre

on

top
bottom

In

outwards

open

simultaneously,

bottom

Both

end.

to

matter

by
and

order.
of

wiring
and

further

distance

pipes.

should

the

end

similar

ventilation

outflow.

from

to

substantial

No

full

have

and

inflow

the

at

the

by

vinery

hinged

required.

kept

of

worked

Trellis.

being

top

should

continuously

and

ventilation

top

easily put

the

portion

gearing

be
hot

the

on

may

controlling
extend

should

sashes

gets

the

Similarly

not

should

impinge

air

of

and
very

each
end

cast-iron

strong

ventilation.

is the

matter

be,

from

makes

construction.

essential

shape

means

ventilation

may

cold

with

opening

the

the

or

length

latter

feet
it will

or

under

framework,

sound

ought
22

pillars

front

with

of

necessity,
A

by having

This

of

which

supported,

whole

wall.

size

what

feet

20

wall

back

must,

upright

the

the

to

suitable.

structure.

must

is

it should

things

be

back

the

accordance

bolted

details

the

by

running

rafter

each

inches,

given

that
nearer

with

certain

of

sufficient

front.

in

are

angle-iron

pillars.

bottom

the

at

and

strong

the

by

the

at

bracket

roof,

with

rafter,

feet

stability
be

may

and

of

most

and

feet,

15

vinery

there

by 2^

say

support

but
the

First,

section,

ordinary

supported

end,

hands,

essential.

badly.

alternate

builder's

the

be

desirable

very

feet,

4
a

be

is

under

be

to

size

construction

it

course,

it is

whether

wall

existing

an

local

vinery,

decide

must

of

will,

vinery,

is, it ought

is

of

site

the

as

and

there

lean-to

width

well

as

consideration,

the

fixed

no

give

Stability.

full

or

MACKENZIE

the
into

aspect

managed.

be

can

is

width,

good

if this

good

DONALD

upon

taken

HOUSES

FRUIT

10

was

best

vineries

further
to

14

gardeners

given

being

has

away
inches

prefer
that

to

the
294

developed
from

the

later,

this

have
vine

the
leaves

in

the

direction

glass.

Forty

increased

was

wiring
are

24

less

of
years
to

to

apt

30
to

16

the

the

ago
inches

inches

get

wires

from

scorched

CONSTRUCTION
chilled

or

wires

with

the

themselves

Early
liberal

Vinery.

wall
of

would

and

they
two

would

be made

be

much.

heating

power,

fuel will

take

too

not

than

more

be

best

the

next

rows

should

pipe
not

every

and

be

between

to

apart, and

inches

12

The

leaves.

the

glass and

the
10

295

must

be

hy lightiron bars.
If for early forcing,a vinery 18 feet wide
would
require
There
foot of
be
less
than
should
about
I
not
certainly
from
This
would
cubic
feet
of
25
give eight rows
space.

power.

to

distance

HOUSES

FRUIT

rafter

each

heating

4-inch pipe
end
to
end,
front

increased
should

below

supported

OF

six

It

as, when

the

at

is the

I.

In

exposed
and

front

the

worst

about

situations

four

feet off the

ance
largerallowthe

next

rows

have

possible to

economy

of the

Early

in front

rows

temperature

saving

Fig.

six

passage.
rows

low

the

place,and

placed

heavy firingand

comes,

of

capital

cost

two

of

rows

passage
little

too

waste

of

4-inch pipes

Vinery

(Lean-to)

(In Section)

is
or

on

boiler

same
a

pillarsand

supported

to

aid

Thomson

the
the

be

where

be made

for

vinery

arched

over,

light iron

on

to

house

such

beams

as

or,
or

morning

and
and

of Clovenfords

or

heating
The

is better

anxiety when

more

every
main

the
still,

houses
house
wall
wall

are

there

are

20

from

heated

separately. Fig. i
must

between

be

supported
the

pillars

plates.

the
Vinery, when
preferable to the lean-to.

ripening

two

described.
what

and

trouble

of the

that

mentioned

Semi-Span

The

speak

to

provision must

of

section

not

up,

30 degs. of frost.
It need
hardly be

the
is

swallowed

soon

aspect

is south

or

nearly south,
the

is

sidered
con-

late
with
case
a
Especially is this
evening sun shining through the back roof is supposed
late Mr,
William
colouring very considerably. The
The
of
mode
held this view
constructing
very strongly.

296
a

THE

FRUIT

GARDEN

similar
semi-span vinery is practically

greater

even

there

should

be

roof

construction.

the

south

different
will

the

and

width

that

the

good

it may
in
grapes

best

is

Fig.

2.

no

Fig.

Semi-Span

should

grown
rule

fixed
In

grapes.

house.

poor

very

be

cannot

grapes
There

slope.
follow,better

not

roof

semi-span

that

so

principle of

true

always

be

on

exceptional reasons
exist,should
dealing with these two
types of vinery
and
assumed
an
slope,but it is by no

In

very

is the

Probably
roof

where

is taken

different

on

unless
side.

north

but

more,

grow

on

inferred

width

grow

will

no

walls, which

the

on

ventilator

account,

on

already described.
thoroughly binding the

in very

thrust

roof

assumed

an

be

to

means

outw^ard

no

be

construction

be exercised

The

side

ventilator

the

should

care

lean-to

the

to

in
:

of

houses

the

wide

house

short, a good gardener

represents

section

of

Vinery

(In Section)

semi-span house, which,

the

Span-Roof
of
form

grapes
should

In

the

south

each

Vinery.

are

will

be

of
as

may
as

is

and

For

market

is

seen,

the
practically

in construction

same

as

case

where
and

there

lean-to
or

and

west

and

purposes
there
are

no

be

must

semi-span

aspect

north

as

and

where
large quantities
very
high walls, the span-roofed
radical
a
change in aspect.
the
face
the
vinery should
be

may

south

practicable,

the

but

span-

possible,so that
The
of
and
heat.
portion
equal
sunlight
span-roofed
get an
it were
wider
if a large crop
two
lean-to's,should be very much
would
be 30 feet,equal to two
lean-to's
at
good width
15 feet,

rafter

with

also

should

be

giving

this

east

should

vinery, being
expected.

the

little

structure

side

required, or
be
adopted,

case

with

roofed

of

as

lean-to.

glasswork framing.

run

not

about
There

too

steep

4 feet
should

a
i

be

pitch
foot

evenly

as

of

about

of wall

ample

means

above
of

as

19 feet.

The

floor level

sides
and

ventilation,an

in

feet

opening

THE

298

FRUIT

GARDEN

wall surface
be utilised,the front
back
upper
may
should
The
front trellis wires
half up the rafter.
"
drum
vine trellis,
but generallyit is best to have
a
it and

between

front

the

allow

to

free

trellis should
be

trellis

The

passage.

only be carried
glass than the

the

nearer
"

here

should
6

about
and

the

well

as

inches

inches

clear,

wires

here,
front,about

in

Fig.

apart.

section

full space
be wired

with

wall

back

of

as

6
is

lean-to

peach-house with drum

the width
shown
trellis,
and
six
being 15 feet,
of
rows
4-inch pipes.
it is necessary

When

form

for

the

north

be
Fig.

s.

Peach-House

Span-Roof

the

semi-span
peach-house,

rafter

the
back

wall

of

not

space

span

roofed

frequently adopted, the aspect being, of course,

each
section
on
side, or, better
only wired
trellis.
results
curved
have
been
obtained
a
Very good
by having in a
below
that
each
cross
peach-house screen
is,
rafter,say 5 or
trellising
apai-t,a trellis from the front to the path, as illustrated in Fig. 5.

and

is

peach-house

south,

with

lower

the

to

for

trees.

The
form

should

in order

short

limit

(In Section)

the

adopt

to

north

still,
span

6 feet

Cucumber,

Melon,
Tomato

Houses.

and

and

Melon

cucumber

houses

are

lines of
practicallyon
ordinary forcing-house,
be anything from
lo
may
the

feet

be

wide

taken

giving
feet

as

feet

for

fair

average,

the

passage,

for
bed
I

of

feet

to

should
the

side,

each

foot

for

the

this

the
have

floor

Fig.

3 feet

The

eaves.

pitch
level,and

pipes,which
be

may

Fig. 6 shows

of

walls

feet

house, with
high and 2J
glasswork, giving 5 J

section

side

to

side framework.
a

and

the

allowing

and

feet

the

may

altogether for

be

Melon

or

Cucumber

House

(In Section)

roof

of

about

go

down

34

degs.

about

partly leaders

surface

6.

heat.

for

The
feet

bed

walls

below

supplying

so
a

should
as

section

to

be

form
of the

2|
a

feet
channel

house

or

above
for
may

CONSTRUCTION
The

equal

remarks

force

of the

heating

below

each

four

one

the

should
bed

walls

the
to

also

bed

should

ventilator.

made

attempt

no

to

should

apply

vineries

economise

at

four

have

the

with

expense
of

rows

pipes

"^

There

and

in the

openings through
close to the front,
heated

air

escape.
circulations

nat^ay

below

All

to

various

be

3-feet melon-house
heat,
1

pathway,
grating,and

be ventilators

the

bed

of

heating

299

side,for top heat,

itself

allow

the

should

the

with

the

be of

each

row

beneath

connection

for bottom

below

should

in

There

surface.

bed

rows

which

made

here.

HOUSES

FRUIT

OF

the

of

pipes

have

controlling valves
for regulating or cutting off the
heat when
required. The wire

trellis

side

each

on

extend

beyond

the

should

be about

10

need

not

doorpost, and
12

or

Fig.

inches

house
a
glass. Such
has just been
described
is
as
excellently suited for the growing
general forcing purposes.
from

7.

Lean-to

Early

well,

the

Strawberries

main

of

either

requirements being

House

(In Section)

the

For

Strawberry

melons, cucumbers,

the

lean-to

shelves

or

close

as

and

tomatoes,

shape will

span

for

equally

do

be
glass
may
ties
faciliand
practicable,
easy
for watering. Figs. 7
the

to

and

as

of lean-

sections

are

and

to

strawberry-

span

houses.
Stove.

Pineapple
For

of

introduction

the

cheap
it is

8.

Span-Roof

gardens

House

Strawberry

(In Section)

is considered
fruits.
20

The

well

maintenance

degs. of frost

repaid by
of

the

temperature

outside, requiresgreat

heating

finer

70

to

quired
re-

home-grown

degs.,with
a

of

maintain

high temperature
the

of

cost

necessary

and

the

number
the

the

about
power,

that

fuel

possessionof
of

of

foreign article,and
only in a comparatively
limited

Fig.

down

gone

much, probably owing

very
to

pineapple

the

glasshas

under

vation
culti-

the

time

some

construction

perhaps
with

limited

as

form

Fig.
be

pine

is

less

capacity as
with

stove

section

than

feet

with

should

height
Some

passages.

wide

sunk

walls, or

face

this

passage
sufficient

allow

to

span

15

kept

as

in

the

six

rows

and

described,
It

by

or

is advisable

control

the

front

ventilators

box

with

that

ToMATO-HousEs.

and
The

top

back

wall

surface

demand

of

pipes

the

bed,
front,

edge

on

no

at

the

is

in the
to

mediately
im-

already

manner

in

front.

the

should

valves

pipes, separate

box

by
wall

the

those

for
the

tion
ventila-

necessary
be
got
in

the

at

glass framework

similar
of

power.
shown

the

at

is

must

need

ventilation

arrangement

an

the

the

the

in

such

heat

bottom

rows

may
ventilators

pipes, and

of

There

front,

the

is

rows

edge

on

four

any

{In Section)

six

bottom

back.
Stove

there

heating

with

here

be

must

plenty of heating
The

as

all

glassas

the

practicable,and
be

flat

passage

bed

near

should

as

The

raised

house,

and

low

as

round.

behind

along
summer

wide,

feet

possible,with

Pineapple

in the

walk

to

man

form, especiallyfor late and

fruitingpines. Such
be

9.

bed

9-feet

a
a

about

Fig,

lean-to

the

reason

ground, is very suitable.

It should
due
south.
not

all round, and

only be
prefer the

growers

the

into

should

which

house,

For

practicable.

be

may

thick

of such

15

The

middle.
the

cubic

of

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

300

pipes.
for

for

tomatoes

number

of

has

years

It is one
of those
likely to continue.
easily grown
very
will thrive almost
fruits which
anywhere with a little protection from the cold.
Where
large quantities are
required, other things being favourable, a spanroofed
house
answers
admirably, running north and south in the usual manner.
width
is 1 5 feet,although houses
feet or even
A convenient
often
wider
are
20
been

great,

and

is

built.
The

latter
be
a

vinery

must

grown
trellis.
If

the

in

in the

sides

An

in

is made

beds,

wide

without

be

Orchard-House.

glass structure
of ample
means

or

apply to the tomato-house,

probably less heating power.

adopted
soil,suitablyprepared.

may
open

and

floor

the

on

tomato-house

arrangement
or

pots

will

construction

higher

have

An

as

is

and

orchard-house

ventilation

orchard-house

;
to

second,
be

worth

the

up

The

front

large quantities,a

for

The

beds.

is

practicable with

trained

two
means

the

plants

simply

as

may

large

that

except

be

and

and

sides

in pots

grown

commodious

should

not

on

simpler

much

necessary
arrangements
of
thorough heating well
trouble

the

plants may

be

less

first,
tributed.
disthan

CONSTRUCTION

FRUIT

OF

HOUSES

301

feet in

There
is no
in
width, better still,
practicaldifficulty
25 or
30 feet.
such
constructing
in heating it, but the ventilation
is not
a
house, nor
quite so
simple. It is easy enough ventilatingas for a vinery, but this is not enough for
20

orchard-house.

an

the

roof

and

play through

to

desirable,and
with

this

old

it would

be

worth

well

the

sashes

one-half

be

be

be

in

tubs,

pots,
of

judgment

trellis

wire

Boilers

the

like

of

the

Orchard

Apparatus.

what
or,

boilers

is
as

the

wanted
case

whether

or

Coming

to

will

go

for

The

think,
common

need

furnace

of horizontal
saddle

should

be

rather
is

mechanical

hours
without
many
fire which
will keep

smouldering
a
garden
reason
would

We

furnace
assistance
the
of

than

heat

ample

feet
there

means.

that
;

in

up

than

should

trees

individual

the

boilers

boilers,

hot-water

With
and

few

are

hot-water

garden

boilers
boiler

steam

frequent stoking,

It is the

opposite with a
requires little attention, and
is best is a slow
short, what

from

to

P.M.

capacity,and
form

fruit
to

generally with
dogmatic. There

careful

of vertical

well-known

whether

deal

it is this.

overlooked, and
clear
combustion,

quick,
be, stoking by

the
left

be

must

be

not

is

may
furnace.

hot-water

must

ultimate

erection,25
to

as

when

exposed

House

border

or
planted
gardener in charge.

be

an

inside

be
to
boiler-setting,
chimneys, "c., it is undesirable
which
there
has
been
more
subjects upon
controversy
between
and
it is still going on.
One
great difference
steam

remove

warm

in first cost, the

such

represents

10

the

could

area

expensive

peach-house,

the

and

and

to

power

this

arrangement

10.

in

Heating

and

Fig.

The

open.

As

somewhat

it.

Fig.

should

the

weather,

warm

hindrance.

done

were

though

results would

wide,

the

If

end.

be

wind
allowing
is
or
quite impossible the
have
all
sashes
the
in the
front
to
to
slide,which
slide horiroof also might be arranged in sashes
zontally
to
from
of
down
from
but
to
sliding
ridge
way
eaves,

The

in

not

to

vifould

ventilation
in

let

it is

to

frequentlydone.

end

ideal

altogether

without

approach

nearest
IS

The

sides

on

8
the

For

a.m.

face

of

this

it,one

form.
of

boiler.

There

are

many

modifications

the

purposes,
form
of
the

of
for

controversy

it

some

old

more

latter

the

might

Cornish

the

-Ordinary

Plain

boiler

for

have

boiler,it was

in

use

hot-

keen

and

naval

if any,
boilers still hold

much,

boiler

and

Saddle

found

that

their

own

furnace

Fig.

old

in

type.

economical

still in

are

-The

12.-

as

ever
what-

neither

Terminal

favour.

Saddle

Boiler

saddle

water

been

fighting machine,
the
advantage over

Boiler

The

has

for marine

being largelyreplaced by some

two
ships of war,
one
having

water-tube

horizontal

the

boiler

steam

trial in

Lancashire

and

that

there

efficiencywas

nor

best

recent

Belleville

the

other

generators.
It is thus evident

Fig.

In

boiler.

There

improvement.

an

regarding the
cylindricalor Scotch

the
cylindrical,

economy
On
land

less of

or

GARDEN

time

water-tube

advantage

steam

FRUIT

THE

302

boiler

may

be

said

to

the

represent

portion

upper

of the

suitable
for horticultural
work.
cylindricalboiler,and made of ample size is most
the
when
Fig. 1 1 shows
suitable,
ordinary plain saddle, very
favourably
placed, for 600 or 800 feet of 4 inch pipes.
When

the

apparatus

is from

800

to

feet the

2000

should

terminal

be

used,

less space

than

saddle

plain

For

Fig.

13.

Steel

Riveted

Modified

Cornish

Boiler

heat
with
not
a

the

very
desirable

to

results.

depend

Of
one

upon

boiler

shape, 21
diameter, with
15,000

valuable

where

course

there
;

13

writer

should

feet

4-inch

modified

certainly

shows
has
feet

to

up

of

the

such
used

a
one

long, 4I

bars, to
4-inch pipes,

water

of

plants are at stake

a
duplicatein case

be

it is
of

breakdown.
It

of

best

The

is

this

feet
Fig.

feet
riveted

boiler

boiler.
of

the

would

steel

Cornish
best.

occupies
length of the
require.

15,000

or

12,

it

still largerapparatus

10,000

pipes

saddle. Fig.

because

is unnecessary
and

all "shapes

to

refer

sizes"

to

which

the

army
are

on

of

small

the

independent upright

market.

These

may

do

boilers
their

CONSTRUCTION
work

well

of

form

these

stage

is

well

very

be

writer

to

have

the

boiler

1000

feet

of

feet

750

with

of

knows

essential

most

one

FRUIT

HOUSES

well

with

pipes

5 feet.

the

feet

of

success

this
at
proper
of a hot-water

boiler

should

head
and

errors

grave

be

may

its work.

10

Many

It

for

point

below

303

the
advantage they have over
to several
disadvantages,one

no

work, while open

a
deeper stokehole.

necessityfor
that

out

heat

than

more

the

being

apparatus

the

for horticultural

point

to

but

enough,

horizontal

OF

which

might

be

not

trouble

great

to

put

might

avoided

not
hy giving due weight to this fundamental
principle,and while
in
I
would
that
boiler
should
low
the
be
dogmatising
sufficiently
any
way
urge
down
of rise on
to
inch
feet of piping,and
give at least one-half
10
as
every
much
more
as
might be reasonably practicable.
It need
hardly be said that while it is very desirable to choose
a
good type
of boiler,it is also essential that ample size should
be allowed
for.
incident
An

which

within

came

of

1879, which
gardens of Sir
be

put

in.

week,

and

to

of
2

the

30

had

type

to

January

as

Scotland, a
The
Glen,

Tennant,

this
half

sit up

in, but

the

from

the

in

the

weather

was

new

tons

very

had

coal

per

boiler

new

size,which

took

only
morning.

next

a.m.

winter

one

of

fuel.

till 7

p.m.

3f
on

the

well-known

the

and

way

double

than

being registerednearly every

Boiler.
The
setting and

of frost

gave

In

this.

consumed

night putting

more

December

as

illustrate

saddle-boiler

boiler

attention

required no
well

will

experience
in

severe

put

was

and

degs.

writer's

December

During

week

per

During

very
Charles

man

same

tons

the

was

from

severe,

to

20

night.

building in of a boiler is a most

further
than
to
important matter, but this need not be enlarged upon
give these
instructions
First, to have
:
a
reasonably high chimney, and, if possible,
it as
have
to
high as any surrounding buildings or trees ; second,to have the
the boiler as possible; and
the
flues large and
third, to have
chimney as near
accessible
No
such
flue
crevice
for
for a
should,
even
cleaning.
easy
every
less in area
be
than
indeed
for
inches
moderate-sized,
boiler,
90
any,
very
inches
and
for large boilers
is a
correspondingly larger. If there
10x9
should
made
horizontal
flue
it
be
feet
for
2
or
2^
or
a
long
necessity
square,
the
friction
minimum.
to
a
even
larger still if very long, in order to reduce
Setting

the

The

writer

has

60

known

from

flue

absolute

be

an
yards long,
Such
a
give a first-rate draught.
as
nearly watertight as possible.

that

to

the

which

upon

other,

to

make

sure

of

soft.

to

the

of

all is

gallon
to

incrustation
be

great

Where

be

the

is avoided.
made

for

no

at

air

is

can

be

heating
When

clearing

locked

where

no

hard

to

attempt
with

water

the

can

the

water

to

use

rain

and

water,
for

and

be

long boilers,

boiler

that

the

end

higher^than

the

boiler.
bars.

These

applied,but the
eight or nine grains
water

inches

30

brick

good

inch

inches,

be

is used

boiler

one

inside

up

than

more

least

at

made

they

apparatus

out

of

setting the

in

be

been

has

anything

and

should
be

made

be

36

to

desirable, especiallywith

is

end,

is fixed

advantage
should

It

boiler, 15x15

enlarged

when

should

flue

one

Reference

there
there

feed

be

socket
that

Bars.

undoubtedly

must

flow

the

Water

should

socket

flow

terminal

6-foot

failure,but

bars.
then

The
all

water

of

are

must

hardness
best

danger

way
from

heating purposes
provision
pipes adjoining at frequent

THE

304

intervals,
up

otherwise

from

carefully

avoid

regulating

the

longer
to

attendant

experience,

at

English

to

more

formulate
be

he

learns

ascertain

pumped

water

counties

should

be

rule

boiler

amount

degree

to

an

study
of

or

on

restriction

careful

restriction

equal

apparatus
each

in

and

It

from
valve

is

circumstances,

day
must

to

be

in

done
valves

intelligent

necessary

chance.
all

the

level

higher

be

can

that

necessary

in

apply
the

is

difficulty

great
deal

good

it

of

would

which

while

where

apparatus,

often

is

manipulated
the

the

heating
there

pipes,

circulations

encouraged
what

and
the

be

nearest

sluggish
any

should

hot-water
levels

fixing

should

circulations

and

the

circuiting,

circulation

watched

carefully

The

lime.

with

southern

various

carefully

by

Those

of

working

short

or

trouble
each

manner.

and

eastern

circulations

blocking
this

the

to

several

are

choked

get

may

the

GARDEN

against.

reference

preventing
to

in

guarded

With
there

whole

the

chalk

the

FRUIT

should

be

to

give

quite
and

day
set

until,
to.

possible
imthe

by

COCOANUT

PALMS

ON

Till':
FLORIDA.

SIKiRES

OF

LAKE

WORTH.

CHAPTER

FRUIT

By

The

H.

E.

of

VANDEMAN

country

practised

fruits.

cereals

vegetables
the

on

lemon,

produced
The

Fe,
the

now

and

California

the

European

them

what

first

and

the

few

that

the

way.

fruits
of

at

what

is

lemon,

orange,

the

trees

rude

border

of

orange,
the

other

southern

planted

and

the

their

some

the

with

established

of

in

call

we

along

seeds

them

peach

they

grape,

fruits

natives, seeing

places along

in

few

the

to

south-western

before

years

planted

the

attention

arid

Spaniards

with
the

culture,

easy

other

and

palm,

the

the

and

introduced

and

of

cultivated

fruits

of

of

When

of Agriculture)

only slight

tribes

thousands

grew.

other

Fathers

States

date

olive, apricot,

for

Department

paid

other

probably

were

Mexico,

United

U.S.A.

Florida, they brought

Mission

New

AMERICA

America

and

they

perhaps

fruit

Catholic

Santa

which
of

and

good

North

and

them,

coast

lime,

of
Aztecs

irrigation, perhaps

reached

colonies

IN

(Ex-Pomohgist,

The

civilisation
and

CULTURE

inhabitants

aboriginal

culture

XXVIII

more

common

fruits.

French

of

valley

we

who
that

addition

great

value

true

have

been

first

very

was

time

there

are

berries,

with

from

which
those

the

earliest

growing

settled

by

the
In

seas.

and

within

mostly

especially
The

them

the

fruits,

wild.

aborigines.

with

beyond

and

in

settlements

the

by

native

are

we

settlements

brought

many

that
The

region.

north.

mind

country

fruits

other

that

the

of

out

cultivation,

under

brought

from

World

old

the

of

The

same.

all their

in

Lakes

New

the

in

prized

developed
centuries

two

little

progress

transportation,

of

expensive.

The

Refrigeration,
varieties

been

in

and

in

grape

dates

from

not

mentioned

our

the

Great

culture

apple

the

orchards

the

planted

European

other

well

nuts

of

the

last

supplied,
is

same

partly

grape.

the

means

all

if
homes

and

just

and

along

shores,

some

did

grape

first

perhaps

Philadelphia
over

the

fruit

establish

fruits

that

the

For
there

they

knew

principally
of

and

1620,
and

earliest

the

peach,

pear,

American

our

to

Nearly

century.
have

on

came

at

brought
of

many

apple,

that

the

to

of

Mississippi

see

made

were

Those
fruits

the

Penn

England

New

the

planted

Thus
that

of

foundation

the

the

planted

William

of

colony

Fathers

Pilgrim

also

in

Virginia,

Jamestown,

at

They

pear.

The

fruits.

the

and

apple

were

settlers

English

The
the

were

both

principal
evaporation,

mostly

uses

after
in

fruit

at

home

for

fruits

and

was

culture,
and
then

canning

and

inferior,

America

to

foreign

were

the

were

of

some
35

for

and

the

several

in

white

of

slow

was

wine

and

unknown.

quality

were

race

The

reasons.

countries,

making

practically
best

the

and
cider.
The

unadapted
U

3o6
to

the

last

climate.

Tools

fiftyyears
than

over

of

there

sciences

and

line

dividing

Before

time

that

best

endeavours

those

within
ten

of the

dreams

been

But

respects

great

two

lasted

which

of

eras

in the
progress
of culture, and

1861

from

fruit growers
This

realised.

than

more

of

There

fruits

1865,

to

horticultural

our

noble-minded

many
origination of new

varieties

men

and

the

was

progress.
of the

was

were

the
times

chieflyexperimental. Many
and
under
trial,or
proved satisfactory,
they were

not

the

to

century

the

culture

foreign varieties had

gradually abandoned.

have

Civil War,

The

between
the

in

fanciful

most

crude.

were

of
fully kept pace with the march
improvement of varieties,of methods

has

by the
planting.

culture

of

The

last

GARDEN

improvement

more

before.

the

arts

of

extension

been

time
of

early part
industry in America

methods

and
has

in all the

the

the

FRUIT

THE

being

their
gave
of
others.
testing
who

C. M.
P. Wilder
of Massachusetts
Hovey and Marshall
;
Dr.
Patrick
York
and
A.
Warder,
Downing
John
Barry of New
;
of Ohio, and
George W. Campbell, Jared P. Kirtland
more.
many
first
half of the great
last
the
of
the
the
eastern
During
fiftyyears
century
which
and
lies between
the
the
Mississippi Valley,
Alleghany Mountains
The
being settled.
MississippiRiver, was
pioneers carried the seeds, cuttings,
and
the Appalachian
their
homes
eastern
across
plants of the best fruits from
the
soil
of
chain
of mountains, and
in
the
them
territory then
planted
virgin

Among

them

were

Charles

called

The

"

than

had

exceptions,

were

awakened

to

other
any
Mountains

crops
and

Indians
trees

to

cotton

parts of the

the

interest

greater
finer

The

country.

apple, pear,

manifest

was

and

peach

few

and

miners,
stockmen,
the
pioneers' cabins.

trappers,

Civil War
of the

there

Federal

devastate.
and

tobacco

was

great expansion of

soldiers,who

land, and

with

had

seen

the

our

here

grown
first commercial

with

and

industries

natural

in

there

specimens

few

very

The
States had
Southern
planted then and there.
in
fruit culture, for under
slave labour
possibilities
than
tobacco, and sugar were
produced. The
cotton,
Pacific
States
territories
covered
were
mere
by roving

States,purchased

Southern

helped

size, of

planted around

the

Many

old

vines

After

older

and

their

and

or

before

long

larger crops

the

in the

seen

considerable

of

not

was

of

reason

been

ever

orchards

It

West."

fruit-growing by

not

of

bands

there

and

yet

scarcely
Rocky
some

tion.
popula-

advantages

of the

began to improve the country they

They planted orchards, vineyards,and berry fields on
turned
plantations. A large portion of Florida was

had
the
into

The
garden.
building of the Transcontinental
railways solved the
Pacific
settlement
of
desert
of
the
the
and
the mythical American
Slope
question
dotted
The
with
that was
supposed to lie in that direction.
great prairieswere
and
orchards.
The
Mountain
farms
of the Rocky
dry plains and tablelands
with
stunted
brush, cacti, and
regions, sparselycovered
grass, being naturally
and
made
to
fertile,were
irrigated
produce the best fruits in abundance.
The
invaded
were
giant forests of Oregon and Washington
by lumbermen
and
been
and
home-seekers, and they have
berry
partly replaced by orchards
fields that
of
the
and
fruits
America.
best
in
now
yield some
largest
grown
The
fruits of California
almost
known
all over
the globe for their abundance
are
and
In
excellence.
its early days California
was
thought to be suitable only
a

fruit

FRUIT
for

cattle

ranches

IN

CULTURE

AMERICA

307

mining operations, yet it has developed into the

in the world.
interesting
America, if not
fruit-growing region in North

of
diversity
grown
flourishes
succeed

and

its climate

somewhere

within

in the
in the

soil

and

is such
limits

the

mountain

of
the

sections, to

sheltered

valleysalong

the

THE
Of

all the

fruits in America

almost

that
the

every
State, from
and

mango
southern

kind

of fruit

most

The

the

which

apple
tropicalfruits

other

be

can

that

coast.

APPLE

is none
that equalsthe apple in excellence,
brought here by the English pioneers who
settled on
Roanoke
Island, North
Carolina, and at Jamestown, Virginia,and a
little later,by the Pilgrim Fathers, who
founded
Plymouth and other colonies
the New
It is perhaps
here
with
than
on
England coast.
greater success
grown
ing
accordwith
anywhere else in the world, for it attains its highest excellence
us
of the jurors at
the verdict
the World's
to
products of
Exposition, where
orchards
from
all countries
World
have
been
shown.
few
of
the
OldOnly a
varieties are
considered
value
of much
flourish here, but
that they do not
; not
in many
them
been
which
as
basis, seedlings have
a
having taken
grown

popularity,and

cases

to

the

corners
rows.

The

other

but

only
in

They range
commercial

list

of

where

in

about

from

season

comprises

of sufficient
the

too

to

northern

most

it is

old

come

seedlingorchards,

commonly
the

in

or

in

grown

May.

fence

nursery
have

to-day

varieties

introduced

those

next

in

up

in our
orchards
grown
named
nearly five thousand

are

varieties

new

sorts

to
early summer
fiftyvarieties.

every
supply the
States
of

Many

warm.

adds

have

our

of

from

orchards.

The

popular

has

apple
Canada, a

less than

Almost
size

year

Pomology, including

on

hundred

two

Each

seedlingsthat

now

are

books

Orchards.

Apple

flavour.

chance

are

There

this way.

in

orchard

them

out-of-the-way
and
most
popular

mentioned

apple

and

size, colour,

of

choicest

the

abroad,

there

first

was

places, in

originated

few

in

them
surpass
and
most
list,
and

It

profit.

of
these

farm

in

home, except
Republic,

the

small

America

North

orchards

in

parts of

some

and

in

furnish

the
a

extreme

an

south,

surplus for sale,

than
clear money
the crops
apple trees yieldmore
of
the
settlement
about
the
to
early
country
on
cider
for
in
cultivated
America
mainly
making,
fifty years ago, apples were
fathers
forefor this fruit in Europe, whence
the prevailing use
that was
our
because
have
But
cider is now
even
plenty of
came.
rarely made
by those who
Commercial
of fruit eaters.
have
apple
developed into a race
apples. We
hundred
It
attained
began fullyone
orcharding has
gigantic proportions.
years
about
that time,
which
stimulated
the
trade
with
England,
up
sprang
by
ago,
Albemarle
more
Pippin.
or
lately,
through the sale of a variety called Newtown,
last
in
the
of 20,000
of
this
orchard
was
One
planted
early
trees
variety
from
which
New
River
in
Hudson
in the
York,
apples were
Valley,
century
This
sold
in London
as
high as ^4 per barrel,wholesale, for a short time.
Civil War, or about
until after our
fell into decay, and
it was
orchard
not
finally
in a practicalway.
that
to
develop
vigorously
apple-plantingagain began
1865,

and

sometimes

all the

rest

the

few

of the

acres

farm.

of

From

FRUIT

THE

3o8
The

broad

fertile

and

mountain

prairies of

Central

the

States

and

valleys and

the

regions, afforded ample opportunities

Rocky Mountain
It is not
to
uncommon
see
an
now
apple
large scale.
There
hundred
to
are
acres
a
belonging
singleperson.

of

plateaus

GARDEN

the

for

growing apples on
orchard
of fiftyto
a
to
others, belonging

orchard

of

companies,

than

more

thousand

two

in

acres

extent.

Methods

Horse

ago.

has

are

harrows

There

ground
thus

over

much

so

grow
those

aside

The

space.

had

the

their

plan

of

fruit

is

orchards

so

in

for
that

leaving

the

few

Even

labour.

improved tools.
pulverisethe

stir and

orchard

apple

be

to

of

those

other

kinds

found

of

manual

place of

cases

of

it,is

bad

in grass,
The

one.

largerand finer,that
have
ploughed them
up,
grass
favourable
results.
Although
much

trees

of

many
and

are

of

with
most
most
ground good tillage,
in the States west
of the Mississippi River, there
are
large apple orchards
of considerable
size along the
chain, which
Appalachian Mountain
the

giving
the
some

and

north

south

is

the

through

Dwarf

Apple

We

orchard
open
with
trunks
from

trained

beneath

driven

trunks

thus

are

tall,and

they

Another

fruit.

the

Instead

of

the

they

become

This

is the

into

such

trees

permanent

approved

It

they

in from

are

ten

until
Varieties.
make

four
to

twenty

thirty to

to

As

corresponding

The

rays
from
wind

convenient

for

in

apple

feet apart,

50

sun,

pruning,
culture

they

cutting out about half or

to
room
giving abundant
plan is, instead of using all

as

espaliers.

headed

are

in

than

be

about
The
districts

some

if the

trees

spraying,and

of

small

few

branches.

were

gathering

of close

system

about

set

which

is the

are

in
or

are

famous

lateral

is less

region

were
apple orchards
might
waggons

trees

abundant

danger

and

ploughs

of the

direct

older

the

now.

make

to

walls

are
runs

climate

is also

except

on

thus

half

more

of

those

that

that
the

ing.
plantdistance,
when

trees

left.

are

of

An

one
plant
variety,
for the
bearing early for the temporary
trees, and
into
as
come
bearing later,and will live to an old age.
commercial
adopted by our
plan now
apple orchardists.
of good flavour
that
there
varieties
other
and
with
are

is,fortunately,true
that
points of excellence
bear

to

30

this

come

the

of
that

and

York

America,

latter

in the

soil

trained

trees

rarely seen

induced

advance

intention

upon

will

as

trees

marked

crowded,

improvement

and

in

high

land
the

New

kind

any

8 feet

this is

more

trees

ultimate

with

such

much

are

of

to

from

injuriousto apple

prove

ground
shaded

Western

rarely grown

trees

The
but

mountainous,

culture.

style. Many

but

them,
the

from

feet

it

of

are

fruit

are

the

use

2^

Trees

gardens, nor

fruit

tier of States.

eastern

hilly,and

some
mostly
especiallyadapted to apple
district for apple culture.

to

old

pasture

or

advance

in

the

many
of various

of all other

apple culture, and

much

in

horse-hoes

better,and

have

who

laid

and

meadow

of

to-day are very

largely taken

been

wide

making

methods

has

power

plough

The

fruit culture

of

branches
years
the

Culture.

of

suit the
six years
years

fifty
years
might

be

differences

two

planting,and

old, while
old

or

the

the

temporary
need

permanent

not

will

ones

be

dug

will

trees

begin
until

out

remain

fitable
pro-

more.

expected, the
in

The

purposes.

after

to

wide

behaviour

variation
of

varieties

in
of

climate

and

apples.

soil

Some

It.
o

a,

2;

It.
o

J-f

??

-J

a;

2:

-J

'O

"5

rei

*??'?,;

iS4'Bi;?ifsa

of

seedlings is

modern

methods

with

almost

now

of

Chinese

twenty-five years two

materially to the value
is the
Peen-to, which
It

character.
the

Central

Florida, where

peculiar

Peen-to

The

strain

China

way

before

type

is of

and

the

to

has

will

earlier in

months

two

Chinese

All

varieties

have

grown
of all

been
market

our

Elberta,

The

originated.
peaches, came

into

is

existence

by

in

North

varieties

are

generally
By crossing
have

we

ever

popular

most

accidental

an

favour

are

the

to-day

of

others.

The

ripen.

in
for a slightblush.
white
both
flesh and
skin, except
creamy
valuable
varieties
with
others
of the Persian
of
the
most
type, some

which

the

finds

The
in several
superior character
respects.
very
of them
the largestof all peaches.
They
are

mostly large,some

types

varieties

the

ripening than

taste, but

bitter

flavoured

better

largerand

last

added

is almost

succeed.

not

peculiar, rather

the

have

of these

and

China,

ones

common
one

One

which

planted,

tropical in its
but will
larger part of the peach territory,
Northern
and
extreme
south, especially

the

over

seasons

the

districts where

remote

introduced,

in America.

Southern

of

from

is small

fruit

limited

few

been

have

peach

is from

the

are

in

except

types

of the

hardy

is not

endure

the

unknown,

commonly
practised. The Persian strain is most
within
about
the
However,
Spanish type.

not

are

varieties

some

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

3IO

of

cross

this

kind.

Distribution.
extensive

that

as

is less

peach

The

of the
and

hardy

which

territoryover
apple, and the two
be

cannot

are

farther
The
south.
hand, it extends
the
the
Peninsula,
peaches are
Chesapeake
Eastern
the
of
plain regions
Georgia,
includes

Ohio

of Arkansas

parts

and

Western

Michigan ;
and
Colorado, Utah

in Western
Peach

Orchards.

others, peach

culture

thousand

and

acres

hundred
made

acres

up,

fruit

are

is sold

in

and

for

the

crops

large

size

of

CaHfornia

peaches
the

and
in

one

homes

Scarcely a
and
many
fruit.
It
is very

in the
the

year,
of our

regions along
York, Northern

In

is

production
alone

consumed

California

This
and

the

this

product
absence

together

and

the

have

amount

Rocky

Mountain

regions

parts of California.
in

or

of

less
are

in

degree
orchards
and

person,

in

the

rains

two

of

those

trains

fresh

state

used

by

the

portion

finest
to

many

of

Railway
Most
single station.

considerable
is of

There

enormous.

at

Large quantitiesare

sun.

fruit

New

leading industry.
firm
belonging to one

use.

Oregon

favoured

cars

Western

several

Idaho,
many
districts,and

peach
markets, and

the

growing
land,
Mary-

Western

and

loaded

On

for

Plateau, which

all these

common.

winter

slopesof

as

Ozark

valleysof

warm

The

gigantic evaporators.
is dried

in

is

more

daily, of

housewives

In

the

regions

the

Texas,
;

quite

that the

apple.

the

as

mountain

Ontario,

is

identical,except
famous

most

Missouri

and

Lakes,especiallySouthern

Great

the

succeeds

peach

far north

so

grown

other

latter

the
almost

canning
of

quahty,
damage it

the

are

of this

canned

or

by

the

factories

enormous

because
while

of

the

curing.

lbs. of dried
shipped over
40,000,000
is soon
exceeded.
But
it is
be
to
likely
is
elsewhere.
than
peach
enjoyed more

people that the

small
peach orchard,
a
place of any kind is without
that furnish
considerable
a
villageplots have a few trees
quantity of
sometimes
sells at a shillingper bushel, and
from
four shillings
to
two
farm

common.

or

country

Whether

eaten

fresh

from

the

trees, served

with

cream

and

FRUIT

CULTURE

for desert (a dainty dish

sugar
the peach is delicious.

Culture.
heads

and

sandy,

about

set

are

tilled

thoroughly
properly. In soils not

it becomes

the

most

and

dissolved

to

necessary

being,

common

German

too
to
are
by those who
it is
plant-food,for instance, where
There
various
of doing this,
are
ways

in

fertilise.

kind.

some
are

kept

branches
an

The

from
are

abundance

spring

is the

southern
is done

potash salts,Chilian
find

growers
between
crops

ways
the

of

of

nitrate

saving the

trees

every

soda,

expense

few

years,

trees

which

headed

are

about

when

season

and

on

the

through

Thinning

this work

is done

Pacific

slope,where

the

winter

Fruit

the

24

inches

the ground, and

from

The

often

trees

ruined

or

very

in

the

and

east

the

winters

north,

but

in the

usuallymild,

are

it

season.

after

one-fourth

it is about

practice, although only recently adopted,

growers.
almost

to

12

hands.
The
in wise
making long and stragglinggrowth when
back
that
there
cut
quite severelyevery year,
constantly be
may
it
of new
is only on
this that the fruit is borne.
wood, as
Early

States
all

and

low

with
careless

gather nitrogen from the air,and when

peas,
add
this
not
important plant-food to the soil,but humus
ploughed under,
only
well.
soils helps to
unlock
in
the
natural
most
as
Thorough
tillage
fertility
find
of
it profitable
to
already there, but the best peach growers
apply manures
as

clover

feet apart, trained

20

except

apply German

to

to

15

rich

phosphate rock ; but some

nitrate,by growing leguminous

of the
such

trees

311

Europe), canned, preserved, or dried,

in

unknown

land

the

them

treat

The

AMERICA

IN

set

much

so

many

weakened.

even

that

by
they

Some

is

grown
the
would

now

common

progressive peach

most

be

broken

unprogressive

down

growers

and
allow

things to exist at the present day, but they are gradually coming to
distance
that thinning is profitablefrom
see
standpoint. The
apart for
every
6 inches, but
of the most
the
branches
is usuallyabout
the
some
peaches on
8 and
It is the large
advanced
inches
thin
them
to
10
even
apart.
growers
of
flesh
with
the
as
compared
fruit, containing a large portion
stone,
and
dealer
and
satisfaction
the
that
the
to
profit to
brings most
grower,
this

state

of

consumer.

Varieties.

Early Crawford,
and

The

are
largelygrown
Late
Crawford,
Chairs, Fitzgerald,

varieties

most

Elberta,
Oldmixon

Mountain

Rose,
Free, Salway,

Carman.

sent
barely begun. A few were
that
the
but
were
so
to
charges
England some
transportation
great
years ago,
show
has
been
done
that
been
to
further
have
rare.
However,
enough
attempts
in
Government
and
done
the
it is possible,
it is now
experimental
an
being
by
modern
methods
of the trade under
determine
the possibilities
in order
to
way,
of 32 degs. Fahrenheit
to
of refrigeration. A temperature
seems
give the best
be that
in 1902
results.
The
were
profitable. It may
shipments to London
low
will
and
in
American
at
sufficiently
prices for
peaches
quantity
yet appear
the English public to taste
freely.
them, if not to eat them
the usual downy
Nectarines
are
covering. They
merely peaches without
because
of
the
of
in
the
east
Mountains,
Rocky
rarely
are
regions
very
grown
such
is no
and
the Pacific
side there
the curculio,but on
trouble,
as
are
many

The

exporting

of

American

peaches

has

FRUIT

THE

312
as

grown
because

the

Even

desired.

are

does

trade

there, only

call

not

GARDEN

for

Along

with

PEAR

condition

hundred

and

Europe came
standing near
planted by the

that

now
were

fiftyyears

the

from

apple

seedling trees

are

bearing

the

While

ago.

cultivated,however,

are

many.

THE

There

few

French

and

missionaries

boast

of

first settlers.

the

Detroit, Michigan,

cannot

we

with

pear,

in

more

than

more

healthy

than

two

few

such

old, and
fiftyto a hundred
bearing
years
call
which
Bartlett, was
we
abundantly.
brought
variety
hundred
and
from
planted at
England to America
nearly one
years
ago,
and fruiting.
It is still in a
Dorchester, Massachusetts.
healthy condition
called Williams', but
This
it
varietyoriginatedin Berkshire, England, where
when
it was
the variety was
this
the
lost,and
was
name
brought to
country
in honour
first propagated it and
renamed
the
sent
out
of Enoch
Bartlett, who
in America.
It
both
for
home
scions
is
and
our
leading
to-day,
pear
young
from
France
and
Most
market
of our
varieties
use.
came
Belgium, but some
and
Russia.
There
from
were
brought from China,
came
England, Germany,
trees

have

we

that
many
first tree
The

from

are

of

the

'"

1850,

about
"

Sand

of the

seeds

because

pear," perhaps
proved to

The

be

trees

between

bloom

the

1870,

about

of

of

of

these

and

acrid

from

Bartlett

greatest

drawback

the

bearing.

culture

pear

KiefFer

the

fruit is of

encourage

in

There

are

in many
respects.
delicious
in
flavour
of all pears.
most
almost
proof against blight. While

the
and

of

some

are

seedlingsby
Mexico,

crossing, and

Culture

Alaska,

It is remarkable
in America.
used

more

form.
grocers.

superior

pomologists

our

Pear

the

main

largershipments.

origin that

which

is
and
how

While
or

Canned

common

the

thus

points

in

Seckel

is

small,

is
but

varieties

most

and

one

the

sales

are

to

seem

of American

of

these, and

tree

is very

efforts

it is

hardy
seedlings,

accidental

are

systematic

originatedseveral

exporters

to

produce

of excellence.

varieties

in every
part of the Continent, except Southern
northern
and
British
Columbia.
parts of Minnesota
this

the

fruit

tree

every

evaporated

California,where

It

seedling pears

other

many
The

careful

made

have

well

less in almost
and

have

cross

far away,
has almost

is the
blight,which
and
constant
America, its vigour, and
the
and
million,
are
to-day planted by

trees

pear

fruit.

supposed

Poor
fair way
the market.
it is,the
to
as
capture
fruit to England
and
other
foreign markets, and the

fruit is in

sending

to

the

only fair quality,and

ripe,
beautifullycoloured when

The

pear
think it very poor
it is large and
; but
many
may
It is a great canning pear.
But
and
the flesh is very firm.
almost
the
its favour
of the tree
from
are
perfect freedom

abundant

of

standing not

KiefFer,

named

have

we

character

and

named

been

which

country,

vigorous,
and

trees

seedling that has

growing in America.

came

revolutionised

that

gritty and

the

healthy

very

one

of

pear

common

is

adapts
not

itself

to

nearly so

family,and

pears
all conditions

are

popular

is sold

to

every
the
as

in all

the

among
seem

almost

our

soil and

to

it is

apple, yet
markets

in

some

supplies of

standard

conspire

climate

the

success

all

of the

FRUIT
business
of this

of

and

growing

IN

CULTURE

curing

Trees.

Many

years

quite general,
now
are
well and
places. Dwarf
trees
grow
nearly so profitablefor commercial
but

if

trees

there

needed,

are

is anxious

one

stock.

than

acre

New

York

used, as
dwarf

and

better

and

often

little of
and

warm

culture

wet

in

the

dwarf

The

at

in

the

to

wood

thing

to

In

is moist.
A

it.

rank

furnish

does
to

of

conditions

allow

diseased

the

to

are

each

not

and

include

has

gathered

every
fruit was

of

early colonists.
are
cases

European

varieties
almost

fruit

planted
is the

variety
which

at

apart

in

to

in

pear

object
The
only
to

the

States,

and

that

weather
leads
of

to

system

rank

there
is both
of
It

growth.

orchards, rather than till

this,and practise frequent
method

known

affected branches

until
they are
fighting fire, is

Eastern

the

States

stimulation

grow

is the

Far- Western

This

spread.

in America

of

keeping

almost

it is often very
;
dead.
Cutting out

about

the

only

successful

PLUM

grown
distinct

and

of

in America

country,

botanicallyand

value.

There

from

the

by the aborigines
comparison with the
domesticOythey are

Prunus

European, Japanese,
plums growing

regions

from

the

to

times

plums

being

of

and

by
Europe,
and

sour

very

in

tropics,and

the

earliest

cultivated
poor,

characteristics,

in their

native

are

Arctic

eaten

in

the

in

inedible.

Plums.

When

new

the

world,

best
the

European

trees

grew
there

varieties

rapidlyand

were

in

planted
some

cases

in the
bore

in
But
soon
appeared a dread enemy
good quality in abundance.
plums. They hatched
shape of a little beetle that laid eggs in the young
grubs and caused the plums to sicken and drop off. It had always attacked
of them
able to outgrow
native
other
but most
were
plums and some
fruits,

fruit of

the

the

But

rich, virgin soil of this

into

culture

other

the

plums

They are quite

its specialpoints of

the

the

Quince

more

were

distance

branches

the

for its

grass

like

classes of

three

section

which

much

Angouleme

pear

parts

it appears,

as

almost

some

pear

grow

do.

American.

the

the

orchards, especiallyin

California

growth

ideal

which

east

detect

There

and

an
on

bear

The

than

orchards

every
other.
any
planted is from

prove

only

have

to

nearly

not

small

them, or,
advantage ;

trees

case

do

Where

to

Pear

was

in

except

they

trees.

able

than

THE

and

pounds

trees

pear

but

in which

the

on

dwarf

of the best growers

ground, but some
tillagebecause of the better fruit obtained.
the blightfrom
spreading is to cut away
difficult

space
dwarf

are

the

diseased

dwarf
them

standard

as

greatest enemy

practice

common

of

destroys whole

climate

the

is very

as

Blight.

blight,which

is

of

16 feet,and
to
are
12
commonly
they are kept
from
set
to
are
20
by annual
prunings. Standards
30 feet apart,
closer planting is
pruned very severely,except in California, where
the trees
are
pruned annually and severely.

American

where

bear

longer, and

Jersey, and

trees

not

are

followed

pear

New

it does

pear
back

headed
and

millions

many

planting of
will
plant
an
early age,

who

the
fruit very soon,
much
better
trees
are

larger,live
grow
dwarfs.
Most
the

They

the

ago
few

growers
small
very

of

because
have

to

but, for general use,

per

produces

313

product.

Dwarf

few

alone

pears,

AMERICA

THE

FRUIT

favoured

sections

314
the

In

injury.

case

and

now,

favoured

of

some

there

these

the

choicest

regions is

GARDEN
this

varieties

insect

are

did

such

exist,and

not

grov/n

is the

The

in abundance.

most

Pacific

has never
Slope, for the plum curculio
been
of the continental
Mountain
which
the
chain.
is
west
seen
divide,
Rocky
Prune
In
Idaho
Orchards.
and
California, Oregon, Washington,
prune
culture
is a leading industry. There
devoted
there
vast
areas
are
largelyto
very
orchards, and the size and qualityof the fruit,as well as the immense
prune
crops
the

are

grown,
in

Oregon

down
but

wonder

that

under

they

alone

all who

to

together weighed

the heavy loads

principallyused

are

produced in

has

them.

see

of
for

Last

prunes
year I had three
trouble
the trees
is that

One

pound.
fattened
fruit.
Hogs are sometimes
curing and sellingin a dry state.
a

lbs. of

dried

In Oregon, Washington,
air.
and
open
evaporating-housesbuilt for the purpose.
By the excellence

Idaho

that

State

done

of

the

summer

autumn

seasons

home

product

all that

we

French

markets.

almost

have

we

are

shut

them,

California

In
prunes.
and
rainless,
practically
drying is

100,000,000

over

year

trays in the

on

our

one

and

on

grown
break

and

had.

in

quantity

great

which

foreign prunes,

out

it is done

were

once

are
Instead, we
English and
now
exporting prunes
and
are
Agen
Tragedy, Golden, Fellenberg, Sergent, Sugar,
the leading varieties used
for drying.
In
Eastern
the Central
succeed
and
States these
fairlywell, but the
prunes
of
the
curculio
This
be
is
done
must
overcome.
shaking the trees
by
ravages

and

the

catching

tedious

and

beetles

rather

the

Among

best

in

of inverted

sort

No

costly.

Within

originated by planting their

produced by crossing their flowers
for he

work,

already
plums are

Burbank,
has

named

of Santa

produced
well

and

last

the

have
triflora,

have

Luther

east

Green

drying, are

to

It is,however,
very

trap.
of

the

Mountains.

Rocky

Egg,

Yellow

Gage,

Grand

Lombard.

species,Prunm

ones.

umbrella
dried

are

prunes

sorts, unsuited

Duke, Bradshaw, and

Japanese Plums.
Asiatic

the

to

quite hardy

years
imported from

seeds.

There

with

those

of

received

Japan,
been

the

in

crosses

and

been

most

this way,

some

Their

bearers.

hybrids

and

European

the
more

many

numerous

American

active
of

in

which

The

by practicalfruit-growers.
abundant

most

of

of

varieties

many

have

Rosa, California, has

thousands

and

twenty

been

are

Japanese

is variable

fruit

this

in

varieties
are
size, but most
are
purple, red, yellow, and almost
large. They
blue.
The
flavour of most
of the varieties is sweet
and very
are
white, but none
and
Satsuma
Burbank,
Abundance,
agreeable.
are
some
Ogon, Wickson, Kerr,
of the best.
Strange as it may seem, they are almost proof against the curculio,

which

makes

them

very
Plums.

American
our

fruit

native

growers

Upper

are

were
now

any

the

was
brought
curculio, and at

is very

brought
numbered

low
under
among

within

only

attention

MississippiValley,where

temperature
wild

It is

This

plums.

proof against

gave

desirable.

about
the

by

cultivation.
standard

time

twenty-five years

of

changes
of

plums

and
such

hardy

first the
Some

last

need

the

same

At

the

cultivation

climatic

the

in winter.

the

about
the

to

best
them

of

are

of

of

would

be

as

prairiesof
violent

very
the varieties

proved

orchards

improvement
sorts

the

on

and

so

that

and

the
the

growing
that
good
they

nurseries.

The

FRUIT
varieties

of Prunus

than
and

drops
not

to

the

Although

The

acres

or

choice

varieties.

In

the

because
of

more

succeed

several

are

distance

common

tillageis

Thorough

is essential.
necessary,

zero.

There

of them

more

But

great

of the

orchards

prune

natural

richness

varietyare

one

the

and
rule,

the

of
of

the

adjacentStates,it is possibleto see thousands

kept scrupulouslyclean and under
high state
a
different opinions about
pruning plum trees, as with
is the general practice to cut
back
rather severelyfor
stocky

form

and

then

moderately

prune

the

fruits that

many
about
as

grown
which

has

from

came

long

proved

but

as
any,
terrible pest

faults is

chief

in the

to

Europe

owing
it,it

over-cropping.
and Idaho,

valleysof California
Arizona, Utah, and

are

use

consumed

are

annually sent
New

York,

about

25

in the

with

fruit

varieties
of

of

way

ready to

have

in

to

been

those

most

and

varieties

are

have

been

of cultivation.
those

of

about

There

four

are

fruits,but

other

to

years

America

the
of

ravages

the

it

secure

apricot has been

plum curculio,

and

There,
with
are

to

the
very

in

Colorado.

In

canning, although
state, and

many
alone

ease

extensive

extent

some

of

greatest

region

found

indeed

apricot

west
one

orchards

Oregon, ton,
Washingthose
regions they

all that

sold

needed

are

thousands
has

bore

tree

in all the

for

bushels

of

are

30,000,000

over

one

in
especially

planted

are

beautiful

loaded
apricot orchard
best
be gathered. The
trees
require frequent pruning. The
Europe and a few from Asia, but
brought from Southern
highly prized are seedlingsof native origin. Royal, which

growing

grown.

no

fornia
single point, in Caliof prune
acres
orchards,

only occasionallythat

California

markets.

fruits

can

Moorpark,
Newcastle,

THE
There

hundred

one

In a few districts of the East,

year.
commercial
The
in
trees
a
grown
way.
cultivated
the same
No
as
more
peach trees.

variety,and

varieties

and

to

the

was

There

part
and

fresh

the

eastern

apricots in
apricot is

the

French

popular
origin.

our

feet apart

sight

many
is a

to

of dried

pounds

western

for drying
principally

grown

home

the

of

after.

year

of California.
profitablyuntil the settlement
of the Rocky Mountains,
apricots are grown
of their

is
plum trees
manuring
little fertilising
is
for

APRICOT

THE
Of

each

factory.
satis-

soil is thin

very

of

all

are

interest.

greatest

Orchards

From

there.

common

west

that

all these

between

orchard

soil.

temperature

already very

are

the

vation
culti-

Ocheeda,

species

of the

where

the

the

native

hybrids

and

and

where

other

the

in

apart

under

are

Stoddard, Hawkeye,

will

They

best.

315

work

feet.

20

hardiest,and

species. Wyant,

the

have

AMERICA

foreign sorts, especiallythe Japanese, are

results
has only fairlybegun, the

this

Culture.
about

but

IN

the

are

native

among
degs. below

hardy

species and

other

are

45

very

amer'tcana

of any

Rockford

CULTURE

cherries

brought

of

be

an

of

English origin, are

Eureka, and Routier

of

two
are

of

the

most

Californian

CHERRY

importance

from

than

Europe

indigenous
from

the

to

time

America.
of

the

The

best

earliest

settle-

31 6
of

ments

Within

the

the

recent

years
north-western

of the

Russia, but
compared

them

is

will

that

endure

poor

quality that they

seedlingshave also

which

by

the

are

Distribution.

The

where

region

sour

into

classes

diameter,

and

those

inch

an

in diameter

are

over

common.

succeed,

United

will

cherries

the
province of Ontario
is more
States, cherry culture

includes

which

of the

most

endure

more

cold

severe

and

of

regions

Canada

in

less

there

are

Over

addition

successful.

violent

more

valleys

Southern

year.

in

ordinaryfruits

other

or

and

to

fruit in

been

quarter

York

and
in

have

and

these
of

Pacific

the

on

foothills

New

the

slender

heads,

Some

The

all have

only the two,

bearing sweet

is

inch

an

Western
Appalachian mountain-chain, from
In all
Virginia,are well suited to cherry culture.
which
have
borne
than
trees
more
single
fiftybushels
the
of
where
the
the
rest
apple, peach,
territory
of

best

grown.

although
Mazzards,

These

California.

and

from

grown
valuable

divided

succeed

cherries

little value

of

Hearts, Bigarreaus, Dukes, Amarelles, and

well-defined
will consider
we
distinctions,but for our
present use
the first including all those
habit and
of upright, rank-growing
mild-flavoured
and
with
low
the
second
varieties
those
fruit,
or
and
fruit.
tart
twigs,
very

Slope, especiallyWashington, Oregon, Idaho,

that
there
were
by actual measurement
grown

from

been

and

Morellos.

cold

severe

varieties

are

most

sweet

they

the

of several

Germany.

and

introduction

are
now
among
classes of cherries

two

are

France

the

Many

sorts.

classification

rational

more

such

varieties,and

imported

Generallyspeaking, there
there

caused
of

are

chiefly from

for varieties

demand

standard

the

and

now,

plainshas

of

most

with

first

the

until

country

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

changes

to

Sour

than

the

others.
Culture.
Cherry trees
planted differently. Trees
30

feet

over

25

that

is

and

distant
feet

of

excellent

the

sometimes

apart.

varieties, of

which

class,which

English

has

Morello

Windsor

the

THE
all orchard

Of

Almost

sparingly.
sometimes
and

cool

orchards
very
is the
are

small

as

low,

but

fruits

and

not

kept

40
in

there

Champion

or

is the

small

is found.

high
are

and

Van

there

is

need

not

are

about

be

be

to

the

soil

manuring
large list of
very
Duke, Napoleon, Bing,
a

the

among

Of

best.

the

Dyehouse, Montmorency,

trees

of

number
Deman

least

valuable, and

a
place
quince delights in

In

The
state

them,

has

country

The

climate.
acres.

growth
to

sour

and

QUINCE

quince

farm

severe

best, although

early,and

the

every
orchard

large as

are

Richmond,
popular.

most

of

do

and

class

varieties,the

fewer
are

and

habit

varieties

sour

for

sweet

and

generally require

Tartarian, May

the

Lambert, Centennial, Hortense,

the

is best

the

size

class

but

culture

Of

variable

sweet

more,

Clean

naturally rich.

not

of

being

districts

some
are

set

about

cultivation.
that

more

late

ones.

The
are

only

are

feet

moist

Rea

soil

commercial

apart, trained

varietycalled

good.

grown
and

two,

or

rather

there
15

is

tree

and

Orange
Missouri

FRUIT

IN

CULTURE

Grapes

No

colonists

the

made

Spaniards
and

hardiness

of

part

did

of

is

wine

of

same

at

their

at

all found

part of

it inferior

of

Roanoke,
made

that

naturallyconcluded

particulars.

America.

The

as

from

if wild

the

of

grapes

their

native

countries.

everywhere here, so would

down
the delicious sorts
that had
Palestine.
come
Cuttings were
and
William
Penn
established
of
the varieties
over
planted.
a
brought
vineyard
in
of Fitis viniferanear
The
French
Philadelphia
1683.
planted vineyards of
choice
in
these
notable
sorts
most
Virginia and along the Mississippi, The
made
of Switzerland, in 1799, in Lexington,
was
by James Defour
attempt
with
were
selected,and a company
633 acres
Kentucky, where
|io,ooo capital
But
all
these
The
vines did not
proved
organised.
disappointing.
attempts
and
could
tell
It
of
the
no
one
flourish,
was
why.
fungus diseases and
ravages
the insect called phylloxera,one
working on the leaves and fruit,and the other
the
then
as
were
on
roots, yet in such
mysterious to the viticulturists.
ways
The

native
grapes
Improvement

varieties,and

developed
long since
American
of

Varieties.

of

began

wonderful

into
been

The

the

grapes
grew
them
from
to

them.

proof against

were

here

next

for
The

which

better

came

of

accidental

the

of our
native
cross-pollination
foreign varieties that had so utterlyfailed to
Catawba, and Delaware, all being of distinct
of them
were
eminently successful,and the
after

than

more

successful
had

grape

our

the

seedling of

chance

grapes,

Massachusetts,

and

there

Gulf

the

the

Mexico.

of

seedlings, directlyand
varieties.
from

Some

southern

intermediate

are

Europe.

The

and

planted by

Nicholas

The

of

results

the

Isabella,

the

were

of

delicious

Delaware

and

to

introduction
the

all.

It

and

of

the

are

All
now,

It is

it in

it have

been

thousands

meet

about

grown
been
have

which

result

first commercial

Longworth,

pure

blood, being a
of our
leading

they

selected

of

vary

except

vineyard
10

miles

much

as

of

in

choice

flavour

varieties
all the

and

other

for raisins.

importance

below

valuable

many

crossing with the best

red, white, and black, with

wants,

our

Canada

from

of skilful
are

wild

growing

native

of

acres

varieties

to

discovered

was

is of

to-day one
bearing, scattered

tints, and
seem

the

widely separated origin.

Catawba

Fitis Labrusca.

From

characteristics,but they
Vineyards.

of

1850,

about

from
indirectly,

of them

shades

the

species

millions

are

have

stimulus

great

delicious
the
and
most
among
the
Concord
and
introduction
of
discovery

influence

potent

with
some
grapes
flourish.
These
and

wild
has

grapes,
first varieties

these
gave

best

trial,counted

But

grapes.
most

Concord,

near

to

of

of

fiftyyears

our

the

which

importance was
seed, that were

self-sown

from

up

native

ones,

epoch

next

select

to

was

Although
they

proportions.

culture.

step
of

improvement

abandoned

grape
varieties

three

that

other

1564 ; the English

early as
Jamestown, and Plymouth prior to 1630,
along the Mississippiand elsewhere, but

settlements
to

St. Lawrence

the

in many
North
as

grapes

Florida

in

them

fruit,and

native

in

from

America,

twenty-six recognised species of Fitis,

are

character
rich

so

North

There

vine,

world

the

French

the

they
They

in every
of Mexico.

Gulf

in

varying

wild

grow

the

to

317

GRAPE

THE

river

AMERICA

in America

Cincinnati,Ohio,

was
on

the

THE

31 8
hills

there,

set

were

vineyards, but
ruined

them

Western

Erie

grapes

and

soil

of

grapes
of their

The

the

countries

protect

nothing

grapes

reach

15

vineyards are
California vineyards of
wine-cellars

will

to

2000

of

three

and

planted in
gives
which

only
or

the
mere

other

that

will

and

few

support

not

of the

endure

to

work

The

grows

are

out

and

wood

needed, except
this treatment,

the

soil and
trained

each
are

in the
and

region

no

States

to

lbs.,and

size

and

world.

of

year.
left at
cases

in

the

while

eastern

varieties
Sultana.

grapes

The

closer

styles

many
but

posts with

are

grown
4 feet in the rows.
the trimmings and
about

of each

top
a

vines

few
are

feet

pruning

is very

varieties

usually
This
fruit.

high, from
severe,

No

stem.

very

In

pruning.

they

stumps

with

are

of

system

vating
culti-

well

vineyards

training;

are

vines

do

trellises instead

of

use

There

spur

the

and

not

eastern

long

where

marketed

planting,training,and
would

the

are

Nearly
the

as

in

are

There

of Alexandria

remove

to

they

numbers

There

principal

the

are

Muscat

It

of California.

extensive

as

of

ing
glow-

the

management.

one

of

Mediterranean

the

equal those
weighing 4

grapes
planting and the

apart, and

vines

is

other

industry is immense.
been
large freight cars, have

European
the

there
some

the

In
with

raisin

planted

are

where

feet

young

our

wider

to

the

cases

is

and

culture.
covered

regions nothing

America

native

common,

region

bearing wood
stubs

other

feet apart in the rows.

methods
of pruning and

10

most

are

but

grapes
in perfection under

under

acres

The

rows

different

by
opportunity

led

vines

all the

squares

better

all but

In

the

attached

wires

California

more

Tokay
making raisins the
European methods

the

that

rare

feet,with
trellises used,

see

Texas,

and

market

grape
and

of

delicious

most

followed,
This

pruning.

California

are
grapes
and
Corinchon

Flame

justify.

It is

all North

6000
raisins,filling
of
fresh
Shipments

vineyards were
short

in
in

to

down

all the

in

But

extent.

of stakes.

suited

it does

or

in

sold in the fresh state, and for

Culture.
At first the

than

but

the

acres

many
lbs. of
110,000,000
in a single year.

such

them,

find

laid

be

to

singleclusters
lbs.
Their
qualityis excellent.
without
comparison anywhere in

of the

markets

of
the

to

in
ready
States, especiallyKentucky,

well

are

have

Carolina,

North

central

vines

as

there

uncommon

sometimes

The

They ripen their clusters

of Eshcol, perhaps, did not

home.

at

The

skies.
is

the

There

Slope.

are

lakes

favourable

so

which

character,

same

Michigan,

and

flourishes

grape

Pacific

the

to

the

is necessary.
California.
Vine
in

where

not

are

smaller

the

among

conditions

earliness.

Minnesota

winter

during
kind

and

States, especiallyFlorida,

Missouri, Kansas,
Illinois,

the

more

Catawba

with

fungus diseases,almost
variety. In Northern
Ohio,

in this

Ontario,

climatic

Many

dotted

were

native

two

rot,

Catawba.

much
better.
of car-loads
Many thousands
very
New
York
all
from
Western
to
shipped
parts of the
The
varieties
low
at
are
price.
a
mostly Concord,
very
almost
more
Delaware, although there are many
equally

southern

and

around

blood

Lake

where

sold

many
because

Wisconsin

black

the

succeeds

Niagara,

north

miles

for

European

eastern

annually

The
good.
also produce

chieflywith

and

of the

and

States,and

Catawba,

river,and

mildew

York,

are

GARDEN

hillsides

the

Catawba

disease, the

the

until

the

New

eastern

Ohio

because

Lake

along

of

the

overlooking

FRUIT

are

young.

for

trellis
grown

FRUIT
In

all parts of

the

horse-power

is the

be

hand.

done

fertile

by
enough,

all classes

for

and

country

Tools

practice.

common

AMERICA

IN

CULTURE

but

of

grapes
made
that

are

is resorted
to
Manuring
until
this is rarelythe case

319

the

where

thorough tillageby
leave

soil

vineyards

the

little

very

is

have

to

naturally

not

borne

several

crops.

BERRIES

THE

Undoubtedly North
They are not a luxury

leads

America

world

the

in the
article

popular

of food.

of

use

berries.

The

with
aboriginal
us, but a common
freely,as they grew in the wild state, and they are still
native
so
people ; but almost
gathered in large quantitiesby our
species
every
cultivation
under
and
others
introduced
from
has been
countries.
foreign
brought
This
made
in every
work
is still going on, and
conceivable
crosses
are
many
inhabitants

used

them

between
varieties,
way
results.
favourable
Strawberry.

The

is

not

State

the

when

The

is in

fruit

it is

cultivated

the

modern

of

to

the

with

of

the

fruits

of

most

fruits

Mexico.

is the

There
in

consumed

strawberries

means

for thousands

class

Bay

and

people enjoy

country

sent

are

Hudson's

and

not

species,

all this

of

common

Alaska

By

season.

between

cases

most

from

strawberries

cars

some

territorywhere
Both
city and

or

abundance.

great

in

wild

It grows

strawberry.

and

and

cream

transporting in refrigerator
it is possible to

miles,and

almost
of year.
time
at
During the floodany
in at least an
occasional
feast of fresh
indulge
ripening the humblest
may
retailed at five cents
There
strawberries.
They are sometimes
are
per quart.
from
which
car-loads
stations
than
of
more
100
16,000 quarts
single railway
Fields
of
each
in one
to
sent
100
season.
acres
belonging to one
are
50
The
methods
of culture
do not
not
uncommon.
are
vary greatly,and
grower
include
of horses
all of them
the use
the
of modern
tools
use
largely.
By
very
Even
little
hand-hoe
do.
left
for
the
is
done
is
there
to
planting
by machinery

find

tide

of

in

few

matted

3^

5 feet apart.
loose

where

some

spread

over

feet wide.
foot

apart,

bear

young
labour

on

was

thus

By

work.
than

this

two

It is

to

in the

either

very

the

and

soil with

and

keep
It

the
but

and

troublesome,
to

native

varieties

varieties.

But

the

originated that

first attempts
two

plough
at

specieswere

surpasses

either

berries

the

better

the

horse-cultivators
line

of

it is

plants,

the

allowed
from

to
to

3
the plants a
3 feet apart, and
all the runners
off.
This
cut

produces

and

caused

the
from

are

largestberries,but
allow
the plants
left longer the
not
are
so
large as on
under
and
spend the

the

best growers
never
If they are
one.

plantations. The

cheaper

is called

that

rows

immediate

about

system.

some

is what
in

plants are
young
wish
of the
grower,

the

rows

method

apart

The

to

rows,

stool

the

feet

necessary.

put

crops,

become

grass

new

berry, and

is

plants.

English

plan

little more,
what
is called

or

more

and

weeds, except

is often

strip,varying, according

requiresmuch
weeds

the

Another

necessitates

to

the

in

from

handwork
a

of cultivation

system

common

2
plants are set about
By frequent stirringof

free

and

markets

most

The

row.

to

kept

The

cases.

some

fancy

in the

are

them
well

cultivation
soon

alone.

flavoured
to

be

hybridised,and
We

now

but

made

have

small
with

new

varieties

in
the

race

of

THE

320

exquisiteflavour
about

are

year.

Glen

The

Gandy

and

Williams,

6000
to
There
yield from
20,000
quarts per acre.
varieties of good quality,and
more
are
being raised every
Bubach, Warfield, Marshall,
Mary, Crescent, Aroma,

named

500

GARDEN

will

that

Michel,

FRUIT

are

Raspberry

few

of the

is another

best.
fruit in America.

common

very

It grows

wild

There
least three
at
are
everywhere.
species in
many
cultivation.
Fewer
than
of most
raspberries are
gathered in the wild state
but
flavoured
small.
The
other
because
first
not
or
berries,
they are
poor
cultivated
of the European
soon
species,but they were
raspberrieswere
dropped
valuable
for the more
natives.
By the selection of the best seedlings and by
tinct
distwo
are
crossinga very choice list of varieties has been developed. There
is a native species,Rubus
One
classes of raspberries in general cultivation.
which
the roots, but
occidentalis,
spreads from
never
layers at the tips. The
black
best varieties
of the
fruit is either
or
are
yellow. Some
Kansas, Ohio,
and
all
which
black.
The
of
other
class is a
are
Eureka, M'Cormick,
Gregg,
in

but

regions,

of

combination

not

species,R.

two

our

species,R.

European
occasional
yellow variety.
of

the

Golden

and

in

apart

manure

and

prevent

is the

common

means

fiftyyears
hundred

have

in rows,

as

varieties.

The

are
are

desirable

the

among

best

Gooseberries
and

native

sorts

are

culture
from

moisture

wild

in the

is used

the

an

keep

to

subsoil.

only

that

state

cultivation.

under

We

Stable

within

have

manure

litter

or

is

the

last

than

more

Snyder

and

are

troublesome

more

of

season

they

excellent.

trailing species ripen

or

of their

Sometimes

raspberries.

the

Erie, Eldorado,

to

mulched

are

The

are

much

Kittatimy,

few

of

earlier

cultivate

and

ripening. Lucretia,Mayes,

the

best

than

the

train,they

and

Windom

varieties.
are

only
also

berries, and

better

crosses

except

maintaining fertility.

for

although they

because

of

escape

brought

dewberries

class,and

other

Horse

feet apart.

10

of

coarse

Minnewaska,

is

fruit

few

of very
choice
quality,including the dewberries,which
the
upright blackberries
blackberry family. The
are

of

Agawam,

to

the

described

Any

straw.

so

varieties

trailingspecies

The

abundant

been

they

named

grown
with

loose

are

Idaeus.

and
neglectus,
a
red
purple,
or

Cuthbert, Columbia, Cardinal, Malboro, Loudon,

The
leading varieties.
plants are set about
3 feet

from

are

Blackberries

are

the

are

that

rows

soil

the

Queen

R.

and
strigasus

grown
because

proof against

to

limited

mildew

disease,but

this

extent,

affects

the

their

because

we

European

fruit

is small

have

other
Our

ones.

although

of

The

gooseberries are being cultivated

more
English and German
discovered
it has been
that spraying the
with
bushes
a
formerly, because
will
the
of
of
mildew.
In
sections
some
sulphur
preparation
prevent
ravages
cultivated
in large fields and
gooseberriesare grown
by horse-power, but usually
each
farmer
for home
want
are
as
use.
Whitesmith,
only as many
grown
may
Red
and
of
native
from
both
Jacket,
seedlings
our
own
Industry,
origin
many
good quality.
than

and

foreign species are

The

Atlantic
water.

Cranberry
coast

For

to

many

grown.
is a native

Alaska
years

on
no

the

of

the

west.

attempts

were

bogs
It

and

loves

made

to

marshes
cool

from

climate

cultivate

and

it,because

the

North

plenty
the

of

wild

c:

ft;

ftl

g
?^

f-H

Cl

as

oq

!!

u
to

t/l

FRUIT

THE

322

GARDEN

of little consequence
California,orange-growing was
call Bahia,
now
1870, of a seedless varietythat we
This
Navel.
was
procured by our national

Bahia, Brazil,

from

although

Arizona,

While

reason.

in

principalvariety

is

7,000,000

boxes,

grown
with

there, and

only

small

named

other

some

class

require from

25

tools.

orchard
to

of the

the

30

feet.

3,000,000
there

is

than

500

are

steady

trees

They
is

introduced, and
named
Eureka,

The

several
is seedless

foreign product,

how
and

it is

States

are

best

varieties

by

first

of the

and

gather
probable

there

lemons,

cure

the

Florida, and

as

so

About

annually,
of

California

to

importation

more

have

been

of

with

compete
lemons

of

and

which,
people have

Our

quality otherwise.

that

of

Italy and Spain

originated,one

have

modern

most

in California.

from

from

varieties

most

the

sections

Southern

in

seedlings

choice

very
and
to

in many

eastern

orchards

There

extent.

and

when

the

to

but

apart,

commercially, but mostly

sent

now

feet

15

necessary
Arizona.

and
The

only a few are

apart, according to
Japanese or mandarin

given good cultivation

quite

and

Sweet,

this country.

feet

to
40
dwarfish

15

to

10

as
are

is the

varieties,but

The

used.

close

as

increase.

in

acres

It

annually ships about

seedlingsare grown

originatedin

from

set

are

is also grown

boxes

some

good flavour, in

as

considered.

now

hundred

two

varieties

in California

Lemon

The

learned

of

Manuring

extent

some

state

that

orange

exceed

set

to

orange

and

climatic

increasing production. Very

Blood, Mediterranean
proportion of Maltese

sometimes

are

of

an

varieties

requirements

which

for

abundantly

the

California

in

success

few

foreign lists now

extensively. The

grown

of

in

ington
more
commonly, Washdepartment of Agriculture

equals it, all things

California,

in

and

native

the

not

varieties

that

none

bear

introduction,

the

or

eminent

most

it does

other

are

there

the

proved

Florida

there

respects,

some

and

before

the

will

soon

decrease.
Citrus

Siam, Ceylon, and

family from
being grown
quite extensivelyin Florida and
Our
fond
California.
of it ; although at first it was
people are becoming very
relished
of a slightlybitter flavour.
because
not
By selectingthe best seedlings,
them
and
has been
made
in
naming
propagating by budding, marked
progress
will
of
varieties.
An
about
lb.
the
I
specimen
weigh
They
average
way
that
resemble
flattened
and
of a lemon
large oranges,
they are more
except
Pomelo

The

East

other

colour.
most
tree

The

to

trees

produce

net

thimble.

best
tons

have

Citron

varieties
of

the

proper
quality,and

revenue

of from
smallest

The
are

delicious

and

it will

not

article

in

be

have

long

j^io to ^20
Citrus
or

fresh

it is

in

not

trees,

an

one

season.

in

and

shape,

larger

much
the

colour

of

usually preserved whole,

are

state.

A
few
as
little,
yet, in America.
have
recently been introduced, and
been

bear

for

being

and

and

uncommon

fruits,not

oblong

in

California

for

growing

made

requirements
until

lemon

or

orange

high price

flavour,

the

very
Corsica

all other

round

but

Italy and

for

as

at

of the

are

good eating in
is grown

preserved
soil

about

fruit sells

varieties

from

the

is

the

is the

Kumquat

of

that

treated

are

As

They
oranges.
although they are
The

member

countries

abundantly.
The

than

is

Indian

abundance

is

and

Florida.

citrons

produced.

of

of

the

the
few
We
best

FRUIT

CULTURE

Figs

have

been

centuries, but

in

grown
until

the

the

323

FIG

THE

for

AMERICA

IN

introduction

of

America

of

portions

warmer

in

small

way

fig wasp

the

{Blastophagopsenes)
from
have
in large commercial
orchards.
Turkey
they been grown
Many
varieties have
been
of them
bear abundantly ; but only in
introduced, and some
California
have
famous
brand
of
they been dried with profit. The
Smyrna
dried
has
been
in
that state
figs
recently duplicated
tings
by the importation of cutfrom
the choice
that are
Turkey, where
figsare grown
packed at Smyrna
and
excel all others
in the markets
of the world.
The
wild or Capri figtrees,
not

"

"

with

little insect

the

also

variety, have
orchards

of

that

been

the

carries

this

variety in bearing
to
already been sent

dried

figshave
Smyrnas.

pollen

safelyestablished
and
market

culture

at

until

not

within

about

pushed.

Now

there

large orchards,

are

quality of

the

both

of

markets

have

we

pickled olives

In

of the

some

climatic
seed

from

still

are

male

at

trees

have

stations, and
in

winters
believe

now

few

of

tons

many
best

grade

of

that

years
the varieties

did

well

its culture
from

and
The

there.

imported

been

Europe,

established
best

climatic

olive

the
has

pickle factories
is equal to the

of Mexico

unfavourable

to

found

Gulf

the

from

the

Arizona

mild,
that

and

have

America

been

the
few

these

mission
have

opposite

enough
of

Arizona

soils for the

Catholic
of them

the

of

dryest parts

the

choice

sex

best
trees

stations

that
was

were

varieties

the

to

alone

or

to

from

brought

few

than

more

produced

were

palm.

borne, owing

fruii

California

and

date

there

are

trees

century

fact that

they

far from

too

Arabia,
in

ago
were

those

the

encourage

over

grown

Algeria,
1889 by

portation
imand
our

Agriculture, and have been bearing for several years.

and
been
since
are
imported by the Government
growing at
still
work
in
at
collecting them
agriculturalexplorers are
millions
of acres
and
As there are
of good
sending them here.
and
the
summers
are
California, where
long and hot and the
for
have
there
is abundant
water
we
irrigation,
every reason

quality. Already
varieties

are

DATE

suitable

suckers

Department
more

and
and

However,

first of

foreign countries

to

of

rooted

The

National

land

but

those

or

of

trial

of

some

bearing pollen.

Many

hottest

conditions

standing ;

Persia.

edible

the

Europe.
THE

ideal

owing

of

most

and

oil presses,

oil and

along

twenty-five

State

that

in

and

fathers

last

the

that

success,

conditions.
but

inside

There

just started,and
are
equal to the

Carolinas

no
early date, but with almost
In California,the mission

an

flowers

OLIVE

in the

attempted

was

the

to

California.

others

THE

Olive

in

some

sent

of

can

and

have
east

will

been
to

show

produce an
cured, and
what

can

abundance
clusters
be

grown.

of dates
of

fresh

dates

of

the

best

of several

THE

324

FRUIT

MANGO

THE

In
from

Southern

seed,

individuals

India.
trees

but

mangoes
of acres
frost

in

fruit

there

trees
large mango
many
inferior our
Government

are

have

and

sprung

some

up

private

secured

variety,the

planted with

choice

varieties.

PINEAPPLE

THE

Of

that

being mostly

of several
of the choicest
varieties from
grafted trees
and
in
of the older
is
some
already
bearing,
Mulgoba,
have
fruit of this variety is said by those who
eaten
quite large. Our
Thousands
there.
in India to be equal in size and
flavour
to
any grown
below
the line of danger from
be planted with
if desired
can
mangoes
California.
Orchards
and
in
few
in
are
Florida,
now
a
being
places
have

One
are

Florida
the

GARDEN

all the

that is grown
so
extensively
strictlytropical fruits there is none
thousands
culture
devoted
its
in Southern
of
to
as
pineapple. Many
acres
are
States.
is the
within
the United
it succeeds
Florida,which
only region where
Our
well
markets
the home-grown
are
supplied with
so
product that but few
consumed
were
pineapplesare imported, although a few years ago all that were
in
and
islands.
methods
of
other
There
two
Jamaica
are
tropical
grown
ing.
growOne
is in the open
The
other
field,
plan is to
just as cabbages are grown.
lath sheds, which
admits
tender
varieties ; fruit
of growing the most
plant under
of the
The
delicious
obtained.
flavour
is then
largest size and most
variety
and
under
is the Smooth
Abakka
others
sheds
generally grown
Cayenne.
many
also
and
These
sheds
about
feet
to
extent.
are
some
are
are
high
7
grown
in a substantial
made
It has
been
found
manner.
by experience that shedding
it possible to
is a little frost by
there
not
only makes
pineapples where
grow
in winter, but the shedding does
with
muslin
covering over
by
good in summer
the
fierce
of
the
Red
the
is
tempering
sun.
Spanish
varietycommonly
rays
and
in the open
field.
The
feet apart each
about
set
2
plants are
grown
way
the
with
hoe.
kept free from weeds
They bear two
good crops, and are then
dug up and the ground replanted.
the

TENDER

MISCELLANEOUS
There

are

many

tropical and

these
Among
Sapodilla,Kaki, Loquat,

extent.

well

and

are

interestingbut

are

FRUITS

to
are
some
semi-tropical fruits which
grown
Avocado
Banana,
Pear, Guava,
Tamarind,

the

Some
of
Pomegranate.
and
cultivated,so
quite profitable.

becoming

and

improved

them

flourish

that

they

are

exceedingly
not
only

NUTS
The

fully 100
The

Cocoanut
miles
Sweet

in Southern

northward,
Almond

but

Florida
more

is grown

as

an

in

is grown
with
ornamental
Californian

success

tree

than

orchards

from
for
of

Key West
profit.

500

acres

or

FRUIT
in

more

extent

quality is equal
of the

some

The

have

forests

and

There

and

have

the

bear

The

forests

varieties

seedlings have

many
few
a
been

best

chestnut

made

have

been

orchards

by grafting the

been

of

down.

cut

each

chestnut

from

large

in America.

year

from
than

more

choice
There

from
and

Europe

growrn
of

in

quality,but they

gathered

are

of

true

ceased.

proportions

of excellent

The

year.
this

California

in
almost

considerable
nuts

bushels

of

prices.

are

ones

where

orchards

moderate

is grown
importation has

assuming

each

Especially is

nut

its

that

thousands

imported,

smaller

sprouts,

is also

species

Many

better.

that

extent

an

native

at

Madeira

or

325

produced

are

of any

Walnut

to

car-loads

many

imported from Europe.

originatedin California.

such

sold

been

and

cases,

Culture

small.

many

that

twro

rather

even

to

Persian

Chestnut

have

some

varieties

orchards,and
We

in

AMERICA

IN

CULTURE

them

also

Japan
that

are

and

200

acres,
native
on

varieties
are

are

the

few

small

that

trees
are
grafted nursery-grown
bearing abundantly.
that
is found
{Hicoria pecan) is a native nut
abundantly in
lower
the
the
often
attain
trees
Mississippi Valley, where
large size.
very
Texas.
from
Within
Large quantitiesare gathered and sent to market, especially
last twenty-five years
the
cultivation.
this nut
has been
under
Many
brought
choice
native
varieties have
selected
and
been
ding.
propagated by grafting and budOthers
have
been
have
choice
now
a
originatedfrom seed, until we
very
list of named
The
vated
cultiin orchards, about
for apples,and
sorts.
trees
set
are
as
until they begin to bear, which
is usuallyabout
old.
The
ten
pecan
years
the summers
are
requires very rich moist soil,and does best where
long and hot.
Filberts
cultivated
because
are
a
only to a very limited
fungus
extent,
disease
leaves
wood
the
and
of
the
in
most
European
on
species
regions.
preys
In
Washington and Oregon this trouble does not exist,and the best varieties
known
think
that
are
planted there and are beginning to bear abundantly. We
in
Our
there as well as in England or
native
they will grow
any other country.

The

wild

Pecan

hazels

small.

abundant

are

Some

of the

in

in the

fruits

fruit-houses

Central

States

being

now

CULTURE

FRUIT

Practicallyno

the

largestare

are

tested

bear

and

under

UNDER

well,

but

the

nuts

are

cultivation.

GLASS

under
glass in
grown
wealthiest
few of our

America

except

European

in the

Eastern

open

fields.

States.
people
out-ofto
thus, because
they are grown
grow
much
doors
more
so
cheaply. A very few peaches, nectarines, pears, and pineapples
in
done
There
but
this
is
are
fruit-houses,
as
a
mostly
hobby.
grown
three
firms growing
strawberries
under
are
or
perhaps two
or
glass,but
persons
have
in
the
Florida
and
of
California,which
difficulty meeting
prices
they
grapes
There

furnish

is very

the

of

markets

with

them

this fruit in

FUNGUS
The
of

fungus

little need

American
diseases

insect

has

pests.

of

swarm

There

is

the

INSECTS

AND

DISEASES

fruit-grower
and

from

winter-time

enemies

to

fightin

scarcely a plant or

tree

the
that

shape
does

326

THE

have

not

of

some

overcoming

have

them

books

evils.

of

nearly

for

While

the

average

the

replete

of

the

year

They
the

first

were

and
in

months
until

built
of

invention

improved

way

without

the

of

the

aid

next

of

the

the

kind
cold

i860,

about

for

we

bulletins

combating

these

diseases,

fungus

cooled

Apples,
It

crop

is

ready

cost

by

cold

pears,

is

and

grapes

practice

common

for

means

storage
and

market.

cities

of

the

have

helped

of

natural

houses

and

to

keep

enable

abundantly
greater

part

materially.
ice,

have

now

are

fruits

be

to

during

these

houses,

storage
and

varieties

numerous

towns

moderate

at

refrigeration

condition.

year's

means

which

station

for

remedies

the

and
of

some

cheapened.

perfect

of

STORAGE

climate

of

fruit

chemical

found

papers

directions

with

of

basis

inhabitant

or

have

pests.

range

fresh

with

supplied

great
farmer

rural

experimental

agricultural

FRUIT

the

industry

The

check.

are

insect

and

science

in
the

ones

is

copper

all

But

them

fruit-growing,

on

Sulphate

arsenic

good

lOO

GARDEN

kind.

this

holding

or

than

more

and

of

enemy

FRUIT

but

kept

apples

since

greatly

been
for

many
in

this

XXIX

CHAPTER

FRUIT

Note.

of

The

inch.

an

of

formed

for

the

of

view

feet

(These

cultivation

points

or

(im.)

metre

of

gardens

fruit

hardy

amateurs

in

trees

thirdly,

and

The

proper

wrhich

and

important
much

actual

in

and

most

Of

course

the

spot

deficient

Normale

gardens
Indeed

most

grounds

not

to

and

serve

said,

serve

give

rise

as

to
to

only
also

those

every

these

for

the

Versailles,

for

so

field

to

access

tions,
demonstraof

fruit

advantageously

often

is

of

art

methods

variety

of

models

of

trees

combined
utilise

to

necessary

in

are

kind

are

de

Paris

at

fruit

done

fruit

gardens

fruit
3=7

have

land

in

L'Ecole

Mand^,

Villepreux

at

their

most

St.

PEcole

de

experimental
direction.

this

point
under

of

having

in

careful

most

collections, constantly

These
are

these

encourage

for
of

Vaujours,

the

All

gardens

de

known

tree

they

Notre

made

appearance,

le

also

have

fruit-growing

and

the

I'Ecole

research.

culture

The
kitchen

of

la Ville

training.

their

make

fruit

de

nurserymen

pomological

Gardens.

They

not

the

of

all varieties

F^nelon

have

common.

in

processes.

societies

which

of

correct
as

improved

Amateurs'

and

gardens

d'Igny, I'Ecole

firms

big

basis

teach

it

best

horticultural

of

one

novelties

by

capital
the

de

Freres

the

but

lies

easy

suitable

be

always

not

Versailles, I'Scole

Many
is

of

nomenclature,
added

des

Soissons

of

Paris

of
de

Meudon.

sous

different

d'Instituteurs

O.), rcole

Fleury

all kinds

be

to

as

to

as

growing

lack

contain

interest
as

methods

quality.

d'Horticulture

I'Ecole

their

neighbourhood

the

Nationale

et

from

and

such

are

those

object),

the

varieties

therefore

special

so

by widely

of

and

conditions

these

size- and

in

In

forms,

teach

to

nevsr

in

gardens

situated

be

gardens

inquirers.

to

be

of

study

secondary

three

gardens.
only

not

and

Their

trees.

open

design

capable

be

all

same

the

fruit

should

the

from

i.e. in

private gardens,

market
is

These

is considered
laid

in

these

in

on

cultivation,

known.
of

garden

amateurs

varied

their

(S.

observation

it should

and

in

and

of

further

to

of

well

(which

experimental

students

in

produce

instruction
The

methods

collections

varied

also

but

trees,

newr

sufficiently

not

are

fruit

wfhh.

experiment

to

of

of

centimitre

regarded

gardens,

carried

as

practised

as

object

cultivation

inches;

be

may

experimental

secondly,

(om.io)

France

in

study

Gardens.

Experimental

decimetre

equivalents.)

conducted

of

purpose

inches;

3J

FRANCE

NOMBLOT

approximate

are

firstly, as

the

ALFRED

M.

By

(om.i)=f

IN

CULTURE

carefully catalogued,
gardens,

as

amateurs,

we

have

and

often

profit.
amateurs

combined,

by

are

the

far

the

production

most

of

THE

32 8

FRUIT

GARDEN

These
fruit gardens
with
that
of fruit.
vegetables being intimately connected
generally comprise a part only of the whole
tion
property, their size being in proporstandard
of cherry, plum, apricot,
the required supply.
Sometimes
trees
to
of the hardiest varieties of pear and
medlar, quince, walnut, "c., as well as some
latitude ; a
the
with
The
varies
orchard.
in an
apple, are
aspect
grown
southern

wind

suits the

aspect

For

the

is

and

is made
of from

forming squares
of the garden ;

they
marked

off inside

walks;

they are

cordons,
formed,
coping.
sides

and
as

and

rows

according

iron

wire,

between
kinds

of

rods
are

the

wood,

The

or

the

stone

carts

around
and

the

soil,its

wood
the
to

wall,

lines of

with

which

No

either

two

of

made

wood

The

of

three

or

soil,are

the

two

south.

to

fixed.

are

the

work,

parallelto

rods

projecting

trellis
in

to

espaliers,

which

north

placed

supports

and

by

are

the

enclosure

the

built,of

is from

covered

the

margins

as

squares

are

Borders

only.

walls, surmounted

are

right angles,

at

levelled, and

be

walls

these

other

planted with

are

should

of, they

wood

of

north

the

of the

nature

barrows

partition walls

of

of

of

or

brick

or

districts

height

crossbars

or

south.

from

according to the importance

broad, according to whether

metres

ground

made

are

the

each

cutting
metres,

wide,

altogetherof

to

to

of

metres

direction

walls

the

iron

in cold

planted
what

commonly

to

of

taken

lines

square
I

passage

possible,of

as

be

enclosing walls, and

from

Sometimes

are

matter

the

500
from

are

pyramids.

far

to

the

sheltered

composition.

lOO

for

required

are

also

suits the

aspect

situation

by straight

walks

the

northern

France

must

its chemical

Design

The

of

north

Account

preferable.

physical state,

of France

north

and

centre

most

distance
pine. It ought, if possible, to be painted. The
for
other
and
the
from
is
for
to
vines,
uprights
peaches
om.30
om.25
short
the
in
fruit.
For
the
order
better to secure
shoots, two
peach,

are

used

is

added

between

preferablymade

each

of

the

vertical

The

uprights.

edgings

to

walks

of box.

garden is a matter
qualityrather than
good
also greatly
of the trees
of large size,and
abundant
The
distribution
bearers.
influences
results.
Thus
the
the vine, the peach, the
Doyenn^ d'Hiver
pear,
and
the Calville apple,requiring much
and
heat to ripen their fruit,
dislikingthe
What

cold,

Plant.

to

requiring the

careful

The

planting

selection

planted against
planted against a west
varieties
of cherries, are
are

south
wall.

of

of

amateur's

an

varieties

or

east

Summer

walls.

of the

best

and

Autumn

winter
of

and
some
pears,
wall.
the
north

the

most

are
pears
fertile

Hardy apple and pear

for espaliers. The
trees,
hardiest
varieties
of these, with
and
upright
branches, are
planted as
strong
Apricots, cherries,and plums, good cropping apples,and
pyramids or bushes.
flowers
and
fruits are
but
little affected
cooking pears, all hardy trees, whose
by
hail or wind, should
be planted as pyramids or standards.
Large fruitingapple
with

make

trees
are

slender

good

and

reserved

for

spreading branches,

horizontal

The

cordons.

are

all suitable

distance

apart

richness
planted
soil,the vigour
wall, aspect, humidity of the soil,"c.
varies

with

the

of

the

at

which

of the

these

trees

variety,height

of the

The
the

number

distance
of

between
branches

fan-trained
it

is desired

trees
to

should
obtain.

be

as

times

many

Pyramids

are

om.30

planted

as

3 m.,

330

THE

FRUIT

GARDEN

FRUIT

CULTURE

IN

FRANCE

331

thousands

less than
much
when
the
trees
by specialistsin nurseries
are
cost
by private individuals.
and
shorter
than
those which
Transplanted trees have more
roots
numerous
and
for
their
from
the surface
not
are
this
derive
nourishment
transplanted,
reason
of the soil.
To
obtain
which
have
been
the best results,trees
not
transplanted
in the
should
Pears
than
and
be older
not
:
apples,two, three, or four
nursery
three years at
or
years at the most
; peaches, apricots,plums, cherries,"c., two
the
Trees
and
which
in
the
have
been
most.
: Pears
transplanted
nursery
be
old
apples may
plums, and
three, four, five,and six years
; peaches, apricots,
three
to
not
cherries,three, four, and five years ; standards
formed, one
years ;
standards
formed
and
transplanted,from three to six years old.
Fruit
Trees
Pots.
This
method
of cultivation
is now
in
spreading more
and
and
more
where, deprived of gardens,
especiallyin towns
amateurs,
among
but also fruit trees, which
people appreciate not only flowers in their rooms
valuable
An
in blossom
and
for their
fruits.
are
charming when
orangery,
courtyard, terrace, or balcony is sufficient for these trees, provided they are
sheltered
from
allowed
the frost in winter
and
become
to
too
not
dry in summer.
annual
An
with
repotting in the autumn
good fresh soil and watering during
the summer
often as required are
Once
week
is
as
a
liquid manure
necessary.
given. Cherries,plums, peaches, and grapes are the chief fruits cultivated in pots ;
but currants,
figs,pears, apples, raspberries,apricots,medlars, and even
quinces
afford
much
satisfaction
idea of this most
when
The
thus
interesting
grown.
minimum
fruit as possiblewithin
phase of culture is to obtain as much
a
space.
The
Soil.
To
land
know
the
for
fruit
must
one
a
plantation
prepare
needs
and
which
the soil will have
and
the
its
state
to
supply,
nature,
proper
of modifying the composition in order
therefore
ameliorate
it. Let
means
us
to
examine
these questions in connection
the humidity, physical constitution,
with
grown

chemical

and

composition,

Humidity

of

land, because

aeration.

Soil

the

it prevents

Drainage.

aeration

and

Moisture

warmth,

tends

in
to

is hurtful

excess

late

encourage

to

the

frosts,and

soil are
sensitive
in a wet
more
spring. Trees which
grow
frost
after
also
difficult.
is
to
more
rooting
transplantation
;
To
either
of humidity drainage is resorted
to
overcome
excess
by open
;
filled
still
trenches
with
better
drains, or by
or
by drain-pipes,the
stones,
off.
be carried
diameters
of water
of which
the volume
to
vary according to
retards

The

depth

sufficient
other

other.

to

depth

of

manure

drains

or

from

varies,

their

inclination

mm.

resistance

greater

to

the

per

flow

metre

is

of water,

require more.
border

carry
If the

drains

trenches

pipe-drains,but

drain

thing
water.

the

the

to

the

of

for

drains

To
as

in

vegetation

water

is

the

to

plant

soil

water.

to

be

foot

upon

of

from

If

of

impoverishes
must

of

none

or

the

soil
be

turn

these

is

taken

methods

mounds,

trees

may
little by
into

must

it aside

slope, recourse

elevations

the

and

be

so
placed
means
or
by some
had to wells,into which
is sufficient,
the
only
that
by increasing the

foundation

wail, the

wall,
a

cultivated,

This

the

permit

not

themselves.

Drainage
in the

away

soil does

empty
do

the

at

so

be

above

carrying

account.

the
away

level
some

of

the

soluble

THE

332
Physical

FRUIT

Constitution

GARDEN

According to the proportion of the

four essential elements, namely
clay,chalk, sand, and vegetable-mould, we shall
have
and
soil,with all the variations between
cold,
a
or
a
lightand warm
strong
the two.
little air to penetrate, and renders
holds
which
but
water
Clay
permits
the soil wet
cold.
Manures
and
decompose slowly in it,and the vegetationwhich
under
it supports
is slow and
backward
the form
of carbonate
in growth. Chalk
of lime
of
and
is most
blended
carbonate
with
phosphate
magnesia
frequently
of lime ; in its pulverised state
of
the
it acts
decomposition
organic
upon
of

Soil.

the

and

manures,

provides

certain

mineral

of soluble

amount

Sand

element.

or

flint

renders

the
soil workable, permeable
and
to
water
air, and consequently promotes
which
of manure,
the retention
to
quick growth, but it is not favourable
Humus
be frequently renewed.
quickly disappears in it,and must
or
vegetablemould
is an element
and
of fertility
it is workable,
permeable to air and water.
;
It heats, cools, and
it facilitates
dries quickly ; also, by absorbing oxygen,
the

decomposition
A
sand

to

than

50

less than

with
the
road
is

the

best
will

too

than

do, or
in

the

of

to

20

30

clay,and
need

one

If
even

in

little

form

of

order

it

sandy

is treated

in

not

must

also
If
the

be
the

same

clay,

10

its

compare
to
;

abundant

be

soil is

and
cent,

per

less
of

it contains

if

hot

cent,

per

of sand.

cent,

added

too

marl

may
land.

and

ought

be

is

clayey

manure

to

what

must

of

than

sandy
per
it,and

70

mould.

cent,

less

to

50

cent,

per
per

60

learn

to

10

40

analyse

to

turf, or

horse

of view

sea-sand, if lime

manure

With

any

composition

done

sweepings

to

obtain

from

in the soil.

the
If it

incorporated with it.

applied to heavy land, and
land is too
chalky from the
as
a
sandy soil ; but if
way
be

of the lime
alimentary point of view, the influence
If the
be diminished.
must
neutralisingeffect of sulphate of iron does not
half the soil must
be
suffice,one-third
or
even
removed, and replaced,in order
reduce
the proportion of lime, by soil containing none
to
of the latter.
Chemical
Composition
Manures.
We
have
that
the
of
seen
physical
properties of a soil are very varied according to the proportion of its constituent
that
elements, that drainage impoverishes the
soil, and
land,
light warm
if
than
is
much
exhausted
cold
land.
From
more
especially chalky,
rapidly
these facts it follows,that
in order
obtain
the
best
to
results,the quantity of
in which
the manner
of using it,and
the
form
it is employed ought
manure,
As
soil will require more
the quantity, a warm
not
to
always to be the same.
It must
than
cold
and
vice versd.
be given more
manure
a
one
often, and
;
less at a time, to warm
cold
than
For
land.
cold
from
to
warm
manure
land,
should
while
for cold
be taken
well-decomposed heaps
manure
land, warm
;
in active
decomposition is preferable.
The
elements
of fertility
but
found
We
in the soil.
most
are
are
many,
will only concern
ourselves
the four principal,
with
namely
nitrogen,phosphoric
too

chalky

from

is

clayey, sand

too

earth, or

cow

point

it is

do,

to

too

than

more

clay ;

cent,

per

if it has

lime

of

cent,

per

of

chalky

too

given above,

notes

results.

form

mechanical
it be

that

sand
10

cent,

per

light,strong

Humus
in the

of

cent,

given soil,all

from

(pulverised)
; 5
per cent,
cold
if it contains
than
more

more
10

contains
chalk

and

per

clay, and

manures.

Soil

10

clayey

too

of

Perfect

the

FRUIT

acid, potash,
cent,

water

cent,

lime

13

per

and

chalk.

0.13

0.49

per

woody

and

little

Though
richness

nitrogen

cent,

is

manure

in

it does

humus, yet
valuable
complements
because, taught by the

5 per

0.49

acid

of

the

their

little less

than

suffice,and

not

per

nitrogen

and

manure.

to

to

ensure

artificial

many

the

soil its

manures

are

manipulation

in

economy

80

metre

potash ; 0.55 per

secondary importance ;

minerals

cent,

cubic

cent,

per

farmyard
indispensable in order

account

on

acid

333

per

night-soilcontains

Town

phosphoric

more

FRANCE

contains

manure

phosphoric

cent,

fibre.

natural

IN

Farmyard

per

cent,

potash,

CULTURE

and

composition of the soil,and the needs of the trees, we

exclusion
of others.
With
natural
the
to
can
apply any requisite element
in order, for example, to apply a certain
quantity of potash, we should
manure,
have
add in a manner
to
as
costlyas it is useless,a great quantity of phosphoric
of chemical
the analysisof the
acid, lime, and nitrogen. In the use
manures,
soil

and

of

Nitrogen
not

yet

the

chieflyupon

acts

Phosphoric acid, on
fruit
production. Potash

vigorous.

very
and

growth,

not
valuable, though
very
leaf growth, and
is recommended

is

plants

ensures

the

absolute
for

contrary,
favours

indication.
trees

fertile

allays foliaceous
of
good growth

wood.
The
of land can
improvement
only take place by
well together. This
is effected
being mixed
by digging
and
The
soil must
A good
the
be moved
varies.
trenching.
depth to which
alluvial soil requires but
soil
little digging, while
demands
deep tillage
clay
;
with
trees
trees
deeper tillagethan the same
require much
tap roots
upon
stocks with
the quince.
spreading surface roots ; for example, the pear upon
For
the
the
the
almond,
peach
digging to the
stock,
pears upon
upon
pear
Aeration

the

of

different

Soil.

the

substances

depth
a

of

depth

apricot
is

of
are

m^tre
om.8o

is necessary
while
for pears upon
the quince, and for cherries,
;
the
is sufficient ; finally,
peaches upon
plum stock and the

satisfied

employed,

with

it is well

to

from

om.6o

perform

it

to
some

Whatever

om.70.

before

months

method

of

digging

planting.

the beginning of
to
Planting is done from the end of October
it
is
not
prevented by frost,heavy rain, or scorching
April, always supposing
are
sun.
Planting in dry and light soils is best done early ; in those which
late.
When
in
it
done
and
it
is
wet
spring
planting
cold,
preferably
strong,
the
adhere
the
if
in
order
make
earth
roots
is well to soak every
to
to
plant
;
the
in
tub
late in the
and
it
is
to
roots
a
season
a
good thing
steep
warm,
In
for
of liquid clay and
manure.
cow
preparing trees
containing a mixture
Cut
ofT
and
broken
branches.
bruised
trim
back
roots
planting cut
any
in order
obtain
of
their
to
branches
third
length
a
to
a
or
a
vigorous
quarter
caused
the
the
the
is
When
tree
swelling
planted
by
graft
symmetrical tree.
collar of the tree
the
In
soil.
should
be just above
the
planting wall trees
facilitate the developin order
to
little distance
from
the wall
should
be some
ment
well
that side.
When
the soil has been
of roots
prepared beforehand
on
hole suited
the extent
make
to
indicated
it is only necessary
to
a
in the manner
done
is
which
these
of the roots, around
men
by two
are
spread. Planting
;

Planting.

one

holds

it is made

the
more

tree

while
or

less

other places
firm, according

the

fresh
to

soil round
the

state

the
of

the

roots.

soil.

Afterwards
A

wet

soil

THE

334
should

about

spaces
Care
to

the

especiallynear,
given

are

the

evaporation and
confounded

be

not

consists

with

could

First, their

roots, which

and,

the

the

of

There

is

natural

richness

of

greater

leaf

than

roots,

as,

other, theory must

together with
to

re-establish

is turned
lessen
leaf

weak

the

their

acid

of, and

food

in
the

absorption by
that

in
and

stomata,

contained

relation

this

the

roots

fruit-bearing

fruit, it is
production
Leaves
it.
inspired by
are
But
not
production of fruit.
also
be in proportion to
the
of

be

Vigorous
Trees

than

of

that

there

tap-roots

equal vigour

quince

fruit-tree

require a
(for

trees

with

trees

the

grafted on
before

of

So

stock.

was

culture

practice, and vice versd.

indicated
elsewhere, will

is raised

in order
of

air,light,and

the

preferablyleft upon
Winter
Work

strong

Vertical

and

than

more

with
much

de

tour

The

main

in

any

following operations,

enable

the

obtain

to

one

by cutting
branches,

strong

and

or

removed

are

favourably

more

horizontal

branches

an

the

enfeeblement
leaves

thus
from

in

favour
weak

is thus

half, so
the

weak

as

order

obtained.
to
ones.

sequently
con-

branch

to

to

The

abate

their

Fruit

is

shoots.

cleaning,removing useless shoots, pruning so as

form
of tree, training,making
incisions
above
transverse
to
secure
a
proper
bud
to
strengthen it,or a longitudinalincision to increase the size of the shoot,
the gum
of an
exude.
unhealthy peach, to make
or, in the case
Summer
for its object the removal
Pruning.
This
has
of useless shoots,
thus
equallydistributed as well as admitting light
causing the sap to be more
consists

of

and

than

strengthen it,and a strong

shaded
in
Strong branches
are

it.
heat

branches

latter

in order

weaken

to

is diminished
in

leaves

pears
said

Branches.

branch

action

surface

functions

means

foot

soil dissolved

the

means

vigorous.

more

oblique branches,

down

the

the

to

trees

of

sources

of

is the

the

practitioner,for in

allied

be

the

of

than
a

the

less

two

carbonic

between

to

have

we

to

should

balance."

"

Direction
situated

need

example,

but

skill of

is the

which

for

principles;

the

by
the

it is upon
culture

and

tree

those

example, seedling pears)

surface

heat,

its factors,should

of

one

have

all fruit

of

the

at

in order

tightlyas

so

standard

soil

elements

absorb

leaves,and

aim

life of

surface

vacant

no

staked

are

tied

be

The

trees

soluble

relation

constant

stems

straw.

Fruit

the

air,light,and
a

trees

of

indispensable; they must

elements
furnished
by the roots.

the

be

Finally,waterings
farmyard manure.
soil should
be top-dressed; this retards direct
plants.
pruning (which must
principlesof reasonable
some
people have for cutting everything)
of the
the
rest
plants and elaboration
sap,
a
plan to render fruit culture possiblewhere

practised.

the

by

indispensable to the
leaves
the
only are

for

mania

absorb

the

Now, as
that pruning,

should

with

leaves, which

influence

elaboration

is based.

be

not

second,the

atmosphere.
and

The

the

it otherwise

water

of the

food
the
supply of
upon
but of a trick of the hand

depend

under

The

that

Pruning.

of

little

is covered

The

soil.

the

by

needful.

as

checks

Principles

with
sun

fruit wall

often

as

and

trees

hot

planting,standard
not
espaliersmust

After

Wall

from

little ; there

very

howrever.

settlingdow^n

their

GARDEN

all,or

at

Planting.

wrind.

sheltered

be

down

roots,

after

resist the

prevent

pressed

be

not

FRUIT

FRUIT
and

air

tree

Old, weak,
those

balance
when
and

the

their

at

To

bases.

be

to

not

the

upon

stopped depends
are
apricot trees
Beurr^

First

or
FROM

pinch

begin

must

one

Crassane,

ought

commenced

all

done

at

once

branches

stronger

the

upon
and

same

higher

parts.
afterwards

languishing trees should first be summer

pruned, and
and
vigorous.
young
which
consists
of stopping in their development the shoots
a
good formation
length assigned to them, in order to assure

are

Pinching

buds

be

335

and

that

surpassed

It

regularly.

more

it should

FRANCE

IN

CULTURE

with

upon

the

longer

Diel, "c.,

Maiden

the

left

of

than

How

are

and

tree

those
left

of

longer

Pyramid

Growth

it, therefore

weaken

to

strongest.

sort

pears

is

shoot

to

have
of

secure

long the shoot ought to be

of plum
the variety. Shoots
apple trees, and Bergamotte,
than

Pear

Louise

Tree,

Two

Bonne,

Winter

Years

Old

Graft

are
pinched late
leading shoots of the principalbranches
and
but little. The
practice of turning the extremity of a shoot back towards
varieties in order
to
rare
its base instead
of pinching it is practisedwith
or
new
increase
the surface
production.
the vine,
Incision.
This
Annular
operation is practisedespeciallyupon
result
the
berries
As
become
flower.
and
before
below
the
bunches
a
they
largerand ripen sooner.
fruits
individual
Fruits.
Thinning
apples, or
the
Twenty
pears,
The
reckoned
of tree
a
good
metre
are
thinning
average.
peaches
per square
and
little
later.
flowers
have
the
be done
fallen,
a
again
must
soon
as
as
early

Doyenn6,

"c.

The

It has
while

been
the

remarked
reverse

that

is the

case

in

bunch

with

of pears

apples.

the

central

fruits hold

the

better,

336

THE

Pears
The

little

with
to
are

and

bags

are

applesare
put

holes, so

often
in

on
as

FRUIT

to

put

June

in

bags in order
July. They

and

allow

GARDEN

the

air

to

reach

to
are

the

avoid
made

fruits without

Grapes are put

bags to preserve them
of hair-gauze,lightand
oiled,or of wire-gauze.
Frequent syringings in the evening or the morning

insects.

in

The

Winged

the ravages
of insects.
of paper
and
pierced

from

are

wasps.

very

giving access
These
bags

beneficial.

Pyramid

and
Raspberries,gooseberries,cherries,plums, apricots,
when
Peaches
and
nectarines
are
fullyripe.
gathered
may
for conbe gathered twenty-four or
sumption.
forty-eighthours before they are wanted
be squeezed.
not
They should be gathered with great care, and must
wanted
is
best
done
before
The
are
gathering of summer
eight
days
they
pears
before.
Winter
for eating, and
that of autumn
are
seven
days
pears
pears
and
middle
of
of
the year
October, according to the season
gathered about the
Fruit

other

Gathering.

similar

fruits

THE

338

FRUIT

GARDEN

cordons
oblique cordons, double-U
shaped and horizontal
(allon short stems),
the palmate on
a
long stem.
Pyramid.
The
consists of a stem
ordinary pyramid,which
bearing secondary
branches
in cycles of five,one
the other, is especiallyto be recommended
above
for varieties of
for some
of apples,cherries,and
vi^ith erect
branches
sorts
pears

and

plums.

In

order

graft

from

at
om.40
first branches.

is

weak,

is

cut

the

bottom

The

other

do
the

10

to

ground, reserving

five

will

the

the

two

every
last

while

form,

to

branches,

the

In

years.

the

at

taking

care

in

same

to

of

top

is

stem

If

the

case

the

cut

growrth
stem

year;

of the

tree.

spire.
to

of

shoots.

winged pyramid is obtained

speciallytrained.
They resist
costly.

more

Spindle
the

Column

or

Shaped.

is suitable

pyramid,

at

om.30

vigour

of

the

less

diminishing

length

apple
it,

Tree

the

the
deavours
from

the

order

to

three

will

stock

is

six

those

scion

of

branches,

these

is

which

Standard.

well-trained

head,

standards

leave

This
make

sixth

the

cut

form

is

pretty

only three of the

length of from

in

to

maiden

the

the

others

top of the

This

is

the

third

obtain

of

tree

from

at

the
are

In
om.30

second
year,
Let

tree.

especiallyuseful
and

stock,

Doucin.

required.
one

varieties

vigorous

at
cut
a
pyramid, are
the total height,gradually

the

from

at

the

than

the
of

towards

Paradise

cut

in

branches
give the twelve
rarelyvigorous enough for
work
to
by is necessary.

The

in

on

is

is

narrower

upon

buds
ground, leaving three
branches
equally distant

Each

centre.

obtain

buds,
standard

obtain

to

for

wards
after-

are

formation

year, according to
secondary branches, which

Form.

the

on

and

graft,and

the

or

Goblet

or

trees

degree,
Apple

fifth

in

is made

than

numerous

their

this,every

The

tree.

less

for the

from

its branches
but

slender

more

cut

above

length equal to
Vase

Vase-Shaped

om.8o

or

to

much

and

first

better,

form,

The

om.io

way

wind

gardens

trees.

om.70

the

the

This

small

for

pear

order
to

which

from

each
to

this

add

from
one

en-

and

buds,

two

that

for
less

obtain

to

other

being again
us

om.40

from

year

in

also,

cut

the

to

in

two

Paradise

regularity; however,

especiallysuitable for orchards, although

in fruit gardens. In order
form
to

avenues

best

best

these are shortened

placed branches
;
centimetres, according to their strength.
fruit trees
a greater
length of shoot should be left for instance,
which
the concherry,
as
requires as much
trary,
Apricot shoots, on
om.30.
left shorter.
Each
branch
should
be
are
back
close
its base,
cut
to

the first year to a

"stone"
On some

10

to

or

20

the

is

nothing more
good growth

the

assure

the

height

there

stages

the

obtain

intermediate

total

of the

opposite

cut.

this

the

cutting,in

four

three, or

order

in

preceding

the

proportionatelyshorter

The

the

of

side

the

on

eye
"

one-third

be

to

as

of two,

pyramids

continue

above

so

be

side

an
"

eyes
series of

fresh

only

is taken

cut

are

branches

to

obtain

opposite

centimetres

branches

is

scion

cut

year, to
the
on

bud

1 1

or

growing

than

it,the

series of branches

back

In

the

Every

higher to

om.40

obtain

to

FRUIT
then

vigorous jgrowths result,wrhich

very

order

form

to

the

frame.

It

is almost

usually growr stronglythe second

stems
are
only pruned during
to

of

them

make

for these

forms

and

good

admit

cut

back

its branches

and

of

its

all its fruit

bear

with

same

the

in

plums

vi^ould observe
six

or

middle

Plum

Vase-Shaped

years,

succeeding
and

of the

that

trees

when

tree,

one

of
a

at

is

the

years in
vi^hich

peaches,

vase

w^ith

high

endeavours
or

condition

funnel,
essential

Tree

exception,for it requiresto
producing at the
tendency to cease

apricot,however,
account

on

to

to

longer

339

shape, generallythat

well-balanced

plentyof air

The

fruitfulness.

the

FRANCE

left

are

We
year.
the first five

Standard

to

IN

CULTURE

an

be

stantly
con-

base

of

extremities.

palmate is the type par excellence of the trained

of an
It consists
axis with
forms.
on
oblique,horizontal, or vertical branches
in the same
obtained
the
All
these variations
either side.
are
cutting
by
way
the ground, for all kinds
from
buds
maiden
at
or
to three
except
om.35
om.30
Various

Palmates.

The

the
buds

the

terminal

two

should

other

The

should

which

peach,

the

on

should

stem

be

should

one

be

then

cut

be

at

om.30

established

the

each

taken
In

are

last series

to

form

palmates

with

(Palmate)
OF

obtaining a
The

the
union

branches

peach

at

om.5,

and

the

for

showing

Branches

op

thought

the

Tree

Pear

three

these

graft swelling,and

the

as

for

Of

om.50.

similarly. Except where

sufficientlystrong, a series

produced

not

to

be

is

year.

order

side

same

Series

the

Fan-Trained

stem

to

om.40

(Palmate)

above

branches

the

on

First

kinds

from

at

right and left.

be successivelycut,

Fan-Trained

other

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

340

at

first
of

from

om.20

the

branches
the

constitutes

Finally,nothing

double

Pear

Tree

stem,

with^Two

ground,
at

more

easy

is made

by

Series

Branches

and

then

beginning
oblique branches
palmate with
Cossonet
the popular
form.
is

beginning

than

om.io

to

or

transform

proceeding as
om.30
and

with

from
that

the
with

palmate

single
ground.
a

horizontal

with

oblique

branches

into

the

upon

long

palmate
and

horizontal

with

flexible

shoots

Fan-Trained

Tree

Pear

branches, by operating

weather,

v^arm

Three

with

341

they

when

are

full

Series

Branches

is still the

Verrier,

either

among

the

with

forms

an

of branches.

number

uneven

Candelabrum

The

palmate

best

The

or

even

vertical

even

or

during

OF

of sap.

FRANCE

IN

CULTURE

FRUIT

and

the

square

forms

fast

are

disappearing.

CP-*

'

AND

UU

vigorous, are
very
cutting the maiden

(Double
in
to

"

CossoNET

poor
two

U)

Form

Forms.

land,

or

buds

at

of

Fan-Training

The
those

om.30

U-shape
for

high

suits

trees

(forthe peach

which

are

It is obtained

walls.
at

om.40

to

not

by

om*5o)

The

'

'

Palmette

Pear

FRUIT

THE

342

Tree

Vekrier
with

' '

'

Three

The
WITH

GARDEN

Palmette
Four

Verriek

Verrier"

"Palmette

The

"

Five

with

Branches

Branches

Branches

The

"

Palmette-Verrier
Six

Branches

"

with

The

Double-Stemmed

"

with

Palmette-

Eight

Branches

Vkrrier

"

Pear

Tree

FRUIT
from

the

in

CULTURB:

Each

FRANCE

343

horizontally,and then raised

of om.2o) from
the
There
is nothing else to do
of the U.
the
axis, in order to form
two
arms
and
train
branches
the
to
to
secure
a
successively,
good growth both
except
is the symmetrical form
right and left. For the double U, which
par excellence^
the
maiden
buds
cut
two
to
at
om.20
(the peach at om.30) from the ground.
Train
the two
shoots
(the peach at om.50)
horizontally,and raise them
om.30
ground.

upwards

from

at

the

distance

axis

horizontal

then

branch

of

of

(the peach

back

them

cut

is trained

shoots

the

om.io

(the peach

distance

buds

two

to

om.i8

at

at

om.io

the

above

om.12

or

order

in

om.20),

or

shoots

obtain

to

.GPS

U-Shaped

XS

Pear

for the
forms

fruit

The
or

the

should

in

perish, it

does

branch

Oblique cordons,
fence, have
All

degs., from
facing east
ground

The

U.

this

varieties

one

the
or

rule

in

and

double

the

is

covering very high walls

vigorous,especially
very

for
not

are

Cut

and

each

stem

year

planting is om.40.

particularlysuited

are

the

back

of

permit

to

great

small

gardens,
of

number

for

varieties

for sloping
is also useful
oblique cordon
for non-vigorous
Finally,if a tree
growing varieties.
leave a large gap, and can
by
easilybe replaced even

neighbour.

of its
with

the

the

and

exception

There

same

horizontal,
west,

which

little space.
distance
apart for

only.

stem

incline

not

used

is but

These

soils,and

training in the

spurs.

the

only

is

they are easilyformed

The
a
given space.

that

reason

being grown
land, for poor

for

The

vigour.

Cordons.

Oblique

This

there

where

its

to

Cordon.

is also used

gardens

according

of

branches

two

freely.

Vertical

pillars. It

in small

Training

OF

is,the

that

frame,

Form

U)

(Double

Tree

towards

disregarded,and

on

the

those

the

south

the

east

if

the

trees

are

either

at

wall,
if
on

at

they
a

an
are

south

trained

end
than

other

branches

no

are

direction

towards

of

in

the

of

angle

of

planted
wall.
the

wall

60

about
on

On

direction

or

fruit

short

the

walls

sloping
of

the

THE

344

ascending incline.
greater length of stem

Pear

the

Tkees

incline

stems

at

an

of

angle

Oblique

as

stems

angle

of 60

not

are

the

reduced,

still further

It is easy

high.

so

Semi-Fan-Trained

Cordons,

incline

the

the

GARDEN

be

can

walls

if the

pronounced

more

increased
with

The

FRUIT

farther

degs., the

the

apart
distance

the

reduces

distances

to

trees

ought
them.

to

be,

for

For

should

them

that

End

between

between

allow

understand

Each

at

will

which

an

trees

be

for

="6;iDOUBLE

SINGLE

AND

HORIZONTAL

CORDON

AT

peaches,
stock, and

plums
apples upon
m.

the

planting

several

branches

Horizontal
as

well

as

some

Cordons.
varieties

cross,

The

of

pear

trees

the

upon

and

for

pears

PLANTING

together, so that
training is obtained.

on

the

the

upon

Quince

Tree

form

network

apple

FOR

apricots,om.6o.

Apple
of this

USEFUL

TREES,

Borders

of

Doucin

V-Shaped

By

APPLE

Edges

cherries, om.8o
stock, and

and

THE

either

Quince,

Paradise
do

very

the

or

well

Doucin
as

stocks,
horizontal

346

THE
Cordon

length

trees

of stem,

and

Generally speaking,
than

quickly
well
and
with

with

or

low

cover

make

to

om.8o

at

double

the

which

at

bear

apples do
fruit freely
and
apples,

pears,

also

are

used

the

from

om.40

more

of

bear

of

good

repeatedly.

room,

ground,

those

have

to

varieties

cordons

from
with

row

little
All

varieties

Horizontal

is

slightlyand

but

fruits.

only those

pears

do

to

shoots

up

coloured

chosen.

branches,

two

walls, or

in rather

be

thing

the

take

treated

give
cordons, but of

chief

pinch

to

better

vigorous must

not

one

thus

trees

others, and

horizontal

as
are

The

easilymanaged.
during growth,

are

GARDEN

FRUIT

to

ground

large borders.

V-Shaped

Trees.
By training an apple or a pear tree so as to form the
fruitfulness
and
favourable
is obtained.
to
one
practicable form
the
distances
trees
at
to
are
Young
planted
height of the
varying according
trellis and
the vigour of the variety. With
fence
trellis
im.20
a
or
high, and
the
om.8o
forms
is 2
trees
metres
arm
an
angle of
long, and
apart, each
the ground.
With
be well
to
a
plant the
high trellis it would
35 degs. with
closer ; with
lower
trees
a
trellis,
good soil,and a vigorous variety,they should
be planted farther
still.
apart

letter

V,

The

Trained

fan-trained
the

as

soon

example,

easilyfinds

room,

one's

covering

and

or

TREES

apricot, on

Light

stem,

without

above.

in

being

This

is

the

lucrative

way,
of

way

the

and

be

to

of

APRICOT

its

feared.

should

early flowering,

It

requires

planted

be

sheltered

situation

as

where

much

as

wind.

north

soils

warm

CULTURE

THEIR

suit

the

apricot

better

France

the

than

those

which

heavy

are

damp.
Propagation.

almond,
France

it is better

stock.

This

Leroy,

is used

In
The

all

we

grown.

as

the

south

good.

cases

of

have

In
with

the

obtain

to

locahty :

said,

apricot
much

stock

is

of

grown.

Terraud, Avignon,

in

stem

Anjou

the

is first

considerable
Around

Bordeaux,

"c.,

of

St.

grafted

Paris

the

upon
the west

and

damson.

of

to

of

may
form

be
the

intermediate

an

Julien, or

the

It

latter

the

is had

recourse

Julien,Krazenski,

in Paris the St.

;
the
intermediate
the

is

apricot

neighbourhood
the
St. Julien plum or
trees
palmate, but from

or

order

of
in the

grafted upon
standard

varies

fruit

Clermont

In

seedling apricot, but

or

either
grown
fruit is not
so

as

while

The

AND

account

not

are

possible from
and

other

house.

THE

spring frosts

desired

any

houses

spreads its branches

FRUIT

The

like

is obtained

height, is used for covering

leaving the lower part free

windows.

two

which

form,

is of the

stem

walls

high

between

This

the

as

parts of very

upper

for

Standard.

tree,

Gvr.

d'Andr^

"c.

grafted
market

upon

value,

the
and

St.

Julien.

therefore,

Paris,

at

Triel, Dijon, Lyons,

bush

or

half-standard

trees

are

FRUIT
Pruning.

The

apricot bears

Fan-Trained

or

upon

spurs

Typical

are

of

stopped
the

tree.

at

this

Shoots

IN

CULTURE

will

of

suggest

the

the

its fruit upon

Apricot

Apricot

with

the

Four

Series

pruning

Bearing

FRANCE

Wood

347
of

shoots

of

and

The

Fruit

third, fourth, fifth,or sixth leaf according

Apricots are eaten
fresh,dried, or preserved.
the

year'sgrowth,

Branches

required.

Buds

one

growing

shoots

Buds

to

the

vigour

THE

348
The

Varieties.

FRUIT

GARDEN

following varieties

those

are

generally grown

most

rather
large ; July, August.
Tree
fertile,spreading ; fruit
vigorous and
(Large Ordinary).
very
the
for preon
side, excellent
oval, whitish
yellow, and
speckled golden brown
sunny
serving
of July.
; end
small
rather
fertile ; leaves
Tree
vigorous, very
medium-sized,
Jacques.
; fruit
of August.
flat-ovoid, pale yellow, shaded
; middle
grey
fertile ; leaves
Tree
LlABAUD.
large ; f7-uit globular, strawvigorous, not
very
carmine
side ; July.
the sunny
coloured
and
on
orange
of July.
Tree
LuiZET.
vigorous, fertile ; fruit large and sweet
; end
de
Tree
PfeCHE
fertile; leaves
(Peche
vigorous, very
large ; fruit large,
Nancy).
of August.
where
exposed to the sun
oval, yellow carmine
; end
PR:fiC0CE
BOULBON
Tree
fertile; leaves
DE
(De
Boulbon).
vigorous, very
large;
of July.
the sunny
side ; beginning
fruit large, oval, yellow carmine
on
Tree
rather
Prc0CE
fertile ; /rKz/
Monplaisir.
de
vigorous, not
large,
very
where
of
the
to
sun
yellow,
purpled
exposed
beginning
July.
orange
;
Tree
PriScoce
D'Esperen
fertile,spreading;
vigorous, not
(Esperen).
very
very
the
leaves
side ;
on
large, oval, straw
yellow, intensified
large ; fruit rather
sunny
very
Julymedium-sized
Tree
Royal
fertile; leaves
(Royal de Wurtemberg).
;
vigorous,
very
the
and
on
purple
fruit large, globular, flattened, yellowish white
yellow,
sunny
orange
of July, August.
side; end
Holub.
TV^^
Sucre
de
large, rounded
moderately vigorous, fertile ; /^aw^j rather
;
and
marked
with
the
on
yellow
red,
purple
fruit large, rounded-ovoid,
orange
sunny
Defarges.

Gros

Fruit

CoMMtTN

....

side

August.

The

most

Liabaud,

useful

varieties

de

Boulbon,

Precoce

for

commercial

The

almond

in

best

the

obtained

also renders
and

south

grown

In

vicinity of
as

high

sheltered

south

the

Paris

the

Paris

Around

France

Gros

Commun,

but

little

grafted
and

the

upon

it much

suits

pruning,

ripen its fruit ;

spring frosts.

its very
It does

almonds
green
and
deep land

Dry

it is

St.Julien plum

It needs

standard.

the

injury from

situations.

of

to

temperature

to

France.

by planting
its fertility.
to

Propagation.
the

ALMOND

it liable
of

west

in

favourable

in

rather

requires

P^che, Royal.

THE

early blossoming

are

purposes

that

most

almond,
It

better.

but

is best

for the

more

be

can

is

sake

of

symmetry.
Varieties.
La

Princesse

are

grown,
and

August

The

;
as

best

they
well

ripe

are

Ronde

as

September.

varieties
in

July.

Fine.

They

are

excess

cherry

likes

of moisture.

frequently near

the

open

It

is found

sea.

It

For

market

The
in

are

culture

gathering

of

cookery,

"c.

Soft

Shelled

these

two

almonds

takes

and

varieties

place

in

CHERRY

situation

an

amateurs

used

THE
The

for

wild

is grown

with
more

in

a
or

mellow
less

gardens

in

soil ; it

greatly dreads
throughout France, but
pyramid,

vase,

and

an

less

palmate

FRUIT

and

forms,
open

other

especiallyas
bushes
fields,
at
5
plants are
grown

apart.
Propagation.

hot

for

For

standard.

metres,

or

the

at

trees, these

The

Shoot

cherry

is

Rhone, Lyonnais,

much

cultivated

Pruning.

for the

largelygrown

manufacture

of

Paris.

of
"

the

In

Beak

the

distance

cherry
in dry

sometimes

in

Var,

in

when

Ste. Lucie

Cherry
WILL

planted

the

delta

of

Shoot
Fruit

east

of

France

it is

Kirsch."
and

shoots

is necessary,

of

one

only

tree.

five distinct

are

it is

sometimes

still greater

its fruit upon

bears
cherry tree
spurs
Little
pruning, stopping, or disbudding

balance

to

There

environs

The

year's growth.
sufficient

the

cherry ; the
forms, and

THAT

and

apart

at

are

Two-Year-Old

of

Cherry

349

cultivation

8 m(^tres

the wild
upon
other
short-stemmed

or

standards.

One-Year-Old

the

FRANCE

commercial

standards

between

for half-standard
soils

IN

By grafting

is reserved
and

CULTURE

sorts

of cherries

almost
colourless
Flesh
vigorous, long
crisp, sweet
; branches
; juice
divergent ; flowers large, half-opened.
almost
colourless
Cherries
tender,
(properly so-called). Flesh
; juice
;
sugary
medium
branches
medium
size,
flowers
or
divergent
size,
erect,
very
;
many,
open.
the
in the
coloured
Flesh
GuiGNE.
same
as
soft, sweet
; branches
; juice often
Bigarreau ; flowers large, half opened.
and
Flesh
Griotte.
astringent
slightly
tender; juice clear, acid, sometimes
rather
and
bitter ; branches
divergent.
slender, numerous,
Cherries
Kirsch.
for
Special varieties for distillation.

BiGARREAU.

and

few,

often

THE

3 so

FRUIT

GARDEN

CHERRIES

BEST

THE

BiGARREAU
the
red on
fertile ; fruii isolated, very large, yellowish and
Moderately
white
pink
mid-June.
; JlesA
;
sunny
fertile ; /rmf
in pairs, very
Cceuret
Gros
(Cceur de Pigeon). Moderately
large,
yellow ; Jlesk yellow ; mid-June.
rosy
fertile ; fruti in threes, large, purple red : _fiesk brownish
Moderately
JABOULAY.
red ; end of May.
Fertile ; /rzV
in threes, medium
Buttner
(Buttner's Yellow).
size;
de
Jaune
_^es/iyellowish ; end of June.
Napoleon.
large, pinkish red; /lesk whitish ;
Very fertile ; fruii in pairs, very
D'ESPEREN.

side

mid-June.
Pelissier.
and

fertile

Very

/ruii

red

large, deep

very

JlesA blood

red

end

of

May

early June.
Reverchon.

pinkish white

mid-

fertile; /r7a'i in

Moderately
June.

Cherries

pairs,

rather

large, bright

red; /iesk

(True)

(Early Royal, May

Duke).;
Very fertile ; fruii in bunches, large,
of
beginning
June.
deep
;
;
fertile ;
Belle
de
(Belle de Chatenay, Belle de Sceaux).
Moderately
Magnifique
of July.
tart
fruii in pairs, garnet red ; _fieskred, rather
; end
fertile ; fruii in pairs,
Choisy
Belle
(Belle Audigeoise, Ambree).
de
Moderately
end
of June.
large, amber-coloured
; J?esk yellowish ;
in pairs, large,
Late
fertile ; fruii
Holman's
Duke
(Archduke,
English).
Very
red ; /lesk pinkish white
brownish
; mid-July
EuGENlE.
Fertile ; fruii large, round, deep crimson
IMPERATRICE
; _^es/iyellowish ;
beginning of July.
fertile ; fruii in pairs, large
Not
Shori-stalked
(Gros Gobet).
Montmorency,
very
of June, July.
red ; flesh transparent
with developed
furrow, very short stalk, brown
; end
fertile ; fruii single,
(Amarelle-Royale).
Montmorency,
Long-stalked
Moderately
of June, July.
acid ; end
globular, bright red ; flesh whitish yellow, rather
Bourgueil.
Not
fertile ; fruii in pairs, large, globular,
Montmorency
de
very
bright red ; flesh whitish yellow ; end of June.
Sauvigny.
Montmorency
de
Very fertile ; fruii single or in pairs, rather
large,
of
end
red ; flesh orange
July.
rose
;
is a
de
This
MoRELLO
Charmeux.
late
Belle
DE
Magnifique
; ripe AugustSeptember.
fertile ; fruit single, very
Hortense.
Not
Reine
large, oval, clear red ; flesh
very
yellowish ; beginning of July.
Duke
ROYALE
fertile; fruii in pairs,
(Royale de Hollande,
Cherry). Moderately
of July.
red ; flesh pink ; beginning
large brown
Anglaise

red

Hative

Jies/igarnet

red

GuiGNE
fertile ; fruii in threes, cloudy red ;
(Early Black). Moderately
beginning of June.
Beaut^
l'Ohio
fertile ; fruit in pairs, globular,
de
(Ohio
Beauty).
Moderately
reddish
yellow ; flesh yellowish ; mid-June.
d'0rl:6ans.
Belle
Very fertile ; fruii in pairs, large, rosy white ; flesh pink ; end
of June.
of May, beginning
Mai
De
red ; flesh garnet red ; end
(d'Annonay).
Very fertile ; fruit in pairs, brown
of May.
A

Gros

Fruit-Noir

flesh garnet-coloured

FRUIT

Elton.

Fertile

IN

CULTURE

; fruit

in bunches,

FRANCE

351
with

large, yellowish, marbled

pink

flesh whitish

July.
Precoce

Rivers

Ramon

Oliva.

good

very

end

(Early Rivers). Fertile ; fruit large, red ; flesh pink ; end of May.
Very fertile ; fruit large or very large, black
red, sweet, perfumed,
May, beginning of June.

of

Griotte
Du

NoRD.

fertile

Very

fruit in bunches, oval, black

red

red

flesh garnet

August-

September.
KiRscH
Noire

Cherries

Vosges

(Bdchat). Very fertile ; fruit rather

large, rounded,
flesh black, good quality ; end of June, July.
Rouge
Vosges
des
fertile ; fruit in pairs, generally
(Vinette). Extremely
red ; flesh white, good
large, long, heart-shaped, deep crimson
quality ; mid-July.
shaped,

des

deep

black

heart-

The

Best

Commercial

rather

Varieties

de Mai,
Guigne
Bigarreau
Jaboulay,
Bigarreau
cPEsperen, English
Cherry, Imde
Griotte
du
peratrice. Belle
Magnifique,
Nord,
Bigarreau
Reverchon,
Bigarreau
Black
NapoUon,
Early
{long-stalked), Montinorency
Guigne,
Montmorency
{shortdes
stalked). Noire
Vosges, Rouge des Vosges ( for Kirsch).

THE
The

CHESTNUT

regions of Brittany,La Vendue,

Perigord, Berry, Morvan, and especiallyAuvergne, Limousin, and Dauphin^,
in sandy, granitic,ferruginous,or other
best
soils,provided they are light. The
sheltered
is
from
winds.
in
the
north
as
Sharp frosts,
1880,
facing east,
aspect
do
much
harm
the
chestnut
frosts also
sometimes
to
damage the
; spring
chestnut

flourishes

in

the

mountainous

flowers.
Propagation.
as

grown
one

Varieties.
de

The

differ

chestnut

is
but

pruned
the

best

Lusignan.

sorts, which
The

chestnut

and

when

year'sgrowth

Matron

The

standard

tree

is

varieties

For

upon

little.

The

eight or
are

commercial

little from
very
when
is eaten

grafted

years old.
de Lyon,

ten

Marron
purposes

each

other.

cooked

in

wild

the

water

roasted

or

upon

wood

de

Luc,

Marron

district

each

It

chestnut.

fruit is borne

its

grows

and
own

it is also used

is
of

in

confectionery,"c.
QUINCE

THE

well
throughout France, except
grows
it
is
sea
quite hardy. It will flourish in almost
;
The
of lime.
does
contain
and
excess
not
an
water-logged
The

near

quince

the

by

the

is

grown

for

amateur

quince.
Portugal.

for
The

home

preserves,
varieties

use.

From

the

liqueurs, "c.
commonly

most

commercial
It

is

grown

dry

any

situations

soil

quince

point

grafted
are

in

upon
the

of

that

is

or

not

is cultivated

view
the

Angers

its fruit

Fontenay
and

the

FRUIT

THE

352

GARDEN

FIG

THE
The

fig is
neighbourhood

in the west
grown
of Paris it needs

wall

or

France

of

south

and

best

suits

the

fig.

may
it in

have

but

little

the

When

Fig

of

Branch

(Pinched),

Successional

and

plants are

the

row,

previous

the

wood

which

has

Varieties.
La

has

The

La

Dauphine,

district

year, except
borne
fruit
best

Raspberries are

also

soil.

and

from

year

in

stems
a

shoots

order

crop
wood

and

The

the

upon

which
best

as

all the wood

base

buds

secondly, in

upon

shoots

removing

the

spring gathering.
Fig, the Violet Fig, La Barhillonne,
the

for
in

the

as

is effected
These

no

hot

the

and

taken

are

more

tion
situa-

excessively
by means

full

in

have

to

abundance

very

well

produce

to

continuous

of

in
consists,firstly,

year

littoral,

as

an

avoid

to

clumps

should

Pruning.^

August

have

situations,as

clump

This

same

Each

Western

to

Propagation
one-year-old suckers.

every
Each

the

varieties.

fastidious

not

order

soils.

dry
of

In

fruits it is well

shaded

root

RASPBERRY

THE

good

after

White

preserving or
largely grown

are

purposes
apart in
4 metres
between
the
metres

Argenteuil.

Brittany,and

or

for

will

shoots

the

at

Bordeaux.

Provence, the

Bordeaux,

The

commercial

own

used
fresh,
Figs are
confectionery. They

of

de

Rouge

its

two

immediately
:

place
garden.

figis propagated by layers;

Pruning.

or

are

should
of the

layered.

Showing

Shoot

one

amateur

room

land
who

placed

with

The

removing
of

light

for commercial

the

the

must

by covering

The

corner

grown

rows.

Fruit

warmest

soil,

it also

and

Warm

straw.

the

warm

Here

in winter

protection

have
with

In

air.

open
and

situation

Argenteuil.

at

as

Part

in the

sheltered

bearing.
than

finest

six
fruits

crop.

The

second

September
same

wood
has

growths

crop
is borne

year,
of the

produced
of

the

and

of fruits in

the
upon
for the spring

Fruiting

Shoot

of

Raspberry

preceding year.
Every year, therefore,in winter the
fruit in spring,and which
is dead, must
be removed.
be
and
must
these
will
be proselected,
year
upon

THE

354
The
de

Black

Naples

FRUIT

Currant.

black

common

and

currant

the

variety

Noir

Dijon.
neighbourhood
liqueur,notably
Chagny, Pantin, Sceaux, Mantes, Vernon,
Langres, "c.
The
The
Gooseberry.
gooseberry is not much
in
the neighbourhood of
cultivated
in France
except

cultivated

are

The

GARDEN

for the

in the

of

Beaune,

Dunkirk.

The

preparations

numerous

THE
The
any

medlar

is grow^n
forms
best

With

by

more

suited

Fruit

IN

fruit is

is
almost

when

eaten

Common,

the

from

and

that

increased

the

The

Large

The
any
out

hazel

soil.

It

that

hot
and

unsound,
of

shade

situations
that

lessens

borne

on

wood

of

both

for

garden

will grow
nut
is nevertheless

young
one

an

the

in almost
well

render

exceptions
than

the

are

any

for

standard

the

market.
and

The

pruning.

no

land

the
fruit

wfhich

shoots

young

one

Medlar.

NUT
any

position,even

under

large trees, and

point

to

the

fruit

of moisture

excess

few^

or

almost

or

fruit is
fertility. The
shoots
which
spring from
Cultivated
year's growth.
its

and

ornament

of

Dutch

HAZEL

THE

in

spring
The
medlar
year's growth.
the
thorn.
The
by grafting upon
with
varieties most
two
usually met
are
of

branches

rotten.

called

preserves.

amateurs

it

to

it requires little
;
of
is borne
the ends
at
GoosEBERRy

and

planted

be

may
situation.

bush

Standard

MEDLAR

medlar

and

The

are

Drop, Early Grosse

King, Whiteimhhy
Late
Grosse
Rouge, Smiling Beauty, Ocean,
eaten
are
Industry. Gooseberries
ravir,

Winham's
in

varieties

common

Golden

Maraby
Rouge,
and

most

production
it

amateur,

is also

in

the

grown,

chieflyfor market, in Provence, Auvergne,

Brittany,Anjou, and the Pyrenees. The
hazel
is increased
nut
by layers. The
Aveline
best
varieties
are
:
(red, round),
Aveline
(white, long), De Trehi%onde,Mer

veille de Bollwiller.

THE

WALNUT

Part

of

Branch

of

Fruit

The
and
to

the
avoid

walnut
sudden
wet

dreads

severe

chills of

land, for

winter

spring often
there

the

and

Nut

Hazel

with

Catkins

frosts,

injure its flowers

is usually most

frost

it is therefore

severe.

prudent

rather

light

FRUIT

soil

and

sheltered

exceptions, begins

IN

CULTURE
situation
bear

suit

fruit

FRANCE

walnut

the

355

best.

The

with

walnut,

rare

It is grown

of

as
a
eight or ten years
age.
standard
in orchards, and
is increased
grafting.
by root
by sowing seed or
Walnuts
for the
market
come
Dordogne, Isere, Correze, Puy de
chieflyfrom
The
fresh or dry.
Sa6ne, Anjou, Cher, Savoy, "c.
nuts
eaten
are
D6me, Haute
The
Oil and
from
them.
best are
the Common
Walnut^
liqueursare also made
De
la
St.
Jean
Walnut, Bijou,
Walnut,
Soft-shelled

to

at

THE
The

requires

the

south

and

long

and

in

the

and

regular crops

bear

to

and

west,

exceptions,

rare

very

live

it is cultivated

France,

Paris, with

to

order

In

heat.

of

centre

in

peach,

PEACH

in certain

open

especiallyin

in

the

in

the

neighbourhood

the

and

east

good fruit,

districts

favoured

air, but

of

north,

it

of

must

?b

Shoot

Wood

Buds

Blossom

be

grown
frost when
are

the

centre,

in

flower

wit

Growth,

Buds

Blossom

Blossom

of

west,

and

suits
shallow

by

The

wall, and,

south

or

peach

the

to

south

vigour and
damp and

and

east

an

Propagation.
in

Shoot

Peach

Bearing
Buds

Buds

upon

harmful

Characteristic

Short

ing
Show-

Peach,

of

by

or

canvas

other

peach

it is very
is increased

means.

liable

in such

either

France, and upon

north, according to
the deeper and warmer
soils.

moreover,

the

to

must

be

protected

Wet

and

unaerated

almond

soil.

The

soils ; the

soils

gum."

"

by budding

the

from

or

upon
St.

Almond

plum,

on

the seedling peach

Julien plum in the
stock
gives more
the

contrary,

suits

356

FRUIT

THE
Forms

short

Trees.

of

open-airculture

For

walls
Upon
U, oblique cordons,

however,

remark

to

Peach

Shoot

Wood

Buds

peach

the

stems.

double

of

Wood

Buds

trees

to

as

Obtain
Shoot
Cut

(Subsequently

Away)

both

and

Suc-

Shoot

CESsioNAL

and

for

Peach
to

Fruiting

right,

Buds

culture

market

the

so

is

suitable

the

Tree

when

has

only

upon
U
or

It

is

Pruning

or

forms

branches.

costly and

ing
Prun-

Shoot

For

amateur.

the

six

bush

fan-shape.

districts

in cold

and

If any

branches

perish

it is often

their

places

easilybe filled.

can

Pruning.
that

each

make

Those

shoots

with

shoots

and
and

to

bears

shoots

prevent

of

several

first examine

fruit

peach

fresh

must

to

overcrowding.
bearing both

the

also

those

wood-bud

flower-buds

pruning

introduce

with

of one
branches
fruit upon
old
trained
in and
be

Fruiting

size
average
flower-buds
and
a

with

growths

The

year
and

room

follows

us

the

restrict

to

and

successional

Blossom

garden

grown

is grown
as
in trained

Peach

THE

Practised

better

be

long

of

only

the

the

peach

can

is

Method

with

the

three, four, five,or

with

this work

that

GARDEN

all

one

the

wood-bud.

shoot

to

The

to

fruit-buds,weak

extremity only,
As

so

removed

distinguishedas

are

and

wood-buds

two-year-old branch.
for the
following
wood-buds
(unless they are

of

new

and

at

shoots

year'sgrowth,
wood

the

and

pruning,

object

year.

weak)

The
are

short

is

to

let

get

strongest
cut

back

FRUIT
the

and

short

alone.

To

weak

shoots

leave

closely.

there

also weak

always
growths
these

often
difBcult

divert

we

to

of

OF

turn

shortening
of the

the
will
a

shoot
also

shoot

shoot.

Disbudding
shoots
these

as

will

from

sap

are

not

is

but

little

them

the

to

always

to

Pinched

to
of

By

cutting
ones,

of

always
the
shoots

cut

to

to

wood-bud,

and
latter),
are
pruned

practised

in

order

or
required. One
develop properly.

fruit

bear

two

to

in
to

to

in

it is

strong
make

so

of

parts,

the
so

tree
to

as

Development

to

fruit

should

take

its

be

place ;

moved,
re-

this

When
succeeding year.
former
fruit-bud
are
(the
that

is

on

the

upper

side

spring.

growths

leave

above

Lateral

not

fruit,

Growths

borne

the

wood-bud

the

assist

cut

and

to

back

not

back

part

other

Successional

has
that
throughout. Wood
trained
next
year'sfruiting
shoot

each

treat

for

is

which

from

weaker

needs

the

to

or

left

are

do

which

fruit,and

shoots.

Production

the

produce

than

The

and

shoots

strong

successional

Stopped

Peach,

Fruits

balance

elongated

more

of

flow

the

the

the
and

in its

good

leaf-bud

terminal

strengthen it,to cut

against all theories, we

to

give

357

it short

even

a
word, it is necessary
its needs
and
in relation

Shoot

preserve

that

and

are

In

strong.

according

the

is

there

ones

obtain

to

flower-buds

Where

FRANCE

IN

unpruned
reason
why,

this is the

vigorous shoots
are

with

branch

it ; and

weaken

CULTURE

the

shoots

to

form

fruits must
are

stopped

be
at

as

new

many

left,otherwise
three

or

four

THE

35i
leaves.

The

regulate

them.

ends

laterals from

of

the

When

FRUIT

leading shoots should

leading shoot happens

its base

Peaches

vs^ith
may
in
great
growrn

are

GARDEN

Away,

appreciatedin
peaches,

Pkhe

the

peaches

The

market.

de Montreuil.

This

of

country

round

is grov^^n

Admirable

(Large
Jaune
large, globularj greenish
September, October.

rather

Yellow

Best

one

Fruited,
(that will

One

to

the

the

The
is

Cut
Fruit

SHORTENED

IS

and

Lyonnais are equally

espalier-grown
at Montreuil, Rosny-sousespecially

Burgundy

Bois, Bagnolet, Fontenay-sur-Bois, Sannois,

The

of

Peach.

of
has

SeASON)

order

throughout

season

Upper

following

THE

The

the

which

the

and

vigorous,
replace it.

Shoots

One,

in

too

to

Terminal

Lower

part of France.

be

early in

quantitiesand

Pruning

southern

to

slightlypinched

trained

be

advantage

be

Paris

furnishes

"c.

Varieties

Peach

yellow, carmined

or

Apricot
on

sunny

Peach).
side

Very
flesh

fertile ; fruit
bright yellow ;

Fertile ; fruit large, rounded,

furrowed, greenish yellow, and
flesh
yellowish
pink
exposed to the sun
;
; mid-September.
Fertile ; fruit moderately
Amsden
(June Peach).
large, rounded, furrowed, whitish
side ; flesh pink ; mid-July.
and
deep purple, spotted on the sunny
with
Baltet.
Fertile ; fruit large, rounded-oval,
marked
regular furrows, cream
and
October.
white, red in the sun
; September
; flesh white, bright red at the core
Belle
Fertile ; fruit large, globular, yellowish white, carmined
in the sun
Bausse.
flesh yellowish white, red at the core, non-adherent
; mid-September.
Imp^riale.
Belle
Fertile as an
espalier ; /rz/ large, spherical, slightlyfurrowed,
Lepere.

Alexis

carmine

red

where

'

FRUIT
yellowish, crimsoned
September.
Blondeau.

CULTURE

in

the

sun

IN

flesh yellowish

FRANCE

359

white, carmined

at

the

core

mid-

Fertile

rather
large, rounded,
; fruit
depressed, shghtly furrowed,
the sunny
side ;
on
purple, violet-coloured
of September.
flesh red at the core
; end
BONOUVRIER.
Very fertile ; fruit large, spherical,yellowish
and
of September.
white ; end
purple in the sun
; flesh greenish
Cumberland.
fertile as
Very
espalier ; fruit medium
an
and
size, spherical, whitish
bright red in the sun
; flesh white
;
July.
Galande
Pointue.
Very fertile ; fruit very
large, rather
irregular, oval or globular, whitish yellow, carmined-purple in the
sun
; flesh reddish
; mid-August.
Mignonne
Grosse
(Mignonne
Ordinaire, Belle de Ferriferes).
Very fertile ; fruit very
large, spherical, flattened, with pronounced
furrow,
greenish yellow, purple red in the sun
; flesh
whitish, pink at the core
; mid-August.
HAtive.
Mignonne
Grosse
Very fertile ; fruit very large,
furrow, yellowish green,
spherical,with pronounced
pale red in
of August.
white
sun
; beginning
; flesh greenish
I grandes
Madeline
Courson
de
(Madeline
fleurs).
fertile
as
standard;
a
Very
fruit very
large, spherical, clear
the
of
at
core
pale pink in sun
; flesh whitish, pink
; end
green,
August, September.
U-Shaped
Peach
fertile ; fruit rather
Malte
(Malte de Lisieux). Moderately
Tree
in
marbled
the
sun
large, spherical,greenish yellow and purple,
;
beginning of September.
Fertile ; fruit large, deep red, furrowed
Noblesse
Seedling
(Alexandra Noblesse).
;
flesh pink at the core
; mid-August.
Pr^COCE
Hale
standard
fertile as
de
(Hale's
Early).
Very
a
large.
; fruit

almost

entirely red and

Fan-Trained

spherical, narrow,
purple

at

Reine

with
core

the

core

des

Tree

with

Series

One

of

Branches

furrow, whitish, deep purple in sun

; flesh whitish
July, August.
de Dou^).
Very fertile ; fruit large, globular,
(Monstrueuse
whitish
white, pink at
yellow, pale red in sun
; flesh greenish

with

well-marked

; end

of

Vergers

nipple, furrowed,
;

Peach

mid-September.

SALV7AY.

Fertile

fruit

veiy

large,

almost

spherical,

with

pronounced

furrow.

THE

360
nippledj whitish, golden
; end

core

FRUIT

yellow

and

deep

GARDEN
in

purple

the

sun

flesh bright yellow, red

at

of October.

fertile ; fruit large, oval, with long nipple, yellowish

Moderately
of September.
flesh whitish, pink at core
; end
Fertile ; fruit large, spherical, furrowed, pale yellow, deep red in the
ViLMORlN.
of September.
; end
; flesh white, bright purple at core
fertile as
WiLLERMOZ
large.
an
espalier ; fruit very
(Crawford's
Early).
Very

TiTON

white,

Venus.

DE

red

brown

in

sun

sun

Fan-Trained

Peach

Tree

globular, flattened at ends, golden

of August.
core
; end
THE

Two

yellow, purple

BEST

Series

in

the

of

sun

Branches

flesh yellow,

red

orange

at

NECTARINES

the
red on
Moderately fertile ; ^Wz'/ medium
size, spherical,whitish
of August.
flesh pink at core
; commencement
Elruge.
Fertile ; fruit large, red, carmined
in sun
agreeably
; flesh juicy, sweet,
under
variety for culture
perfumed
glass ; end of August.
; a good
Galopin.
fertile ; fruit oi the largest, spherical, yellowish green,
brown
Moderately
red
in sun
of August.
at core
; flesh greenish, red
; beginning
Lord
Napier.
with slight furrow,
Very fertile as a standard
; fruit large, rounded,
red
in sun
whitish
greenish yellow, brown
flesh
mid-August.
;
;
Orange
Pitmaston
de
(Pitmaston
Orange).
Very fertile ; fruit large, rounded,
deep red in the sun;
mid-August.
Prcoce
Croncels.
faint
Fertile ; fruit rather
with
de
furrow,
large, spherical,
and
of August.
red in sun
pale yellow, whitish
garnet
; beginning
; flesh white
Pr^COCE
Fertile ; fruit large, handsome,
Rivers
(Early Rivers).
deep red colour,
of the best and
beautiful
most
one
; mid-August.
Victoria.
brown
Very fertile ; fruit rather large, spherical, ovoid, yellowish green,
red
in sun
of September.
; end
; flesh whitish, purple at core
Violet
Musqu:^.
an
espalier ; fruit medium
Very fertile as
size, roundish-oval,
in the sun
of
and
yellowish white
at
red, violet carmine
core
; /iesh pink
; beginning
September.
De

sunny

Felignies.

with

side

Classification

According

to

Time

of

Peaches
Middle
Amsden

and

Latter

Half

of July

Cumberland

Ripening

FRUIT

THE

362
moisture

lessens

always provided

GARDEN

fertility.The

its
that

it is neither

likes

pear
wet

too

rich

Propagation.

The

Pyramid

Quince.

When
of

nature

the

is

pear

Pear

grafted

Tree

grafted upon
soil,though it

the
must

Two

with

wild
have

stock

wild

the

upon

Series

the

does

depth,

pear,

is less

pear
no

excess

The

consistency,
contain

not

and

stems

all forms

an

intermediate

stock

standard,pyramid,

trained

is often

used.

the

upon

exacting
of

water

the Quince.
latter stock
when
grafted upon
for the crop
frequently used (except in hot and calcareous
soils),
finer.
more
quickly obtained, and the fruit is much
Forms.
All varieties of the
do
not
equally well, so in
pear
grow

form

good

Branches

of

and

is less fertile than

and

of
and

lime.

much

more

dry,

too

nor

soil

The

pear

as

to

the

but

it

is much
is

larger

order

is cultivated

to

in

trees, "c.

air are
supplied by many
regions,especiallyfrom
open
Angers, Nantes, I'Aisne, PEure, La Seine et Marne, "c.
Some
also sent
Choice
from
from
are
espalier trees come
Burgundy.
pears from
the neighbourhood of Paris
Groslais, Montreuil, Rosny-sousMontmorency,
Bois, Fontenay-sous-Bois, Bagnolet, "c.
Pears

the

basin

grown
of the

in

the

Loire

FRUIT
Pruning.

In

CULTURE

pruning,

IN

be

taken

FRANCE

363

of the

vigour of the varieties

Bonne, Duchesse
d'Angou16me, Doyennd d'Hiver, Williams'',
"c., are of moderate
vigour and very fertile ;
suit them
therefore, limited 'forms
de
well, as also Doyenn^
Juillet,Beurr6
and

of the

influence

Pyramid

of their

Pear

account

must

stocks.

Tree

with

Thus

Three

Louise

Series

of

Branches

du Congres, Colmar
I'Assomption, Souvenir
Clairgeau,
d'Aremberg, Beurr6
limited
the Quince
Marguerite Marillat,"c., which, making
growth when
upon
Beurr^
Superstock, require small forms.
Hardy, Doyenn6 du Comice, Beurr6
fin,Bergamotte Esperen, Doyenne d'Alengon, "c., are vigorous, and require
Cur^, Triomphe de Jodoigne, G6n^ral
large forms.
Todtleben, "c., are still
and
order
of
be satisfactory.The
in
to
more
room
vigorous,
require plenty
de

up

left

wood

(provided the

pear

March.

to

above

When
the

is

PvRAMiD

Old

trees, and

young
hard.
is left

and
A

those

vigorous

Pear

which

trees,

good proportion

long, and

in winter

strong

in order

bud,

or

eye

Tree

are

on

of

be

frozen) may

not

pruning
"

"

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

364

the

to

or

millimetres

prevent

Four

with

Series

the

vigorous, should
are
pruned

not

cut

is

kept.
short, in

On
order

whole

the
of

drying

wood

winter

of the

up

be

must

latter.

Branches

of

contrary,

shoots

branch

pruned during

the
to

be
later
same

first pruned,
and
tree

not
a

re-establish

cut

weak

while
back

so

branch

equilibrium.

FRUIT
A

which

branch

pruned
In
ones

is

pruned

FRANCE

IN

CULTURE

early,or

all,is

at

not

3^5

favoured

more

than

branch

late.
shorten

summer

four

to

five.

or

the

On

strong

Double-Stemmed

form,

The

?'eyes

according

of

to

follows

with

their
:

two

or

Peak
Branches

will

be

Tree

cut

leaves,and

three
of

branches

Three

third

the

Each

Stem

down

year

the

weaker

has

three, four,

to

will

spurs

five

or

The
fruiting growths of the pear are
bearing various
growths, twiggy shoots,
five
that
leaves, and
portion of a shoot

tinguished
dis-

vigour.

-Those

three, four,

to

the

Fan-Teained

previous year's shoots

as

growths

shoots

portions

or

short
from

ii

Growth

that

will

Develop
Fruit
Shoot

where
various
which

the

into

-Bearing

(Peak)
fruit

has

been

gathered.

the
ages, generally upon
from
usually are developed

mentioned.

This

Growths

Fruit-Bearing

evolution

must

short

The

pear

of

bears

fruit

the

upon

three

Pear

growths
old,

of
and

growths,
years
twiggy shoots and short growths previously
therefore
be encouraged.

the

two

or

366

THE

FRUIT

branches
three
Upon
years
untouched, wood
growths only
according to their vigour. The
be

trained

and
tree,

om.io

below

above

and

the

spurs,

them,

pinched
side

twiggy shoots,

and

back

the

at

never

from

the

third, fourth,
the

right

and

front.

point

where

Upon

Portion

HAS

BEEN

Fruit

buds

fruit

have

formed

Upon

piece of shoot

form

the

to

are

retained,

pruned
is

taking
and

the

to

while

practisedin
too

also

to

if

much

the

order
to

sap,

is

tree

base, and

it

arrest

ensure

shoots
the
the

strengthen neighbouring
The

are

cut

growth of
production

back

be retained

of

latter

half their

certain

will

should

pruning.

well, the
bearing sufficiently

twiggy

to

when

Pear

of

stalk)
ered,
gath-

is
pear
fruit buds

mains
re-

branch

formerly

was

therefore
Shoot

Characteristic

the
that

the

on

after

gathered.

was

ered
Gath-

there.

(and
joined

latter,

unfertile

Branch

of
where

should

an

fruit

from

left
leaf

left of the

and

the

or

branches

main

the

to

are

fifth

growths

twiggy

the

at

shoots

other,

each

and

short

the

old,
are

from

om.i2

or

GARDEN

shoots

good

buds

growths

length.
prevent

to
at

their

are

ing
Pinchtheir

bases,

shoots.

Varieties

Best

stalk
Andr
medium,
Desportes.
size, turbinate;
Fertile; fruit medium
greenish yellow, tinged with
cavity ; eye slightly open ; skin
obliquely set in small
pink; _/Z?jAvery delicate, sweet
; July- August.
fertile ; fruit
rather
large,
Crassane
Moderately
Bergamotte
(Crassane).

FRUIT

rounded

stalk

long, wiry

perfumed

sweet,

end

skin

FRANCE

IN

CULTURE

yellow, with

greenish

tawny

367
spots

flesh soft, juicy,

of autumn.

Bergamotte
Esperen.
sized, rounded
Very fertile ; fruit medium
thick,
; stalk
straight, in small cavity ; eye large, deep ; skin greenish yellow, speckled ; flesh melting
and juicy, very
of winter.
perfumed
sweet,
; end
Beurr^
Bachelier.
Fertile ; fruit very
large, oblong, turbinate
short,
; stalk
skin
and
obliquely inserted ; eye large, half-closed
yellowish
speckled,
tawny
;
green,
vermilion
the sunny
side ; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet
on
; November-December.
Beurr^
Bretonneau.
of
Moderately fertile ; /rzV large, good for cooking; end

winter.

Beurr

size ; fruit large, elongated, often

Very fertile ; stalk medium
and
greyish yellow, marked
spotted with fawn, vermilion
on
side ; flesh melting, rather
the sunny
acid ; November.
Beurr6
d'Amanlis.
Very fertile ; fruit rather
large, turbinate, elongated ; stalk
level
fruit ; skin
with
short ; eye
with
in the
brown-red
sun
yellow, marked
; flesh
whitish, melting, very juicy, sweet, perfumed ; September.
Beurr:^
d'Angleterre.
Very fertile ; fruit small, elongated ; eye small, open,
almost
brown
speckled red, marbled
projecting ; skin yellowish green,
; flesh white,
melting, rather acid, good for cooking ; September.
Beurr^
Of
d'Hardenpont
variable
(Beurrd d'Aremberg).
fertility
large,
; 7^y
oblong ; stalk short, thick, in large cavity ; eye very open and deep ; skin clear yellow,
punctuated red, tinged with soft pink on the sunny
side; y2jA white, melting, juicy, sweet;
December-January.
Beurr6
Diel
(Beurrd Royal, Beurrd
Magnifique).
Very fertile ; fruit v"rj
large,
turbinate
wiry, in rather
large cavity ; skin yellow, speckled with
gold,
strong,
; stalk
brown
marbled
and December.
; November
; flesh white, half-melting, sugared, perfumed
Beurr6
Dumont.
fertile ; fruit large, cylindrical, flattened
stalk
Moderately
;
clear green,
short, wiry ; eye small, open
speckled brown, tinged red in the sun
; skin
;
flesh melting, very juicy and sweet
; November.
BeurrjS
fertile ; fruit medium
Giffard.
short ;
size,turbinate
Moderately
; stalk
side ; flesh melting,
closed ; skin
the
almost
greenish yellow, dull red on
sunny
eye
slightly perfumed ; end of July and August.
Beurr
size or rather
Gris.
or
large, turbinate
oblong;
Very fertile ; fruit medium
variable
stalk
short, wiry ; eye half-closed, level with the surface ; skin
; colour
grey,
white, or golden yellow ; flesh white, melting, very juicy, sweet
; September-October.
Fertile ; fruit large, turbinate
Beurr^
Hardy.
short, thick, oblique ; eye
; stalk
in the sun
dark
red
dark
brown,
yellow, clear tawny
small, open
; flesh white,
; skin
and
exquisite
September.
juicy,
sweet,
melting
;
very
oval ; stalk
fertile ; fruit
medium,
Beurre
Picquery
(Des (Jrbanistes). Very
sometimes
red
in sun
skin
small
variable
and
bright
yellow,
deep,
;
;
open
; eye
very
flesh melting, very sweet, perfumed ; October-November.
rather
Fertile ; fruit
Beurre
Superfin.
large, turbinate, irregular ; stalk
skin
yellow, speckled and
spotted,
golden
swollen, obliquely inserted ; eye large, round
;
in the sun
vermilion
melting, juicy, sweet, and scented ; September.
; flesh very
Chretien
Bon
(Williams'). Very fertile ; stalk short, thick ; fruit ovoxA or oblong ;
carmined
in sun
skin
straw
or
yellow, tawny
; flesh white, juicy,melting, very
;
eye open

irregular

Clairgeau.

eye

open

skin

sweet

eye large,
red

and

August

Catillac.

in the

open
sun

September.
long, thick
; stalk
Very fertile ; fruit very large, turbinate, rounded
and
spotted with bright browngreenish yellow, speckled, marbled
; skin
and
for stewing
cooking ; Februaryjuicy, crisp,excellent
; flesh coarse,

April.
straight,
large, oval ; stalk
Very
vigorous ; fruit rather
skin
delicately
punctured vnth brown
at
deep ;
;
pink yellow,
; eye
open,
flesh slightly granulous, sweet, perfumed ; February.
Fertile ; fruit large, pyriform or turbinate, angular ; stalk short,,
Ernest.
Charles
cate,
small,
pink, speckled grey ; flesh white, deliyellow, shaded
thick, wiry ; eye
; skin
open
melting, very juicy,sweet, perfumed ; November-December.
Cogn^e.

Charles

swollen

end

THE

368

FRUIT

GARDEN

PARIS.
Fertile ; fruit large, elongated ; stalk medium
DE
size,obliquely
half-open,
slightly
depressed ; skin greenish tinged with red, speckled with
; eye
brown
juicy and sweet
January.
; December; flesh very
Cur:6
(Belle de Berry).
Very fertile on Quince ; fruit very large, elongated ; stalk
of fruit ; skin
red ;
thick ; eye large, level with surface
brown
clear, greenish yellow and
flesh white, melting, perfumed ; good for cooking ; December-February.
Fertile ; fruit rather
Tongres
De
(Beurr^ Durondeau).
large, pyriform ; skin
tinted
red, and
speckled grey ; eye half-closed, in slight depression ; stalk short ;
tawny,
ilesh whitish, rather
acid, very juicy, perfumed
; October.
Fruit
Docteur
Jules Guyot.
large or very large, pyriform ; stalk irregular ; skin
lemon
yellow and pink ; flesh melting, juicy, sweet
; November.
DoYENNi;
size, rounded
Very fertile ; fruit medium
oval, irregular ;
d'Alen^on.
marbled
stalk short, thick, wiry ; eye small, half-closed
; skin yellowish red, speckled, and
and
with brown
; flesh white, juicy, sweet
; December-February.
grey
d'Hiver
de
A
fertile pear ; fruit very
Doyenne
(Bergamotte
Pentecote).
very
skin
greenish yellow,
large, globular, irregular ; stalk short, thick, swollen; eye large, open;
at the
speckled and spotted brown
; flesh whitish, melting, a little granulous
core,
very
to April.
sweet, perfumed
; January
DoyenN]^
fertile ; fruit small, spherical ; stalk
thick, wiry,
de
Juillet.
Very
the
surface
of
fruit ; skin
with
swollen, in deep cavity ; eye small, half-closed, level
the sunny
on
%\6l^;flesh, melting, perfumed
greenish yellow, carmined
; mid-July.
DORii
St. Michel).
DoYENNfi
(Doyenne
Very fertile ; fruit medium
Blanc, Doyennd
rounded
oval, irregular ; stalk
size,
short, thick, oblique ; eye small, half-closed
; skin,
in the
vermilion
whitish
flesh melting, juicy,
yellow, with brown
sun;
spots, red and
and
sweet
; September-October.
stalk
fertile ; fruit large, regular, turbinate
DOYENN^
CoMlCE.
DU
Moderately
;
swollen
and
oblique, no
cavity ; eye in a large irregular cavity ; skin straw
yellow,
in the
marbled
with
vermilion
sun
brown,
speckled, and
; flesh white, melting, juicy,

COMTESSE

inserted

; November-December.

sweet

very

D'ANGOULfeME.

DucHESSE

half-closed

eye

vinous.

melting, sweet,

; eye

vermilion

in the

Favorite

half-closed

eye

sun

de

FONDANTE

of

fertile

large, oval ;
pale pink in the

fruit

very

sometimes

yellow,
to
January.
fertile; fruit medium

stalk
sun

short, thick ;
; flesh white,

size, elongated,

cylindrical; stalk
long,
clear
yellowish green,
open,
greenish veins, very juicy, rather acid ; end of July.
; flesh white, with
short
Clapp
Fertile ; fruit large, oval ; stalk
(Clapp's Favourite).
;
and
not
a
narrow
deep cavity ; skin greenish yellow tinged with
very
and
dotted
red
in the
with
sun
; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet;
level

BoiS

DES

stalk

Very

with

the

surface

of

fruit ;

skin

in

pale red, carmined

August.
closed

greenish
October

Very
small,

Epargne.

swollen

skin

in

swollen

Fertile
(Beurr^ Spence).
large, oblong
; y^iazV very
deep cavity ; skin golden yellow and bright red in the

half-

; y
sun

end

autumn.

d' Angers).
Panisel
(D^lice d'Hardenpont,
DU
Very fertile;/ra2/ rather
in cavity;
round, very irregular; stalk short, thick; gy^ small, half-closed
red in the
sun
size, melting, sweet, perfumed ;
yellow, dark
; flesh medium

FONDANTE

large,
skin

oval

or

lemon

November.

Fertile ; fruit rather

large, irregular or rounded
; stalk
with red in the sun
yellow, marked
; flesh melting, juicy,sugared,
to February.
perfumed ; November
La
France.
Fertile ; fruit rather
large, rounded
conical, irregular ; stalk thick,
in the
rather
in deep cavity ; eye half-open ; skin greyish, pale yellow, bronzy green
short
and
November.
October
sun
flesh
white,
melting,
juicy,
perfumed
sweet,
;
;
very
very
Le
Lectier.
Fertile ; fruit large, elongated ; stalk short, no
cavity ; eye large, halfslightly sunken
greenish, getting yellow as fruit matures
white, melting,
; skin
open,
; fles:h
juicy, sweet
; January.
Louise
Bonne
d'Avranches
(Louise Bonne).
Very productive ; /rwzV large, oval,
cavity ; eye half-closed
elongated ; stalk rather long, swollen, no
yellowish green
; skin

Josephine

short, thick

de

skin

Malines.

lemon

GARDEN

FRUIT

THE

377

September-October
Louis

Picquery

Beurre

Doyenn^

des

Fondante

November

and

De

Dumont

Panisel

du

plus Meuris

Nee

d'Angouleme

Duchesse

Tongres

Fondante

Cornice

du

Doyenn^

Esperen

Bois
October

Beurr^

Bonne

Seigneur

Dore

November-December

Beurr^

Diel

Beurr6

Bachelier

Charles

Clairgeau

Soldat-Laboureur

Crassane

Bergamotte

Ernest

December-January
Beurr^

Comtesse
La

Le

d'Hardenpont
de

Paris

Colmar

Triomphe

France

January-March-

Josephine

Bergamotte
Esperen
Cognde
Doyennd
d'Alengon

de

Malines

de

Olivier

d'Hiver
,,

Market

Clairgeau

Serres

Chatenay

Remy

for

Jodoigne

Crassane

Passe

Varieties

de

April

Charles

Beurrd

Lectier

Passe

Culture
d'Hiver

Doyennd

Diel

du

Cornice

d'Hardenpont
Hardy

Epargne

d'Amanlis

Louise

Bonne

Ernest

Passe

Crassane

d'Angouleme

Duchesse

Charles

Williams'

Curd

Cooking

Varieties
Cure

d'Angleterre

Beurrd

Martin

Bretonneau

Sec

Catillac

Messire

Varieties

Perry-making

for

Carisie-gros.
De

Maude.

De

Cirole.

Carisie-petit.
Ragnet.
De
Sauge.
Varieties

All

Cooking
Beurrd

and

Jean

Perry-making

Standards

for

varieties

and

also

d'Amanlis.

Epargne.

Hardy.

Comtesse

Dumont.

Louise

de

Paris.

Bonne.

Bergamotte
Esperen.
Doyennd
d'AIengon.

Soldat-Laboureur.
Williams'.

FRUIT

IN

CULTURE

Varieties

FRANCE

371

Pyramids

for

Andre

Desportes
Bergamotte
Esperen

Doyenne

Beurr^

Bachelier

Favorite

Clairgeau

Fondante

du

Duchesse

Cornice

d'Angoulgme
de Clapp
des

Dumont

du

Bois

Panisel

Giffard

La

France

Gris

Le

Lectier

Hardy

Louise

Picquery

Madame

Superfin
Chrdtien
(Williams')

Bon

Charles

Ernest

Comtesse

de

Nee

Bonne

Treyve
plus Meuris

Olivier
Passe

de

Serres

Colmar

Paris

Crassane

De

Tongres
Docteur
Jules Guyot
de Juillet
Doyennd

Remy
Chatenay
Seigneur Esperen
Sol dat- Laboureur

Dore

Josephine
Triomphe

d'AIengon
Varieties

All

the

varieties

mentioned

and

Epargne
Beurre

Diel

de

Malines

de

Jodoigne

that

it

apple,like the pear,

has plenty of air,and

Propagation.

especially

Passe

THE
The

Vienne

Beurre
d'Aremberg
Crassane
Bergamotte
Charles
Cognee

d'Amanlis

Josephine
Triomphe

Malines

de

Palmates

for

for Pyramids,

de

is
a

Net-Wokk

APPLE

hardy

and

rather

strong

It is increased

Colmar

grows

well

of

anywhere, provided

soil.

i-wjaAo

by grafting upon

Fokm

almost

Training

the

wild

stock

for standard

(Apple)

Paradise
the
pyramids, palmates, "c. ; upon
not
are
sufficiently
vigorous are grafted
de Vitry, or
intermediate
Noire
Genereuse
an
stock; for example, upon
upon
The
de Vitry, "c.
Paradise
stock
does
not
apple upon the
require a deep soil,
cool one.
In dry soil and
it is better
but it must
have
that containing lime
a
Doucin
The
have
the
for the
small forms.
stock
to
trees
on
apple tree is
trees

stock

the
upon
for cordons.

Doucin

for

Varieties

which

FRUIT

THE

372
often

most

bearing
value

ones.

are

In

as

grown
In

market

upon

amateur's

the

standard, particularlythe cooking

the

cultivated

GARDEN

varieties
garden only tender
trained
vase-shaped in the
apple is cultivated in the form

walls, or

garden

the

garden, often as a horizontal

apply to the apple, except that

the

to

pear

varieties

cordon.

The

one

cut

may

remarks
in

the

and

and
those

the

free-

of great

open.
convenient

most

upon
shoots

pruning
rather

the

more

closely.
for ciderthroughout France, sometimes
cultivated
for the
market.
especiallyfor these
They are
making, sometimes
in Normandy,
Sarthe, La Mayenne,
Brittany, Picardy, Artois, La
purposes
Le
Nord, Le Puy de D6me, La Limagne, Le Limousin, La Seine et Marne, "c.
In
at
the
Montreuil,
neighbourhood of Paris the best apples are
grown
Rosny, Sannois, Versailles,"c.

Apples

are

more

grown

less

or

The

Best

Varieties

(Api rose). Very fertile ; fruit small, spherical,flattened ; stalk short in

in the sun
straw
cavity
large
partly closed ; skin
yellow, carmined
; flesh greenish
; eye
white, crisp,juicy, sweet, and of agreeable flavour ; January-May.
ASTRAKAN
Rouge
size,globular,
(Transparent Red).
Very productive; fruit medium
greenish yellow ;
irregular ; stalk medium
sized, wiry ; eye small, half-closed
; skin
in the sun
of July.
crimsoned
; end
stalk
Batt's
Beauty.
Fertile ; yrzV rather
depressed at the eye;
large, rounded,
rather
in large and
medium
short
or
deep cavity ; eye rather
large, with long sepals
and
in a large but
clear
not
tinged with
deep cavity ; skin
yellow, spotted marbled
vermilion
perfumed ; July-August.
; flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, sweet,
Belle-Fille.
size, spherical, flattened ; stalk short,
Very fertile ; fruit medium
Api-PETIT

rather
side

thick

eye

small

skin

clear

yellow,

marbled

with

tawny

brown

on

the

sunny

whitish, crisp, sweet, perfumed

; November-February.
Borovitskv.
fertile ; fruit large, globular ; slalk
short, thick ; eye
Moderately
clear
with
carmine
large, half-closed ; skin
yellow, streaked
; flesh white, soft, slightly
acid
; July- August.
Calville
Blanche.
Very fertile ; fruit very
large, variable ; stalk
short, slender
in variable
cavity ; eye large, half-closed
straw
yellow, speckled grey, spotted red,
; skin
soft pink on
ber-May.
side ; flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, very
the sunny
perfumed
sweet,
; Decem; flesh

Not
fertile ; fruit medium
S.
size,flattened, globular ; stalk
very
in the sun
cavity ; eye large ; skin
greenish yellow, brown
; flesh
and
perfumed
yellowish, firm, sweet
; November-March.
oval
De
Chataignier.
size, spherical,rounded
Very fertile ; fruit medium
; stalk
greenish yellow, tinged with carmine
short, swollen ; eye large, half-closed
; skin
; flesh
white and
sweet
yellowish, crisp, rather
; December-April
; standard.
fertile ; fruit
oval ;
De
rather
(Reinette de Mans).
Jaune
Very
large, rounded
stalk very
clear yellow and red brown
short, very strong
; eye large, open
; skin
; JanuaryMay.
De
L'Estre
fertile ; fruit rather large, elongated,
(L'Estre, De la Fengtre). Moderately
red
skin
marked
clear
cylindrical ; stalk variable, large ; eye very
yellow,
;
open
in the sun
and
pink, carmined
; December-May.
De
L.\nde.
Productive; fruit medium
size, red; flesh firm, good for preserves;
February-April.
Verit
De
Fruit
small, greenish and pink ; April, May.
fertile ; fruit medium
Gris.
Fenouillet
Moderately
size,globular ; stalk short in
large cavity ; eye small ; skin dark yellow, tinged with red grey ; flesh white, rather
soft,
scented
sweet
; December-April.
Court

Gri

Pendu

short, strong

in

deep

FRUIT

FRANCE

IN

CULTURE

373

Fertile ; fruit very

large, conical, rounded
; stalk short, thick
and
cavity ; eye very
yellowish, tinged with cannine
large, half-closed
; skin
with a glaucous bloom
covered
sweet
; fiesh greenish, crisp, very
; September-November.
Gravenstein.
Very fertile ; fruit large, conical, irregular ; stalk thick ; eye large,
half-closed
clear
in the
sweet
yellow, carmined
sun
; skin
; flesh whitish, soft, very
perfumed ; September-November.
Hardy.
Fertile ; fruit large or very
large, red ; December-January.
Jeanne
Pippin
fertile ; fruit
LiNNiEUS
Fleur
(Lincoln Pippin, Belle
Jaune). Moderately
rather
large, elongated, conical ; stalk rather short ; eye large ; skin brilliant yellow, soft
pink in the sun ; flesh yellowish, soft,acidulated, and perfumed ; December-February.
MENACkRE
(P, de Livre). Fertile ; fruit very
large, spherical, flattened
; stalk
sized ; eye very
medium
large, scarcely opened ; skin pale yellow, tinged with brick red ;
flesh whitish, very
sweet
crisp, rather
January.
; DecemberPeasgood's
Nonesuch
Fruit
(Sans Pareille de Peasgood).
large or very large,
spherical ; stalk short ; eye large, open ; skin pale yellow, bright pink in the sun
; flesh
yellowish, soft, sweet, perfumed ; September-November.
fertile | fruit
d'Hiver
Pigeon
Rouge
(Pigeon
Pigeonnet
Rouge,
Rose).
Very
medium
size,carmined
yellow ; November-January.
d';^T]S. Very fertile;fruit very
Rambour
large, flattened, globular; stalk short,
yellow, red
wiry, oblique, in large, deep cavity ; eye large, half-closed
; flesh whitish
brown, carmined
; September.
d'Hiver.
Rambour
Moderately fertile ; /?-az/ very
large, flattened, globular; stalk
and
tawny in
short, rather thick, in large cavity ; eye large ; skin pale yellow, carmined
the sun
; November-March.
; flesh sweet
Fertile ; fruit medium
size ; winter.
Ravaillac.
REINETTE.S.
Reine
size,cylindrical,conical;
des
Moderately fertile ;/rMz/ medium
and
stalk medium
yellow, carmine
size,strong, wiry; eye large, half-closed; ski7i grey
Grand

in

Alexandre.

variable

December-March.
flesh firm, sweet;
fertile;fruit large,
(Reinette de Bolleviller). Moderately
thick, short ; eye large ; skin yellowish, tinged carmine, and
round, conical ; stalk very
acid ; January-March.
spotted brown
; flesh somewhat
fertile ; fruit very
Blanche
Canada.
large, globular,
Reinette
du
Moderately
elongated or flattened, conical ; stalk short, in large cavity ; eye very large ; skin golden
side ; flesh yellowish, rather
yellow, spotted with brown, speckled grey, red on the sunny
in the

brown

sun

Baumann

Reinette

soft,sweet, juicy,with

delicate

very

flavour

January-March.

Very fertile ; fruit very large, of variable form ; stalk swollen,

clear grey
and
speckled with
in large cavity ; skin
;
tawny,
golden yellow, carmined
flesh yellowish white, firm and juicy,sweet, perfumed ; October-April.
or
large,
Cuzy
Reinette
de
(Reinette Carree). Moderately fertile ; fruit medium
conical
rounded
;
short, wiry ; skin deep yellow, brick red in the sun
or
elongated,
; stalk
Reinette

flesh

sweet

de

January-May.

Dor^e

Reinette

usually ; eye
flesh white, sweet,

short, in

Grise

size, variable
yellowish, crisp, sweet
Grise

Reinette
;

medium

golden

; skin

size, globular
yellow, brown

j/a//6

in the

December-April.

cavity ; skin
perfumed ; December-May.

stalk

(Reinette Haute
rather
long ;

Saintonge

de

in

medium

globular

/r//

form
usually
; stalk
large, of variable
fruit rather
pale yellow, spotted with grey ; flesh yellowish white, crisp,

Fertile

narrow

sweet,
Reinette

fertile ;
half-closed

exquisite flavour

of

and

Franche.

Reinette

very

VlTRV.^Very
or
large, open

de

rather

short
sun

Caux.-

form

stalk

Bont^). Moderately
deep
large ; skin

eye

fertile
grey

; /rzV
;

flesh

January-April.

(Canada
large, very

Canada

du

short, strong

; eye

large,
fertile; fruit very
greenish yellow, tinged with

Gris). Very
open

skin

perfumed ; November-April.
or
size, conical, rounded
Very fertile ; fruit medium
halfor
short, stout, in large cavity; ^yu large, open
spherical, flattened; stalk very
with
red ; flesh rather
soft,
marked
and
closed ; skin
greenish, tinged with grey brown
brown

grey
Reinette

sweet,

flesh crisp,juicy, and

Grise

de

deliciously perfumed

Vitry.

sweet,

December-April.

FRUIT

THE

374
RiBSTON

Pippin.

large ; skin
perfumed
sweet,
ROYALE

golden

eye

GARDEN

Very fertile ; fruit large, irregular, cone-shaped

in the
sun
yellow, dull
red, marbled, tawny

short, wiry ;
fiesh yellowish,

stalk

December-March.

(Reinette d'Angleterre).
large,
Very fertile ; fruit very
half-closed
lemon
rounded, conical ; stalk short, thick, oblique ; eye large, open
or
; skin
side ; flesh yellowish
the sunny
yellow, orange
yellow, and clear red, with tawny
spots on
perfumed;
September-December.
sweet,
Pippin
Sugar-loaf
(Reinette Pain de Sucre).
Moderately fertile ; fruit moderately
skin
beautiful
less pointed or
large, truncate,
conical, more
pale green,
or
rounded;
and
medium
turning to yellow ; eye half-open, in narrow
or
short, in
deep cavity ; stalk
of August.
acid ; beginning
large cavity ; flesh whitish, rather
crisp, somewhat
TjlANSPARENTE
Croncels.
Fertile ; fruit rather
DE
large, spherical ; stalk slender
;
side ; flesh
the
large, open
or
half-open ; skin yellowish white, pale pink on
eye
sunny
salmon-coloured, juicy, rather
acid, perfumed ; August-December.
d'Angleterre

Classification

End
Astrakan

Rouge

Beauty

of

Time

to

according

Ripening

of

of July
I

Borovitsky

Bath

August
Sugar-loaf Pippin
A

ugust-September

d'Ete

Rambour

Transparente

de

Croncels

Sefitember- October
Grand

Alexandre

Peasgood's

Nonsuch

Gravenstein

October, November,
Jeanne Hardy
Menagfere

December

Reine

Royale

des

Reinettes

d'Angleterre

December-January
Fenouillet
Linnaeus

Gris

Reinette

I
I

Pippin

Baumann
Doree

de

Vitry

January-April
Rose

Api

Calville

Reinette
Blanche

Blanche
du

du

Canada

Pigeon

d'Hiver

Rouge

Canada
Grise

Franche

Rambour

d'Hiver

Grise

de

Saintonge

Grise

de

Vitry

Reinette

de

Caux

de

Cuzy

Varieties

for

Dwarf
Grand

Alexandre

Transparente
Reinette

Culture

Trees
Reinette

de

Blanche
Grise

Market

Croncels
du

du

Canada

Canada

Api

de

Caux

Rose

Calville
Reinette

Blanche
de

Cuzy

FRUIT

CULTURE

FRANCE

IN

375

Standards
Belle

Fille

I
I

Chataignier

De

Varieties

De

Jaune

De

Lande

Cider

for

Making

October
Blanc

Mollet

Reine

des

St. Laurent

H4tives

November
Amfere

de

Berthecourt

Martin

Fessard

Argite Grise

Medaille

Barbarie

Passe

De

Rouge
Rouge

Moran

Godard

End

of November

and

Bedan
Binet

Dufray

Rousse

Latour

All

cider

the

Astrakan

de

|
|

Grise

Hauchecorne

Dieppoise
de

varieties

Reinette

Gris

Reinettes

des

Reinette

Royale

All
as

de

Caux

de

Cuzy

Vitry

du
de

Canada

Saintonge

de Vitry
d'Angleterre, "c.

Baumann

Varieties

best

Doree
de

Grise

d'Ete

Reine

Nouvelle

Blanche

Pipoin

Rambour

Vache

Standards

for

Gravenstein

Linnseus

Treves

Bouteille

Rouge

Fenouillet

Pommes

December

Peau

Varieties

des

Bruyfere

De

Blanc

Marin

d'Or
Reine

except

Grand

trained

trees

Alexandre,

Peasgood's

Nonesuch,

size of their fruits.

of the

account

on

Pyramids

for

and

M^nagfere.

Calville

Blanche

These

are

requires

wall

culture.

THE
The
as

far

as

plum on account
possible,a sheltered

of

its

PLUM

earlyflowering dreads
It

situation.

is

not

frosts,and

the

difficult

suit

to

as

requires,

regards soil,
moderately

and
wet
excessivelydry nor
almost
the
whole
of France.
deep.
permits
throughout
local
varieties
The
Some
are
propagated
plum tree is propagated by grafting.
The
by suckers.
seedling St. Julian is the stock generally used ; the variety
both
by amateurs
plum is extensivelygrown
changing with the locality. The

always provided

that

This

and

for sale.

gardens
each

Amateurs

standards

other.

this

of

The

alone

is neither

its

culture

the trees
grow
recommended
are

plum

is grown

in various

trained

forms.

For
6 metres

market

from
they are planted 5 or
throughout France, but especiallyin the
;

THE

376

FRUIT

neighbourhood of large towns

vicinity of Paris the chief

where

GARDEN
the

sale of

fresh

plums

In

is certain.

the

are
Argenteuil, Sannois, Epinay, Raincy,
Rosny-sous-Bois, the valley of the Bicore, "c.

districts

The
belles.

France

furnishes

Tourraine

and

of

east

In
are

prunes
Pruning.

in great

grown
The

prunes
the

and

region
quantities.

fruit is borne

upon

of

mira-

Agen

branches

This

be
must
year's growth.
remembered
taken
in pruning, and
not
to
care
cutting the shoots ; cut
destroy fruit-buds when
"
wood
to
"-bud, always more
pointed than a
a
"
The
flower "-bud.
disbudding and pinching
In training the shoots
should
be moderate.
must
and
handled
with
in good time
be taken
care, for
brittle.
are
they
very
and

twigs

of

one

Best

The

Varieties

Bry.
Fertile ; fruit small, spherical;
DE
slight cavity ; skin reddish black ;
short, in narrow,
flesh greenish ; end of July.
Drop
Coe's
Golden
(Goutte d'Or de Coe). Very fertile ; fruit large, elongated,
furrow
oval, with a marked
cavity ; skin
golden yellow,
long, slender, narrow
; stalk
October.
tinged with red ; Jiesh yellow ; end of September,
furrow
D'Agen
(D'Ente).
Very fertile ; fruit elongated, ovoid, with pronounced
;
stalk
violet pink, plum-coloured,
bluish ;
rather
or
long, in narrow,
deep cavity ; skin
beginning of September.
Fertile ; fruit rather
De
Montfort.
rather
thick, deep
large, long, ovate
; stalk
cavity ; skin dark violet, slightlytawny ; flesh greenish yellow ; mid-August.
furrow
skin
fertile ; fruit
Jefferson.
Very
large, round, with
large shallow
;
side
end
of
the
greenish
greenish yellow, rose-coloured
on
flesh
August,
sunny
;
;
September.
rather
Fertile ; fruit large, spherical, large shallow
furrow
Kirke'S.
long,
; stalk
in deep
colour ; flesh greenish
cavity ; skin violet purple, or whitish
yellow ;
plum
Bonne

Shoot

of

Tkee

Plum

in

Fkuit

^falk

September.
fertile ; fruit medium
Moderately
size,spherical,
short, slender, in narrow,
deep, regular cavity ; skin
with pure
of August, September.
rose
yellow, marbled
; end
PETITE
Metz.
MiRABELLE
DE
small, roundedVery fertile ; yVwzV small, or very
furrow
slight cavity ; skin golden
ovoid, broad, well-marked
slender, in narrow,
; stalk
with amaranth
red ; flesh yellow ; August.
yellow, marbled
HAtif.
furrow ;
Monsieur
Very fertile ; y"-K;V medium
sized, rounded, with shallow
stalk
rather
short, in narrow
cavity; skin intense
purple, tinged with
yellow; flesh
of August.
yellowish green
; beginning
i Fruit
fertile ; fruit medium,
Monsieur
rather
Moderately
large,
Jaune.
or
rounded-ovoid
in regular cavity ; skin yellow, speckled
with
medium,
gold, and
; stalk
MiRABELLE

broad

shallow

Grosse

furrow

DE

; stalk

N.\NCY.

rather

carmine
red ; flesh yellow ; mid-August.
D'Allemagne
fertile ; fruit medium,
(Altesse-Ordinaire).
Very
or
Quetsche
rather large ovoid, or
cavity ; skin
regular elliptical; stalk thick, rather
long, without
violet purple, plum-coloured ; flesh yellow green.
Prune.
September.
d'Italie.
{evtile ; fruit
rather
or
medium,
Quetsche
Very
large, long-ovoid;
stalk
whitish
rather
thick, long, in narrow,
deep cavity; skin violet, and
plum-coloured.
Prune.
End
of September.
Reine
Claude
d'Althann.
Very fertile ; fruit large, spherical, broad, slight

striped with

FRUIT

THE

378

GARDEN

VINE

THE
The

vine
be

aspects

dreads
for

found

Moreover,

saying

to

Black

Madeline^

the

walls

facing the

east

The

soil

Golden
and
be

must

fruit
that

frosts will

good,

ways

there

is

exception

Cordon

Forms.
vertical

of

entire

varies

For

cordon.

is

cordon

grafting.
"

the
has

"

stocks

in

form
about

simple palmates

be

must

to

of Paris.

neighbourhood
As

calcareous.

as

had

the

roots

Vines

The

of soil.

cultivated

palmates.
according to

horizontal

This
which
the

of
im.50

the

is

vine
last

withstand
ancient

tree.

"

For

ployed
generally emphylloxera.
Thomery
form, as

is

the

"

the
that

space,
distance
apart

in several

propagated

method

is

"

Thomery

is 3
I

metres

metre

"

each

for the
;

and

for

For
om.6o.
and
or
palmates, om.50
ordinary cordons, 2 metres
;
cordons
with
long shoots, i m. or im.50.
The
soil having been
Planting.
first prepared and
strongly manured, a

alternate
for

vine
and

cordons

the

utilise certain

The

Planting
side

to

depth

crop.
which
is

is necessary,

others, recourse
in the

good

good

early varieties,such

few

light,siliceous,or

rather

by cuttings, layers,or
in order

few

culture

for vine

of great

need

no

of

with

of

prospects

high temperature

the

Chasselas,and
south

situations

sheltered

spoilthe

often

rather

with

Single

spread

unless

frosts, and

it,spring
the

ripen

to

tantamount

hard

FRUIT
trench
a

is

depth

opened
of

the

om.30

depth

deep

the

at

wall

at

the

of from
In

the

other

Dwarf

side,and
on

the

the

south

shoot

m.

hand,

Tall

and
espalier,

or

Contrary
to

in

land
hot

Cordon

brought through

to

the

im.50,

wet

the

dry

Vines

the

the

the

vine

alternately

wall

plant

in order

is

placed in

practice, which

is buried

stem

planting is

soils

the

ancient

in

done
is

the

close

soil
to

planted on

the
the

at

manded
deom.50
foot of
north

Arranged

that

it may

be

trained

back
pruning of the first year consists in cutting the cane
better
of the
the soil,choosing the
two
to
lay the
shoot
be made
the plant : in case
of accident
the other
can
use
towards
formation
of
directed
the
following years, pruning is
the regulationof the shoots.
The

"

"

two

rather

wall

379

side.

Pruning.
to

and

is

of the

om.35.

or

utmost.
on

foot

FRANCE

IN

CULTURE

foundation

eyes
of

of.

For

the

the

frame,

and

above

THE

38o
The

best
and

growth,
at
1 1 cm.
cut

pinched

to

brittle.

In

leaf

above

training

When

the

it

potash manures,
vigour indispensable to
the
down
cut
just above

Pruning

incision

vine

back

bunch

the

in
be

must

of

vigour

it

productiveness.

soil.

This

care

Pruning

Vine

trained

up

to

gives

take

finer

the

place

bunches

of

to
even

to
are

to

are

the

restore

have

to

be

vigorous shoot,

Three

Shoot,

Years

sometimes

be

very
especiallywith

order

in

may
growth of

the

shoots

young

vine

om.6o

from

manured,

be
short

The

induces

the

must

back

pruned

shoots

other

grapes,

great

retard

to

should

it is necessary
every
year
buds.
Fruiting growths

two

to

with

work

shoots

the

Shoot

afterwards

is

Annular

late
spring, suflEiciently
The
frost.
cut
danger from
the

One-Year-Old

Vine

which

fruit

its

GARDEN

pruning

diminishes

vine
and

of

risk

eye.
have
borne

one

In

om.8o.

the

the

which

is

pruning

diminish

so

above

those

for

time

FRUIT

Old

of

the

weakened
and

grapes

one.

hastens

their

ripening.
Let
buds

are

look

alternate, and

to

the
that

formation,
it bears

and

fruit

on

find

we

the

that

shoots

in

which

the
are

vine

the

produced

The
cordons
are
year'sgrowth.
formed, of course, as each of
should
where
it
bifurcate
the
vines arrives at the height
into the T.
The
T.'s
form
of training are
formed
in the "Thomery"
by cutting to a bud at the
for the
height of the iron-wire, and
by taking the bud
immediately below
also
branch.
This
be
done
when
the
shoots
can
opposite
operation
are

by

wood

first

us

green.
The

of

one

formation

being acquired, every

year

shoot

on

either

side

is taken.

The

shoots

from

are

om.15

om.i8

to

381

FRANCE

IN

CULTURE

FRUIT

apart.

palmates

Simple

Annular

ring

ViNE

Shoot

Pinched

Above

able

for walls

Method
The

for

shoot

those

of

beyond
which

do

are

bend

t
is

of

stopped

the

to

higher. The

of

Incision

bark

and

below
and

exceed

not

Forming
the

Leaf

Bunch

the

which

One

at

metres

Vine
cause

in

for

bud

shoots

are

the

set

to

alternate

and

height ;

bend

is

tissue

the bunch

moved
re-

hasten

perfect its development.

Form

Thomeey

the

at

suit-

are

to

up

grow
at

of

this

from

palmates

Training
is then

oin.20

trained

to

in.

om.25

THE

382
from

each

other

taken

are

each

and

FRUIT
first is

the

according

year
cordons

Horizontal

at

GARDEN
soil.

the

One

shoots

two

or

vigour.
and

obtained

are

from

om.25

their

to

treated

in

the

same

simple

as

way

cordons.
As
in

for

varieties

with

long shoots, every

produce fruit,and

to

successional

secure

vines

are

Of

for

This

shoots.

and
;
necessary
all these forms
the

Grapes

the

should

another

table

to

them

palmate

is

down

to

produces

much

should

be
in

eyes

fruit,but

trained
order

to

vigorous

is needed.

practical.

most

chiefly

two

much

manuring

far the

by

furnished

growth

one

cut

cultivation

secure

are

be

year

from

the

southern

regions,and

!^^

Another

Method

By

from

next

Conflans,

pinching

the

Forming

of

the

shoot

the

little below

neighbourhood

of

for

the

Thomery

the

training

and

Form

growths

two

Paris,especiallyfrom

of

the

Vine
from

Training
there.

districts

of

Thomery,

"c.

Thinning
the grapes, which
consists of removing with
the scissors the inner
close
too
are
berries,and of thinning those which
together,takes place at the
till mid- July.
It serves
end
of June, and
continues
hasten
the ripening,to
to
and
their
the size of the individual
increase
make
to
berries,
preservation easier.
should

Gathering
dried
them.
fresh
the
the

grapes
Bunches
water,

of

with

must
grapes
flasks and
to

fruit-rooms
a

be

can

are

good thing
moisture.

be

in dry rather
be done
Bunches
of
than
weather.
wet
or
preserved by placing them
racks,
suspending
by
upon
be kept by insertingthe stems
fresh grapes
in flasks of
can
little charcoal
in it to prevent
In
this case
decomposition.
in
length of shoot to fix them
gathered with a sufKcient

enable

to

them

more

even

burn

to

draw

necessary
little

very

up

Double

moisture.

for grapes

sulphur

now

than
and

for

partition walls

apples and

then

to

lessen

pears.
the

in
It is

pheric
atmos-

FRUIT

The

Chasselas
coloured

Blanc
excellent

Chasselas

yellow

Chasselas

Rose

thick, brown

round

pink

skin

Vibert.

filled

Royal).

fertile

stalk

shoots

skin

than

rather

less

stout,

long,

amber

and

transparent,

Chasselas

Dor^,

but

amber

Not

medium

Berry

shoots

rather

long,

medium

berry

compact;

sized, excellent

large, white
stalk

excellent

fairly fertile

vigorous,

very

round

large,

fertile

very

not

size,

mid-season.

Vigorous,

shouldered,

rather

berry

large, short
Larger

Rose

Berry

Malakoff.

DE

mid-season.

Sup^RIEUR.

Rose

Chasselas

well

quality

excellent

Chasselas

Due
not

berry

voRdixcax^ elongated,

and

mid-season.

(Chasselas

bunch

Vigorous,

Montauban.

de

quality

Dor^,

Chasselas

mid-season.

quality

Hatif

excellent

than

larger

rather

Berry

383

Culture

Open-air

for

Fontainebleau.

de

excellent

Chasselas
;

Royal.

large, elongated

plum-coloured
white

Varieties

quality

Dore

bunches

Best

FRANCE

IN

CULTURE

short

strong,

medium,

bunch

skin

mid-season.

mid-season.

shouldered,

white

golden

excellent

mid-season.
Foster's

Seedling,

White

shouldered,
excellent

rather

compact

violet

black

Madeline

skin

violet

cylindrical

PARC

ovoid;

bunch

medium

greenish

white

skin

large,

or

and

yellow

thick,

deep

strong,

round

large,

very

stalk

yellow

rather

long,

fertile

bunch

not

compact

very

berry

small,

Saumur.

Fertile

spherical

small,

bunch

shoots

rather

short, thin

stalk

shouldered,

large,

short,

skin

slender

golden

rather

compact

bunch

yellow

berry

early.
large,

mid-season.

(Schaous).

stalk

shoots

late.

Fertile

fertile

early.

de

berry

black

compact

thick

and

Vigorous,

short

berry

fertile; bunch

very

white

greenish

and

under

medium

golden,

rather

size,
large,

late.

Pr^COCE

MaLingre.

shouldered,
yellow

black

Versailles

DE

oblong,

size

berry

vigorous,

Very

d'Espagne.

Noir

spherical, deep

shouldered

excellent

Pr^coce

Muscat

small,

Noire.

elliptical

fertile

very

medium

vigorous,

Moderately

elongated,

large,

very

beautiful

under

mid-season.

Frankenthal.
bunch

Vigorous,

berry

very

golden

or

berry

fertile; bunch
very
small, ovoid
; stalk

vigorous,

Fairly

compact

medium

or

medium,
slender

cylindrical,
skin

early.

Classification

to

according

Time

Ripening

of

Early
Chasselas

Blanc

Madeline

Noire

Royal

de

Precoce

Saumur

Malingre

Mid-season
Chasselas

Hitif

Chasselas

Fontainebleau

Dore

de

Rose

Royal

Foster's

Rose

Supdrieur

Noir

White

de

d'Espagne

Vibert

Late

Frankenthal,

Due

de

Malakoff,

Pare

de

Montauban

Seedling

Versailles

greenish

CHAPTER

FRUIT

IN

CULTURE

By

culture

Fruit

although
with

Channel

the

orchards

in
for

cleared

the
at

vast

with

export

and

wending

of

well

land,

Nearly

markets.

This

be

to

with

by

money

and

if such

millions

little

mainland

with

for

taste

industry

and

we

than

would

such

the

spirit

produce

home

many

in

of

laden

vans

the

to

less, born

or

interest

better

surprised

that

much

land

rea;d

are

and

carts

so

advantage

great

Ireland,

supplied

better
less

and

of

the

who

islands

these

send

intelligent
their

to

item
cider

out

Many

astonished

is, more

remote

and

held

certainly

are

can

growth,

the

important

down,

cut

stream

quays

Islander
most

England

be

considerably

and

the

In

an

worse.

from

long

the

to

way

Channel

takes

in

flowers

witness

steady

steadily declining,

time
the

carefully cultivated,

proved

has

would

England

and

every

existed

spirit

who

their

and

cultivation,

islands.
like

visitors

was

been

for

and

export,

ruthlessly

for

changed

has

turn,

fruit, vegetables,

produce

patches

soil

its

of

volume,

its

in

for
has

This

and

long

startlingly rapid.

been

been

having

of

been

This

farmer.

culture.

early potato

has

has

ISLANDS

GROWER

cider, largely

times

recent

but,

prospects,

Islands

for

Island

more

ISLAND

channel

apples

of

CHANNEL

THE

development

its

culture

Channel

the

times

at

the

past

in

XXX

of

believe

the
if

encouraged,

were

she

is

at

present,

be

annually

for

paid

foreign produce.
THE

Figs
the

first

days large
from

trees

feet

for

grown
favour

great,

but

many

year.

owing

old

Some
now

grower

trained
effect

over

in

by

trees

roof.

restricting

of

for

excess

during
would

the

few

winter

trees

in

and

early

height
still
into

came

instances
course

This

very
doubt

no

of

months

actually

were

in

those

are

some

of

was

years.

valued

be

in

forcing

profit

of

after

now

these

glass, and

increase
died

In

varying

of

When

with

Islands,

fruit.

cut

the
out

time.

glass, however,
pot

grows
In

Many

season.

The

water

which

framework,

covered

treated

Channel

the

exported

we

back.

natural

were

so

lack

under

generally
the

its

trees

trees

trees

prices falling

to

in

at

before

wooden
the

in

grown

air,

over

feet

employed.
the

large

few

fruit

were

of

to

well

and
open

flat
6

large

these

largely caused

was

front

supplying
boilers

and

trained

the

of

the

in

course,

were

at

many

pipes

of

instance,

largely

been

always

have

FIG

the
of

plants,

latter

are

or

small

still

doing

trees

root-pruning

case

Generally

vigour.
384

well.

planted
is found

speaking,

But
on

to

the

the
have
crop

the
floor

new

and

excellent
may

be

386

THE

portion

of the

increased, and
grapes
selection
and
grading
of

the

6 tons;

and

in

increased.
and

in

In
so

increased, the

less.
feared

The

this

Former

not
to

These
other
In

on

In

the

1866

In

markets.

from

hold

hand,

In

sold

out

now

value

the

find

to

1859,

had
grapes
86 1, 9 tons,

of
of

the

question.

the

fruit

there, but
quantitiesrequired were

the

1864

the

the

market

It
the

so

prices

nificant
insig-

too

of

the

many
6d. and

for

report, which

states

all in

borders.

and,
tons,
prices were
lb.,the depreciation being attributed
tons
were
good prices being
sent,

quantity

1865

the

sellingat is. 6d.

August, and, owing
the

throughout
but

owing to
good grapes,

8d.

12

was

In

season,

of

instances

sent

obtained.

16

about

commencement

firm.

were

was

diminish

and

till the
month
prices continued
maintained
fruit,prices
were
good
1867 the season
opened well,

not

good

tons

in

attempt.

Quantities.

glutted

for

1857

fruit;
In

market

being scarce, steady prices were

good, good grapes sellingat gd. per

so

demand

see,

growers

1
greenhouses.
with
steady prices for good
salesmen
but owing to shippers and
grown,
and
were
prices
quently
conseoccasionallyglutted,

the

remunerative,

first-class

we

some

In

contempt.

Guernsey

So,

shipped,

fruit

realised

did

been

the

for

1855.

more

were

things would
Paris,hoping

visited

justifythe

to

other

of

state

have

not

was

with

and

of

demand

in

days, though

those

good prices for

erection

market

in

sent,

were

regulatingof

original exporter
would

tons

the

exported

matters

with

tons,

following year 12 tons,

1863 a fair quantity was

the

having

these

that

being

were

overlooked

justifiedthe

This

fruit.

was

1858, ^\
i860, 7

in

sent;

were

tons

not

foolishlytreat

present

were

nearly

GARDEN
result

the

exported,

was

crop

FRUIT

Mr.

lb.

per
the number

lb.

to

2s.

to

scarcityof

per

season.

over-supply the
after remaining some
an

Crousaz

here

quotes

prices

days
market

recently built and in

the
of
will
of
course
construction,
quantity
considerablyincrease and prices
grapes
the Scotch, are
probably fall ; and that as the English, and particularly
developing
of fruit culture
this branch
to
a
large extent, we
reasonably
suppose
may
many
will cease
towns
drawing their supplies from London."
The
total quantities exported after 1867 are
not
given, but referringto the
salesman was
that
it is stated
the quantity sold by one
1 871
season
21 J tons,
sold elsewhere.
factory.
In 1872 the prices were
was
independently of what
very satisobtained
choice
fruit
to
Early cold-house
is.
9d.
2s.
lb.,
per
grapes
of
inferior
made
much
the greater part of
higher. Grapes
even
as
as
quality
The
the
best had
done
in 1871.
much
however, was
lighter,as 216
crop,
houses
houses
the
200
previous season
only produced 16 j tons, whereas
duced
proSince
Crousaz's
the publishing of Mr.
21^ tons.
book, grape culture has
ahead
it is now
the
impossible to know
quantity exported, as the
; but
gone
nearly all consign directlyto the British markets.
growers
Vine
Borders.
The
Channel
Islands
vines
in the
were
formerly nearly
"

that

from

of

houses

as

but

to

outside
many
allow

the

market,

are
a

planted
free

majority
and

in

and

inside
for

are

since,

Muscats

borders.
the

passage
still outside.

borders

in

all others

many

roots

Some

houses

to

either

were

grapes
much

When
cases

treated

were

inside
were

too

so.

have
or

ever,
how-

Now,

arched
outside

walls

so

borders,

first

cultivated

deep.

Then,

for

later.

FRUIT

many
taken

CULTURE

IN

troubled

growers
in this

THE

little how

CHANNEL
border

the

ISLANDS
made

was

but

now

387
more

is

care

and

have
been
tried.
The
nearly all methods
English
horticultural
has
been
read
local
the
and
he has tested
closely
press
by
grower,
carrion
hot-water
nearly everything suggested, from
to
pipes in the border ;
both
of these he has long since abandoned.
Vineries.
considered
Formerly lean-to houses were
best, but now
large
in favour.
A larger area
thus
be
of land can
span-roofed houses are the most
matter,

covered

at

less

for the

solid walls

Varieties.
The

than

expense
avoided.

building is thus

Of

of the

all

majority, however,

culture

is concerned.

following

Islands
in the
grown
Alicante, Gros Colmar, Gros
This

last is

conditions

Black

as

Maroc,

but

yet

be

the

among
is
results, there

be

may

many
this

firingare required,
wintry weather.
tried as
they appeared.
market
to
as
suitability

far

taken

to

to

standard

the

represent

of Alexandria,
Canon

Hall

Black

Muscat.

consider
the local
growers
variety,and hold that, space for

good

profitable

most

wall

heavier

been
so

in

expense

in cold

Muscat
Hambro\
Appley Towers, and

largely grown,
being peculiarlysuited

not

it will

space,

have

failures

proved

sorts

and

better

warmth

varieties

new

Considerable

piping

more

keep

have

The

lean-to.

the

course,

lean-to

Nearly

with

If

grapes.

the

is borne

hope

doubt
Canon
Hall
will
find
no
by
plenty of growers
its
culture.
take
At
the
view
it somewhat
to
as
a
ready
majority
up
present
will-o'-the-wispvariety."
Planting.
too
Formerly the canes
were
planted much
thickly (in some
inches
natural
result that
the
the
fruit grown
of
cases
was
15
apart), with
and
vines
the
the
ever,
howas
so
quality,
Now,
was
worse.
aged
quality
poor
in the majority of cases
this evil has been
is afforded
corrected
; more
space
each
still is required. But
the grower
room
although many
cane,
say that more
out

"

has

consider

to

of

crop
have

this

grapes

already fallen

the
cases
many
culture.
This

concerned,
been

the

become
grower
market.

have

for

that

been

not

cut

only use
introducing

of
of

the

grapes,

this

cultivation

introduced

gardener
the

to

the

Rev.

planted

with

wise

course

as

far

is that

to

tomato

to

over

about

were

undergo

the

is
grower
have
occasionally
the

as

they
grapes
who
ultimately
retailingcustomer,
may
this is poor
satisfaction
the
best article.
to
Though
the retail
it will be beneficial if it helps to increase
new

MELON

for

market

Channel

this

La

at

of

piping

the

grower.
melons, and

As
the

of

plants

James

we

cally
believe, practi-

Davis,

at

one

time

St.

the

were

time

was,

At
Martin's, Guernsey.
with
industry, small houses
employed, and the results were
larger span-roofed houses
on,

Favorita,

branch

new

plenty

purposes
by Mr.

Islands

J. Watson,
and

is

turned

houses

inferior

melons

the

of

commencement

sharp pitched roofs

highly satisfactoryto
were

of

into

the

vineries

more

THE
The

and

out

many
doubt
of

the

inferior

present

will

(1902)

winter

buyer

low

have
He
fair
must
prices of grapes.
a
inferior
the
of
indeed,
prices
grades
pay ;
they leave no profitto the producer, so that in

the

vinery

Without

means

of

so

vines

treatment.

same

with

the

or

went

trained

up

trellises almost

as

with

THE

388

had

larger spans

for very
;
and
in

system
grown,
than
but

small

While

tomatoes.

are

selected

form

In

the

the

instances

years

profit could

be

house

old

Golden

profitably,
though

following the

introduction
Prices

were

upon.
pricescommenced

melons

Davis,

less

profitsare
ones

new

many

still largely

are

the

failure

so

to

far

of melon

high
and
fall,

tried,

are

doubt

without

market,

for

steady, but

very

it is

profits
are

as

culture

and

not

now

as

unusual

good
more

to

hear

concerned.

first started

used
to
many
growers
several
shoots
from
taking

were

either

produced by

now

the

heat,

Perfection.

relied

bottom

Melons

is better.

several,and
are
grown
first grown
those
by Mr.

as

began the
growers
of a melon
crop being
When

small

very

for

good arrangement
Heavy crops were

varieties

same

of the

GARDEN

provision.

earlygathering the

many
formerly. The

most

had

houses

such

no

FRUIT

allow

plant

one

to

is still

This

it.

good roof space

by
but the majority now
plants
prefer single or double-stemmed
by some,
with
idea of
of
fruits on
the
number
each, and
gathering
getting a small
of the
for a second
time
a
rapidly so as to allow
planting. In favour
crop
that
it
is
the
of
the
extension
plant promises
argued
system
greater energy
is
better
healthy their fruiting season
setting,"and that if the plants remain
soil level,whereas
with
canker
the
at
longer ; but the risk is that the stem
may
leader system
the singleor double
the risk is much
less,as the life of the plant
is only half as long. Anything
which
tends
reduce
the risk in a melon
to
crop
looked
Channel
is
with
favour
Islanders, as the margin of profit
by the
upon
five to eight
would
is very diiFerent
the days when
make
to
now
good melon
a
the case
or
shillingsat the end of June, as was
eighteen
twenty
ago.
years
culture
Islands.
Those
of course,
in the Channel
the early days of melon
were,
cover

favoured

"

PEACHES
Peaches

and

nectarines

NECTARINES

AND

were

taken

soon

in

hand

the

by

when

grower

first

the

at
peach
was
fruit-growing industry was
early stages.
thought
the
vines
to
might be made
yield fruit while
growing.
Naturally, it
were
in
not
was
planted against the back walls, for in those days the span-roof was
favour
such
it is to-day. Peaches
and
almost
nectarines
as
were
entirelygrown
the
hard
and
pinched in summer,
on
single cordon
strictlykept as
system
cordons.
But
culture
such
not
was
a
consequently many
great success,
growers
allowed
extension
this very
the
to
more
growth, and
on
naturally led them
the most
trees
approved,
instances, fan-trained
To-day, in most
are
system.
and
and
for
without
doubt
their
is
and
more
rightlyso,
reliable,
yield
greater
life
of the trees
the
longer.
culture
commenced
Although peach and nectarine
was
so
early in the
Islands
diminution
Channel
This
it has, to
diminished.
a
large
degree,
very
fruit on
the
from
t
he
his
in
largelyarose
experienced
placing
difficulty
grower
the British
markets
in a sound
condition.
All methods
of packing were
tried,
but the uncertainty of safe and
sound
arrival
still existed, and
the culture
siderably
con-

in its

It

the

decreased.

popular, and

would

We
very

do

not

mean

probably

have

that

none

were

disappeared

had

grown,
it not

but
been

it got
for

less
the

FRUIT

CULTURE

introduction
valuable

of

the
entered

cases

ISLANDS

CHANNEL

THE

IN

fruit-packing cases
the
the
field,

389
When

(referredto elsewhere).
trouble

chief

far

so

these

deliveryw^as

safe

as

gradually disappeared, w^ith the result that the culture of peaches and
is yearly more
favoured
He
Island
has
by the Channel
grower.
plenty of sunshine, and a soil suited to the requirements of the peach except
that
Islands
it contains
lime.
soil shows
but a
no
(The analysisof Channel
of lime ; it is,indeed, imported
from
for
trace
England
building purposes.)
concerned

nectarines

But

for the

except

well

under

very
from

uncertain
no

life

early spring

Christmas
is thus

size and

best

are

highly

climate

the

would

wrong
and

should

be

been

have

for

thing

in the

have

to

are

probably

and. varied

such

Easter, and vice-versd.

Jersey, however, appears
in open

culture

these

fails

Islands

such

than

air

as

of

are

PEAR
and

years,

many

in

fact, they

chosen.

THE

Pears

at

nectarine

peach

of

unreliable

season.

nectarines

and

culture

unusual

no

for culture

suited

coloured

is

welcome

be

the

to

peaches

grow

is very

It

months.

at

can

glass,"for, as a matter
air.
Open-air
open

the

favourable

Guernsey.
Early varieties
good

in

which

encouraged

distinctlymore

be

"under

say

grown
that
than

cause

and
at

Plant
to

when

other

late winter
weather

We

glass.

Islands

lime, the

of

absence

are

well

still,very

in

grown

the

Islands.

Channel
This

is

so
particularly

more

in the

extensivelygrown
devoted

to

in

than

attention

have

pears

much
the culture
has of late received
Jersey,where
Chaumontel
the
was
Formerly
Guernsey.
variety
latter island, but
walls
that
now
formerly were
many
the
have
and
trees
greenhouses against them
pear
in

disappeared.

Jersey, however, large quantities of good pears find

such
is cultivated, but
sorts
A fairlylarge collection
England.
du
those
Cornice, are
usually grown
Chaumontel, and
Doyennd
The
production of these fruits will probably increase as time
du
without
that excellent
doubt
Cornice, can
variety.Doyenne
Islands.
Channel
requiresin the

their

From

THE

The

has

tomato

of fruit culture
it is true,

only

but

for the

before
years
Potatoes

when

growers

to

Williams',

as

for

market.

for
on,
goes
be given all it

TOMATO

played certainlythe
in the

way

started

most

Islands.

Channel

the

with

important

part

in

the

It did

initiate

the

not

object in

they would
English markets, they knew
benefit
material
could
for
hope
they
any

of

view

have
from

to

growing

wait

their

ment
developindustry,

two

or

grapes
three

outlay.

houses, and frequently gave very

planted on
were
But
this crop
lb.
from
6d. per
to
being realised.
returns
is.
2s.
satisfactory
the
houses
provision
had
being unheated, scarcely any
one
great drawback
could
be made
against frost, which
frequently destroyed the plants. Some
the

floors

of

the

FRUIT

THE

390

GARDEN

the house, but

over
large oil lamps distributed
it
This
then
for some
went
even
on
quite safe.
years, when
their
of
another
the
floors
to
on
ground
crop
growers
try
before
three
or
were
dug), during the two
potatoes
years
established.
succeed
the
Now
the
was
only crop
likely to
used

growers

found

was

that

good

very

built

it became

prices for
easy, while
for market
with
purposes
Land.

Buying
what
in

and

property,
annual

the

charge

capital from

the

offer it

may
Of

course,

prospects
from

is

which

annual

paid

ruled

much

answers
a

owner

^i

of

landowner,

If he

to

the

the

for land
prices asked
in comparison
high
very

were

he

or

may

of

of
that

houses
glass-

is
the

system

mortgage

sterling secured
But

repayment

as

this

of

this

wheat-rent,

his

any
and

conditions

the

on

long

so

in

bought

be

as

security to

such

under

could

realise

to

sell his

months

range

demand

wishes

few

it

capital.

debtor.

the

cannot

tomato.

purpose

20

were

And

wheat-rent

same

of

by

holder

land.

the

the

capitalvalue

payment
of

The

some

vines

the

start

land

the

to

(after the

houses

not

was

crop
occurred

remarkably good

so

high, to

Quarters.

or

wheat-rent

the

within

were

little actual

It represents

England.

in

returns,
tomatoes

Wheat-rents

Islands

Channel

the

does

obtained

be

indeed,

comparatively
frequently happened that

It

locallycalled

are

The

glass-house.

could

return

having

the

other

he

buyer.

with

such

price such land could yield

would
But
the prospective small grower
as
double
daunted
to
not
by having
pay, say,
double
than
that,
frequently paid more
; so

treatment.
ordinary agricultural

with

the

or
only require an acre
so, he was
its agriculturalvalue
he
:
even
he
was
supposing its agriculturalletting value
j, lOS. an acre
per annum,
would, by buying in wheat-rent, be willing to undertake
to
^15
annum
per
pay
in perpetuity, but he reallyoften
paid ,7.0. The
quantity of land he required
little that he deemed
himself
safe in paying for the accommodation.
was
so
Building.
the land, then
the
came
Having secured
question of building
The
if the
houses.
serious
not
was
however, was
a
man
difficulty,
grower
considered
Timber
hand
be reliable.
merchants
take
at
to
to
were
some
ready
risk,and the glassmerchant
well, with the result that the grower
as
frequently

found

himself

selling

himself

as

and

ground

good

results

to

then

occurred.

sure

Advent

many

after

time

as

houses

went

built

were

of
at

Tomatoes

diseased, and

uncertain

and

the

replacingwith

surface

year

very
soil and

successful,but
perfect hotbed
That
to

which
become

this
of

was

disease.

not

grower

in
and
crop

Of

the

their
of

the
the

first

were

to

This

of

show

which

culture
could

be

good profits,
the

meant

final

and

their

all that

stalling
in-

pretty

on

opportunities

days

continued

of

cost

was

beginnings

the

results

the

crop

same

result that

frequently the plants became

the returns.
were
unsatisfactory
Removing

fresh

soil

certain

cure.

course,

some

high and well-drained

dust-dry in winter, sooner
was

paid

the

tomato-growing only.
soil,with

year

had

moment

were

this

he

high
trace

can

right

houses,

and

on,

for

to-day
the

same

in

the

prices were

floors of the

the

on

before

even

While

growers

many

Disease.

of

but

tomatoes

taking advantage

always planted
wished

his

grower.

were

tried,and
And
soils

in
gave

in many
time
the
out

sooner

cases

proved

soil became
than

others.

usuallybroke down, especiallyif allowed

than
lower
is usually
lying land, which

UJ

:3

-J

IS
o

THE

392
The

tomatoes.

that

who

grower
advantage of

the

usually plants part

far the safest plan.

is

if the

OTHER
The

Channel

fruit and
to

Island

vegetables in

have

demand

part

crop
in money
in the dull
late autumn
is from
the

bring

the

repeat

we

character

of

the

establishment,
and

other,

in
goes
markets, will

British

the

his

such

care,

when

season

the

fair-sized

under

But

this.

he

this is

by

CROPS

on

under

do

to

he

market-grower, though

other

some

has

grower
and
system

one

able

not

entirely with

rests

system

So

under

GARDEN

hard

forces

either

follows.

which

summer

FRUIT

is

These

flowers.

as

there

strongly for
generally be found
most

no

found

are

fruit for sale.

This

to

season

He
therefore
early spring.
grows
and
in some
arum
freesias,narcissi,and some
lilies,
foliageplants,as asparagus,
instances
be
smilax, which, under
regarded as a profitable
good culture, may
in pots is frequently made
follow
to
plant. Smilax
an
early tomato
crop.
Arum
also
follow
the
lilies
to
tomatoes.
are
largely grown
Formerly
made
with
this plant,but now
have
good profitswere
more
very
growers
many
taken
the culture, and
lower
Some
the prices are
and
the
profitssmaller.
up
the
others
drying-ofF system, giving the plants a rest, while
approve
growers
the
whole
But
in
the
the
to
prefer
keep
plants growing
season
even
through.
latter
the

while

plants

the

case

spring
in

flower

the

and

planted

due

blooms
well

are

in

making

and
boxes

wooden

be

in

had

front

or

is taken

with

and

that

into

out

air

open

standing

themselves

side
out-

stances.
circum-

to

frequent complaints

hear

we

the

lots

such

see

adapt

to

earthenware

square

placed outside, and

week

a
new

they

purposes

They

pans.

induced

to

usually

are

require

start

so

as

to

be

to
secure

they are well developed they are

two
given slight heat.
They can thus
Freesias
also
be
the
planted near
can

When

autumn.

glass,and after
early in the
lean-to

to

check, for, when

severe

season

bloom

lightsof

sight

treatment

following.
for forcing
largelygrown
;

planted early in the summer,

short, broad
foliageby the

placed under

as

turned

are

effort

strong

this

to

the

plants

unusual

no

it be

rest, though

It is

bud.

probably

scarcity of

Freesias

receive

prices fall,the

greenhouses
It is

of the

do

and

comes

and

winter

to

or

year.

span-roof greenhouses

beneath

the

vines, and

if

care

well.
watering they bloom
Narcissi
in boxes, planted early in the
are
chiefly grown
kept
summer,
outside
till thoroughly well rooted, then
under
forced
and
placed
according
glass
to

the

This

circumstances.

Island

will

grower
Spanish

others
The

are

irises

colours

and

are

planted

profitson

on

irises

bulbs

is

probably

are

which

branch

of

flower

culture

which

the

Channel

increase

future.
considerably in the near
also
boxed
and
forced,
some
are
largely;
grown
very
of
cold
the
floors,mostly
{i.e.unheated) grape-houses.
The
essential
thing is to have distinct
very variable.
will yield a large percentage
of flowers, otherwise
a

loss is certain.

Chrysanthemums
grown,

some

of

entirely in

varieties
the

open

suited
air ;

to

market

others

in

purposes

the

open

are
are

also
lifted

largely
in

the

FRUIT

CULTURE
while

autumn,

some

in

pots

good deal
full enough.

his hands

consideration

Cypripedium insigne is

growers.

representative collection

suited

fruit-growing for

diiKcultythat

faced

the

to
Southampton or
passage
After
the
in which
seeing
way

steamer,

to

destination

suppose
other
than

companies

had

that

he

had

largely

the

summer

Channel

some

but

the

in

produce

such

and

Island

have

some

fairly

long afterwards, the great

the
was
ready for market
to the
railway journey.

his fruit

Weymouth,

after

is not

in

trade.

commenced,

when

sea

of

393

CASES

market

grower

labour

largelygrown,

most

FRUIT

When

of culture
of

hands

the

at

cut-flower

to

ISLANDS

last mode

The

in pots.

has

grower

CHANNEL

necessitates

receiving

are

THE

grown

are

followed, growing
the
months, when
Orchids

IN

addition

hurled

was

treatment

into

fruit

the

hold

the

could

of

arrive

the
its

at

would
be absurd.
Then
the railway
seriouslyblemished
basket
of
charge of so much
heavy or
per
grapes,
the
the basket
contained
light. Two
was
shillingseach
price, and whether
hmit
of 28 lbs.
believe,a maximum
always 2s., with, we
7 lbs. or 27 lbs.,it was
It

is safe

uniform

say that
grape-growing would

conditions

these

till now,

continued

Channel

Island

almost
have
disappeared. It was
long felt that some
the
situation,and ultimately Mr.
urgently required to save
could
be placed
J. H. Parsons, of Guernsey, invented
large fruit cases, wherein
number
shallow
of
baskets
choice
a
containing
fruit,freshlygathered, and conveyed
London
To
undisturbed.
this invention
to
safelybe credited the
may
Island
of the Channel
He
success
now
places his goods in the
grape
grower.
hands
in open
of the local forwarding agents
baskets, and he knows
they have
of
in
the
condition
he left
chance
same
practically
arriving
as
possible
every
result
them.
idea
with
the
So good an
imitations,
naturally produced many
fruit cases
of a somewhat
similar type.
that to-day there are
They are,
many
however, no
longer restricted to grapes, but are used for all kinds of choice
better

had

to

system

was

produce.
FUEL

The
item.

fuel
The

This

grower

evil

prices have
1

is often

the

Islands

called

for
to

upon

6s. 8d.

has

up.

gone
to

during

grown

8s. per

few

ton,

the

years
whereas

last

ago

past

per

change

ton,

in this

benefit, we

years.
be

serious

very

where
the

And

find

there

is

though

growing

up
consensus

to

the

former

all growers
consider
an
have
Growers'
Association

matter.

As

Welsh

the

to

bought free on
occasionally runs
up

unfair

which

Guernsey

the

few

it

now

higher prices,especiallyin Guernsey

higher than in Jersey. In
wharfage are
6d.

is

purposes

exceedingly high prices for

pay

it could

even

2s.

cultural

his

coal.

anthracite

at

in

consumed

local

they

now

of

dues

the

wharfage

For

several

diligentlyto

worked

have

opinion

quays

35s. and

to

harbour

island
tax.

coal

the

received
among

the

and
is

years

secure
no

actual

governing

THE

394
bodies

of the

burden
For

be
to

pay
The

did

growers
authorities

still further

tax

production

value

grower

views

margin

of

of

with

side.

The

had

additional

an

Great

from

exported

been

have

without

the

is

any

time

in

entirelyswept away,
situation
is certainlyone

the

governing
likelythat
certainlywould
burden
by having

Britain.
from

was

relief.
of

The

better

tax

future

near

of

cost

demands

the

his present

balance

This

prospects.

when

give place to

which

this

surely declining, and

but

and

be

the

disallowed.

for

to

it is

exempt

promise

gradually

continue

to

by

and

This

they
approached, but the claim
the
justifies
grower's plea

produce
apprehension the

profit may

afforded.

be

would

hope

wise

not

Association,

has

grower
all coal

gradually increasing,

is

market

were

on

relief will

it is

industry taken

Growers'

local

of late the

as

that

fruit-growing

the
the

material

some

local

additional

wrong

of
to

shillingduty

one

home

The

are

welcome,
the

great

view

GARDEN

public in general
industry.

the

due

future

near

most

the

wider

the
thanks

in the

and

heavily this

so

bodies

island

FRUIT

the

on

serious

most

and

consideration.

generous

PROSPECTS

Tv/enty
floated,and

so

or

years
in the

ago

number

quite a

majority of

cases

were

of

companies
liability

limited

disappointments

sore

the

to

were

unfortunate

exceptions failed to redeem

anything like the
in the Channel
Islands,
Fruit-growing for market
These
islands are
the grower's personal attention.
The
who
does
and
man
can
particularlythe field of the working grower.
will probably succeed.
devote
all his time, thought, and
the
work
to
energy
But
the man
decides
who
enter
venture
to
a
as
a
fruit-growerhere, and
upon
thinks
and energetic by proxy
will experience failure and
he can
be industrious

shareholders,

and

with

very

few

promises of the prospectus.

elsewhere, depends upon
as

disappointment,
the

and

the

disappointment

may

not

be

the

It

is the

s,erious part

most

of

venture.

The

French

fattens

the

master

has

ox,"
an

have
and
eye

by
and

which

proverb

deduction
is

If
fattening the ox.
you
Channel
Islands,you must
and not
by proxy.

it is

willing
make
at

the

to

up
same

use

"

says,

advice

prudent

had

it,he

mind
your
time
make

to

better

to

start

up

master's
say,

that

that
eye
unless the

give up the idea of

fruit-growing in the

your

mind

to

work

self,
your-

thorough and
of failure through lack of these qualities
honest
with
himself, but the
refrain
is so abundant
in the Islands, that we
from
cannot
giving expression to
little capital,plenty of energy
the above
facts.
and
A
diligence,may
bring
but
without
the diligence and
much
application of the prosuccess,
prietor
money
is in imminent
condition
a
danger of being lost. Insolvency is not
unknown
Island
the Channel
instances
exist where
fruit-growers; jnany
among
other
lack
have
failed
than
the
of those
men
cause
signally
through no
apparent
It
which
make
the
business
is
safe
to
to
success.
qualities
are
a
say,
necessary
himself
that unless the grower
he
had
better by far abandon
can
depend upon
We

have

no

desire

to

daunt

any
evidence

one

who

is

prepared

to

be

2;'

2;

-J

I/)

to

HI

2;
o

3J

FRUIT

the
of

idea

of

it

themselves

to

in
than

time
the

is

is

grower

it.
who

as

certain

that

the

the

margin

of

caution
All
is

willing

be

can

to

work.

future,

profit

by
said

of

it

past
the

so

has

now

now

has

that

passed

its

golden

putting
offers

cases

will

places

weak

will

it

many

future,

contemplate
is

395

shown

near

declines

who

those

the
and

industry

The

required
that

If

Islands.

these

ISLANDS

CHANNEL

THE

numbers.

greater

ever

into

quite
for

more

even

and

in

fruit-growing

failure

more

IN

CULTURE

good

duce
proshow

days,
money

living

As

further

aid

fruits,

hardy
outline

Peaches,

they
of

the

Unless

fruits

it

drawings
from

are

which

with

they

to

exact

drawings
"c.,

made.

outline

these

of

size

culture.

ordinary

size

rich

actual

the

stated,

same

in

the

show

given

were

the

Strawberries,

otherwise

the

fore
there-

cultivated

together

taken

from

not

which

when

when
is

do

to

Nectarines,
be

may

and

prepared
and

size

attain

soil

Those

Cherries,

been

the

represent

of

Plums,

fruits,

orchard-grown

will

following

the
useful.

have

varieties

that

of

prove

Pears,

Gooseberries

garden

hoped
will

drawings

Apples,

of

is

it

identification

the

to

the

fruits

398

APPLES

Allen's

Everlasting

AllingtonPippin

Beauty of Bath

399

Annie

Baumann's

Red

Elizabeth

Winter

Reinette

APPLES
400

Beauty

Belle

of

Kent

Pontoise

APPLES
401

Bismarck

lenheim

Orange
2

402

APPLES

Braddick's

Nonpareil

Seedling
Braraley's

Brownlee's

Russet

APPLES
403

Calville

Calville

Blanche

Malingre

404

APPLES

APPLES

Claygate Peannain

Cockle's

Cornish

Gilliflower

Pippin

APPLES

Cox's

Orange

407

Pippin

Cox's

D'Arcy

Spice

Pomona

APPLES

4o8

Devonshire

Duchess

Duke

Quarrenden

of

Oldenburg

of Devonshire

APPLES
409

4IO

APPLES

"

APPLES
411

Golden

Golden

Reinette

Spire

412

APPLES

Gravenstein

Grenadier

Codlin

APPLES

414

Hormead

Hubbard's

Pearmain

Pearmain

Irish

Peach

APPLES
415

James

Grieve

Kerry

Keswick

Codlin

Pippin

APPLES

APPLES
417

4i8

APPLES

Lord

Burghley

Lord

Derby

APPLES
419

Lord

Grosvenor

Lord

Suffield

APPLES

420

Margil

Mere

de

Menage

422

APPLES

Newton

Norman's

Wonder

Pippin

APPLES

Peasgood's Nonesuch

424

APPLES

Red

Juneating

APPLES

425

Ribston

Rosemary

Pippin

Russet

Ross

Nonpareil

426

APPLES

Roundway

Graham's

Magnum

Royal

Bonum

Jubilee

APPLES
427

Royal

Late

Cooking

Sandringham

428

APPLES

430

APPLES

Stone's

Striped

Apple

Beaufin

APPLES
431

'S.
a.

a,
a.

O
V

B
B

432

APPLES

Tower

of

Glamis

Wagener

APPLES

Waltham

Abbey

Warner's

433

Seedling

King
2

APPLES
434

B
o

APPLES
435

White

Transparent

Winter

Queening

APPLES

436

Worcester

The

Pearmain

Barberry

CHERRIES

438

Nouvelle

Royale
Old

Black

Heart

CHERRIES
439

St. Margaret's

FIGS

44CO

Bourjasotte Grise

Osborn's

Prolific

Malta

Negro

Largo

FIGS
441

St.

White

Ischia

John's

White

Marseilles

Green

Hedgehog

Warrington

Bright

GOOSEBERRIES

SMALL-FRUITED

442

Venus

(white, ^ size)

Cheshire

Lass

(white)

Yellow

(red)

Yellow

Ball

Red

Champagne

Champagne

Crown

Bob

(red, i size,

Large-fruited)

GOOSEBERRIES

LARGE-FRUITED

Beauty (red,J size)

Lord

Derby

Rifleman

Lady

(red,J size)

(red,J size)

Leicester

(white, i size)

Bobby

(red,J size)

Napoleon

Smith's

Lancer

the

Great

(red,4 size)

Nonpareil(white,J size)

(white,J size)

Dan's

Mistake

Lancashire

Lad

Careless

Alma

(red,J size)

(red,J size)

(white,J size)

(white,J size)

LARGE-FRUITED

444

Criterion

(yellow, J size)

Telegraph

Leader

(green)

(yellow,i size)

GOOSEBERRIES

High

Sheriff

Langley

Leveller

(yellow, J size)

Beauty

(yellow)

(yellow, i size)

446

MEDLARS

Dutch

Royal

Medlar

Medlar

NECTARINES

Cardinal

Humboldt

447

Early

Lord

Rivers

Napier

448

NECTARINES

Newton

Rivers'

Pineapple

Orange

Victoria

PEACHES
449

Beliegarde
2

PEACHES

450

Early Alfred

PEACHES

Late

Devonian

451

+5-

PEACHES

Peach

Nectarine

Prince

of

Wales

454

PEACHES

Sea

Eagle

Stirling Castle

PEACHES
455

Violet

te

H^tive

Waterloo

Walburton

Admirable

456

PEARS

Beacon

Bergamotte

Esperen

PEARS
457

Bellissime

d'Hiver

458

PEARS

Beurr^

Diel

PEARS
459

Beurr^

Fouqueray

460

PEARS

Beurre

Jean

van

Geert

462

PEARS

Clapp's

Favourite

PEARS

Conseiller

de

la

Cour

463

464

PEARS

Doyenn^

Boussoch

PEARS

Dr.

Jules Guyol
2

PEARS

Durondeau

PEARS

Fondante

de

Thirriot

467

PEARS

Glou

Morceau

470

PEARS

Marguerite

Marillat

PEARS

Marie

Louise

471

PEARS

472

Passe

Crassane

Olivier

de

Serres

PEARS

Pitmaston

Duchess

473

PEARS

474

Souvenir

du

Congr^s

PEARS

475

C^
Triomphe

de

Vienne

476

PEARS

Verulam

478

PEARS

winter

Nelis

Z^phirin Gregoire

PLUMS

Denniston's

Superb

479

Diamond

PLUMS

Green

Ga"e

Kirke's

PLUMS

President
2

PLUMS

482

Sultan

The

Czar

PLUMS

Shropshire

Damson

483

The

Myrobelle

or

Cherry

Plum

QUINCE

48+,

The

Pear-Shaped

Quince

486

AND

LOGANBERRY

The

WINEBERRY

Wineberry

STRAWBERRIES

Auguste

British

487

Aaguste

Nicaise

Queen

Black

Nicaise

British

Queen

While

early

Black

Countess
^Qfg_

Strawberries vary
shaped,

greatly in
later

ones

are

size

Prince

Prince

Countess
and

small and

shape.
round

or

oval.

The

fruits
two

of

some

types

are

varieties
therefore

are

shown.

large

and

wedge-

STRAWBERRIES

488

Dr.

Dumbarton

Castle

Eleanor

Hogg

Dumbarton

Eleanor

Castle

STRAWBERRIES

489

Elton

Filbert

Pine

Pine

Fillbasket

Fillbasket

STRAWBERRIES

490

Frogmore

Givon's

Late

Late

Prolific

Kitley's Goliath

Pine

Frogmore

Givon's

Late

Pine

Late

Kitley's Goliath

Prolific

STRAWBERRIES
491

La

Grosse

Latest

The

of

Laxton

Sucree

All

La

Grosse

Latest

The

of

Laxton

Sucrfe

All

STRAWBERRIES

492

Louis

Newton

Gautier

Seedling

President

Louis

Newton

Gautier

Seedling

President

STRAWBERRIES

494

Vicomtesse

Sir

Charles

Sir

Joseph

H^ricart

de

Napier

Sir

Sir

Paxton

Thury

de Thury
Vicomtesse^^H^ricart

Napier

Charles

Joseph

Paxton

TroUope's

Victoria

STRAWBERRIES
495

Waterloo

Walluff

Hautbois

Waterloo

Walluff

Hautbois

496

STRAWBERRIES

Alpine

Strawberries

INDEX

fruit

America,
Anona

culture

Cherimolia,
A.

207;

Apparatus,
Apple,
stock,
207

as

5;

main,

12

Bath,

of

Pippin,

of

Bess

Pool,

Bismarck,

Pippin

21

18

Bielo

Blenheim

Borovitsky

Brownlee's

13;
16

10

Calville

Malingre,

Calville
15

Gowrie,

18

Pippin,

Countess

Warwick,

of

Cox's

10

Crimson

19

10

11

Early

Victoria,

Early
Essex

T.

9 ;

II

11

Constantine,

Codlin,

12

Crimson
;

Irish

Peach,

12

11

Grieve,

12

Keswick

John

13

Acre

King's

Beauty,

London

Major,

13

Lord

Lord

13

22

13

Derby,

Hindlip,

22

Giant,

Lord

18

12

of

13

for
for

cordons,

26

Apricot,

park,

17

29;
29

24

20

Queening,

gardens,

best,

recent

duction,
intro-

of

eight
of,

27

under

19

planting,

ment,
treat-

summer

fruits,

the

best,

19

26

enemies,

blossom,

Favourite,

Pearmain,

larger

gardens,

thinning

for

insect

the

lington,
Wel-

Pearmain,

Winter

selections

Blenheim,
29

25

glass,

Large

Boulbon,

29

Breda,

29;

Frogmore

Hemskerk,
;

Early,
;

small

pruning,

13

Lord

23

18

Nonpareil,

27

training

;
;

varieties,

28

13

14

the,

and
;

for

protecting

20

purposes,

OuUin's

2g

29

29

Kaisha,
;

Shipley's,

Peach,
29

Grosse

Large

29;

Moorpark,

Early

Early

28;

Early,

29;

Peach,

17

profitable,

market,

special

Grosvenor,
Suffield,

Ingestrie,

Yellow

Apricot,
23

the
13

Seedling,
Lord

19

15

King,

Winter
;

Venus'

Court,

; Worcester

19;
17

Warner's

Williams'

22

Pippin,

; White

15;

Quarrenden,

; Woodstock

21

James

Albert,

Burghley,
13;

14

Henniker,

Loddington

Winter

13

18

Wealthy,

19;

Greening,

ig

for

10

18

Bill,
Queen,

Walmer

Calville,

'IVansparent,

Hereford

Pippin,

Winter

19;

18

17

Pippin,

Duck's

Glamis,

Seedling,

; White

White

Apples

Grenadier

King

Prince

Lord

Due

Grand

Wagener,

Abbey

22;

of

17

Pippin,

The

9;

Castle,

Beaufin,

Golden

14

Seaton

Stirling

Sussex

Tower

Waterloo

18;
;

Spire,

County,

Lady

22

10

17

Selina,

Sturmer

St.

Lincolnshire

10;

Wonder,

13

10

Summer

Peach,

16

17

Striped

10

Newton

18

Cup

Pippin,

Tompkin's

Lane's

13

18

; Summer

Pippin,

Pearmain,

Kerry

King,

12

Irish

Quarrenden,

Waltham
18

17

Late

Russian,

Queen,

South

Ribston,

Apple,

Calville,

12

Farther,
7

Ross

Royal

Nonpareil,

no

Spring

7;

Tompkins,

Golden

Seedling,
11

of

Pippin,

Langley

11;

12

King

Sudeley,

Lady

12

Peel,

;
11

Hormead

Jackson's

Codlin,

Pippins,

Clyde,

12

Pearmain,
12

13

Seedling,

Hambling's

11

Golden

17

Seek

du

Bonum,

Saltmarsh's

Scarlet

Red

16

16

Ribston

Sandringham,

;
;

Worcester,

Stone's

Taylor's

Fish,

Gold

;
22

Gravenstein,

Queening,

Hubbard's

11

Pearmain,

Winter

Golden

11

de

11

Medal,

Reinette,

Golden

11

Seedling,

England,

of
Gold

of

Alexander,

Pippin,

Scarlet

Seedling,

Emperor

Fearn's

Glory

Tasmania,

Noble,

10

10

Transparent,

Ecklinville
;

17;

Summer

Crofton,

Early

Early

;
11

Gascoigne's

Gilliflower,
of

22

Russet,

Spice,
18

15

House,

Striped

18;

16

Seward

17

10

16

Magnum

Pearmain,

Apple,

Sanspareil,

11

Russet,

Graham's,

15
Prince

Reinette

Dor^e,

Russet

Pippin,

Pippin,
g;

Devonshire,

of

18;

Margaret,

Egremont

D.

10

Pomona,

Harvey,

Sack

Edmund's

21

Spice,

Dr

; Duke

Seedling,

Red

Cox's

D'Arcy

10

Queening,

10;

Oldenburg,

of
Dumelow's

12

Quarrenden,

Duchess
10;

10

Jubilee,
16

Peter

Quarantine,

12

Roundway

Calville,

Rosemary

13

Pomme

Seedling,

Stubbard,

Reinette

16

Royal

Red

15

Cooking,

o'

Ross,

15
15

Pearmain,

Cowarne

Pippin,

Quoining,

Devonshire

12

Orange

Clifton
Nonesuch,
9 ;
Cornish
Gilliflower,

g;

16

Carse

; Chas.

Christmas

Pearmain,

Cockle's

15

Juneating,

15
;

Bismarck,

Red

15

Newton

13

Pippin,

12

Greening,

Pott's

Prince's

Pearson's

Prince

15

Nonesuch,

10

13

17

Pippin,
Nonpareil,

Pearmain,

Pomona,

22

Nonpareil,

22

Pike's

Quoining,

Pippin,

Reinette,
;

Albert,

Canada,

Jubilee,

16

15

Prince

Hal],

Preco9e,

Pippin,

Pippin,

Wonder,

Claygate

11;

Rouge

Grise,

pareil,
Non-

Blanche,

Canadian
9 ;

Carey

Bunyard's

Calville

Cellini

Chelmsford
9

Hill

Brayton

Phillimore,
House,

Northern

Winter

15
Mother

Mr.

Niton

Peasgood's

14

Great,

18

Paroquet,

14

Norman's

Old

9 ;

22

14

14

Wonder,

Nutmeg,

Edward,

Gladstone,

22

Margaret,

Manage,

Wonder,

Ontario,

10

21

Bow

Calville

d'Hiver,

Rouge

Cardinal,

21

8;

Wonder,

Red,

Braddick's

Seedling,

Russet,

Byford

Wilts,

Ben's

Boradawka,

Bramley's

Orange,

of

Beauty

Pontoise
,

21

Beauty

14

de

Beauty,

the

Mr.

Wonder,

Pear-

Beauty,

Reinette,

Kent,

Belle

17;

AUington

7;

Arundel

Mtre

Normanton

11

; Barnack

10

Winter

Beauty

14

Norfolk

Custard,

Alexander,

Everlasting,

Red

Beefing,

11;

The

i;

Elizabeth,

Baddow

Paradise

Pearmain,

14

Newton

15

Allen's

Baumann's

21;

213

Annie

7;

Margil,

Apple,

walls,

on

Pearraain,
6;

Pippin,

ticulata,
re-

14

pruning,

Golden,

Alfriston,

', A.

208

207

cordon

Adam's

Apple,

Mannington's

muricaia,

301

summer

The

; A.

squamosa,

heating,

the,

in, 305

208

29

29

Syrian,
2

New

Early,
Large

Preco9e
29

Moor-

Pdche,

de

INDEX

498
the, 211
Banana,
Barberry, the, 30
Bars, water,
303
Blackberries

Red,

allied

and

30 ;

Lucretia,

; Whitewash

30

Bush

Channel

30
Wilson

the,

of

Prune

301

160

Shepherd's

Cheshire

Prolific

Hereford

White

shire
Shrop-

or

Farleigh
Damson,

Prolific

160

208

Kaki,

Diospyros

EriobotT-ya japonica
Ugni, 215
Eugenia
in the,

Fig,

; The

Morello,

tree,

; trees

39

planting, 37;
protection from

37;

38

diseases,

39;

walls

for

insect

40;

walls,
protecting
birds,
38 ;
on

enemies,

under

and

Heart,

Black

Bigarreau,

; Black

Coe's

Carnation,

42

Tartarian,

42;

45 ; Cleveland
45 ; Duchesse

Bohemian

Bigarreau,
de

Palluau,

42;

45

Early Purple Guigne, 45; Early Rivers, 42; Elton

Heart,
Eugdnie, 45 ; Early Lyons,
42
; Empress
Flemish
Francis, 42;
Emperor
Red, 42;
42;
Florence
Heart, 43 ; Frogmore
Early Bigarreau,
G^antde
Wood,
Hedelfingen, 43; Governor
43;
Guigne d'Annonay,
Guigne de Winkler,
43;
43;
Bigarreau, 43 ; Kentish
Red,
45 ; Kentish
43
Knight's Early Black, 43 ; Ludwig's
Bigarreau,
Duke,
Morello,
May
Napoleon
44;
43;
44;
Bigarreau, 44 ; Nouvelle
Royale, 44 ; Old Black
Olivet, 45 ; Ramon
Heart, 44;
Oliva, 45 ; Reine
Late
Hortense,
Duke,
45 ; Ronald's
44
; Royal
The
Duke, 44; St. Margaret's, 44;
Noble,
44;
Waterloo,

Windsor,

bush

trees,

44

for

for

various
pruning,
positions,
33;
34 ; garden,
35 ; the best, 41

orchards,
33;

33

the, 51

varieties,

the, 45

apple,

blackberries,

315;

chestnut,

Transcendent,

citron,

the

almond,

322

sweet,

berries,
321 ;
; citrus

the,

cherry,
fruits,

rants,
curcranberry, the, 320;
321 ; date, 323 ; figs, 323 ; filberts, 325 ;
fruit culture
under
326;
glass, 325 ; fruit storage,
eases
disfruits, miscellaneous
tender,
224
; fungus
and
insects,
gooseberries,
325 ;
320 ;
huckleberry, 321;
juneberry, 321;
317;
grape,
lemon,
tarine,
neckumquat,
322;
322;
mango,
324;
; peach,
311
324
309 ;
; nuts,
; olive, 323
pineapple, 324;
plum,
325;
pear,
312;
pecan,
322
; quince, 316 ; raspberry, 320
;
313 ; pomelo,
vine
in California, 318 ; walnut,
strawberry,
319;

Fruit

in

nectarines,
392

325
the

384 fig,
and
peaches
tomato,
389 ; other

Channel

Islands,

melon,
385;
388 ; pear, 389

grape,

crops,

324;

Persian,

culture

384;

; fruit cases,

393

387;

;
;

fuel, 393

prospects,

394-

culture

in France,

apples,
cherry, 348;
371

the black, 48
Currant,
Currants, red and
white, 46 ; culture, 46 ; pruning,
best
black
46 ; the
Baldwin's,
49 ; Black
Carter's
Naples,
Boskoop
Giant,
49 ;
49 ;
Champion,
Bud, 49 ; Mammoth,
49 ; Green
49 ;
best
red
Bud,
Maple,
49 ; White
49 ; the
Red, 49 ; Cherry, 50 ; Chiswick
Red,
Champagne
Cornet,
Defiance,
50;
50;
50 ; Fay's Prolific, 50;
VerCastle, 50; La
Fertile, 50; La
Houghton
Dutch,
saillaise, 50 ; Late
Victoria,
50 ; May's
Moore's
Dutch
Red, 50 ;
Seedling, 50 ; New
50;
Prince
Albert, 50 ; Raby
Castle, 50 ; the Scotch

325

cocoanut,

321;

Fruit

45

305

apricot, 315;
320
; blueberry,

307;

319;

the

290

in America,

culture

the, 205

family, the, 205

Crab, the, 45;
the, 45 ; Downie,John,
Dartmouth,
Mammoth,
Fairy, 45;
Orange, the, 45 ;
45;
45;
Cheal's
Siberian,
the
Siberian,
Scarlet, 45;
parent,
TransScarlet, 45; Siberian, the
Yellow,
45;

protection,
tion,
56; training, 55; varieties, the best, 57 ; ventila56
BourBlack
Ischia,
Fig, Angelique,
58;
57;
wick,
Turkey,
jasotte Grise, 57 ; Brown
57 ; BrunsRouge,
58;
D'Agen,
58; Gourand
57;
Bianca,
Madeleine,
58 ; Malta, 57 ; Monaco
57 ;
Largo,, 58 ;
Nagronne,
58 ; Nebian, 58 ; Negro
Osborne's
de
Mel,
Prolific,
Pingo
58;
58;
St.
Reculer,
Singleton,
John's, 58;
58;
58;
de
Violette
Bordeaux,
Sepor, 58;
58; Violette
White
Ischia, 58 ; White
Marseilles,
58
Figs, the best, 57
Filberts, 92
fruit culture
in, 326
France,
324;

Citrus

spraying,

215

cultural
the second,
notes
57;
crop,
under
fertilisation, 57 ;
glass, 54;
thinning the fruit,
pruning, 54;
54;

culture

53;

Fruit

45

35

384

31

Black

Crops,

White

Versailles,

212

King,

Bradley's
Frogmore

glass, 41
de
Belle
Belle
Cherry, Archduke,
Choisy, 41;
41;
de Montreuil,
d'Orl^ans, 41 ; Belle de
45 ; Belle
Belle Francoville,
St.Tronc,45;
45 ; Bigarreaude
Mezel,
42 ; BigarreaudeSchreken,45
; Bigarreau
de
Noir
Guben,
Jaboulay,
Bigarreau
42;
45;
Bigarreau Noir de Schmidt,
Eagle 45 ;
45 ; Black

Citron,

the, 160

Damson,
Damson,

fruit culture

Islands,
tree,

; varieties

Cherries

50

protecting, 47

Cherry, the, 32
of
36; form
the
blossom,
under
glass,
40

Blanche

Grosse,

160

fruits,

Checker

Lawton,
30;

betacea,

Cyphomandra

Cumberland

Bramble,

the, 31
Junior, 31 ; Mahdi,
Boiler, setting the, 303
and
Boilers
heating apparatus,
BuUace,
Bullaces, 160 ; Black

BuUace,

white

best

fruits, 30

Parsley Leaved, 30
Early King, 30 ; The

The

Blackberry,
Blackcap,

the

49;

White,
Shilling's Cut-Leaved
White
Dutch,
Transparent,
50
50;
50

the

327

best,

cherries,

almond,
372

the

best,

348 ; apple,
apricot, 346 ;
350;

nuts,
chest-

fig, 352 ; forms

column
for
culture,
open-air
principal, 337;
shaped,
338 ; cordons,
339 ;
343 ; palmates,
standard,
pyramid,
338;
338; fruit gathering,
in pots, 331 ; fruit trees, trained,
336 ; fruit trees
mental,
329 ; gardens, amateurs',
327 ; gardens, experigardens,
market,
berry,
goose327;
329;
the best for open-air culturel
354 ; grapes,
chemica,
383 ; incision, annular,
335 ; manures,
of, 332 ; medlar,
composition
354 ; nectarines,
the
best, 360 ; nut, the hazel, 354;
peach, 355 ;
351

currant,

353

INDEX
the

peaches,
best, 366
the

best,

358

361

pear,

best,

quince,
; raspberry,
351
352
332 ; vine, 378 ; walnut, 354
Fruit

house,

Fruit

houses,

how

erect

to

preservation, whole,
planting, 255
pruning newly planted,

Fruit

soil,

perfect,

of, 294
265

storage,

279;

propagation
as
256 ; trees

trees,

trees,

fruit, the, 205

Grape, thinning, 244
introduction, 240 ;
Grapes,
black, 236 ; of recent
packing for market,
; period of stoning, 246;
244
and
neglected, 239 ; storing, 247 ; white
some
golden, 237
Guava, the, 215 ; the purple, 215

Grape

the

pears,

261

a,

construction

Fruit,
Fruit

planting, 333 ; plum, 375 ; plums,

376 ; pruning,
principles of, 334

499

of,

271

flowering

orchard,

Houses

for

cucumber,

252
in

69 ; canker, 65 ;
; fig, 66 ; houses,
insect pests, 65 ; manure,
the best, 60;
tarines,
64; necand
lemon,
allied.fruits,67 ;
67 ; orange,
69 ; plums, 68 ; pots, 63 ;
peaches, 68 ; pears,
potting, 6i ; pruning, 65 ; soil, 62 ; successional
60 ; temperature,
64 ; top dressing, 62 ;
crops,
after
trees
forcing, 65 ; trees, longevity of, 66;
watering, "c., 63
Fruits
for
certain
of, 268 ;
districts, selection
gathering hard, 262 ; protecting bush^ 47
trees

apples,
59
of trees, 61

pots,

; choice

68

cherries,

Insects

the, 205 ; the

Lemon,
Lime, the, 205
Loganberry, the, 31
Loquat, the, 215

indica,
Mangifera
the, 210
Mango,
the,

Medlar,

the,

Gooseberry,
culture,
methods

71

of,

71

70

bird

pruning,

enemies,
70

72

training,

market

Melon

various

Melon,

fruited, 75.

large

Hero,

Conquering

White,
Ho
77;
'Transparent, 77 ; Velvet
177;
British
(Green) Admiration,
Whitesmith,
77.
Cheerful, 78 ;
Queen,
Oak,
;
77
78 ; British
78;
Lancelot,
Greenock,
78;
77;
Diadem,
First, 77;
78;
Philip the
Overall,
Ocean,
77;
78 ; Stockwell,
Brown,
Plunder, 77 ; Sir George
78 ; Thumper,
78 ; Surprise, 78 ; Telegraph,
Broom
Girl,
Kent,
Berry's
( Yellow)
7B.
Criterion,
Drill, Garibaldi,
Cobham,
Catherina,
Sheriff, Keepsake,
High
Gipsy Queen, Gunner,

RanLeader,
Leveller, Lord
Beauty,
Peru, Ringer, Stella, Thatcher,
cliffe.Marigold,
Two
to One, 78
small
fruited,
(Green) Early
73.
Gooseberries,

Langley

Hairy,

Green

Gage,
(Sed)

73

73

Glenton

Green,

Gascoigne, 73
Gage,
Langley
73 ;

; Green

73 :
Aston

Ironmonger,

Red,
74

74
;

Dobson's

Keen's

73

Shiner,
Granadilla,

74

74

; Velvet

the, 213

Scotch

White,

Rosebery,
Seedling,

The

flesh,

88

86

frames,

watering,

deliciosa,

Monstera

Mulberry,

the, 89

under

peach

and

Nectarine

Cardinal,

Nectarine,
Rivers,

114;

Elruge,

114;

Humboldt,

chinensis,

M.

115

Apple,
T15 ; Pine
Rivers'
Orange,

Spencer,

115 ; Victoria, 115

under
for culture

Elruge,
Nectarines

outdoors.

; the

III

the, 90
cob, 92

best,

filbert,

Hardwicke's,

Early
115;
Newton

115

Orange,

; Pitmaston
;

Red

160

Napier,

115
115

M.

glass, the, 94
Dryden,
114;

114:

Lord

211

Burbank,

160 ;
Botan,
Fruited, Masu,

Yellow

Fruited,

211

sapientutn, 211
the,
Myrobelle,

Nut,

85

214

Cavendiskii,

Musa

115

glass,

in

115

Stanwick

for

walls

114

92

the, 205
house,

Orchard

300

74

best,

Red

73

alata,

Passijlora

73,
74

Red

74.

298
crop,

hog'
Hedge-

; Green

Seedling,

81

Orange,

Rough,
74 ;
pagne
( Yellow) ChamSuperb, 74 ; Warrington,
74.
Drop,
Yellow,
74 ; Golden
74
; Golden
Ball, 74 ;
Lion,
74
Gem,
; Yellow
74 ; Golden
Yellow
(White) Bright Venus,
Sulphur,
74.
Lass, 74 ; Columbus,
75 ; Eagle,
74 ; Cheshire
Eagle, 74 ; White
74 ; White
74 : Snowdrop,

Champagne,

houses,
market

as

in cold

houses,

215

raising the
82 ; shading, 85; successional
85; temperatures
crops,
flesh,
and
ventilation, 85 ; varieties, green
flesh, 88; varieties, white
87; varieties, scarlet

Nuts,

Green

Japanese,

85 ; canker, 84
general culture, 83
enemies,
87 ; planting, 83
; insect
seedlings, 82 ; size of bed, 81 ; soil,

80

the,

Nottingham,

Monstrous,

Dutch,

2r3

210

cucumber

and

culture

(Red) Beauty,
panion,
Clayton, Comof
Duke
Crown
Dan's
Bob,
Mistake,
shire
LancaFalstaff, Guido,
England,
Sutherland,
the
Lord
Lad,
London,
Derby, Napoleon
Prince
Lion,
Great,
Regent, Rifleman, Roaring
Whinham's
Industry, Wonderful,
Speedwell,
less,
( White) Alina, 75 ; Antagonist, 75 ; Care75.
dom,
FreeFascination, 77;
75 ; Faithful, 77;
Hero
of the
of Trumps,
King
75;
75;
Leicester, 77 ; Lancer,
Nile,
Lady
;
77
;
77
of Trumps,
Overseer,
77 ; Queen
77 ; Postman,
Smith's
Nonpareil,
77 ; Tally
77 ; Shiner, 77 :

Gooseberries,
75 ; Bobby,

78

; the

79

water,

and

melon

282

diseases, injurious,

and

Royal,

; the peach,
297
300
early strawberries, 299
298 ; tomato,
300

House,

carfa,

213;

gularis,

213
flower

Passion
Peach

and

in the

213

P.
; P.

; P.

edulis,

maliformis
raddiana,

no;

under

213

213

P.

P.

macro-

quadran-

213

fruit, 213
the, bush
nectarine,

open,

and

glass, 94

standard

border,

trees

95

enlarging the border, loi ; culture

ment
for market,
105 ; fruits,treatin
; fruit, packing,
100
treatment,
of
ripe, 104 ; general
ing
planting, 97; pruning, 98 ; renovathouse,
94;
pruning, 97 ; soil, 96
old
; root
trees, loi

disbudding,

thinning

the

99 ;

fruit,103

training, various

methods

INDEX

500
of,

ventilation, 95;

102;

culture

walls

on

138

iii
Noblesse, 112
Alexander,
; Alexandra
;
T12
Amsdenjune,
; Bellegarde,
; Barrington, 112
Crimson
Galande,
112
112
Condor,
112
;
;
;
Duchess
Doctor
of
Hogg,
Dagmar,
114;
114;
of York,
Ducliess
Dymond,
Cornwall,
112;
112;
MigEai-ly Grosse
Early Alfred,
112:
112;
Golden
Goshawk,
Eagle,
112
112
;
;
nonne,
Early,
Mignonne,
113 ; Hale's
113 ; Grosse

Palmerston,

113;

Lady

113 ;
Prince

Nectarine
of

Sea

Wales,

Eagle,

no

Hative,

Wales,

the

134

best,

Pear

for

training,
gardens,
orchard

140

133

132;

Beurr6

Geert,

133:

Beurr6
Perran,
133;
Superfin, 134
; Beurr^

Mortillet,
Ranee,

'138;

133
Bonne

Durondeau,

d'Heyst,

140

; Duchesse

de

Easter

Beurr^,

135;
13S

tomne,i35;

Fertility,140;

135
Fondante

deThirriot,

Fondante

135

135
Emile

137;

Nouvelle

Parrot,

Fulvie,

137;

Olivier

best,

the

132

winter

143;

148;

treatment,

stove,

Early

Duke,

159;
White
159

; General

de

Alderton,

Plum,

d'Au-

140;

140;

139

for

139:

introduction,

recent

Transparent,
158 ; Fonthill,
159 ;
Gage,
158; Green
158; Golden
158 ; Golden
Transparent,
158 ; Kirke's,
Drop,
Orange, 158; Jefferson, 158; Late
158; Late
Bonum,
Transparent
Gage, 159 ; Magnum
159 ;
Oullin's
Golden
Monarch,
Gage,
159;
159;
Primate,
Pond's
Seedling, 159 ; President,
159;
Claude
Egg, 159 ; Reine
159 ; Prolific, 159 ; Red
Rivers'
de
Prolific, 159;
Bavay,
Early
159;
Czar,
Royal Dauphin,
159 ; The
159 ; Sultan,
159

Transparent
Gage,
Egg,
159 ; White
Wilmot's
Early, 158
; culture

the, 151

155 ; planting,
pruning,
152 ;
155
Plum

for

152

160

pruning,

varieties,

orchards,

Cherry,

the,

; the

Date,

the
best, 158
the, 212
Pomegranate,
Psidium
cattleianum^

best,

156;

Victoria,

151

159

mulching,

152
155

159;

Bonum,

Magnum
Wyedale,

walls,

on

159;

summer

;
;

watering,

varieties, 157;

the

208

Plums,

Pumelo,
Punica

Pyrus

215

; P.

Guava,

215

the, 205

Granaium,
Torminalis^

212

31

serres,

Petite
Crassane,
137;
138 ; Pitmaston
Marguerite,
137 ; Pickering,
Pound
Pear, 134, 138 ; President
Duchess,
137;
Barabe,
Princess, 137 ; Rivers' Conference,
137;
Saint
Saint
Luke,
13B
Edmunds,
140;
134;
du
Congr^s, 138 ; Spring
Seckle, 138 ; Souvenir
137;

; of

small

140
the, 208

Grand

Gilogil, 135;
Glastonbury,
Calebasse,
Glou
136; Grosse
Morceau,
140;
Jersey
Jargonelle,
Hessle,
136;
136;
139;
de
Malines,
Josephine
136 ;
Beurr6,
133
;
Le
Lammas,
Monarch,
136;
139;
Knight's
of
Bonne
Le
Lectier,
136; Louise
Brun,
140;
la
de
136 ; Mar^chal
Jersey, 136 ; Malines,
Marie
Marillat,
136;
Marguerite
Cour,
134;
Louise
Louise, 136 ; Marie
Benoist, 136 ; Marie
Nelis,
Marquis, 137 ; Michaelmas
d'Uccle,
137;

Wauchope,

; for

128

gian
Gage, 158 ; Bel159 ; American
158 ; Black
Purple, 158 ; Belle de Louvain,
Coe's
Gage,
Bryanstone
158;
158;
Mogul,
Comte
d'Atthem,
Golden
158;
Drop,
158;
Comte
d'Atthem's
Gage,
158 ; Dauphin,
159 ;
Denniston's
Superb, 158 ; Diamond,
158 ; Early
158 ; Early Rivers,
Apricot, 158 ; Early Orleans,

Jack,

Bordeaux,

fruit, 123

the

culture,

garden

trees,

storing the
120
pruning,
;
118;
single or

for walls,

dessert,

of

of

and

thinning

139

plant,

to

apart
; forms

market,

Plum,

de
Malines,
138; Catillac, 134:
Charles
Clapp's
Ernest,
Chalk,
134;
139;
Comte
de
Colmar
d'^t^, 134;
Favourite,
134;
la
Conseiller
de
Conference,
134;
Lamy,
140;
De
Crawford,
Tongrfes, 135;
Cour,
139;
134;
Boussoch,
Directeur
Doyenne
Hardy,
134 ;
d'^t^,
Doyenn^
d'Alen9on,
Doyenne
134;
134;
de
du
Cornice,
135 ; Doyenn^
134 ; Doyenn6
Duchesse
Dr.
Merode,
Jules Guyot,
135;
134;

d'Angoul^me,

130;

299

Beurr6

133;
Black

for

139;

standards,

varieties,

Beurr^
Giffard,
Fouqueray,
133:
Van
Jan
Hardy,
133 ; Beurr^
Beurr^
Beurri^
Magnifique,
133;

Beurr6
;

stocks,

fruiting,
Pineapple, the, 141 ; fruit, the ripe, 149;
to
cultural
remarks,
148 ; general
145 ; how
planting, 144;
judge, 150,; insect enemies,
149;
plants in borders,
gation,
144 ; pot culture, 146 ; propatreatment,
; soil, 143
; summer
147;
142

walls

; Baron

132

138; Beacon,
Belle
Guerandaise,

125

; varieties

119

; selections

best

;
Angevine,
140
138 ;
d'hiver,
Belle
Julie, 132 ; Bellissime
132 ; BerBeurr^
Bosc,
Esperen,
;
132
132 ;
gamotte
Diel, 133 ; Beurr^
Beurr6
Clairgeau, 139 ; Beurr^
Beurr^
d'Avranches,
136 ;
d'Amanlis,
133 ;
de Capiaumont,
du Buisson,
Beurr^
133 ; Beurr^
Beurr6
de
Beurr6
Jonghe,
d'Esteren,
135;
139;

133;

cordons,

double
;

in

Aucourt,

; distance

117

espalier trained
trees, 122
gathering
feeding, 124;
117;
and
fruit, 124
summer
; spring
stock, 118; quince stock,
pear

113;

Bartlett,

Belle

walls,

on

best

the

131

Persimmon,
no

the, 128;

open,

culture,

trees

120

114

Aspasie

the

orchard

Walburton

114;

glass,

under

140;

132,

of

113

in

Pear

Devonian,

Noblesse,

Waterloo,

Alberline,

Leroy,

113

Violette
114:

Late

113;
113 ;
Princess

Royal George,
113
Stirling Castle, 114 ; Thomas

culture

for

outdoors,
Pear,

113;

113

114;

Admirable,
Peaches

Peach,

Early York,

Rivers,

Nelis,

Chraien,

Peach,

Rivers'

Bon

Williams'
Warden,
138;
138;
138; Winter
138; Williams',
Zephirin Gregoire, 138

field,

doors,
out-

107

the,
161;
Quince,
the Portugal, 161

Passe

Summer
Crassane,
140;
Beurr6, 138; Summer
de
Thompson's,
138; Triomphe
Doyenne,
134;
St. Germain,
13S ; Van
Vienne, 13B ; Uvedale's
of WinkMarum,
138; Vicar
136; Verulam,

Raspberry,
Raspberries

Perpetuel
Four

the,
in
de

Seasons,

apple-shaped,

pear-shaped,

162

163; Belle de Fontenay,

Four
Seasons, Yellow
Billard, Red
autumn,

166

Baumforth's
Seedling, Carter's
werp,
AntRed
Norwich
Wonder,
Hornet,
Semper Fidelis, Superlative, 165 ; ( White

RaspbeiTies
Prolific,

(Red),

INDEX

TO

ILLUSTRATIONS

OUTLINE

Pearmain,

Adam's

Apples,

Everlasting,

Allen's

Beaumann's
of
401

402

Orange,

402

Malingre,

403

Calville

405

Orange

Cox's

Pippin,

Spice,

D'Arcy

407

of

Duchess

408

407

Oldenburg,

Emperor

Pippin,

410

Gascoigne's
410

Spire,
412

411

Crimson

Peach,
415

Keswick

King

Acre

Pippin,

Sudeley,
Burghley,
nor,

418

419

420

425

425

Graham's,

Sandringham,

429
;

430

Summer

Tower

435

Walthara
433;

Winter

436

Black

Seedling,

Wealthy,
434

White
435

Malta,

Prolific,

439

Waterloo,

441

St.

John's,

Ischia,

White

Negro

440;

440;

441

441

42B

429

Criterion,

Leader,

Napoleon

423

Nonpareil,

Colraar,

Muscat

445

445

High

Lancer,

443

Beauty,

444:

Derby,

443

Smith's

443;

; Black

445

Seedling,

Foster's

Maroc,

445

Alexandria,

of
White

Court,

Madresfield

Muscat

Hamburgh,

Towers,

Gros

Bob,
;

Sweetwater,

445

444

Appley

Buckland

445

442

Beauty,

443

Rifleman,

445

Seedling,
Pince,

Mrs.

Crown

Lord

444

Telegraph,

Buccleuch,

Gros

443

Langley

443;

445
445

of

Downe's

St.

Great,

443

Duke

Mistake,

443;

Alicante,

Hamburgh,

Dan's

Leveller,

the

443

Leicester,

Lady
Lad,

443

Careless,
;

444

444

Grapes,

;
;

442

fruited), Alma,

443

444

421

Tokay,

445

445

Lady
445

445

445

Loganberry,

the,

486

The

Wagener,
;

Dutch,

Medlars,

446

Royal,

446

Warner's
434;

Transparent,
Worcester

Ball,

442
442

Sturmer
434

433

442

Lass,

Champagne,

Red

Venus,

Stone's

;
;

Bobby,

Bright
Cheshire

Yellow

(large

Lancashire

428

442

442

442

443

422

fruited),

Hedgehog,

Sheriff,

Royal

(small
Yellow,

Gooseberries

Cooking,

Wellington,

434;

Duke,

439

439

440;

Sepor,

Marseilles,

Warrington,

Pippin,

426

432

Grise,

Violette

Green

Nonpareil,

Pippin,

Glamis,

483

Osborn's

440;

Champagne

Juneating,

430

Golden
of

Bourjasotte

Lord

Nonpareil,

Beaufin,

Queening,

Red

Castle,

Heart,

Royale,

Royal

437

438

Nouvelle

Noble,

438

Bigarreau,
Duke,

May
;

438

Tlie
;

Shropshire,

Gooseberries

such,
None-

Sanspareil,

Stirling

Kentish

438

Black

the

White

Manage,

de

Late

Scarlet

44r

Mannington's

Ross

Francis,
Bigarreau,

438

Heart,
439

Werder's

Largo,

Grosve-

Ribston

Red,

Bigarreau,

Old

438

Rivers,

Early

Frogmore

Hedelfingen,

Margaret's,

Figs,

Lady

Greening,

Royal
;

Peasgood's

424

417

Bonum,

428

Gladstone,

424

411

Wonder,

425

Abbey

Nonpareil,
;

423

Striped

431

White

Mr.

410

King's

Lord

Northern

427

Pippin,

438

Kentish

439

Pippins,

the

M^re

Newton

426

434

Magnum

Pippin,

King,

Canada,

Queen,
432

422

Rosemary

House,

Apple,

Roundway

Edmund's
Seaton

421

421

Russet,

Jubilee,

Irish

417

419

420

Seedling,

du

Reinette

424;

40B

Pippin,

416;

418

Suffield,

IVIargil,

Pott's

de

437

437

Emperor

main,
Pear-

Albert,

Derby,

Nonpareil,
;

of

King

Prince

Lord

Pippin,

Winter
423

427

Apple,

Norman's
Old

415

Henniker,

Phillimore,

Mrs.

407

ford
Here-

Ken-y

Lady

420;

Mother

415

County,

Lord

Pearmain,

413

414:

Tompkin's

Heart,

437

Tartarian,

Black

Bigarreau,
Heart,

G^ant

St.

Grenadier

Hormead

413

Lane's

412

Grieve,

416

417

Seedling,

Seedling,

Codlin,
of

416;

Elton

437

de

BigaiTeau

437;

Eagle,

Fearn's

Pearmain,

James

Cleveland

Egremont

Reinette,

Gravenstein,

Queening,

414

437

438

d'OrWans,

shire,
Devon-

409

Scarlet

Hubbard's

414;

409

Golden

Hambling's

437

Damson,

Codlin,

of

Duke

Alexander,

409

Golden

Pomona,

Seedling,

Russet,

Noble,

406;

483

Black

Napoleon

GiUifiower,

436

Belle

Florence

406;

Quarrenden,

408

Ecklinville

Golden

the,

Shepherd's,

Me2e],437;

mas
Christ-

FRUIT

Cherries,

Pearmain,

Cox's

Devonshire

Cellini

405

Cornish

406;

399

ville
; Cal-

404
404

Wonder,

405;

Pippin,

Bullace,

Calvillt

Preco9e,

Claygate

Barberry,

pareil,
Non-

403

Cardinal,

Chelmsford

Pearmain,

398

; Brownlee's

402

Rouge
404;

397

Bismarck,

Braddick's

Blanche,

d'Hiver,

Cockle's

401

OF

Beauty

399

400;

Seedling,

Calville

Rouge
Pippin,

Pontoise,

Bramley's

Russet,

Reinette,

Winter

Blenheim

Pippin,

Elizabeth,

Annie

Belle

400;

Alfriston,

Allington

398

Red

Kent,

397

398

Bath,

of

Beauty

DRAWINGS

main,
Pear-

Cardinal,

Nectarines,
Humboldt,

448

Victoria,

447;

Pineapple,
448

447

Lord

448

Rivers,

Early

Napier,
Rivers'

447;

Orange,

447

Newton,

448

INDEX

Alexandra

Peaches,
449

Galande,
451

4S1

452

Hale's

of

Sea

Violette

Pears,

Esperen,

458

Diel,

458

463

Conseiller

465

Bordeaux,

Beurr^,

466

Malines,
Leclier,

469
469

Marie

Benoist,

Marie

Louise,

Michaelmas

Louise

471

471
472

Congr^s,
Vienne,

Princess,
474

475

473

474
;
;

Thompson's,
Uvedale's

475
St.

White

482

Reine

Prolific,
The

Bur-

Myrobelle,

or

483

Bonum,

Magnum

pear-shaped,

483

484

Carter's
White

Magnum

Stkawberries,

Easter

Prolific,

485

Bonum,

485

4S7

487
Dr.

489
de

Le

490

470

470

488

Superlative,

La

President,

Sovereign,

Napier,

494

Serres,

472

Laxton,

491;

Triomphe

Germain,

tesse

Waterloo,

492

492

472

du

Sucr^e,

Grosse

Queen

Sir

de
495

WiNEBEERY,

of

the,

Thury,

486

Goliath,

of

All,

Seedling,

Denmark,
493:

Charles

Alpine,

The

Vicom-

Walluff,

;
;

Royal

Sir

494;

494
495

492
;

494

Victoria,

491

493

Paxton,

Pine,

Late

Latest

Joseph,
Joseph

Hautbois,

de

476

488
Pine,

Filbert

Kitley's

Newton

Trollope's

Hericart

490;
491

Saint

493;

489

Frogmore

Black

Countess,

Castle,

Pine,

Prolific,

Gautier,

Louis

487

Dumbarton

489
Late

471

Souvenir

488

Fillbasket,

487

Queen,

Elton

Givon's

490:

British

Hogg,

Eleanor,

Cale-

Nicaise,

Auguste

Prince,

Duchess,
;

474

the

Fulvie,

Pitmaston

Seckle,

485

467;

d'Uccle,

de

483

482
Early

Czar,

ling,
Seed-

Pond's

Rivers'

Cherry

The

Raspbeekies,

Fondante

Marillat,

Olivier
;

469

Louise

483

481
Primate,

The

480
Gage,

Duchesse

Jersey,

Nouvelle

;
;

Marguerite,

Petite

Monarch,

Marie

Nelis,

Gage,

482

482

Grand

Kirke'si'

Transparent

481

Bavay,

de

Diamond,

"Transparent

Doyenn^
;

Grosse

of

Golden

Gage,
Golden

480

480

Late

President,

Sultan,

Quince,

Josephine

Gage,

481

Oullin's

479

Early

Transparent,

Green

Orange,

Zephirin

Coe's

479

Superb,
480

Golden

480

478

Bryanstone
Gage,

Orleans,

480

Victoria,

Doyenne

468;

Marguerite

bank,

ThiiTiot,

Bonne

470

Crassane,

Passe

467

469

Knight's

;
;

Beurri^

461

466

Morceau,

482

Directeur

465

de

Jargonelle,

Claude

BeurrS

Clapp's

465;

d'Heyst,

Glou

468;

Beurr^

Louvain,479;

Denniston's

481

460;

464

Guyot,

481

Williams'

477;

Nelis,

Conference,

463

Fondante

467;

468

basse,

Emile

463

Durondeau,

Bellis-

Ranee,

d'^t^,

Jules

466

d'Automne,

Gilogil,

Dr.

462

Boussoch,

Doyenn^

464;

Cornice,

479

Beurrd

Winkfield,

d'Atthem's

Early

479

Late

Ber-

Geert,

Cour,

la

Doyenn^

;
;

459

Van

d'^t^,

de

464

d'Alengon,

de

Colmar

458

Catillac,

;
;

459

Beurr^

461

462

Hardy,

473

Jean
461

Superfin,

Favourite,

Jonghe,

Giffard,

Beun-^

Mortillet,

Beurr^

457
457

Buisson,

Beurr^

Julie,

de
du

459

Beurr^

Drop,
;

de

Cerate

Gage,

456;

Bosc,

Beurr^

460;

Belle

Beurr^

Beurr^

Fouqueray,
Hardy,

454

Admirable,

Beacon,

456;
456

457

d'Amanlis,

479

of

Winter

478

Belle

Plums,

Early

Castle,

477

Gregoire,

Wales,

Rivers'

Vicar

Chretien,

Duke,

Aucourt,

d'hiver,

sime

of

Walburton

Mig-

Devonian,

Stirling

Bon

455

Aspasie

gamotte

452

454

455

Late

Prince

Wales,

Hative,
Waterloo,

451
452

Eagle,

Grosse

503

Verulam,476;

Crimson

450;

Early,
Peach,

Princess
453

450

Alfred,

ILLUSTRATIONS

Barrington,

449

Condor,

Early

Nectarine

York,

du

449

450;

nonne,

455

Noblesse,

Bellegarde,

TO

495

496

FULL

Orchard

Cherry

face

in

Flowers

Spring

and

Paths

Peach,

page

Royal

Standard

the

Orchard

George,

Ribston

of

Kent

107

Nectarine,

Fan-trained

Pear

Tree,

in

Fan-trained

Pear

Tree,

with

markfet

for

packed

Tree,

Pear

.11

in

Trees,

flower

116

central
Tree

Pear

119

Gardens,

Windsor

12

122
......

Apple

in

by

Trees,

kitchen

the

path

garden

garden

Loganberry

18

Fruit

Trees,

Pear

Cordon

Manor

Slinfield

at

Spurs

Pear,

Tree

124

Cordon

Cherry,

Marillat,

36

Pyramid

37

Triple

as

126
cordon

on

Tree,

wall

on

five

Tree,

Cherry

Standai'd

tree

127

Pear

Ernest

Charles

Tree,

128
.

(un-

old

years

six

glass)
diameter

inches

as

Heart

White

of

Branch

of

Wood,

tree

pot

Cherries
.

Tartarian,

Black

Cherry

glass

Way

Best

....

Trees,

Fig

of

Grove

Worthing

near

in

Trees,

Fig

of

Avenue

Worthing

garden
.

Plum

Apple

Trees,

Peach

Tree,

and

Specimen

Early

Rivers'

Cherry,

pots

as

pot
a

Old

Pear

Espalier

tree

pot

Chiswick

40

at

41

Typical

42

Pear,

...

Pyramid

of

House

Queen

the

The

50

Fan-trained

51

Strawberry

Leader,

in

52

Strawberry

Culture,

in

barrel

53

Strawberry

Culture,

in

pots

Langley
Trees,

Plum

Protect

60

How

61

Tomato

Cultm"e,

in

pots

62

Tomato

Culture,

in

beds

63

The

to

Custard

in

in

Nut

in

securing

Melon

Fruits

back

wall

of

210

Fruit

Grape

211

Passion

The

Edible

78

The

Pomegranate

Model

to

in

Flower,

The

fruit

Trees,

Peach
....

Cover
Fan-trained

212

213

Plum

Kelsey

214
....

81

The

Otaheite

86

The

Old

Orange

90

Vine

glasshouse

Stem

of

218

Court

Hampton

at

The

Great

Vine

Vine

Court

Hampton

the

219

Lodge

Cumberland

at

220
.

Vinery

92

Market

96

97

Grape,

filled

Grapes

Alicante

with

221
.

Vine

Seedling

Foster's

Remarkable

in

at

Frogmore

market

nursery

207

and

Daffodils

How

Mangoes

jy

91

Walk
on

195

Winter

Trees,

Peach

194

nursery

206

Summer

Nut

177

nursery

market

....

Nut

Old

market

Apple
of

Bunch

The

80
.

An

Birds

from
in

borders

of

Strawberries

Cob

Melon

Netted

typical

Cob

Medlar

narrow

Method

Effective

An

in

Culture,

170

176

market

for

....

Melon

167

garden

Middlesex

Orange

Navel

The

68

the

161

wall

on

of

144

160

BuUace,

Tree

Branches

140

Pineapple

45

67

flower

Gooseberry

Fruiting

139

.....

Chretien

Bon

William's

...

Standard

upon

d'Amanlis

Beun-6

Pear,

.66

Pear

Pot

typical

138
grafted

Malines,

de

Josephine

13s

Trees

Pear

134

Morceau,

in

Hogg,

pillar

for

Glou

Tree,

...

Dr.

Tree,

Peach

Pot

133

training

of

Victoria

Nectarine,

An

form

upright

Tree,

Rivers

Thomas

Peach,

in
in

132

Turkey

Brown

Fig,

39

Fruits

Bush

protect

to

Pear

Gardens,

Royal

the

38

44

Windsor
The

129
Tree

Pear

Ranee

Beurr6

43

v/all
.

in

Trees,

Cherry

Bush

north

on

under

wall

on

Tree,

Cherry

Morello

Cordon

Upright

....

(under

bloom

pots

Governor

Cherry,
A

in

Trees,

Cherry

in

Trees,

flower

in

Tree,

Pear

Pear,

pruned)
Cherry

Cherty

IVIorello

Fan-trained

wall

as

125

Trees

Pear

wall

west

Pyramid

31

Tree

Pear

....

Dessert

123

wall

on

Espalier

Old

an

Marguerite

30

of

Oblique

Single
19

Bramble

Cut-leaved

The

Double

Over-

at

......

The

13

Pear

Horizontally-trained

...

Espalier
Walk,

Veteran

bush

as

strand

Pot

118

stem

trellis, Royal

arched

on

...

Albert,

Prince
...

The

114

blossom

Wall

Horizontally-trained

Herefordshire

Napier,

Lord

tree

Apple

10

rows

nursery
in

Park

....

Lane's

Cordon

south

on

Apple

Dwarf

in

Trees,

nursery

Apple,

Beauty

Trees,

Apple

Cordon

Tree,

Peach

......

Trees,

Apple

Cordon

wall

at

Tree,

Apple

Apple

Dwarf

106

wall

south

on

Fan-trained

......

Pippin

Ribston

page

To

Grass

face

To

Frontispiece

Spring

in

PLATES

PAGE

Wall

quickly
Peach

Tree

Reine

102

How

103

Vineries,
504

the

in

...

Olga
is Trained

Vine
a

market

223
in
nursery

Maiicet

Nursery.

228

229

INDEX

To

Appley

Grape,

face

j"age

Towers

Muscat

Grape,

ILLUSTRATIONS

TO

of

231
.

Alicante

Grape,

for

grown

market

235
.

Grape,

Walk

Tree

Swallowfield

at

face

page

Park

255
.

Apple

Grafting,

espalier

back

cut

on

270
.

Grafted

Apple
tied

resulting

with

Espalier,

growths

in

271

Hutt

Lady

Pear

234

Alicante

Grape,

To

230

Alexandria

505

Culture

Pineapple

236

in

Florida

Southern

304
.

Gros

Grape,

Colmar

Cocoanut

237

Guillaume

Gros

Grape,

Palms

Florida

in

305
.

Field

238

of

in

Pineapples

308

Florida
.

Court

Madresfield

Grape,

Alicante

Baby
A

in

Grapes,
Basket

in

Exhibit

Champion

basket

baby

Packed

for

Hamper

of

Grapes

the

at

Market

239

242

Prune

Drying

California

in

309
.

Drying

California

317
.

243

in

Raisins

Strawberry

in

Farm

Wisconsin

320
.

bury
Shrews-

In

Blackberry

Michigan

Field

321
.

Show

244

Market

in

Vinery

the

Islands

Channel

390
.

......

Dessert

Decorated

Table

Fig

Shrewsbury

at

Show

245

Cuhure
Channel

in

the

Island

Channel

Islands

391

Vinery

394
....

....

Old

Wall

Pear

Tree,

in

blossom

252
.

The

Wise

Apple

Tree,

in

flower

at

Tree,

in

How

Melons

are

Frogmore

253

Pear

in

Channel

the

Islands

-395
.

Horizontally-trained

grown

flower

254
.

DIAGRAMS

network

Apple,

leading

tree,

second

winter,

fourth

winter,

shaped,
Apple

pruning

in

259

pinching

(summer),

Nut,
2

old,

year

winter,

third

V-shaped,

256
258

344

in

and

horizontal

single

pinched,

28

branch,

25

side

with

Peach

leafless

for

Boiler,

carrying

ordinary

saddle,

plain

Cornish,

modified

fruit,

hardy

302

spring,

302

set,

saddle,

34;

with
shoot

shoot

year-old

of,

shoot,

103

from

growth,

Currant

37

crowded

fruit

(five

38
353

47,

side

99

moved
re-

from

an

preceding

of

three-year-old

branch

366

from

bush

tree

diagonal,

cordons,
double

and

fruit-bearing

of

gathered,

129;

single

366

the,

portion

been

old),

cordons,

branch,

365

has

years

of

shoot

the,

of

where

by

shortened,

buds

106

characteristic

growths

with

shoot

is

ing
fruit-

lateral

fruit

after

successional

100

105

characteristic

shoot,

104

properly

298

99;

and

fruiting

of,

branch,

branch

branch

underneath,

branch,

Pear,

growth
piuched,

shoot

and

elongated

(red) standard,

bush

year's

side

methods

shoots

extension

-buds,

branch,

summer

side

two-

349;

360

357

disbudded

355

terminal

span-roof,

an

fruiting

302

characteristic

of,

preceding

become

spur

annual

349

shortened,

and

stopped
36

branch,

one-year-old

fruiting

growths,

297

blossom

extension

Cherry,

to,

98

102

riveted

steel

terminal

263

of

branches,

the,

of

pinched,

the,

lean

characteristic

347

series

one

of

pruning

nectarine,

and

wood-buds,
Barrow

356

of

house,

Peach

shoots

the,

shoot

with
series

two

359

pruning

35S

shoots

characteristic

the,

of

of

part

shoots

typical

347

branch,

of

portion

growths,

fan-trained,

26

with

growth,

with

characteristic

Peach,

cordon,

of
characteristic

354

-trained,

fan

359

V-shaped,
double

of,

301

tree,

branches,

344

Apricot,

house,

Peach

vase-

branch

of

part

in

338

trees,

hazel,

Orchard
one

or

257

371

the

maiden

training,

of

260

(winter),

the

pruning
Apple

form

growth,

127;

horizontal,

126

48

brancii,

side

prutied,

pruned,

summer

49

cordons,

winter

old),

49

Pear

56

branch,

Fig

pruning,

55

leafless,

extension

(stopped),

and

mode

showing
bearing,

of
and

53

two

of
330
340

four

from

show

method

years

76

(leafless), 73

spur

cutting,

74

bearing

shoot

from

graft,

Grapes

maiden,

bush,

branch
72

70;

364

raising

73

standard,

spurs,
354

71

shoot
from

house,

cucumber

245

properly

winged,

Nut

closely

tree

after

125

series

branches,
341

horizontal

pyramid

forms

branch,

(five

tree

side

years

trees

(leafless),

stove,

branch

of,
in

spurred

shortened

pruning,

to

four

90

winter,

91

wood-bud,
years

from

growths

old,

result

growths

spur,
Plum

92

cob,

shoot

93
S06

of

of,

to

one

157

of

branches,

122

in

tree

in

branch
;

of

third

growth,

standard,

fan-

344

growth,
shoot

standard

three

portion

shortening

376

series

343

cordons,

with
spur,

elongated,
tree,

series

300

298

branch

three

pyramidal
side

V-shaped,

oblique

as

Pineapple

;
;

with

pyramid,

with

four

336

branch
345

335

362

120

summer

shoot

first
of

branches,

old,

with

growth,

trained,

Plum,

pruned

cob,

training,

series

118;

branches,

vigorous
Nut,

of

124

year,

horizontal

two

years

363

the

growth
Pear

of,

bunch

of

season's

246

or

tree,

one

337

stemmed

showing

with

series

to

elongated
Melon

tree,

and

espaliers,

two

branches,
of

portion

335

thinned,

not

thinned,

fruit,

128

series

two

121

fan

three
and

sh3.ped,
double

fan-trained,
340

maiden

column
337;

fan-trained

126;

with

125

walls

old),

(stopped)

growth

forming

and

from

branches,

pruning

of

cutting

from

old

training,

and

pruning

years

71

bush,

Gooseberry

365

growth
123

fruiting,

and

of

(five

tree

shaped,

branches,

for
mode

showing

branch,

Gooseberry

old)

years

years,

modified,

52

standard,

(two
column

fan-trained,

acteristic
char-

columnar

127

131

tree

typical

winter

showing

branch

espalier-trained

trees,

352

growth
of

portion

54;

growths
Fruit

of,

part

vertical,

at
a

152
winter

vigorous

years' wood,
of

branch

; result

in
of

153

shoot,

157:

156
vase-shaped,

339

ing
shorten-

pruning,
side

134

acteristic
char-

in

fruit,

INDEX

ILLUSTRATIONS

TO

Propagation
by budding,
274;
cuttings, 278 ; by grafting, 272
suckers, 276

by
;

and
"eyes"
by layers and

"

507

Verrier

branches,

arching the fruiting canes,

165 ; fniitof, 352 ;
ing shoot
pruning, espalier, 164 ;
method
of, 163 ; results of
pruning, non-staking
162
at
canes
shortening
shortening
canes,
;
planting, or in spring, 162 ; training to upright
stake
and
removing
surplus suckers, 164

growths
to
pruned

Strawberry,
runners,

correct
168

methods

; incorrect

of

planting

methods,

169

vine

rooted

plantlets of varying sizes, 173 ; section

plant properly potted, 177
pot with
three
of layering, 175
methods
house,
lean-to, 299 ; span-roof, 299
Strawberry
6-inch

of.

double

form

of, 343

; Cossonet

Vinery,

to

third

at

down

to

two

early lean-to,
single cordon,

379

END

Ballantyne,
Sy

Hanson
London

if

Co.

winter

buds,
295

228

semi-span,

296

; span-

roof, 297

form

Edinburgh

eight

planting, 224;

trellis

cut

cane

THE

by

six

buds,

341

Printed

342
;

has been
that in winter
spur
from
226
; growth
young
two
buds, 228 ; in first year's

from
two

after

roof

Vines,
Training,

342
with

incision, annular, 381

pruning, 225 ; shoot
the
leaf above
bunch,
pinched at one
3B1 ; shoot,
a
pruning
one-year-old, 380 ; shoot, three
years
old, pruning
properly pruned, 227
a, 380 ; spur,
form
of training, 381, 382;
two
Thomery
years
old, for fruiting in pot or planting, 222
; young

on

bearing
of

(double-stemmed),

down

cut

growth

runner

branches,

branches,

342

Vine,

three

five

342

342

branches,
Raspberry

with

Palmate,"

branches,

four

378

; dwarf

and

tall

cordon,