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001158
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umeshjmangroliyaHak Cipta:
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Part I
PARAMETRIC TABLES
Table 1 : Area Under the Normal Curve
Proportion of the total area of the standard normal curve
from to z (represent a normalized statistic)
F(z)
Negative
Positive
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
3.5
0.00017
0.00017
0.00018
0.00019
0.00020
0.00020
0.00021
0.00022
0.00022
0.00023
3.4
0.00024
0.00025
0.00026
0.00027
0.00029
0.00030
0.00031
0.00033
0.00033
0.00034
3.3
0.00035
0.00036
0.00038
0.00039
0.00042
0.00031
0.00043
0.00047
0.00047
0.00048
3.2
0.00050
0.00052
0.00054
0.00056
0.00060
0.00045
0.00064
0.00066
0.00066
0.00069
3.1
0.00071
0.00074
0.00076
0.00079
0.00085
0.00064
0.00090
0.00094
0.00094
0.00097
3.0
2.9
0.00100
0.0014
0.00104
0.0014
0.00107
0.0015
0.00111
0.0015
0.00114
0.0016
0.00118
0.0016
0.00122
0.0017
0.00126
0.0017
0.00131
0.0018
0.00135
0.0019
2.8
0.0019
0.0020
0.0021
0.0021
0.0022
0.0023
0.0023
0.0024
0.0025
0.0026
2.7
0.0026
0.0027
0.0028
0.0029
0.0030
0.0031
0.0032
0.0033
0.0034
0.0035
2.6
0.0036
0.0037
0.0038
0.0039
0.0040
0.0041
0.0043
0.0044
0.0045
0.0047
2.5
0.0048
0.0049
0.0051
0.0052
0.0054
0.0055
0.0057
0.0059
0.0060
0.0062
2.1
0.0064
0.0066
0.0068
0.0069
0.0071
0.0073
0.0075
0.0078
0.0080
0.0082
2.3
0.0084
0.0087
0.0089
0.0091
0.0094
0.0096
0.0099
0.0102
0.0104
0.0107
2.2
0.0110
0.0113
0.0116
0.0119
0.0122
0.0125
0.0129
0.0132
0.0136
0.0139
2.1
0.0143
0.0146
0.0150
0.0154
0.0158
0.0162
0.0166
0.0170
0.0174
0.0179
2.0
0.0183
0.0188
0.0192
0.0197
0.0202
0.0207
0.0212
0.0217
0.0222
0.0228
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
0.0233
0.0294
0.0367
0.0455
0.0239
0.0301
0.0375
0.0465
0.0244
0.0307
0.0384
0.0475
0.0250
0.0314
0.0392
0.0485
0.0256
0.0322
0.0401
0.0495
0.0262
0.0329
0.0409
0.0505
0.0268
0.0336
0.0418
0.0516
0.0274
0.0344
0.0427
0.0526
0.0281
0.0351
0.0436
0.0537
0.0287
0.0359
0.0446
0.0548
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
0.0559
0.0681
0.0823
0.0985
0.1190
0.0571
0.0694
0.0853
0.1003
0.1190
0.0582
0.0708
0.0853
0.1020
0.1210
0.0594
0.0721
0.0869
0.1038
0.1230
0.0606
0.0735
0.0885
0.1057
0.1251
0.0618
0.0749
0.0901
0.1075
0.1271
0.0630
0.0764
0.0918
0.1093
0.1292
0.0643
0.0778
0.0934
0.1112
0.1314
0.0655
0.0793
0.0951
0.1131
0.1335
0.0668
0.0808
0.0968
0.1151
0.1357
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.1379
0.1611
0.1867
0.2148
0.2451
0.1401
0.1635
0.1894
0.2177
0.2483
0.1423
0.1660
0.1922
0.2207
0.2514
0.1446
0.1685
0.1949
0.2236
0.2546
0.1469
0.1711
0.1977
0.2266
0.2578
0.1492
0.1736
0.2005
0.2297
0.2611
0.1515
0.1762
0.2033
0.2327
0.2643
0.1539
0.1788
0.2061
0.2358
0.2676
0.1562
0.1814
0.2090
0.2389
0.2709
0.1587
0.1841
0.2119
0.2420
0.2743
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.2776
0.3121
0.3483
0.3859
0.4247
0.4641
0.2810
0.3156
0.3520
0.3897
0.4286
0.4681
0.2843
0.3192
0.3557
0.3936
0.4325
0.4721
0.2877
0.3228
0.3594
0.3974
0.4364
0.4761
0.2912
0.3264
0.3632
0.4013
0.4404
0.4801
0.2946
0.3300
0.3669
0.4052
0.4443
0.4840
0.2981
0.3336
0.3707
0.4090
0.4483
0.4880
0.3015
0.3372
0.3745
0.4129
0.4522
0.4920
0.3050
0.3409
0.3783
0.4168
0.4562
0.4960
0.3085
0.3446
0.3821
0.4207
0.4602
0.5000
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
+0.0
0.5000
0.5040
0.5080
0.5120
0.5160
0.5199
0.5239
0.5279
0.5319
0.5359
+0.1
0.5398
0.5438
0.5478
0.5517
0.5557
0.5596
0.5636
0.5675
0.5714
0.5753
+0.2
0.5793
0.5832
0.5871
0.5910
0.5948
0.5987
0.6026
0.6064
0.6103
0.6141
(Contd....)
Table 1 (Contd.)
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
+0.3
0.6179
0.6217
0.6255
0.6293
0.6331
0.6368
0.6406
0.6443
0.6480
0.6517
+0.4
0.6554
0.6591
0.6628
0.6664
0.6700
0.6736
0.6772
0.6808
0.6844
0.6879
+0.5
0.6915
0.6950
0.6985
0.7019
0.7054
0.7088
0.7123
0.7157
0.7190
0.7224
+0.6
0.7257
0.7291
0.7324
0.7357
0.7389
0.7422
0.7454
0.7486
0.7517
0.7549
+0.7
0.7580
0.7611
0.7642
0.7673
0.7704
0.7734
0.7764
0.7794
0.7823
0.7852
+0.8
0.7881
0.7910
0.7939
0.7967
0.7995
0.8023
0.8051
0.8079
0.8106
0.8133
+0.9
0.8159
0.8186
0.8212
0.8238
0.8264
0.8289
0.8315
0.8340
0.8365
0.8389
+1.0
0.8413
0.8438
0.8461
0.8485
0.8508
0.8531
0.8554
0.8577
0.8599
0.8621
+1.1
0.8643
0.8665
0.8686
0.8708
0.8729
0.8749
0.8770
0.8790
0.8810
0.8830
+1.2
0.8849
0.8869
0.8888
0.8907
0.8925
0.8944
0.8962
0.8980
0.8997
0.9015
+1.3
0.9032
0.9049
0.9066
0.9082
0.9099
0.9115
0.9131
0.9147
0.9162
0.9177
+1.4
0.9192
0.9207
0.9222
0.9236
0.9251
0.9265
0.9279
0.9292
0.9306
0.9319
+1.5
0.9332
0.9345
0.9357
0.9370
0.9382
0.9394
0.9406
0.9418
0.9429
0.9441
+1.6
0.9452
0.9463
0.9474
0.9484
0.9495
0.9505
0.9515
0.9525
0.9535
0.9545
+1.7
0.9554
0.9564
0.9573
0.9582
0.9591
0.9599
0.9608
0.9616
0.9625
0.9633
+1.8
0.9641
0.9649
0.9656
0.9664
0.9671
0.9678
0.9686
0.9693
0.9699
0.9706
+1.9
0.9713
0.9719
0.9726
0.9732
0.9738
0.9744
0.9750
0.9756
0.9761
0.9767
+2.0
0.9773
0.9778
0.9783
0.9788
0.9793
0.9798
0.9803
0.9808
0.9812
0.9817
+2.1
0.9821
0.9826
0.9830
0.9834
0.9838
0.9842
0.9846
0.9850
0.9854
0.9857
+2.2
0.9861
0.9864
0.9868
0.9871
0.9875
0.9878
0.9881
0.9884
0.9887
0.9890
+2.3
0.9893
0.9896
0.9898
0.9901
0.9904
0.9906
0.9909
0.9911
0.9913
0.9916
+2.4
0.9918
0.9920
0.9922
0.9925
0.9927
0.9929
0.9931
0.9932
0.9934
0.9936
+2.5
0.9938
0.9940
0.9941
0.9943
0.9945
0.9946
0.9948
0.9949
0.9951
0.9952
4
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
+2.6
+2.7
+2.8
+2.9
+3.0
0.9953
0.9965
0.9974
0.9981
0.99865
0.9955
0.9966
0.9975
0.9982
0.99869
0.9956
0.9967
0.9976
0.9983
0.99874
0.9957
0.9968
0.9977
0.9983
0.99878
0.9959
0.9969
0.9977
0.9984
0.99882
0.9960
0.9970
0.9978
0.9984
0.99886
0.9961
0.9971
0.9979
0.9985
0.99889
0.9962
0.9972
0.9979
0.9985
0.99893
0.9963
0.9973
0.9980
0.9986
0.99896
0.9964
0.9974
0.9981
0.9986
0.99900
+3.1
+3.2
+3.3
+3.4
+3.5
0.99903
0.99931
0.99952
0.99966
0.99977
0.99906
0.99934
0.99953
0.99967
0.99978
0.99910
0.99936
0.99955
0.99969
0.99978
0.99913
0.99938
0.99957
0.99970
0.99979
0.99915
0.99940
0.99958
0.99971
0.99980
0.99918
0.99942
0.99960
0.99972
0.99981
0.99921
0.99944
0.99961
0.99973
0.99981
0.99924
0.99946
0.99962
0.99974
0.99982
0.99926
0.99948
0.99964
0.99975
0.99983
0.99929
0.99950
0.9965
0.99976
0.99983
Table 2 : Individual Binomial Distribution
F nI p (1 p)
B( x; n, p) =
GH kJK
n k
K =0
p
n x
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
0 0.9025 0.8100 0.7225 0.6400 0.5625 0.4900 0.4225 0.3600 0.3025 0.2500 0.2025 0.1600 0.1225 0.0900 0.0625 0.0400 0.0225 0.0100 0.0025
1 0.9975 0.9900 0.9775 0.9600 0.9375 0.9100 0.8775 0.8400 0.7975 0.7500 0.6975 0.6400 0.5775 0.5100 0.4375 0.3600 0.2775 0.1900 0.0975
0 0.8574 0.7290 0.6141 0.5120 0.4219 0.3430 0.2746 0.2160 0.1664 0.1250 0.0911 0.0640 0.0429 0.0270 0.0156 0.0080 0.0034 0.0010 0.0001
1 0.9927 0.9720 0.9393 0.8960 0.8438 0.7840 0.7183 0.6480 0.5748 0.5000 0.4252 0.3520 0.2818 0.2160 0.1563 0.1040 0.0607 0.0280 0.0073
2 0.9999 0.9990 0.9966 1.9920 0.9844 0.9730 0.9571 0.9360 0.9089 0.8750 0.8336 0.7840 0.7254 0.6570 0.5781 0.4880 0.3859 0.2710 0.3426
0
1
2
3
0 0.7738 0.5905 0.4437 0.3277 0.2373 0.1681 0.1160 0.0778 0.0503 0.0313 0.0185 0.0102 0.0053 0.0024 0.0010 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.9774 0.9185 0.8352 0.7373 0.6328 0.5282 0.4284 0.3370 0.2562 0.1875 0.1312 0.0870 0.0540 0.0308 0.0156 0.0067 0.0022 0.0005 0.0000
0.8145
0.9860
0.9995
1.0000
0.6561 0.5220 0.4096 0.3164 0.2401
0.9477 0.8905 0.8192 0.7383 0.6517
0.9963 0.9880 0.9728 0.9492 0.9163
0.9999 0.9995 0.9984 0.9961 0.9919
0.1785
0.5630
0.8735
0.9850
0.1296
0.4752
0.8208
0.9744
0.0915
0.3910
0.7585
0.9590
0.0625
0.3125
0.6875
0.9375
0.0410
0.2415
0.6090
0.9085
0.0256
0.1792
0.5248
0.8704
0.0150
0.1265
0.4370
0.8215
0.0081
0.0837
0.3483
0.7599
0.0039
0.0508
0.2617
0.6836
0.0016
0.0272
0.1808
0.5904
0.0005
0.0120
0.1095
0.4780
0.0001
0.0037
0.0523
0.3439
(Contd....)
0.0000
0.0005
0.0140
0.1855
Table 2 (Contd.)
n x
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
2 0.9988 0.9914 0.9734 0.9421 0.8965 0.8369 0.7648 0.6826 0.5931 0.5000 0.4069 0.3174 0.2352 0.1631 0.1035 0.0579 0.0206 0.0086 0.0012
3 1.0000 0.9995 0.9978 0.9933 0.9844 0.9692 0.9460 0.9130 0.8688 0.8125 0.7468 0.6630 0.5716 0.4781 0.3672 0.2627 0.1648 0.0815 0.0226
4 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9990 0.9976 0.9947 0.9898 0.9815 0.9688 0.9497 0.9222 0.8840 0.8319 0.7627 0.6723 0.5563 0.4095 0.2262
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
0.7351
0.9672
0.9978
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.5314
0.8857
0.9841
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000
0.3771
0.7765
0.9527
0.9941
0.9996
1.0000
0.2621
0.6554
0.9011
0.9830
0.9984
0.9999
0.1780
0.5339
0.8306
0.9626
0.9954
0.9998
0.1176
0.4202
0.7443
0.9295
0.9891
0.9993
0.0754
0.3191
0.6481
0.8826
0.9777
0.9982
0.0467
0.2333
0.5443
0.8208
0.9590
0.9959
0.0277
0.1636
0.4415
0.7447
0.9308
0.9917
0.0156
0.1094
0.3438
0.6563
0.8906
0.9844
0.0083
0.0692
0.2553
0.5585
0.8364
0.9723
0.0041
0.0410
0.1792
0.4557
0.7667
0.9533
0.0018
0.0223
0.1174
0.3529
0.6809
0.9246
0.0007
0.0109
0.0705
0.2557
0.5798
0.8824
0.0002
0.0046
0.0376
0.1694
0.4661
0.8220
0.0001
0.0016
0.0170
0.0989
0.3446
0.7379
0.0000
0.0004
0.0059
0.0473
0.2235
0.6229
0.0000
0.0001
0.0013
0.0158
0.1143
0.4686
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0022
0.0328
0.2649
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.6983
0.9556
0.9962
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
10.000
0.4783
0.8503
0.9743
0.9973
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
0.3206
0.7166
0.9262
0.9879
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000
0.2097
0.5767
0.8520
0.9667
0.9953
0.9996
1.0000
0.1335
0.4449
0.7564
0.9294
0.9871
0.9987
0.9999
0.0824
0.3894
0.6471
0.8740
0.9712
0.9962
0.9998
0.0490
0.2338
0.5323
0.8002
0.9444
0.9910
0.9994
0.0280
0.1586
0.4199
0.7102
0.9037
0.9812
0.9984
0.0152
0.1024
0.3164
0.6083
0.8471
0.9643
0.9963
0.0078
0.0625
0.2266
0.5000
0.7734
0.9375
0.9922
0.0037
0.0357
0.1529
0.3917
0.6836
0.8976
0.9848
0.0016
0.0188
0.0963
0.2898
0.5801
0.8414
0.9720
0.0006
0.0090
0.0556
0.1998
0.4677
0.7662
0.9510
0.0002
0.0038
0.0288
0.1260
0.3529
0.6706
0.9176
0.0001
0.0013
0.0129
0.0706
0.2436
0.5551
0.8665
0.0000
0.0004
0.0047
0.0333
0.1480
0.4233
0.7903
0.0000
0.0001
0.0012
0.0121
0.0738
0.2834
0.6794
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0027
0.0257
0.1497
0.5217
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0038
0.0444
0.3017
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.6634
0.9428
0.9942
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4305
0.8131
0.9619
0.9950
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2725
0.6572
0.8948
0.9786
0.9971
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
0.1678
0.5033
0.7969
0.9437
0.9896
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000
0.1001
0.3671
0.6785
0.8862
0.9727
0.9958
0.9996
1.0000
0.0576
0.2553
0.5518
0.8059
0.9420
0.9887
0.9987
0.9999
0.0319
0.1691
0.4278
0.7064
0.8939
0.9747
0.9964
0.9998
0.0168
0.1064
0.3154
0.5941
0.8263
0.9502
0.9915
0.9993
0.0084
0.0632
0.2201
0.4770
0.7396
0.9115
0.9819
0.9983
0.0039
0.0352
0.1445
0.3633
0.6367
0.8555
0.9648
0.9961
0.0017
0.0181
0.0885
0.2604
0.5230
0.7799
0.9638
0.9916
0.0007
0.0085
0.0498
0.1737
0.4059
0.6846
0.8936
0.9832
0.0002
0.0036
0.0253
0.1061
0.2936
0.5722
0.8309
0.9681
0.0001
0.0013
0.0113
0.0580
0.1941
0.4482
0.7447
0.9424
0.0000
0.0004
0.0042
0.0273
0.1138
0.3215
0.6329
0.8999
0.0000
0.0001
0.0012
0.0104
0.0563
0.2031
0.4967
0.8322
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0029
0.0214
0.1052
0.3428
0.7275
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0050
0.0381
0.1869
0.5695
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0058
0.0572
0.3366
0.6302 0.3874 0.2316 0.1342 0.0751 0.0404 0.0207 0.0101 0.0046 0.0020 0.0008 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.9288 0.7748 0.5995 0.4362 0.3003 0.1960 0.1211 0.0705 0.0385 0.0195 0.0091 0.0038 0.0014 0.0004 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0016 0.0470 0.8501 0.7382 0.6007 0.4628 0.3373 0.2318 0.1495 0.0898 0.0498 0.0250 0.0112 0.0043 0.0013 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.9994 0.9917 0.9661 0.9144 0.8343 0.7297 0.6089 0.4826 0.3614 0.2539 0.1658 0.0994 0.0536 0.0253 0.0100 0.0031 0.0006 0.0001 0.0000
1.0000 0.9991 0.9944 0.9804 0.9511
1.0000 0.9999 0.9994 0.9969 0.9900 0.9747 0.9464 0.9006 0.8342 0.7461 0.6386 0.5174 0.3911 0.2703 0.1657 0.0856 0.0339 0.0083 0.0006
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9987 0.9957 0.9888 0.9750 0.9502 0.9102 0.8505 0.7682 0.6627 0.5372 0.3993 0.2618 0.1409 0.0530 0.0084
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9986 0.9962 0.9909 0.9805 0.9615 0.9295 0.8789 0.8040 0.6997 0.5628 0.4005 0.2252 0.0712
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9992 0.9980 0.9954 0.9899 0.9793 0.9596 0.9249 0.8658 0.7684 0.6126 0.3698
0.9012 0.8283 0.7334 0.6214 0.5000 0.3786 0.2666 0.1717 0.0988 0.0489 0.0196 0.0056 0.0009 0.0000
n x
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
10 0 0.5987 0.3487 0.1969 0.1074 0.0563 0.0282 0.0135
0.0060 0.0025 0.0010 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.9139 0.7361 0.5443 0.3758 0.2440 0.1493 0.0860
0.0464 0.0233 0.0107 0.0045 0.0017 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9885 0.9298 0.8202 0.6778 0.5256 0.3828 0.2616
0.1673 0.0996 0.0547 0.0274 0.0123 0.0048 0.0016 0.0004 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9990 0.9872 0.9500 0.8791 0.7759 0.6496 0.5138
0.3823 0.2660 0.1719 0.1020 0.0548 0.0260 0.0106 0.0035 0.0009 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9999 0.9984 0.9901 0.9672 0.9219 0.8497 0.7515
0.6331 0.5044 0.3370 0.2616 0.1662 0.0949 0.0473 0.0197 0.0064 0.0014 0.0001 0.0000
5 1.0000 0.9999 0.9986 0.9936 0.9803 0.9527 0.9051
0.8338 0.7384 0.6230 0.4956 0.3669 0.2485 0.1503 0.0781 0.0328 0.0099 0.0016 0.0001
6 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9991 0.9965 0.9894 0.9740
0.9452 0.8980 0.8281 0.7340 0.6177 0.4862 0.3504 0.2241 0.1209 0.0500 0.0128 0.0010
7 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9984 0.9952
0.9877 0.9726 0.9453 0.9004 0.8327 0.7384 0.6172 0.4744 0.3222 0.1798 0.0702 0.0115
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9995
0.9983 0.9955 0.9893 0.9767 0.9536 0.9140 0.8507 0.7560 0.6242 0.4557 0.2639 0.0861
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.9999 0.9997 0.9990 0.9975 0.9910 0.9865 0.9718 0.9437 0.8956 0.8031 0.6513 0.4013
11 0 0.5688 0.3138 0.1673 0.0859 0.0422 0.0198 0.0088
0.0036 0.0014 0.0005 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.8981 0.6974 0.4922 0.3221 0.1971 0.1130 0.0606
0.0302 0.0139 0.0059 0.0022 0.0007 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.8948 0.9104 0.7788 0.6174 0.4552 0.3127 0.2001
0.1189 0.0652 0.0327 0.0148 0.0059 0.0020 0.0006 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9984 0.9815 0.9306 0.8389 0.7133 0.5696 0.4256
0.2963 0.1911 0.1133 0.0610 0.0293 0.0122 0.0043 0.0012 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9999 0.9972 0.9841 0.9496 0.8854 0.7897 0.6683
0.5328 0.3971 0.2744 0.1738 0.0994 0.0501 0.0216 0.0076 0.0020 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000
5 1.0000 0.9997 0.9973 0.9883 0.9657 0.9218 0.8513
0.7535 0.6331 0.5000 0.3669 0.2465 0.1487 0.0782 0.0343 0.0147 0.0027 0.0003 0.0000
6 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9980 0.9924 0.6784 0.9499
0.9006 0.8262 0.7256 0.6029 0.4672 0.3317 0.2103 0.1146 0.0504 0.0159 0.0028 0.0001
7 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9988 0.9957 0.9878
0.9707 0.9390 0.8867 0.8089 0.7037 0.5744 0.4304 0.2867 0.1611 0.0694 0.0185 0.0016
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9994 0.9980
0.9941 0.9852 0.9673 0.9348 0.8811 0.7999 0.6873 0.5448 0.3826 0.2212 0.0896 0.0152
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998
0.9993 0.9978 0.9941 0.9861 0.9698 0.9394 0.8870 0.8029 0.6779 0.5078 0.3026 0.1019
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 0.9998 0.9995 0.9986 0.9964 0.9912 0.9802 0.9578 0.9141 0.8327 0.6862 0.4312
12 0 0.5404 0.2824 0.1422 0.0687 0.0317 0.0138 0.0057
0.0022 0.0008 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.8816 0.6590 0.4435 0.2749 0.1584 0.0850 0.0424
0.0196 0.0083 0.0032 0.0011 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9804 0.8891 0.7358 0.5583 0.3907 0.2528 0.1513
0.0834 0.0421 0.0193 0.0079 0.0028 0.0008 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9978 0.9744 0.9078 0.7946 0.6488 0.4925 0.3467
0.2253 0.1345 0.0730 0.0356 0.0153 0.0056 0.0017 0.0004 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9998 0.9957 0.9761 0.9274 0.8424 0.7237 0.5833
0.4382 0.3044 0.1938 0.1117 0.0573 0.0255 0.0095 0.0028 0.0006 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
5 1.0000 0.9995 0.9954 0.9806 0.9456 0.8822 0.7873
0.6652 0.5269 0.3872 0.2067 0.1582 0.0846 0.0386 0.0143 0.0039 0.0007 0.0001 0.0000
6 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9961 0.9857 0.9014 0.9154
0.8418 0.7393 0.6128 0.4731 0.3348 0.2127 0.1178 0.0544 0.0194 0.0046 0.0005 0.0000
7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9994 0.9972 0.9905 0.9745
0.9427 0.8883 0.8062 0.6956 0.5618 0.4167 0.2763 0.1576 0.0726 0.0239 0.0043 0.0002
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9983 0.9944
0.9847 0.9644 0.9270 0.8655 0.7747 0.6533 0.5075 0.3512 0.2054 0.0922 0.0256 0.0022
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9992
0.9972 0.9921 0.9807 0.9579 0.9166 0.8487 0.7472 0.6093 0.4417 0.2642 0.1109 0.0196
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999
0.9997 0.9989 0.9968 0.9917 0.9804 0.9576 0.9150 0.8416 0.7251 0.5565 0.3410 0.1184
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9992 0.9978 0.9943 0.9862 0.9683 0.9313 0.8578 0.7176 0.4596
(Contd....)
Table 2 (Contd.)
n x
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
13 0 0.5133 0.2542 0.1209 0.0550 0.0238 0.0097 0.0037 0.0013 0.0004
0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.8646 0.6213 0.3983 0.2336 0.1267 0.0637 0.0296 0.0126 0.0049
0.0017 0.0005 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9755 0.8661 0.6920 0.6920 0.3326 0.2025 0.1132 0.0579 0.0269
0.0112 0.0041 0.0041 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9969 0.9658 0.8820 0.8820 0.5843 0.4206 0.2783 0.1686 0.0929
0.0461 0.0203 0.0203 0.0025 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9997 0.9935 0.9658 0.9658 0.7940 0.6543 0.5005 0.3530 0.2279
0.1334 0.0698 0.0698 0.0126 0.0040 0.0010 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 1.0000 0.9991 0.9925 0.9925 0.9198 0.8346 0.7159 0.5744 0.4268
0.2905 0.1788 0.1788 0.0462 0.0182 0.0056 0.0012 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000
6 1.0000 0.9999 0.9987 0.9987 0.9757 0.9376 0.8705 0.7712 0.6437
0.5000 0.3563 0.3563 0.1295 0.0624 0.0243 0.0070 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000
7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9998 0.9944 0.9818 0.9538 0.9023 0.8212
0.7905 0.5732 0.5732 0.2841 0.1654 0.0802 0.0300 0.0075 0.0009 0.0000
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9990 0.9960 0.9874 0.9679 0.9302
0.8666 0.7721 0.7721 0.4995 0.3457 0.2060 0.0991 0.0342 0.0065 0.0003
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9975 0.9922 0.9797
0.9539 0.9071 0.9071 0.7217 0.5794 0.4157 0.2527 0.1180 0.0342 0.0031
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9987 0.9959
0.9888 0.9731 0.9731 0.8868 0.7975 0.6674 0.4983 0.3080 0.1339 0.0245
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9995
0.9983 0.9951 0.9951 0.9704 0.9363 0.8733 0.7664 0.6017 0.3787 0.1354
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.9999 0.9996 0.9996 0.9963 0.9903 0.9762 0.9450 0.8791 0.7458 0.4867
14 0 0.4877 0.2288 0.1028 0.0440 0.0178 0.0068 0.0024 0.0008 0.0002
0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.8870 0.5846 0.3567 0.1979 0.1010 0.0475 0.0205 0.0081 0.0029
0.0009 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9699 0.8416 0.6479 0.4481 0.2811 0.1608 0.0839 0.0398 0.0170
0.0065 0.0022 0.0006 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9958 0.9559 0.8535 0.6982 0.5213 0.3552 0.2205 0.1243 0.0632
0.0287 0.0114 0.0039 0.0011 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9996 0.9908 0.9533 0.8702 0.7415 0.5842 0.4227 0.2793 0.1672
0.0898 0.0426 0.0175 0.0000 0.0017 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 1.0000 0.9985 0.9885 0.9561 0.8883 0.7805 0.6405 0.4859 0.3373
0.2120 0.1189 0.0583 0.0243 0.0083 0.0022 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6 1.0000 0.9998 0.9978 0.9984 0.9617 0.9067 0.8164 0.6925 0.5961
0.3933 0.2586 0.1501 0.0753 0.0315 0.0103 0.0024 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000
7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9976 0.9897 0.9685 0.9247 0.8499 0.7414
0.6047 0.4539 0.3075 0.1836 0.0933 0.0383 0.0116 0.0022 0.0002 0.0000
8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9978 0.9917 0.9757 0.9417 0.8811
0.7880 0.6627 0.5141 0.3595 0.2195 0.1117 0.0439 0.0115 0.0015 0.0000
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9983 0.9940 0.9825 0.9574
0.9102 0.8328 0.7207 0.5773 0.4158 0.2585 0.1298 0.0467 0.0092 0.0004
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9989 0.9961 0.9886
0.9713 0.9368 0.8757 0.7795 0.6448 0.4787 0.3018 0.1465 0.0441 0.0042
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9994 0.9978
0.9935 0.9830 0.9602 0.9161 0.8392 0.7189 0.5519 0.3521 0.1584 0.0301
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997
0.9991 0.9971 0.9919 0.9795 0.9525 0.8990 0.8021 0.6433 0.4154 0.1530
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.9999 0.9998 0.9992 0.9976 0.9932 0.9822 0.9560 0.8972 0.7712 0.5123
n x
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
15 0 0.4633 0.2059 0.0874 0.0352 0.0134 0.0047 0.0016 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.8290 0.5490 0.3186 0.1671 0.0802 0.0353 0.0142 0.0052 0.0017 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.9638 0.8159 0.6042 0.3980 0.2361 0.1268 0.0617 0.0271 0.0107 0.0037 0.0011 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 0.9945 0.9444 0.8227 0.6482 0.4613 0.2969 0.1727 0.0905 0.0424 0.0176 0.0036 0.0019 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.9994 0.9873 0.9383 0.8358 0.6865 0.5155 0.3519 0.2173 0.1204 0.0592 0.0255 0.0093 0.0028 0.0007 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 0.9999 0.9977 0.9832 0.9389 0.8516 0.7216 0.5643 0.4032 0.2608 0.1509 0.0769 0.0338 0.0124 0.0037 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6 1.0000 0.9997 0.9964 0.9819 0.9434 0.8689 0.7548 0.6098 0.4522 0.3036 0.1818 0.0950 0.0422 0.0152 0.0042 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994 0.9958 0.9827 0.9500 0.8868 0.7869 0.6535 0.5000 0.3465 0.2131 0.1132 0.0500 0.0173 0.0042 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000
8 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9992 0.9958 0.9848 0.9578 0.9050 0.8182 0.6964 0.5478 0.3902 0.2452 0.1311 0.0566 0.0181 0.0036 0.0003 0.0000
9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9992 0.9963 0.9876 0.9662 0.9231 0.8491 0.7392 0.5968 0.4357 0.2784 0.1484 0.0611 0.0168 0.0022 0.0001
10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9972 0.9907 0.9745 0.9408 0.8796 0.7827 0.6481 0.4845 0.3135 0.1642 0.0617 0.0127 0.0006
11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9995 0.9981 0.9937 0.9824 0.9576 0.9095 0.8273 0.7031 0.5387 0.3518 0.1773 0.0556 0.0055
12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9989 0.9963 0.9893 0.9729 0.9383 0.8732 0.7639 0.6020 0.3958 0.1841 0.0362
13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9995 0.9983 0.9948 0.9858 0.9647 0.9198 0.8329 0.6814 0.4510 0.1710
14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9995 0.9984 0.9953 0.9866 0.9648 0.9126 0.7941 0.5367
Table 3 : Summation of Terms of Poisson, Exponential, and Binomial Limits (Divide values by 1000)
c or np
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
980
961
942
942
905
1000
999
998
997
995
1000
1000
1000
1000
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
861
819
779
741
705
990
982
974
963
951
999
999
998
996
994
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
670
638
607
577
549
938
925
910
894
878
992
989
986
982
977
999
999
998
998
997
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
522
497
472
449
427
861
844
827
809
791
972
966
959
953
945
996
994
993
991
989
999
999
999
999
998
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
0.90
407
772
937
987
998
1000
0.95
387
754
929
984
997
1000
1.00
368
736
920
981
996
999
1000
1.1
333
699
900
974
995
999
1000
1.2
301
663
879
966
992
998
1000
(Contd...)
10
c or np
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
273
247
223
202
183
627
592
558
525
493
857
833
809
783
757
957
946
934
921
907
989
986
981
976
970
998
997
996
994
992
1000
999
999
999
998
1000
1000
1000
1000
1.8
1.9
2.0
165
150
135
463
434
406
731
704
677
891
875
857
964
956
947
990
987
983
997
997
995
999
999
999
1000
1000
1000
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
111
091
074
061
050
355
308
267
231
199
623
570
518
469
423
819
779
736
692
647
928
904
877
848
815
975
964
951
935
916
993
988
983
976
966
998
997
995
992
988
1000
999
999
998
996
1000
1000
999
999
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
041
033
027
022
018
171
147
126
107
092
380
340
303
269
238
603
558
515
473
433
781
744
706
668
629
895
871
844
816
785
955
942
927
909
889
983
977
969
960
949
994
992
988
984
979
998
997
996
994
992
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5.0
015
012
010
008
007
078
066
056
048
040
210
185
163
143
125
395
359
326
294
265
590
551
513
476
440
753
720
686
651
616
867
844
818
791
762
936
921
905
887
867
972
964
955
944
932
989
985
980
975
968
5.2
5.4
5.6
006
005
004
034
029
024
109
095
082
238
213
191
406
373
342
581
546
512
732
702
670
845
822
797
918
903
886
960
951
941
(Contd...)
11
Table 3 (Contd.)
c or np
5.8
003
021
072
170
313
478
638
771
867
929
6.0
002
017
062
151
285
446
606
744
847
916
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
002
002
001
001
001
015
012
010
009
007
054
046
040
034
030
134
119
105
093
082
259
235
213
192
173
414
384
355
327
301
574
542
511
480
450
716
687
658
628
599
826
803
780
755
729
902
886
869
850
830
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8.0
001
001
001
000
000
006
005
004
004
003
025
022
019
016
014
072
063
055
048
042
156
140
125
112
100
276
253
231
210
191
420
392
365
338
313
569
539
510
481
453
703
676
648
620
593
810
788
765
741
717
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
000
000
000
000
002
001
001
000
009
006
004
003
030
021
015
010
074
055
040
029
150
116
089
067
256
207
165
130
386
324
269
220
523
456
392
333
653
587
522
458
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
002
001
001
001
000
007
005
003
002
002
021
015
011
008
005
050
038
028
020
015
102
079
060
046
035
179
143
114
090
070
279
232
191
155
125
397
341
289
242
201
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
001
001
000
000
000
004
003
002
001
001
011
008
006
004
003
026
019
014
010
008
054
041
032
024
018
100
079
062
048
037
166
135
109
088
070
12
Table 4 : Values of Gamma Functions
Z
1.0
1.0000
0.9943
0.9888
0.9835
0.9784
0.9735
0.9687
0.9641
0.9597
0.9554
1.1
0.9513
0.9474
0.9436
0.9399
0.9364
0.9330
0.9298
0.9267
0.9237
0.9209
1.2
0.9182
0.9156
0.9131
0.9107
0.9085
0.9064
0.9044
0.9025
0.9007
0.8990
1.3
0.8975
0.8960
0.8946
0.8934
0.8922
0.8911
0.8902
0.8893
0.8885
0.8878
1.4
0.8873
0.8868
0.8864
0.8860
0.8858
0.8857
0.8856
0.8856
0.8857
0.8859
1.5
0.8862
0.8866
0.8870
0.8876
0.8882
0.8889
0.8896
0.8905
0.8914
0.8924
1.6
0.8935
0.8947
0.8959
0.8972
0.8986
0.9001
0.9017
0.9033
0.9050
0.9068
1.7
0.9086
0.9106
0.9126
0.9147
0.9168
0.9191
0.9214
0.9238
0.9262
0.9288
1.8
0.9314
0.9341
0.9368
0.9397
0.9426
0.9456
0.9487
0.9518
0.9551
0.9584
1.9
0.9618
0.9652
0.9688
0.9724
0.9761
0.9799
0.9837
0.9877
0.9917
0.9958
2.0
1.0000
The values of Gamma functions for x greater than 2 and less than 1 can be obtained by the following formulas:
x (x) = (x + 1)
x = (x 1) (x 1)
13
Table 5 : The t Distribution
Given v, the table gives (a) the one-tail t0 value with of the area above it, that is, P(t > t0) = , or (b) the two-tail +t0 and t0 values with
/2 in each tail, that is, P(t < t0) + P(t > + t0) =
f(t)
f(t)
0
(a) One-tail
t0
0
(a) Two-tail
-t0
+t0
One-tail
0.10
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.001
Two-tail
d.o.f. v
0.20
0.10
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.002
1
2
3
4
5
3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.486
6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015
12.706
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571
31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.305
63.657
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032
318.300
22.327
10.214
7.173
5.893
6
7
8
9
10
1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372
1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812
2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228
3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764
3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250
3.169
5.208
4.785
4.501
4.297
4.144
14
One-tail
0.10
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.001
Two-tail
d.o.f. v
0.20
0.10
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.002
11
12
13
14
15
1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341
1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753
2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131
2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602
3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947
4.025
3.930
3.852
3.787
3.733
16
17
18
19
20
1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325
1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725
2.120
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131
2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602
3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947
4.025
3.930
3.852
3.787
3.733
21
22
23
24
25
1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316
1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708
2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060
2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485
2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787
3.527
3.505
3.485
3.467
3.450
26
27
28
29
30
1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.310
1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.697
2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
2.042
2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.457
2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756
2.750
3.435
3.421
3.408
3.396
3.385
40
1.303
1.684
2.021
2.423
2.704
3.307
60
1.296
1.671
2.000
2.390
2.660
3.232
80
1.292
1.664
1.990
2.374
2.639
3.192
100
1.290
1.660
1.984
2.365
2.626
3.174
1.282
1.645
1.960
2.326
2.579
3.090
15
Table 6 : Percentage Points of the F Distribution
The table gives the value of F, v1 , v2 the 100 percentage point of the F distribution having v1 degrees of
freedom in the denominator.
For each pair of values of v1 and F, v1 , v2 is tabulated for , 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001
The lower percentage points of the distribution may be obtained from the relation:
F1 , v1 , v2 = 1 / F, v2 , v1
F , v1, v2
e.g. F.95;12,8 = 1/F.05;8,12 = 1/2.85 = 0.351
v2
v1
1
10
12
24
161.4
199.5
215.7
224.6
230.2
234.0
236.8
238.9
241.9
243.9
249.0
254.3
4052
5000
5403
5625
5764
5859
5928
5981
6056
6106
6235
6366
4053*
5000*
5404*
5625*
5764*
5859*
5829*
5981*
6056*
6106*
6235*
6366*
18.5
19.0
19.2
19.2
19.3
19.3
19.4
19.4
19.4
19.4
19.5
19.5
98.5
99.0
99.2
99.2
99.3
99.3
99.4
99.4
99.4
99.4
99.5
99.5
998.5
999.0
999.2
999.2
999.3
999.3
999.4
999.4
999.4
999.4
999.5
999.5
10.13
9.55
9.28
9.12
9.01
8.94
8.89
8.85
8.79
8.74
8.64
8.53
34.1
30.8
29.5
28.7
28.2
27.9
27.7
27.5
27.2
27.1
26.6
26.1
167.0
148.5
141.1
137.1
134.6
132.8
131.5
130.6
129.2
128.3
125.9
123.5
7.71
6.94
6.59
6.39
6.26
6.16
6.09
6.04
5.96
5.91
5.77
5.63
21.2
18.0
16.7
16.0
15.5
15.2
15.0
14.8
14.5
14.4
13.9
13.5
74.14
61.25
56.18
53.44
51.71
50.53
49.66
49.00
48.05
47.41
45.77
44.05
6.61
5.79
5.41
5.19
5.05
4.95
4.88
4.82
4.74
4.68
4.53
4.36
16.26
13.27
12.06
11.39
10.97
10.67
10.46
10.29
10.05
9.89
9.47
9.02
47.18
37.12
33.20
31.09
29.75
28.83
28.16
27.65
26.92
26.42
25.14
23.79
5.99
5.14
4.76
4.53
4.39
4.28
4.21
4.15
4.06
4.00
3.34
3.67
13.74
10.92
9.78
9.15
8.75
8.47
8.26
8.10
7.87
7.72
7.31
6.88
35.51
27.00
23.70
21.92
20.80
20.03
19.46
19.03
18.41
17.99
16.90
15.75
* entries marked thus must be multiplied by 100
16
10
12
24
5.59
12.25
29.25
4.74
9.55
21.69
4.35
8.45
18.77
4.12
7.85
17.20
3.97
7.46
16.21
3.87
7.19
15.52
3.79
6.99
15.02
3.73
6.84
14.63
3.64
6.62
14.08
3.57
6.47
13.71
3.41
6.07
12.73
3.23
5.65
11.70
5.32
11.26
25.42
4.46
8.65
18.49
4.07
7.59
15.83
3.84
7.01
14.39
3.69
6.63
13.48
3.58
6.37
12.86
3.50
6.18
12.40
3.44
6.03
12.05
3.35
5.81
11.54
3.28
5.67
11.19
3.12
5.28
10.30
2.93
4.86
9.34
9.
5.12
10.56
22.86
4.26
8.02
16.39
3.86
6.99
13.90
3.63
6.42
12.56
3.48
6.06
11.71
3.37
5.80
11.13
3.29
5.61
10.69
3.23
5.47
10.37
3.14
5.26
9.87
3.07
5.11
9.57.
2.90
4.73
8.72
2.71
4.31
7.81
10
4.96
10.04
21.04
4.10
7.56
14.91
3.71
6.55
12.55
3.48
5.99
11.28
3.33
5.64
10.48
3.22
5.39
9.93
3.14
5.20
9.52
3.07
5.06
9.20
2.98
4.85
8.74
2.91
4.71
8.44
2.74
4.33
7.64
2.54
3.91
6.76
11
4.84
9.65
19.69
3.98
7.21
13.81
3.59
6.22
11.56
3.36
5.67
10.35
3.20
5.32
9.58
3.09
5.07
9.05
3.01
4.89
8.66
2.95
4.74
8.35
2.85
4.54
7.92
2.79
4.40
7.63
2.61
4.02
6.85
2.40
3.60
6.00
12
4.75
9.33
18.64
3.89
6.93
12.97
3.49
5.95
10.80
3.26
5.41
9.63
3.11
5.06
8.89
3.00
4.82
8.38
2.91
4.64
8.00
2.85
4.50
7.71
2.75
4.30
7.29
2.69
4.16
7.00
2.51
3.78
6.25
2.30
3.36
5.42
13
4.67
9.07
17.82
3.81
6.70
12.31
3.41
5.74
10.21
3.18
5.21
9.07
3.03
4.86
8.35
2.92
4.62
7.86
2.83
4.44
7.49
2.77
4.30
7.21
2.67
4.10
6.80
2.60
3.96
6.52
2.42
3.59
5.78
2.21
3.17
4.97
14
4.60
3.74
3.34
3.11
2.96
2.85
2.76
2.70
2.60
2.53
2.35
2.13
8.86
6.51
5.56
5.04
4.70
4.46
4.28
4.14
3.94
3.80
3.43
3.00
17.14
11.78
9.73
8.62
7.92
7.44
7.08
6.80
6.40
6.13
5.41
4.60
v2
v1
(Contd....)
17
Table 6 (Contd.)
v1
v /v
v21 2
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
10
12
24
4.49
3.63
3.24
3.01
2.85
2.74
2.66
2.59
2.49
2.42
2.24
2.01
8.53
6.23
5.29
4.77
4.44
4.20
4.03
3.89
3.69
3.55
3.18
2.75
16.12
10.97
9.01
7.94
7.27
6.80
6.46
6.19
5.81
5.55
4.85
4.06
4.41
3.55
3.16
2.93
2.77
2.66
2.58
2.51
2.41
2.34
2.15
1.92
8.29
6.01
5.09
4.58
4.25
4.01
3.84
3.71
3.51
3.37
3.00
2.57
15.38
10.39
8.49
7.46
6.81
6.35
6.02
5.76
5.39
5.13
4.45
3.67
4.35
3.49
3.10
2.87
2.71
2.60
2.51
2.45
2.35
2.28
2.08
1.84
8.10
5.85
4.94
4.43
4.10
3.87
3.70
3.56
3.37
3.23
2.86
2.42
14.82
9.95
8.10
7.10
6.46
6.02
5.69
5.44
5.08
4.82
4.15
3.38
4.30
3.44
3.05
2.82
2.66
2.55
2.46
2.40
2.30
2.23
2.03
1.78
7.95
5.72
4.82
4.31
3.99
3.76
3.59
3.45
3.26
3.12
2.75
2.31
14.38
9.61
7.80
6.81
6.19
5.76
5.44
5.19
4.83
4.58
3.92
3.15
4.26
3.40
3.01
2.78
2.62
2.51
2.42
2.36
2.25
2.18
1.98
1.73
7.82
5.61
4.72
4.22
3.90
3.67
2.50
3.36
3.17
3.03
2.66
2.21
14.03
9.34
7.55
6.59
5.98
5.55
5.23
4.99
4.64
4.39
3.74
2.97
4.23
3.37
2.98
2.74
2.59
2.47
2.39
2.32
2.22
2.15
1.95
1.69
7.72
5.53
4.64
4.14
3.82
3.59
3.42
3.29
3.09
2.96
2.58
2.13
13.74
9.,12
7.36
6.41
5.80
5.38
5.07
4.83
4.48
4.24
3.59
2.82
4.20
3.34
2.95
2.71
2.56
2.45
2.36
2.29
2.19
2.12
1.94
1.65
7.64
5.45
4.57
4.07
2.75
2.53
3.36
3.23
3.03
2.90
2.52
2.06
13.50
8.93
7.19
6.25
5.66
5.24
4.93
4.69
4.35
4.11
3.46
2.69
18
v1
vv21/v2
30
40
60
120
10
12
24
4.17
3.32
2.92
2.69
2.53
2.42
2.33
2.27
2.16
2.09
1.89
1.62
7.56
5.39
5.51
4.02
3.70
3.47
3.30
3.17
2.98
2.84
2.47
2.01
13.29
8.77
7.05
6.12
5.53
5.12
4.82
4.58
4.24
4.00
3.36
2.59
4.08
3.23
2.84
2.61
2.45
2.34
2.25
2.18
2.08
2.00
1.79
1.51
7.31
5.18
4.31
3.83
3.51
3.29
3.12
2.99
2.80
2.66
2.29
1.80
12.61
8.25
6.59
5.70
5.13
4.73
4.44
4.21
3.87
3.64
3.01
2.23
4.00
3.15
2.76
2.53
2.37
2.25
2.17
2.10
1.99
1.92
1.70
1.39
5.29
3.93
3.34
3.01
2.79
2.63
2.51
2.41
2.27
2.17
1.88
1.48
7.08
4.98
4.13
3.65
3.34
3.12
2.95
2.82
2.63
2.50
2.12
1.60
11.97
7.77
6.17
5.31
4.76
4.37
4.09
3.86
3.54
3.32
2.69
1.89
3.92
3.07
2.68
2.45
2.29
2.18
2.09
2.02
1.91
1.83
1.61
1.25
5.15
3.80
3.23
2.89
2.67
2.52
2.39
2.30
2.16
2.05
1.76
1.31
6.85
4.79
3.95
3.48
3.17
2.96
2.79
2.66
2.47
2.34
1.95
1.38
11.38
7.32
5.78
4.95
4.42
4.04
3.77
3.55
3.24
3.02
2.40
1.54
3.84
3.00
2.60
2.37
2.21
2.10
2.01
1.94
1.83
1.75
1.52
1.00
5.02
3.69
3.12
2.79
2.57
2.41
2.29
2.19
2.05
1.94
1.64
1.00
6.63
4.61
3.78
3.32
3.02
2.80
2.64
2.51
2.32
2.18
1.79
1.00
10.83
6.91
5.42
4.62
4.10
3.74
3.47
3.27
2.96
2.74
2.13
1.00
This table is taken from Table V of Fisher and Yates: Statistical Tables for Biological, Agricultural and Medical Research, published by Oliver
and Boyd Ltd., Edinburgh.
19
Table 7 : Percentage Points of the 2 Distribution
Table of x2; v - the 100 percentage point of the x2 distribution for degrees of freedom
2,
.99
.98
.95
.90
.80
=1
.03157
.03628
.00393
.0158
.0642
.148
.455
1.074
.0201
.0404
.103
.211
.446
.713
1.386
2.408
.70
.50
.30
.10
.05
.02
.01
.001
1.642
2.706
3.841
5.412
6.635
10.827
=1
3.219
4.605
5.991
7.824
9.210
13.815
.20
.115
.185
.352
.584
1.005
1.424
2.366
3.665
4.642
6.251
7.815
9.837 11.345
16.268
.297
.429
.711
1.064
1.649
2.195
3.357
4.878
5.989
7.779
9.488 11.668 13.277
18.465
.554
.752
1.145
1.610
2.343
3.000
4.351
6.064
7.289
9.236 11.070 13.388 15.086
20.517
.872
1.134
1.635
2.204
3.070
3.828
5.348
7.231
8.558 10.646 12.592 15.033 16.812
22.457
1.239
1.564
2.167
2.833
3.822
4.671
6.346
8.383
9.803 12.017 14.067 16.622 18.475
24.322
1.646
2.032
2.733
3.490
4.594
5.527
7.344
9.524
11.030 13.362 15.507 18.168 20.090
26.125
2.088
2.532
3.325
4.168
5.380
6.393
8.343 10.656
12.242 14.684 16.919 19.679 21.666
27.877
10
2.558
3.059
3.940
4.865
6.179
7.267
9.342 11.781
13.442 15.987 18.307 21.161 23.209
29.588
10
11
3.053
3.609
4.575
5.578
6.989
8.148 10.341 12.899
14.631 17.275 19.675 22.618 24.725
31.264
11
12
3.571
4.178
5.226
6.304
7.807
9.034 11.340 14.011
15.812 18.549 21.026 24.054 26.217
32.909
12
13
4.107
4.765
5.892
7.042
8.634
9.926 12.340 15.119
16.985 19.812 22.362 25.472 27.688
34.528
13
14
4.660
5.368
6.571
7.790
9.467 10.821 13.339 16.222
18.151 21.064 23.685 26.873 29.141
26.123
14
15
5.229
5.985
7.261
8.547 10.307 11.721 14.339 17.322
19.311 22.307 24.996 28.259 30.578
37.697
15
16
5.812
6.614
7.962
9.312 11.152 12.624 15.338 18.418
20.465 23.542 25.296 29.633 32.000
39.252
16
17
6.408
7.255
8.672
10.085 12.002 13.531 16.338 19.511
21.615 24.769 27.587 30.995 33.409
40.790
17
18
7.015
7.906
9.390
10.865 12.857 14.440 17.338 20.601
22.760 25.989 28.869 32.346 34.805
42.312
18
19
7.633
8.567
10.117
11.651 13.716 15.352 18.338 21.689
23.900 27.204 30.144 33.687 36.191
43.820
19
20
8.260
9.237
10.851
12.443 14.578 16.266 19.337 22.775
25.038 28.412 31.410 35.020 37.566
45.315
20
20
.99
.001
21
8.897
9.915
11.591
13.240 15.445 17.182 20.337 23.858
22
9.542
10.600
12.338
14.041 16.314 18.010 21.337 24.939
26.171 29.615 32.671 36.343 38.932
46.797
21
27.301 30.813 33.924 37.659 40.289
48.268
22
23
10.196
11.293
13.091
24
10.856
11.992
13.848
14.848 17.187 19.021 22.337 26.018
28.429 32.007 35.172 38.968 41.638
49.729
23
15.659 18.062 19.943 23.337 27.096
29.553 33.196 36.415 40.270 42.980
51.179
24
25
11.524
12.697
14.611
16.470 18.940 20.867 24.337 28.172
30.675 34.382 37.652 41.566 44.314
52.620
25
26
12.198
27
12.879
13.409
15.379
17.292 19.820 21.792 25.336 29.246
31.795 35.563 38.885 42.856 45.642
54.052
26
14.125
16.151
18.114 20.703 22.719 26.336 30.319
32.912 36.741 40.113 44.140 46.963
55.476
27
28
29
13.565
14.847
16.928
18.939 21.588 23.647 27.336 31.391
34.027 37.916 41.337 45.419 48.278
56.893
28
14.256
15.574
17.708
19.768 22.475 24.577 28.336 32.461
35.139 39.087 42.557 46.693 49.588
58.302
29
30
14.953
16.306
18.493
20.599 23.364 25.508 29.336 33.530
36.250 40.256 43.773 47.962 50.892
59.703
30
40
22.164
23.838
26.509
29.051 32.345 34.872 39.335 44.165
47.269 51.805 55.759 60.436 63.691
73.402
40
50
29.707
31.664
34.764
37.689 41.449 44.313 49.335 54.723
58.164 63.167 67.505 72.613 76.154
86.661
50
60
37.485
39.699
43.188
46.459 50.641 53.809 59.335 65.227
68.972 74.397 79.082 84.580 88.379
99.607
60
70
45.442
47.893
51.739
55.329 59.898 63.346 69.334 75.689
79.715 85.527 90.531 96.388 100.425 112.317
70
80
53.539
56.213
60.391
64.278 69.207 72.915 79.334 86.120
90.405 96.578 101.880 108.069 112.329 124.839
80
.98
.95
.90
.80
.70
.50
.30
.20
.10
.05
.02
.01
21
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
0.05
0.10
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
12
13
0.025
0.05
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
0.005
0.01
one-sided tests
two-sided tests
Table 8 : Critical Values for the Sign Test
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
22
Part II
NON-PARAMETRIC TABLES
23
Table 9 : Critical Values for Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
W*
0.10
0.05
0.02
0.01
two-sided tests
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
one-sided tests
4
5
10
10
11
13
10
12
17
13
13
21
17
12
14
25
21
15
12
15
30
25
19
15
16
35
29
23
19
17
41
34
27
23
18
47
40
32
27
19
53
46
37
32
20
60
52
43
37
21
67
58
49
42
22
75
65
55
48
23
83
73
62
54
24
91
81
69
61
25
100
89
76
68
If n > 25, W+ (or W) is approximately normally distributed with mean n (n + 1) / 4 and variance n (n + 1) (2n + 1) / 24.
24
Table 10 A : Critical Values for Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
W0.05
n 1a
10
5
6
10
11
12
11
12
17
18
26
7
8
13
14
20
21
27
29
36
38
9
10
15
15
49
22
23
31
32
40
42
51
53
63
65
11
12
16
17
24
26
34
35
78
44
46
55
58
68
71
13
14
18
19
27
28
37
38
48
50
60
63
15
16
20
21
29
31
40
42
52
54
17
18
21
22
32
33
43
45
19
20
23
24
34
35
21
22
25
26
23
24
25
26
13
14
81
85
96
99
115
73
76
88
91
103
106
119
123
137
141
160
65
67
79
82
94
97
110
114
127
131
145
150
164
169
56
58
70
72
84
87
100
103
117
121
135
139
154
46
48
60
62
74
77
90
93
107
110
124
37
38
50
51
64
66
79
82
95
27
28
39
40
53
55
68
28
29
42
15
n2
185
27
28
For n1 and n2 > 8, W1 is approximately normally distributed with mean (1/2) n1(n1 + n2 + 1) and variance n1n2 (n1 + n2+1) /12.
25
Table 10 B : Critical Values for Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
W0.01
n1
n2
10
11
12
13
14
15
15
10
16
23
10
17
24
32
11
17
25
34
43
11
18
26
35
45
56
10
12
19
27
37
47
58
71
11
12
20
28
38
49
61
74
87
12
13
21
30
40
51
63
76
90
106
13
14
22
31
41
53
65
79
93
109
125
14
14
22
32
43
54
67
81
96
112
129
147
15
15
23
33
44
56
70
84
99
115
133
151
16
15
24
34
46
58
72
86
102
119
137
155
17
16
25
36
47
60
74
89
105
112
140
18
16
26
37
49
62
76
92
108
125
19
17
27
38
50
64
78
94
111
20
18
28
39
52
66
81
97
21
18
29
40
53
68
83
22
19
29
42
55
70
23
19
30
43
57
24
20
31
44
25
20
32
26
21
171
27
28
26
Table 11 : Values for Spearmans Rank Correlation (rs) for Combined Areas in Both Tails
(n = sample size = 12)
10% of area
10% of area
.3986
+.3986
0.20
0.10
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.002
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.8000
.7000
.6000
.5357
.5000
.4667
.4424
.8000
.8000
.7714
.6786
.6190
.5833
.5315
.9000
.8236
.7450
.7143
.6833
.6364
.9000
.8857
.8571
.8095
.7667
.7333
.9429
.8929
.8571
.8167
.7818
.9643
.9286
.9000
.8667
11
12
13
14
15
0.4182
.3986
.3791
.3626
.3500
.5273
.4965
.4780
.4593
.4429
.6091
.5804
.5549
.5341
.5179
.7000
.6713
.6429
.6220
.6000
.7455
.7273
.6978
.6747
.6536
.8364
.8182
.7912
.7670
.7464
16
17
18
19
20
0.3382
.3260
.3148
.3070
.2977
.4265
.4118
.3994
.3895
.3789
.5000
.4853
.4716
.4579
.4451
.5824
.5637
.5480
.5333
.5203
.6324
.6152
.5975
.5825
.5684
.7265
.7083
.6904
.6737
.6586
(Contd...)
27
Table 11 (Contd.)
0.20
0.10
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.002
21
22
23
24
25
0.2909
.2829
.2767
.2704
.2646
.3688
.3597
.3518
.3435
.3362
.4351
.4241
.4150
.4061
.3977
.5078
.4963
.4852
.4748
.4654
.5545
.5426
.5306
.5200
.5100
.6455
.6318
.6186
.6070
.5962
26
27
28
29
30
0.2588
.2540
.2480
.2443
.2400
.3299
.3236
.3175
.3113
.3059
.3894
.3822
.3749
.3685
.3620
.4564
.4481
.4401
.4320
.4251
.5002
.4915
.4828
.4744
.4665
.5856
.5757
.5660
.5567
.5479
Table 12 : Kendalls Rank Correlation Coefficient
The table gives probability that the net total score S, will be greater than or equal to any possible positive value when the ranks of the two
sets are not correlated. For a two-tailed test, the tabulated probability corresponding to the observed value of S should be doubled (except for
S = 0)
n
10
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
.500
.360
.235
.136
.068
.028
.0083
.0014
.500
.386
.281
.191
.119
.068
.035
.015
.0054
.0014
.0002
.500
.431
.364
.300
.242
.190
.146
.108
.078
.054
.036
S
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
.625
.325
.167
.042
.592
.408
.242
.117
.042
.0083
.548
.452
.360
.274
.199
.138
.089
.054
0.31
.016
.0071
.540
.460
.381
.306
.238
.179
.130
.090
.060
.038
.022
(Contd...)
28
10
S
22
.0028
.012
23
24
.0009
.0063
25
.023
.014
26
.0002
.0029
27
.0083
28
.0012
29
.0046
30
.0004
31
.0023
33
.0011
35
.0005
For values of n greater than 10, it is sufficiently accurate to use the fact that rk is approximately normal with mean of zero and variance of:
2 (2n + 5)
9 n ( n 1)
Thus rk can be expressed as a standardized normal variate by writing:
S
0
n
(n 1)
=S
u= 2
2 (2n + 5)
9n (n 1)
18
n(n 1) (2n + 5)
The significance of S can then be tested using tables of the normal distribution.
29
Table 13 : Percentage Points of D in the One-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Distribution
The table gives the values of D, the 100 percentage point of the D distribution for = 0.20, 0.15, 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01. D is the maximum
value of | FOBS (x)FEXP (x) |
Values of D greater than or equal to those tabulated for the given sample size n and significance level , suggest that the sample has not been
drawn from a population with the properties of the assumed theoretical distribution.
.20
.15
.10
.05
.01
1
2
3
4
5
.900
.684
.565
.494
.446
.925
.726
.597
.525
.474
.950
.776
.642
.564
.510
.975
.842
.708
.624
.565
.995
.929
.828
.733
.669
6
7
8
9
10
.410
.381
.358
.339
.322
.436
.405
.381
.360
.342
.470
.438
.411
.388
.368
.521
.486
.457
.432
.410
.618
.577
.543
.514
.490
11
12
13
14
15
.307
.295
.284
.274
.266
.326
.313
.302
.292
.283
.352
.338
.325
.314
.304
.391
.375
.361
.349
.338
.468
.450
.433
.418
.404
16
17
18
19
20
.258
.250
.244
.237
.231
.274
.266
.259
.252
.246
.295
.286
.278
.272
.264
.328
.318
.309
.301
.294
.392
.381
.371
.363
.356
25
30
35
.21
.19
.18
1. 07
.22
.20
.19
1.14
.24.
.22
.21
1. 22
.27
.24
.23
1. 36
.32
.29
.27
1. 63
Over 35
30
Table 14. Critical Values for the Durbin-Watson Statistic
This is used to test for serial correlation in a regression model. The null and alternative hypothesis are:
Ho there is no positive serial correlation in the error terms, if DWs < dl
Ha there is positive serial correlation in the error terms, if DWs > du
T
(t t 1)^2
The DW statistic, DW =
t=2
t ^ 2
t=1
where, t: regression residue for period t and K: Number of slope parameters in the model.
(Ref: Richard A.De Fusco, Quantitative Methods for Investment Analysis, A.I.M.R., 2001)
= 0.05
K=1
K=2
K=3
K=4
K=5
Dl
Du
Dl
Du
Dl
Du
Dl
Du
Dl
Du
15
1.08
1.36
0.95
1.54
0.82
1.75
0.69
1.97
0.56
2.21
16
1.10
1.37
0.98
1.54
0.86
1.73
0.74
1.93
0.62
2.15
17
1.13
1.38
1.02
1.54
0.90
1.71
0.78
1.90
0.67
2.10
18
1.16
1.39
1.05
1.53
0.93
1.69
0.82
1.87
0.71
2.06
19
1.18
1.40
1.08
1.53
0.97
1.68
0.86
1.85
0.75
2.02
20
1.20
1.41
1.10
1.54
1.00
1.68
0.90
1.83
0.79
1.99
21
1.22
1.42
1.13
1,54
1.03
1.67
0.93
1.81
0.83
1.96
22
1.24
1.43
1.15
1.54
1.05
1.66
0.96
1.80
0.86
1.94
23
1.26
1.44
1.17
1.54
1.08
1.66
0.99
1.79
0.90
1.92
24
1.27
1.45
1.19
1.55
1.10
1.66
1.01
1.78
0.93
1.90
25
1.29
1.45
1.21
1.55
1.12
1.66
1.04
1.77
0.95
1.89
26
1.30
1.46
1.22
1.55
1.14
1.65
1.06
1.76
0.98
1.88
27
1.32
1.47
1.24
1.56
1.16
1.65
1.08
1.76
1.01
1.86
28
1.33
1.48
1.26
1.56
1.18
1.65
1.10
1.75
1.03
1.85
(Contd...)
31
Table 14 (Contd.)
K=1
K=2
K=3
K=4
K=5
Dl
Du
Dl
Du
Dl
Du
Dl
Du
Dl
Du
29
1.34
1.48
1.27
1.56
1.20
1.65
1.12
1.74
1.05
1.84
30
1.35
1.49
1.28
1.57
1.21
1.65
1.14
1.74
1.07
1.83
31
1.36
1.50
1.30
1.57
1.23
1.65
1.16
1.74
1.09
1.83
32
1.37
1.50
1.31
1.57
1.24
1.65
1.18
1.73
1.11
1.82
33
1.38
1.51
1.32
1.58
1.26
1.65
1.19
1.73
1.13
1.81
34
1.39
1.51
1.33
1.58
1.27
1.65
1.21
1.73
1.15
1.81
35
1.40
1.52
1.34
1.58
1.28
1.65
1.22
1.73
1.16
1.80
36
1.41
1.52
1.35
1.59
1.29
1.65
1.24
1.73
1.18
1.80
37
1.42
1.53
1.36
1.59
1.31
1.66
1.25
1.72
1.19
1.80
38
1.43
1.54
1.37
1.59
1.32
1.66
1.26
1.72
1.21
1.79
39
1.43
1.54
1.38
1.60
1.33
1.66
1.27
1.72
1.22
1.79
40
1.44
1.54
1.39
1.60
1.34
1.66
1.29
1.72
1.23
1.79
45
1.48
1.57
1.43
1.62
1.38
1.67
1.34
1.72
1.29
1.78
50
1.50
1.59
1.46
1.63
1.42
1.67
1.38
1.72
1.34
1.77
55
1.53
1.60
1.49
1.64
1.45
1.68
1.41
1.72
1.38
1.77
60
1.55
1.62
1.51
1.65
1.48
1.69
1.44
1.73
1.41
1.77
65
1.57
1.63
1.54
1.66
1.50
1.70
1.47
1.73
1.44
1.77
70
1.58
1.64
1.55
1.67
1.52
1.70
1.49
1.74
1.46
1.77
75
1.60
1.65
1.57
1.68
1.54
1.71
1.51
1.74
1.49
1.77
80
1.61
1.66
1.59
1.69
1.56
1.72
1.53
1.74
1.51
1.77
85
1.62
1.67
1.60
1.70
1.57
1.72
1.55
1.75
1.52
1.77
90
1.63
1.68
1.61
1.70
1.59
1.73
1.57
1.75
1.54
1.78
95
1.64
1.69
1.62
1.71
1.60
1.73
1.58
1.75
1.56
1.78
100
1.65
1.69
1.63
1.72
1.61
1.74
1.59
1.76
1.57
1.78
32
Part III
SQC TABLES
33
Table 15. Factors for Computing Control Limits
Using Standard Values of X and '
Average
Median
Mid-Range
Standard Deviation Chart
Range Chart
Central line
X'
X'
X'
C2'
d2'
UCL
'
X' + A
'
X' + F
'
X' + G
B2'
D2'
LCL
'
X' A
'
X' F
X' G
B1'
D1
No. of
observation
in the sample
C2
B1
B2
d2
D1
D2
10
2.121
2.121
2.121
0.5642
1.843
1.128
3.686
1.732
2.009
1.805
0.7236
1.858
1.693
4.358
1.500
1.638
1.638
0.7979
1.808
2.059
4.698
1.342
1.607
1.532
0.8407
1.756
2.326
4.918
1.225
1.300
1.458
0.8686
0.026
1.711
2.534
5.078
1.134
1.376
1.402
0.8882
0.105
1.672
2.704
0.205
5.203
1.061
1.230
1.358
0.9027
0.167
1.638
2.847
0.387
5.307
1.000
1.223
1.322
0.9139
0.219
1.609
2.970
0.546
5.394
10
0.949
1.116
1.292
0.9227
0.262
1.584
3.078
0.687
5.469
11
0.905
0.9300
0.299
1.561
3.173
0.812
5.534
12
0.866
0.9359
0.331
1.541
3.258
0.924
5.592
13
0.832
0.9410
0.359
1.523
3.336
1.026
5.646
14
0.802
0.9453
0.384
1.507
3.407
1.121
5.693
15
0.775
0.9490
0.406
1.492
3.472
1.207
5.737
16
0.750
0.9523
0.427
1.478
3.532
1.285
5.779
17
0.728
0.9551
0.445
1.465
3.588
1.359
5.817
18
0.707
0.9576
0.461
1.454
3.640
1.426
5.854
19
0.688
0.9599
0.477
1.443
3.689
1.490
5.888
(Contd...)
34
20
21
22
23
24
25
0.671
0.655
0.640
0.626
0.612
0.600
0.9619
0.9638
0.9655
0.9670
0.9684
0.9696
0.491
0.504
0.516
0.527
0.538
0.548
1.433
1.424
1.415
1.407
1.399
1.392
3.735
3.778
3.819
3.858
3.895
3.931
1.548
1.606
1.659
1.710
1.759
1.804
5.922
5.950
5.979
6.006
6.031
6.058
Note 1: Since the efficiency of median / mid-range as an estimate of central tendency declines as size increases, they are not recommended
for large sample size. For this reason, the entries in col.3 and 4 are restricted to samples up to 10 only.
Using
Using R
Average
Chart
Standard
deviation
Average
chart
Median
chart
Mid-range
chart
Range
Chart
Central Line
UCL
LCL
X
X + A2
X A2
B4
B3
X
X + A2 R
X A2 R
Me
Me + F2R
Me F2R
M
M + G2R
M G2R
R
D4 R
D3 R
No. of
observations
in the sample
A1
B3
B4
A2
F2
G2
D3
D4
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
3.760
2.394
1.880
1.596
1.410
1.277
1.175
1.094
1.028
0.973
0.925
0
0
0
0
0.030
0.118
0.185
0.239
0.284
0.321
0.354
3.267
2.568
2.266
2.089
1.970
1.882
1.815
1.761
1.716
1.679
1.646
1.880
1.023
0.729
0.577
0.483
0.419
0.373
0.337
0.308
1.880
1.187
0.796
0.691
0.549
0.509
0.432
0.412
0.363
1.880
1.067
0.796
0.659
0.575
0.518
0.477
0.445
0.420
0
0
0
0
0
0.076
0.136
0.184
0.223
3.267
2.575
2.282
2.115
2.004
1.924
1.864
1.816
1.777
(Contd...)
35
Table 15 (Contd.)
13
0.884
0.382
1.618
14
0.848
0.406
1.594
15
0.816
0.428
1.572
16
0.788
0.448
1.552
17
0.762
0.466
1.534
18
0.738
0.482
1.518
19
0.717
0.497
1.503
20
0.697
0.510
1.490
21
0.679
0.523
1.477
22
0.662
0.534
1.466
23
0.647
0.545
1.455
24
0.632
0.555
1.445
25
0.619
0.565
1.435
Note 2: Since range is not recommended for large samples, the entries in col.14 onwards are restricted to sample size up to 10 only
Table 16 : Relative Precision Index
Sample size
Class:
Low
Medium
High
Less than 6.0
6.0 to 7.0
Greater than 7.0
Less than 4.0
4.0 to 5.0
Greater than 5.0
Less than 3.0
3.0 to 4.0
Greater than 4.0
5 or 6
Less than 2.5
2.5 to 3.5
Greater than 3.5
36
Table 17 : Factors for Computing Modified Control Limits
No. of observations
in the sample
V1 using known
standard deviation
V2 using average
range
0.879
0.779
1.268
0.749
1.500
0.729
1.658
0.713
1.775
0.700
1.866
0.690
1.939
0.681
2.000
0.673
10
2.051
0.666
11
2.095
0.660
12
2.134
0.655
13
2.168
0.650
14
2.198
0.645
2.225
0.641
16
2.250
0.637
17
2.272
0.633
18
2.293
0.630
15
19
2.312
0.627
2.329
0.624
21
2.345
0.621
22
2.360
0.618
23
2.374
0.615
24
2.388
0.613
25
2.400
0.611
20
37
Table 18. Sample Size Code Letters
Lot or Batch
Size
Special Inspection Levels
General Inspection Levels
S1
S2
S3
S4
II
III
2 to 8
9 to 15
16 to 25
26 to 50
51 to 90
91 to 150
151 to 280
281 to 500
501 to 1200
1201 to 3200
3201 to 10000
10001 to 35000
35001 to 150000
150001 to 500000
500001 and over
38
Table 19 : Master Table for Normal Inspection, Single Sampling
Acceptable Quality LevelNormal Inspection
For defects per
For percent defective of defects per 100 items
Code
Sample 0.10
Letter
Size
13
20
32
50
80
125
200
315
500
800
Q
R
Ac
100 items only
0.15
.025
0.40
0.65
1.0
1.5
2.5
4.0
6.5
10
15
25
Ac
Ac
Ac
Ac
Ac
Ac
Ac
Ac
Ac
Ac
Ac
Ac
0
0
10
10
14
21
0
0
0
10
14
10
14
21
10
14
21
21
0
0
1
10
14
10
14
21
10
14
21
10
14
21
1250
10
14
21
2000
10
14
21
Use first sampling plan below arrow. If sample size equals or exceeds lot or batch size, do 100% inspection
Use first sampling plan above arrow.
Ac: Acceptance number
Rc: Rejection number = Ac + 1
39
Table 19 : (Contd.): Master Table for Normal Inspection, Single Sampling
Sample
Acceptable Quality Level Normal Inspection
Size
Sample
Code
Size
Letter
For defects per 100 items only
40
65
100
150
250
400
650
1000
Ac
Ac
Ac
Ac
Ac
Ac
Ac
Ac
10
14
21
30
44
10
14
21
30
10
14
21
30
44
44
10
14
21
30
13
10
14
21
30
44
20
14
21
21
32
50
80
125
200
315
500
800
1250
200
Use first sampling plan below arrow. If sample size equals or exceeds lot or batch size, do 100% inspection
Use first sampling plan above arrow.
Ac: Acceptance number Rc: Rejection number = Ac + 1
40
Table 20 A : Significant Ranges for Duncans Multiple Range Test
r0.01 (p, f)
D of
fa
10
20
50
100
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
8.26
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
9.0
9.0
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
6.51
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.1
7.1
7.2
7.2
7.3
7.5
7.5
7.5
5.70
5.96
6.11
6.18
6.26
6.33
6.40
6.44
6.5
6.8
6.8
6.8
5.24
5.51
5.65
5.73
5.81
5.88
5.95
6.00
6.0
6.3
6.3
6.3
4.95
5.22
5.37
5.45
5.53
5.61
5.69
5.73
5.8
6.0
6.0
6.0
4.74
5.00
5.14
5.23
5.32
5.40
5.47
5.51
5.6
5.8
5.8
5.8
4.60
4.86
4.99
5.08
5.17
5.25
5.32
5.36
5.4
5.7
5.7
5.7
10
4.48
4.73
4.88
4.96
5.06
5.13
5.20
5.24
5.28
5.55
5.55
5.55
11
4.39
4.63
4.77
4.86
4.94
5.01
5.06
5.12
5.15
5.39
5.39
5.39
12
4.32
4.55
4.68
4.76
4.84
4.92
4.96
5.02
5.07
5.26
5.26
5.26
13
4.26
4.48
4.62
4.69
4.74
4.84
4.88
4.94
4.98
5.15
5.15
5.15
14
4.21
4.42
4.55
4.63
4.70
4.78
4.83
4.87
4.91
5.07
5.07
5.07
15
4.17
4.37
4.50
4.58
4.64
4.72
4.77
4.81
4.84
5.00
5.00
5.00
16
4.13
4.34
4.45
4.54
4.60
4.67
4.72
4.76
4.79
4.94
4.94
4.94
17
4.10
4.30
4.44
4.50
4.56
4.63
4.68
4.73
4.75
4.89
4.89
4.89
18
4.07
4.27
4.38
4.46
4.53
4.59
4.64
4.68
4.71
4.85
4.85
4.85
19
4.05
4.24
4.35
4.43
4.50
4.56
4.61
4.64
4.67
4.82
4.82
4.82
20
4.02
4.22
4.33
4.40
4.47
4.53
4.58
4.61
4.65
4.79
4.79
4.79
30
3.89
4.06
4.16
4.22
4.32
4.36
4.41
4.45
4.48
4.65
4.71
4.71
40
3.82
3.99
4.10
4.17
4.24
4.30
4.34
4.37
4.41
4.59
4.69
4.69
60
3.76
3.92
4.03
4.12
4.17
4.23
4.27
4.31
4.34
4.53
4.66
4.66
100
3.71
3.86
3.98
4.06
4.11
4.17
4.21
4.25
4.29
4.48
4.64
4.65
3.64
3.80
3.90
3.98
4.04
4.09
4.14
4.17
4.20
4.41
4.60
4.68
41
Table 20 B
r0.05 (p, f)
D of
10
20
50
100
1
2
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
6.09
6.09
6.09
6.09
6.09
6.09
6.09
6.09
6.09
6.09
6.09
6.09
4.50
4.50
4.50
4.50
4.50
4.50
4.50
4.50
4.50
4.50
4.50
4.50
3.93
4.01
4.02
4.02
4.02
4.02
4.02
4.02
4.02
4.02
4.02
4.02
3.64
3.74
3.79
3.83
3.83
3.83
3.83
3.83
3.83
3.83
3.83
3.83
3.46
3.58
3.64
3.68
3.68
3.68
3.68
3.68
3.68
3.68
3.68
3.68
3.35
3.47
3.54
3.58
3.60
3.61
3.61
3.61
3.61
3.61
3.61
3.61
3.26
3.39
3.47
3.52
3.55
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.20
3.34
3.41
3.47
3.50
3.52
3.52
3.52
3.52
3.52
3.52
3.52
10
3.15
3.30
3.37
3.43
3.46
3.47
3.47
3.47
3.47
3.48
3.48
3.48
11
3.11
3.27
3.35
3.39
3.43
3.44
3.45
3.46
3.46
3.48
3.48
3.48
12
3.08
3.23
3.33
3.36
3.40
3.42
3.44
3.44
3.46
3.48
3.48
3.48
13
3.06
3.21
3.30
3.35
3.38
3.41
3.42
3.44
3.45
3.47
3.47
3.47
14
3.03
3.18
3.27
3.33
3.37
3.39
3.41
3.42
3.44
3.47
3.47
3.47
15
3.01
3.16
3.25
3.31
3.36
3.38
3.40
3.42
3.43
3.47
3.47
3.47
16
3.00
3.15
3.23
3.30
3.34
3.37
3.39
3.41
3.43
3.47
3.47
3.47
17
2.98
3.13
3.22
3.28
3.33
3.36
3.38
3.40
3.42
3.47
3.47
3.47
18
2.97
3.12
3.21
3.27
3.32
3.35
3.37
3.39
3.41
3.47
3.47
3.47
19
2.96
3.11
3.19
3.26
3.31
3.35
3.37
3.39
3.41
3.47
3.47
3.47
20
2.95
3.10
3.18
3.25
3.30
3.34
3.36
3.38
3.40
3.47
3.47
3.47
30
2.89
3.04
3.12
3.20
3.25
3.29
3.32
3.35
3.37
3.47
3.47
3.47
40
2.86
3.01
3.10
3.17
3.22
3.27
3.30
3.33
3.35
3.47
3.47
3.47
60
2.83
2.98
3.08
3.14
3.20
3.24
3.28
3.31
3.33
3.47
3.48
3.48
100
2.80
2.95
3.05
3.12
3.18
3.22
3.26
3.20
3.32
3.47
3.53
3.53
2.77
2.92
3.02
3.09
3.15
3.19
3.23
3.26
3.29
3.47
3.61
3.67
42
Table 21.1 : L4 (23) Orthogonal Array (OA4)
Columns
Experiment
1
3
1
2
Linear Graph for OA4
Table 21.2 : L2(27) Orthogonal Array (OA8)
Columns
Experiment
1
43
1
2
3
3
5
5
1
2
4
6
4
6
(b)
(a)
Linear Graphs for OA8
Table 21.3 L9 (34) Orthogonal Array (OA9)
Columns
Experiment
1
3,4
1
2
Linear graph for OA 9
44
Table 21.4 : L16 (215) Orthogonal Array (OA16)
TC
Columns
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
45
15
14
9
14
13
15
11
13
12
11
55
10
10
4
8
12
(a)
6
(b)
1
15
14
11
13
13
12
3
15
14
12
11
10
8
4
10
5
8
(c)
1
(d)
7
6
8
9
12
15
14
10
13
11
6
1
13
12
15
10
(e)
11
(f)
Linear graph for OA 16
46
Table 21.5 : L18 (21 X 37) Orthogonal Array (OA18)
Experiment
Column
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Interaction between columns 1 and 2 can be estimated without sacrificing any column. Columns 1 and 2 can be combined to form
a 6-level column. Interactions between any other pair of columns are confounded partially with the remaining columns.
47
Table 22 : Random Numbers
15 81 92 23 96
09 28 10 55 82
41 12 07 75 56
74 57 47 74 68
00 98 52 16 68
20 18 57 79 84
72 95 08 85 79
34 40 67 24 86
54 35 81 07 92
30 90 57 38 73
82 62 13 08 92
95 86 11 16 52
18 82 41 29 63
96 70 85 29 19
20 39 59 35 82
83 74 85 60 49
70 55 50 87 67
06 84 01 20 37
12 91 26 57 38
59 74 47 04 93
46 37 56 74 88
64 72 38 29 34
09 33 14 79 57
48 90 03 13 22
97 75 13 55 02
97 17 59 55 34
16 34 10 72 93
85 21 72 63 91
71 14 30 07 56
30 44 19 57 85
72 45 17 48 60
67 49 32 03 72
55 03 16 71 11
71 64 23 89 34
35 93 82 95 28
22 75 69 87 47
48 32 64 00 52
74 13 68 56 99
76 66 12 79 58
02 72 27 59 76
84 16 54 93 48
56 70 98 49 59
11 98 75 86 95
52 63 09 77 18
02 86 99 81 39
46 77 54 31 02
54 32 11 49 19
04 41 29 47 70
51 33 64 89 72
99 09 34 66 52
22 49 36 78 82
29 66 39 78 87
01 40 12 51 98
40 11 96 69 73
75 44 05 68 52
35 55 10 42 83
09 97 48 81 54
35 55 18 42 81
03 18 83 19 23
18 20 48 19 66
41 92 07 54 66
96 42 79 61 17
20 07 59 79 33
45 84 76 58 18
38 50 14 82 69
07 00 17 62 74
64 88 55 05 34
64 95 26 84 49
23 89 27 68 10
91 20 83 17 39
51 69 43 96 58
40 31 65 25 79
34 57 41 69 88
38 59 42 31 82
72 28 67 52 46
84 09 70 51 63
81 23 54 32 76
31 15 02 78 67
36 43 75 60 51
12 66 19 38 82
10 74 37 39 88
09 27 53 45 73
70 16 63 37 58
41 32 49 67 18
40 20 65 11 57
34 20 84 78 42
57 26 29 97 16
70 41 09 22 57
59 02 17 70 36
52 73 61 22 39
01 90 45 34 67
67 56 43 33 20
63 15 40 62 84
39 08 77 19 54
55 70 25 45 88
48 00 87 97 46
55 85 26 51 40
91 72 81 42 70
40 35 54 82 26
93 47 32 59 62
11 56 61 29 75
50 39 22 09 64
55 44 81 61 39
08 40 16 29 83
11 85 56 33 99
54 07 92 12 54
97 80 23 69 16
01 61 94 43 66
49 24 58 92 08
44 25 14 61 85
37 68 91 25 74
21 95 43 80 66
38 25 53 81 78
14 75 62 39 55
32 17 65 38 51
94 34 07 42 13
13 33 75 06 48
18 24 75 93 58
34 20 83 71 17
57 26 29 71 10
29 97 65 80 24
78 61 37 59 14
70 61 73 41 95
06 54 68 38 46
78 30 54 17 85
01 35 91 68 38
83 32 76 60 25
63 49 10 42 85
47 56 17 77 02
52 05 16 47 38
76 93 11 46 30
18 92 84 70 44
33 82 56 94 62
81 49 23 46 68
35 19 27 76 32
13 51 03 72 48
24 18 47 79 35
45 79 73 60 26
54 68 87 09 16
24 81 67 56 40
60 03 56 18 40
31 81 47 60 19
15 85 28 42 57
64 79 36 83 53
89 07 59 94 35
70 41 08 22 63
59 02 17 70 38
52 76 38 22 91
34 94 07 42 13
13 33 75 06 48
48
FOREWORD
This is to appreciate the efforts by Prof. Dr. R.S. Naagarazan, Director (A), Arunai
Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai and Dr. C. Muralidharan, Professor of
Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, in updating and publishing
the second edition of the STATISTICAL DATA BOOK in an elegant and effective
manner as a reference book suitable to the Diploma, Bachelor and Master degree
courses in Engineering, Technology and Management, all over the country. The
authors have been teaching quality control and management for over 25 years in
an University.
Reflecting the needs and changes in the syllabus requirements, the authors
have included all relevant tables with necessary and sufficient details. The nonparametric tables and orthogonal arrays are essentially used by engineering
students in Design and Manufacturing fields and the research scholars in the
Engineering domain as well.
I am sure that the students, teachers, and research scholars in the Engineering
and Technology faculty will find this Data Book very useful. This deserves to be
prescribed as reference book.
I wish the authors a success in their endeavour to enhance the effectiveness of
the delivery of quality education to the student community.
18th July 2005
(PROF. M.S. PALANICHAMY)
Vice-Chancellor
Tamil Nadu Open University
Directorate of Technical Education Campus
Guindy, Chennai-600025.
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
Statistical Quality Control and Reliability Engineering is a subject, which has been
extensively used by the industries, especially due to the ISO 9001 : 2000 Quality
Management Systems and Requirements. Although there are many standard
textbooks available on this subject, no handy data book suitable for Management
and Engineering studies is available at present.
This data book is aimed at filling this gap. This book will be used by B.E./
B.Tech and P.G. Diploma students to refer the data quickly and compute the required
criteria/answer. This book is designed to be prescribed as a reference book and
used in the examinations for the U.G./P.G. studies in Industrial Engineering courses
offered in Indian universities.
I thank Mr. E.V. Velu, Founder and Chairman, AEC, and Dr. Pon Muthu,
Director AEC for encouraging and permitting me to write this book.
I thank Dr. R. Karthikeyan and Dr. P.R. Lakshmi Narayanan, and other faculty
members of Dept. of Production Engineering, Annamalai University, Dr. V.
Lakshminarayanan, HOD/Mechanical, Muthaiya Polytechnic, Dr. S. Rajesham,
HOD/Mech. and Mr. R. Thirumavalavan, Sr. Lecturer, AEC for their valuable
suggestions and co-operation in bringing out this book.
I thank my wife Mrs. Vaidehi for her patient and patent ideas, Ms. K. Kala
and Ms. Y. Suganthi, secretarial staff, AEC for their help in getting these data into
printable form.
Suggestions and feedback on this book are most welcome.
R.S. NAAGARAZAN
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
With the changes in the industry all over the world and a thrust towards Total
Quality Management, the concepts and practices of Six sigma, Zero defects, Justin-time are given prime importance and simultaneously the practices of Acceptance
sampling and concept of AOQL have become obsolete. This fact has necessitated
the revision of this data book.
The parametric and non-parametric designs have also been advocated in the
current engineering practice. Accordingly this data book has been revised and
classified into three sections to highlight their importance. This book is designed
to serve as Data Book, which can be used in the examination of B.E./B.Tech degree
courses and P.G. degree and Diploma courses in Industrial and Manufacturing
Engineering Disciplines.
We thank Mr. E.V. Velu, M.A., M.L.A., Founder and Chairman, Arunai
Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai, and Dr. L.B. Venkatarangan, Vice-Chancellor,
Annamalai University for their encouragement and permission for us to publish
this data book.
The authors thank profusely Dr. Anantharaman, HOD, Manufacturing
Engineering, Annamalai University, the Principal, A.E.C., Director, A.E.C., for their
enthusiasm, and support in bringing out this revision.
We express our gratitude to our life partners, for their whole-hearted
suggestions and ideas in editing, to M/s K. Sivagami, Junior Assistant, and other
staff of the Arunai Gateway, AEC for their assistance in compiling the data.
R.S. NAAGARAZAN
Finally, we thank and appreciate M/s New Age International Publishers,
New Delhi upon their swift action in releasing this second edition, in an appealing
form as you find it in your hands.
Aug., 2005
C. MURALIDHARAN
CONTENTS
vii
v
viii
Foreword
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
PART I : PARAMETRIC TABLES
Table 1. Area Under Normal Curve
5
10
Table 2. Individual Binomial Distribution
Table 3. Summation of Terms of Poisson, Exponential and Binomial Limits
14
16
13
Table 6. Percentage Points of the F Distribution
22
20
Table 4. Values of Gamma Functions
Table 7. Percentage Points of the 2 Distribution
Table 5. The t Distribution
Table 8. Critical Values for the Sign Test
Table 11. Values for Spearmans Rank Correlation (rs) for Combined Areas in Both Tails
Table 10. Critical Values for the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
Table 9. Critical Values for Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
30
28
27
25
24
PART II : NON-PARAMETRIC TABLES
Table 12. Kendalls Rank Correlation Coefficient
Table 19. Master Table for Normal Inspection Single Sampling
Table 18. Sample Size Code Letters
Table 17. Factors for Computing Modified Control Limits
Table 16. Relative Precision Index
Table 15. Factors for Computing Control Limits
41
39
38
37
36
34
31
Table 13. Percentage Points of D in the One-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Distribution
Table 14. Critical Values for the Durbin-Watson Statistic
Table 20. Significant Ranges for Duncans Multiple Range Test
43
48
PART III : SQC TABLES
Table 21. Orthogonal Arrays and Linear Graphs
Table 22. Random Numbers
STATISTICAL DATA BOOK
Edited
R. S. NAAGARAZAN,
Director, Arunai Engineering College,
Tiruvannamalai
and
C. MURALIDHARAN,
Prof. of Manufacturing Engineering
Annamalai University,
Chidambaram
NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS
New Delhi l Bangalore l Chennai l Cochin l Guwahati
Hyderabad l Jalandhar l Kolkata l Lucknow l Mumbai l Ranchi
Copyright 2005, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers
Second Edition : 2005
NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS
4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj,
New Delhi - 110 002
Visit us at : www.newagepublishers.com
Offices at :
Bangalore, Chennai, Cochin, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jalandhar,
Kolkata, Lucknow, Mumbai and Ranchi
This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form
without the written permission of the publisher.
.00
This book cannot be sold outside the country to which it is consigned
by the publisher without the prior permission of the publisher.
Rs.
ISBN : 81-224CPublished by New Age International (P) Ltd.,
4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110 002 and
printed in India at
typesetter Kalyani Computer Services, New Delhi
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