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  • Balancing Cold Region Road Design Costs and User Impacts

    Diunggah oleh

    BIJAY KRISHNA DAS
    17 tayangan2 halaman
    Pavement design in cold regions faces a dilemma between high construction costs to prevent frost damage versus high user costs from rough roads. Swedish road design code historically focused on thick layers to prevent frost heave and uneven settlement, but this led to high investment costs not justified for low-traffic rural roads. The presentation discusses balancing construction and user costs through allowing some increased roughness on low-volume roads rather than over-designing pavements.

    Deskripsi Asli:

    Gabion wall

    Judul Asli

    8 Abstract Ws1 Carl Lenngren

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    Pavement design in cold regions faces a dilemma between high construction costs to prevent frost damage versus high user costs from rough roads. Swedish road design code historically focused on thick layers to prevent frost heave and uneven settlement, but this led to high investment costs not justified for low-traffic rural roads. The presentation discusses balancing construction and user costs through allowing some increased roughness on low-volume roads rather than over-designing pavements.

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    17 tayangan2 halaman

    Balancing Cold Region Road Design Costs and User Impacts

    Diunggah oleh

    BIJAY KRISHNA DAS
    Pavement design in cold regions faces a dilemma between high construction costs to prevent frost damage versus high user costs from rough roads. Swedish road design code historically focused on thick layers to prevent frost heave and uneven settlement, but this led to high investment costs not justified for low-traffic rural roads. The presentation discusses balancing construction and user costs through allowing some increased roughness on low-volume roads rather than over-designing pavements.

    Hak Cipta:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Unduh sebagai PDF, TXT atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    dari 2

    WS 1: Pavement Design in Cold Regions

    Cold Region Road Design Dilemma Example from Swedish Road Design
    Code.

    By Carl Lenngren, Lund University

    INTRODUCTION
    Thedesignofpavementstendstothickinordertosustainfrostheaveandparticularly
    unevensettlementsatspringthaw.Typicallymostroadsincoldregiononlycarrylimited
    amountsoftraffic.Thustheinvestmentcostisrelativelyhighforthesetypesofroads,and
    theamountofmaterialmovedishighpervehicletonstravelled.
    Roughroadsinducehighusercoststhough.Inthepresentpresentationadiscussionis
    carriedonhowtobalancethecoldregionpavementdesignwiththefundsavailablefor
    investmentandtheassociatedusercosts.
    Asinothercountries,Swedishdesigncodestemmedfromempiricalknowledge.By1968the
    designcombattedtwoconcerns,trafficandtheenvironment.Trafficwashandledby
    calculatingtheequivalentnumberofstandardaxlesoveradesignperiod.Theenvironment
    consistedoftheclimateandthenaturalsoilconditions.Laterondrainagewasaddedasan
    environmentalfactorofconcern.Originally,thetrafficdesignwascontrolledbyadjustingthe
    thicknessofthebasecourselayer.Theenvironmentaldesignwascontrolledbythethickness
    ofthesubbaselayer.Asthecriteriaforthesubbaselayerwasgraduallyimproved,other
    layerswereintroduced,likefrostprotectionlayersetcetera.Thesemayineffectbe
    consideredaslowergradesubbaselayers.
    In1986thethicknessesweretabulatedforthevariouscategoriesofclimatezones,soil
    materialsanddrainage.Thestrainsatcriticalpointswerecalculatedusinglinearelastic
    programslikeBISARtoderivethevariousdesignstructures.Upuntilthen,thethaw
    weakeningperiodduringthespringwasconsideredtobecriticalfortheentiredesign.
    By1994amoredirectapproachtothestraincriteriawastakenwherethesituationduring
    sixseasonswasconsidered.However,thefrostdesignnowwasaddedasaterminthe
    equationindependentofthestraincriteria.Thisdesignisbasedonfrostheaveandthe
    weightoftheroad.
    Thestraincriteriaarebasedonfatigueofboundlayersandpermanentdeformationrateasa
    regressionofthetopofthesubgradeverticalstrain.Inadditionthereisacriterionfor
    roughnessbasedonthedesignspeedandroadcategory.

    PROBLEM
    Fromauserpointofview,theexpectedtravellingcostshouldbeaboutthesameforthe
    sametypeofroadcategoryregardlessofthelocation.However,theroadholdercost
    particularlyregardingtheinvestmentismuchhigherincoldclimates.Iftheusercostcriteria
    arepersisteditmaydefernewinvestmentsincoldclimateareas.
    Thenewconceptsofdesignshouldallowforalargervariationoflayerthicknessesand
    qualitiesandthereisalsospecificsoftwarefurnishedbythetransportadministrationto
    assistroaddesignconsultants.Lowvolumeroadsarenowdesignedthicker.Thismeansa
    substantialcostincreaseforatypeofroadthatalreadyhasaverylowproductionperunit
    invested.Typically,incoldregionsthepopulationdensityissparse.Anassetmanagement
    systemmaynotprioritizeroadswithhighinvestmentcosts.Thequestionthenarisesifthe
    ambitionistoohighwiththecurrentcriteria?
    CONCLUSION
    Thecostsforbuildingandmaintainingroadsincoldclimatescanbeenormousifusercosts
    onlygovernthedesign.Somehowitisnotjustifiabletofullycompensatetravelcostswith
    roadholdercostsbeingmorethan100hundredtimeshigherperkmorton*kmbeing
    travelledfortheroadholder.Theextracostsforrougherroadsmusttosomeextentbe
    takenbytheusers.Thereisalimitforroughnessthough.AttheIRIinterval34m/kmroads
    with20100trucksperdaywouldincursuchhighusercoststhatthehigherinvestments
    wouldbemotivated.Fewroadsshouldhavehigherroughnessvaluesthan6m/kmashigher
    maintenancecostcouldbemotivated.

    ITEMS TO BE DISCUSSED
    Obviously,frostheaveandunevenfrostheaveacceleratepavementdeterioration.Itcanbe
    measuredasroughness.Theroughnessinturncanbeattributedtousercosts.Isit
    reasonabletoinvestinaheavierstructuretofullycompensatetheusercosts?Orshouldthe
    designallowforasomewhathigherdeteriorationtooptimizethetotal(roadholderand
    user)costs?

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