CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
ROLE OF CALCIUM
- HEMOSTASIS
- IN DIGESTION
- IN NEUROLOGIC AND MUSCULAR
FUNCTION
ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION
METABOLISM
-INTRODUCTION
-HORMONES REGULATING
--PARATHYROID
--VITAMIN D
--CALCITONIN
-CALCIUM IN OSSIFICATION
-CALCIUM FOR GROWTH
-CALCIUM LOSS
--AGE AND GENDER RELATED CHANGES
- OSTEOPOROSIS
-HYPERCALCEMIA AND HYPOCALCEMIA
-RICKETS
-STONE FORMATION
DIAGNOSTICS FOR DEFICIENCY
CALCIUM IN DIET
SUMMARY
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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INTRODUCTION
Calcium is an important component of a healthy diet and
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HEMOSTATSIS
Calcium is essential for blood coagulation (clotting), a process
ROLE IN DIGESTION
Calcium is required for the optimal activity of several
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CALCIUM METABOLISM
Plasma concentrations of ionised calcium are tightly regulated between 1.1 and 1.3
mmol/L.
Calcium homeostasis occurs at three main sites: the kidneys, bone and
gastrointestinal tract.
Calcium homeostasis at these three sites is controlled, directly or indirectly by PTH,
which is secreted by the parathyroid gland. PTH is one of three major calciotropic
hormones involved in calcium homeostasis.
There are four major ways in which PTH regulates plasma calcium concentration.
Within the kidney, PTH acts to increase calcium reabsorption and,
therefore,decrease urinary excretion.
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Parathyroid hormone
(PTH), or
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BONE FORMATION Ossification (or osteogenesis) is the process of formation of new bone by
cells called osteoblasts. These cells and the bone matrix are the two most
crucial elements involved in the formation of bone. This process of
formation of normal healthy bone is carried out by two important processes,
namely:
1. Intramembranous ossification
2.Endochondral ossification
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osteoblast.
Collagen monomers polymerize rapidly to
form collagen fibers , the resultant is osteoid.
Calcium salts begin to precipitate on the
surface of collagen fibers.
The initial calcium salts to be deposited are
not hydroxypatite but amorphous compounds.
Then by substitution ,addition and
reabsorption these salts get converted to into
hydroxpatite crystals.
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LOSS OF CALCIUM
Even in healthy young adults, net loss of calcium from bone
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of extreme exercise.
In some female athletes, intensive exercise may
result in oestrogen deficiency and amenorrhoea
(absence of menstruation), which has been shown
to be associated with osteopenia (reduced bone
mass, reduced calcification and/or reduced bone
density).
Oestrogen inhibits bone resorption, although it is
believed that this is not the primary reason for the
osteopenia observed in some female athletes.
Poor nutritional status and low energy intakes
have also been implicated
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OSTEOPOROSIS
Defined it as a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass
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Osteoporosis affects millions of people around the world; the WHO cites
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in postmenopausal womenBone loss is most rapid during the first 510 years
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EFFECTS OF OSTEOPOROSIS ON
OSSEOINTEGRATION OF IMPLANTS
Osseointegration, which is measured by the percentage of contact between
the surface of the implant and the bone, can be affected not only by the
characteristic the implant and surgical procedure, but also by patientdependent variables that can affect the quantity and quality of bone.
To achieve the osseointegration of implants is necessary to secure their
adequate primary stability. Thus, osteoporosis, characterized by bone loss,
alteration of the microstructure and the reduction in the regenerative
capacity of bone, has been considered a possible contraindication or a risk
factor for dental implant placement.
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In addition, there are several signs that alert dentists to the possibility of
osteoporosis:
Bone loss in the jaw and around teeth. This may be a sign of bone loss in
other parts of the body.
Tooth loss. Studies support the hypothesis that people with low bone
mineral density tend to lose more teeth.
Loose or ill-fitting dentures. Bone loss may become so severe that it may be
impossible to create functional dentures. Without the aid of dentures to
chew many types of food, older patients may suffer severe nutritional
deficiencies. In addition, ill-fitting dentures can lead to mouth sores and
difficulty speaking.
Gum disease. Gum disease contributes to bone loss and may provide a clue
to the diagnosis of an underlying disease such as osteoporosis .
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HYPERCALCEIMIA
Body calcium is under such close homeostatic control that
an excessive accumulation in blood or tissues from overconsumption is virtually unknown. There are a number of
conditions, however, that result from failure of the calcium
control mechanisms either generally or locally.
General failure of one or more control mechanisms results
in hypercalcaemia (high blood calcium concentrations).
Local disturbances, usually related to impaired arterial
supply and consequent tissue necrosis, result in the
deposition of calcium salts.
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HYPOCALCEMIA
Negative calcium balance can lead to hypocalcemia.
Can be due to number of fcators, like hypoparathyroidism, chronic renal
Spasm of larynx and bronchial musculature may be seen and this often
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kidneys.
Kidney stones are most common in men, with occurrence
being 50% greater than in women.
Risk factors for calcium stone formation can be divided into
urinary and pre-urinary risk factors. Urinary risk factors
include a low urine volume the most important risk factor,
excess urinary excretion of oxalate, increased urinary pH,
increased uric acid excretion, and hypercalciuria.
Hypercalciuria more than200 mg of calcium .
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TREATMENT
HYPOCALCEMIA.
HYPERCALCEMIA
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RICKETS
Rickets is a softening of the bones in
children potentially leading to fractures
and deformity.. The predominant cause is a
vitamin D deficiency, but lack of adequate
calcium in the diet may also lead to rickets.
Osteomalacia is the term used to describe
a similar condition occurring in adults,
generally due to a deficiency of vitamin D.
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Etiology
Vitamin D is required for proper calcium absorption
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CALCIUM IN DIET
Dietary calcium intake is critical maintaining the
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VITAMIN D
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FAT
Fat is known to influence calcium
Calcium (mg/day)
06 months
200
712 months
260
13 years
700
48 years
1000
918 years
1300
1950 years
1000
1000
1200
71+ years
1200
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SOURCES OF DIETARY CALCIUM MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS The calcium content of milk is fairly constant and is virtually
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to
dairy
foods,
calcium
are
well
tolerated
,are
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SUMMARY
Calcium is present in body in bones and teeth.
Its homeostasis is regulated by parathyroid
CONCLUSION
Calcium plays an essential and varied role in
the body
and is vital for health.
An increase and decrease in calcium levels of
the body can lead to severe conditions like
osteoporosis ,hypercalcemia etc.
A proper intake of calcium is required for overall
development of body and is especially essential
mineral for females, due to the different
hormonal stages at various stages of life.
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