Anda di halaman 1dari 92

65

21

39



56

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

ARABICEDITION.NATURE.COM
/ 2015 / 37

ISSN 977-2314-55003


..

Nature

.

Nature
ARABICEDITION.NATURE.COM
Follow us on:

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved


/ 2015 / 37


:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:. .
: . .
:



.


:
:
:MSC
:


:
()J.Giuliani@nature.com
:
KACST
http://www.kacst.edu.sa
:

. - 6086 : 11442


: ()a.jouhadi@nature.com
Tel: +44207 418 5626
.

]NATURE ARABIC EDITION [ONLINE


http://arabicedition.nature.com

:
naturearabic@nature.com :
Macmillan Egypt Ltd.
3 Mohamed Tawfik Diab St.,
Nasr City, 11371
Cairo, Egypt.
Email: cairo@nature.com
Tel: +20 2 2671 5398
Fax: +20 2 2271 6207

Macmillan Dubai Office


Dubai Media City
Building 8, Office 116,
P.O.Box: 502510
Dubai, UAE.
Email: dubai@nature.com
Tel: +97144332030


" " ( )5587-2314 ()NPG


( .)00785998

6 21 . .

.


" "

222

01923 . " " 03/0836-0028 :

Nature

13

Nature
3


.
13
"

"

..
"



6 8

" "




" "
150



"

.
"
20
"

110 1,800 1.2 .



2005

.

4,900


" " .

2005
"

"
.

.
27





( ) : 2012


.
.

..


. 12
2014 2.2

" " .

17

" .

.40032744 :
.
" "

( ) .2015 .


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

1 | 2015

OUTLOOK
ADDICTION

ACCESS
THE OUTLOOK

FREE ONLINE

FOR SIX MONTHS

nature.com/nature/outlook/addiction

Published in the June 25 issue of Nature and available free online


Addiction is a chronic disease that can destroy the lives of individuals and their
families. Researchers are teasing apart the complex neural, genetic and behavioural
factors that drive people to lose the ability to resist damaging substances, and are
looking for ways to treat, reverse or even prevent addictions.

Produced with support from:

If you would be interested in partnering with Nature on a similar project please contact: sponsorship@nature.com.
Browse all Nature Outlooks at nature.com/outlooks

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved


/ 2015 / 37

39



.



.

42
19

10


12

/


/
/

/
/ .. /
/

20

22

24

25

.


().

83


. 48

52

32

arabicedition.nature.com/jobs :

/
/

/ /
/


16

36


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved


/
..


/
/

54

()20151921
.

88

3 | 2015

ANNOUNCING FOR 2016

Make, Measure, Model & Manufacture


Nature Reviews Materials will be a monthly, dedicated reviews journal, which aims to provide
timely, authoritative Reviews and Perspectives that are of broad interest and of exceptional
quality across the entire spectrum of materials science and engineering.
Materials science research is a diverse and fast-growing discipline and encompasses both
fundamental and applied studies. The field has moved from an engineering focus to a position
where it has an increasing impact on the classical disciplines of physics, chemistry and biology.
Nature Reviews Materials will be the first physical science journal in the Nature Reviews
portfolio and will complement its sister research journal, Nature Materials.

Recommend the journal to your institutional librarian

Register for the e-Alert

nature.com/natrevmats
2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved


/ 2015 / 37

JUDIT R. PUNGOR

55

56


2 .

58

59

Octopus


bimaculoides







.
65


.



.
.



M Lazarou et al

H Levison et al

D Wilson et al

Z Liu et al
71



M Cargnello et al


C Ku et al

C Perez et al


65


13 2015

S Corde et al

T Flock et al


N Li et al


D Martin et al

CPT
S Ulmer et al

G2


60

62


27 2015

S Ketov et al
68


20 2015


L Zhao et al


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

T Becker et al
74


3 2015


P Bauer et al

K Zhang et al



Q Zhou et al

P Seweryn et al


A Drozdov et al
|

5 | 2015

Open
for submissions

Publishing the highest quality research on ways to


help the human body repair, replace, and regenerate
damaged tissues and organs.
npj Regenerative Medicine covers advances in the use
of cells, factors, and other biological building blocks,
along with bioengineered materials and technologies
to treat a range of traumatic injuries and degenerative
diseases.
The journal aims to provide a collaborative forum
bringing together researchers to develop effective
therapies for promoting the bodys own repair,
through discovery of the basic mechanisms behind the
regenerative process.
Submit your next manuscript and benet from:
Strong editorial values
Competitive turnaround times
Wide dissemination and high visibility
Compliance with international open access funding
mandates

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Professor Nadia Rosenthal
Director of the Australian Regenerative Medicine
Institute (ARMI), Monash University, Australia

FREQUENCY OF PUBLICATION

Continuous, new content published weekly


from late 2015

Part of the Nature Partner Journals series

In Partnership with

www.nature.com/npjregenmed
2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved


" "2.0
11 .



12 .



14 .

. ..


. ..

.
.

..

. ..


(.)A. Banerjee et al. Science http://doi.org/4p7;2015

(.)Nature 521, 269 ;2015 :



( )MVP 2004


( )go.nature.com/3eidfr :

"
(


".

"
.

" ( )GiveDirectly





. ..


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

7 | 2015




.

.





.

1900


" "

.

"" "
.

" (D. G. Rossiter et al.


)Geoderma 259260, 7180; 2015




)


.

.

...

.






. ..

| 8

| 2015

( )Hypomesus transpacificus

( .)Amir AghaKouchak et al. Nature 524, 409411; 2015 :





.. :

(go.nature.com/jpze97 :
)go.nature.com/okxrdo :

""(

46


..

.




.


..
.

2009

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved



.
.




.
. ..
. ..

" "


. ..

. ..
..
.


215


.


.


26 .
""


0.5


.
.





.
""



.

"" 23



""

"" Valeant
""




.
.




"" "
".



""


ARABICEDITION.NATURE.COM

.


:
.
go.nature.com/nqvdkp

18

"" Addyi .






%89

2008
%50 "" .

..


2014

""( - )flibanserin

" "


Even The Score

"


" Sprout Pharmaceuticals ""

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

9 | 2015

.
1987

.


)

"" Gavi
.



.

( ..

10

7.8






).


.
.


..

.




20% 4%-1

.
.


HLA-DRB1 (S. J. Dunstan et al. Nature


" .. ( )WHO
"

.)Genet. 46, 13331336; 2014


.
2008




40

""


2000

.

ARABICEDITION.NATURE.COM

go.nature.com/7bIbrc
buddha.basnyat@ndm.ox.ac.uk :

..

| 10

| 2015


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

..


" "2.0





.


.

" "" "


.
. ..

. ..
30

" "2.0



40
: .





. ..

.


""
" "2.0 .




..

" "2.0

40%-25

"
"
.


. ..



"
"

"" :

11 ( 12

)

" "2.0

""

..

" "


..

.. " "

. ..
.

.
.. 2012
2021


.2027

..
.

" "2.0 .


ARABICEDITION.NATURE.COM

.
.

go.nature.com/dOtCDl
cfmworldview@googlemail.com :


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

11 | 2 0 1 5


.
""

.



( .)Plasmodium chabaudi



AID
.


. ..

p53


.
)Cell 162, 727737 (2015







.




.

(
)
%50 .2050

GFZ





(Corythomantis greeningi
)Aparasphenodon brunoi
.
( C. greeningi )





.

.

%25 1961 2012




3,000 .


.
Nature Geosci. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/
)ngeo2513 (2015

Curr. Biol. http://doi.org/6n7


)(2015

.


20

. 120

"" thebaine


.

100



.
Science http://doi.org/6s8
)(2015

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

CARLOS JARED/BUTANTAN INST.

| 12

| 2015

EVGENY DUBINCHUK/ALAMY

MARK NEWMAN/FLPA/IMAGEBROKER/REX


.






.


.

( )REM




.


)Nature Commun. 6, 7884 (2015







4,000


VSVEBOV


.2014 15
(Macaca
)mulatta .


.

Science http://doi.org/6p9
)(2015

.



2012
""



"" irisin

.



"" .
Cell Metab. http://doi.org/6s9
)(2015




.



.








.




.
" "

" " ( .)go.nature.com/93t5ti

.


"

" (:
.)go.nature.com/zmluki
NATURE.COM

"


..:

".
www.nature.com/b6jxzu

.




.


.

.
Cell Stem Cell http://doi.
org/6p4; Cell Stem Cell http://
)doi.org/6p5 (2015


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved




--



( )
.

.





.
..








2 .
Environ. Res. Lett. 10, 085002
)(2015
|

13 | 2 0 1 5




.



()COFs


.



60

.

.


.

Science http://doi.org/6zr
)(2015



..



.


(Copula sivickisi )



.


.


CHRIS FURLONG/GETTY

..






600 .

.

.


35

.
J. Morphol. 276, 10551064
)(2015


..
.

| 14

| 2015



""


.




"
"100



.


.
Science 349, 849851; 851854
)(2015

CO2





.




2002 2014

.

%12

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

ANDERS LYDIK GARM/J. MORPHOL.


600.

600


.
)Curr. Biol. http://doi.org/66n (2015
:
go.nature.com/yjedl3

110

.

80
%5 .

.
Geophys. Res. Lett. http://doi.
)org/6x5 (2015

JACK LESTER

. -


.



4,000
30
.
Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 053505
)(2015

.


()Montipora hispida

(Sargassum
.)polycystum 4


2.7

( ).

..


(
)Acanthaster planci
.
Proc. R. Soc. B 282, 20150714
)(2015

.

.







Brn2
.


.



Brn2
.
)Cell Systems 1, 117129 (2015

..



( )ESA

"
"


" :

. " .


" "
(go.nature.

)com/9knarg


NATURE.COM



"
. :
..:

".
www.nature.com/tiq84i

:



.

6 100

.




1 10,000
1 2,500 1 .700
Nature Clim. Change http://
dx.doi.org/10.1038/
)nclimate2777 (2015

"

"

630

260
.

9
1,200


3

.



.
BMC Ecol. http://doi.org/66q
)(2015

(Pan troglodytes
)schweinfurthii

( ).


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

ARABICEDITION.NATURE.COM

go.nature.com/hntmqc

15 | 2 0 1 5

"
"


%17
(.)go.nature.com/svbild :

4 1,500

.
%38

.
1,6

.

"
"




.




2012
| 16

| 2015

PETER WARD


%35
9,5


%65



.





.

.


( )Allonautilus scrobiculatus
.




.



%30 2025
.2012



45%-40
.2025 ..:
.go.nature.com/o6uzlj

)(APA

( )APA




.

"" (

) .

156
7
.

.


.

.


"
" .

. ..




59

( 66 )

53

.

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved





.

.

LUCAS MARIE/AP

( )FDA



"" .
"
"

.

2016



.

SARA KRULWICH/NY TIMES/REDUX/EYEVINE

30



1981


BSL-4





"
" (M. Zemp et al. J.

.)Glaciol. 61, 745762; 2015


47,000





.

.






( )370

.

( )

( )777
.


( )370 .


.






.


.
10
5
0
5
10
15
20
1945

1955

1965

1975

MERS





( )MERS
1,3

.
62


25
.

492

.2012




1,6
.

) (

WORLD GLACIER MONITORING SERVICE

1985

1995

2005


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

2015



( )

.
82


.



" " Awakenings
1973



" -"


.1990
" "

.
|

17 | 2 0 1 5

LAUNCHING IN 2016
SUBMIT
NOW

FUELLING OUR FUTURE

www.nature.com/natureenergy
2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

20 .

21 .


24 .


..
22 .

NASA/JHUAPL/SWRI

New Horizons


.


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved


.
( )SwRI
: .
29

.
|

19 | 2 0 1 5

.

.1988
29


22 ( 0.022) 22


.
14

5 : .

:
.







75-50



..





| 20

| 2015







.


100





.

:
.



..

.







.


:



.

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

DANIEL BEREHULAK/NYT/REDUX/EYEVINE

.

:

.
.


%95

.


.
14
5 .


:
2014 MU69 45


12
.2019


-
-
.


.




40
.


..
.




.

CDC



. Nature :
CDC


.




3,000
.
:

.


.





.
CDC


.
7,000
(.)Nature http://doi.org/6jm; 2014 :

..


(Nature http://doi. :
)org/6jn; 2015
.

:



.



203 (-70
) 1 Nature 17
.

.


arXiv 2
.3







.
4



Nature


.



1.5

( 150 )
230


:


.

-133


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

( -140 )
164
( -109 ).








.

5


.
.
..




. ..
Nature


.
..
6 %7.5

2.5
280
.

1. Drozdov, A. P., Eremets, M. I., Troyan, I. A.,
Ksenofontov, V. & Shylin, S. I. Nature http://dx.doi.
org/10.1038/nature14964 (2015).
2. Drozdov, A. P., Eremets, M. I. & Troyan, I. A. Preprint
at http://arxiv.org/abs/1412.0460 (2014).
3. Drozdov, A. P., Eremets, M. I., Troyan, I. A.,
Ksenofontov, V. & Shylin, S. I. Preprint at http://
arxiv.org/abs/1506.08190 (2015).
4. Mazin, I. Nature http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/
nature15203 (2015).
5. Errea, I. et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 157004 (2015).
6. Ge, Y., Zhang, F. & Yao, Y. Preprint at http://arxiv.
org/abs/1507.08525 (2015).
|

21 | 2 0 1 5

Fermilab :

) :

( .

100


) : (

) : ( .

. : .

) (

) (e
- ) (
) .(
"".

1
2

JUNO

INO

DUNE

""

.
-
Hyper-Kamiokande


.
:





.

:

2020


-




-
53

""

20,000
"

"

50,000


.




.






.

.

.

| 22

| 2015


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved


"" ) (DUNE

"-" ) (Hyper-Kamiokande
:

: 800

25
"-" .Super-Kamiokande


"" JUNO
:

330 :

700 .


"" INO
:

233 :



.

.

""


%85
.
"".

2025
""


" "

.



.

"-"

40,000

1,300




) (J-Parc .



.J-Parc

295


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

23 | 2 0 1 5

.2022

2022



Cypripedium(

.)shanxiense




.






| 24

| 2015

Weibo
.
31




2022
(


) 44
40

.

4,600 .

240,000
1,000
.

28



3,000
16,000 .



.




%31


.

Nature




2013
.

.

.




.

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

FABRICE COFFRINI/AFP/GETTY




( :
).

Nature



.
:

.


SOURCE: WANG XI/SONGSHAN NATL NATURE RESERVE/IOC



.



.


.




.
:
.
-


.

.






2022
.


500


.

18



.


.




.




.



.

.



:
.


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

.
..


.




199 .



%75



%16
%7.



.

:
.
|

25 | 2 0 1 5


.
Arabidopsis thaliana
.

| 26

| 2015



biohackers

.





.
:

.

.



.
.

:

NATURE.COM

:


:
go.nature.com/crispr


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

PRESTON GANNAWAY



.
( )BioCurios
.









. :

.









().

.



.





.

. ..







. ..


.


..


.

..



.


16

.



.
:

PERRY NORDENG/LUND UNIV.

..

Nature
25

528
3 4
( )MAX IV
.


:

.
:
4

.






.


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

.
.

..



.


.

4

22


4
( )LHC
( )CERN


.


.

()SLAC
:


.

4



.


-
-

21 2016

.



.
4
1.5


.

4.5
( 530 )
.

..

.
|

27 | 2 0 1 5



.

| 28

| 2015

2013


.


..
.




...


()RAND

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved



.

.





. 2013


.






.



.2016


:

100
.



.



.
..

.


..

OLIVIER DOULIERY/ABACA/PRESS ASSOCIATION

.
85 .


175 .1





.



.


( )
.2


.


.3,4


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

.

%9


. ..
.



.

2008
%8


)
.5


.6






.



.







. ..
1,300
1977

%50

7
.8
1,000





.9

|

29 | 2 0 1 5

1976

1996

.215

2012


21
.2015




. ..
.


.


50,000
18 20

.10


( %1.4


%0.6 ) .


. ..
.


%44

| 30

| 2015

50

)(%

- -

.

SOURCE: PEW RESEARCH CENTER

40

30

20

10

0
1969

1975

1980

1985

1990

. ..
%70
. :

.
85

( .)THC

.



NIDA
11 % 32
1985 1995 %4.9
.2010

.
%4
%12 2013

.


.

.


.

( : ) .

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015





.12


( )CDPHE
.

.


%17





.13
.




.



.
8
:
(
)

.

:

.

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved


SOURCES: SCOPUS; REF. 11



.


( : ) .

.


.


( )

.1976


.




.

%7

()%5

()%5

(.)%15




"" .Scopus

20

)(


.


.
:
.
.


15

10

0
2014 2005 1996 1987 1978 1969 1960
) (THC

.

)(%

.

.


.





. 2014


.



.


.

27


.



12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2013 2009 2005 2001 1997 1993 1989 1985



.
.

.
.


.




.

..

% 80-75
( .
2013
).


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved


. ..


. :

.

.. .

:

.

.





.



.
Nature .

1. Kilmer, B. et al. Before the Grand Opening: Measuring


Washington States Marijuana Market in the Last Year
Before Legalized Commercial Sales (RAND Corp.,
2013); available at go.nature.com/ibu8vl
& 2. Volkow, N. D., Baler, R. D., Compton, W. M.
Weiss, S. R. B. N. Engl. J. Med. 370, 22192227 (2014).
3. Hall, W. Addiction 110, 1935 (2014).
& 4. Ramaekers, J. G., Berghaus, G., van Laar, M.
Drummer, O. H. Drug Alcohol Depend. 73, 109119
(2004).
5. Aldington, S. et al. Eur. Respir. J. 31, 280286 (2008).
6. Hashibe, M. et al. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.
15, 18291834 (2006).
7. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J. & Ridder, E. M.
Addiction 100, 354366 (2005).
8. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J. & Beautrais, A. L.
Addiction 98, 16811692 (2003).
9. Meier, M. H. et al. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109,
E2657E2664 (2012).
10. Zammit, S., Allebeck, P., Andreasson, S., Lundberg, I.
& Lewis, G. Br. Med. J. 325, 1199 (2002).
11.Office of National Drug Control Policy National
Drug Control Strategy: Data Supplement 2014
(White House, 2014); available at go.nature.com/
mm8qyk
12. Di Forti, M. et al. Lancet Psychiatry 2, 233238 (2015).
13. Vandrey, R. et al. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 313, 2491
2493 (2015).
|

31 | 2 0 1 5

| 32

| 2015

.

:
.
( : ).
..

-
.
:
.
.
.


.


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

ESTHER HAVENS/SABIN VACCINE INSTITUTE



70
.



.



.

( )RCTs


.

.
.
2010



.1


.
2010

. :

.

.


.
.. .
. 16



.




..

. .


( )USAID :
:





1997
.

- :

.




.


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

33 | 2 0 1 5

( )PROGRESA .
%60 .

%18

%23
.



.


:

.



.

1994

.


.
: .


.
.

1995 100 .
2 -

.

.


- .
1999 61,000
.


.



.




. :


.
3


2004 1993

.

.
.

. :

..
.
. 2002
-

- .

( )J-PAL

..
.
J-PAL
600 62
6600 .


. :
.





.2010

DIV
.


.

100



:

.
40
. :

1,000
2008
4

%50

.
( % 33-25
.

:


- -
(:


.)Nature 523, 516518; 2015



2014 200
5


.


1,800
110

. :
.

.



.

2005

- 20 2003 193 2014


%15

23
18 .

. :
500,000
.


. 3,000
2005


.

) ..
(
.

| 34

| 2015


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved


D. B. CAMERON, A. MISHRA AND A. N. BROWN J. DEV. EFF. HTTP://DOI.ORG/6N8 (2015).

200
100

400

300
200
100
0
400

300
200
100
0
400

464

.



2005 4
.6 :



.

.


. :


.

(
)

.

: .
.

..
.


.:


.
.

2009
500 .



.


300





- -
..




.


.



.


400

(.)Nature 523, 146148; 2015 :


( ) ..



.
.




.


.5

300
200
100
0
2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

.

%80


. .
:


.
Nature.
Bannerjee, A. V., Duflo, E., Glennerster, R. & Kothari, D. Br. Med. J. 340, c2220 (2010).
Glewwe, P., Kremer, M. & Moulin, S. Am. Econ. J. Appl. Econ. 1, 112135 (2009).
Chattopadhyay, R. & Duflo, E. Econometrica 72, 14091443 (2004).
Habyarimana, J. & Jack, W. Heckle and Chide: Results of a Randomized Road
Safety Intervention in Kenya (Center for Global Development, 2009); available at
go.nature.com/lyewbv
5. Legovini, A., Di Maro, V. & Piza, C. Impact Evaluation Helps Deliver Development
Projects (World Bank Group, 2015); available at go.nature.com/tv3hqo
6. Chen, S., Mu, R. & Ravallion, M. J. Publ. Econ. 93, 512528 (2009).


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

1.
2.
3.
4.

35 | 2 0 1 5

| 36

| 2015


.

. 32



Odocoileus virginianus


.

Ixodes scapularis









.



%50

.. 1
.

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

AFLO/NATUREPL.COM



.



.




.

.


Borrelia burgdorferi


.



B.burgdorferi
329


CDC
.
-

.CDC




1992
.
.




%40 .
1 20

16




.
.

2015


. :



Rhipicephalus .

.

.

. :

.
.

ROBIN MOORE/CARY INST.



.





%50
%3.5

.2
B.
burgdorferi

.

%1
.

.





A
B. burgdorferi
( )OspA
.

.OspA


.
B. burgdorferi
.

3
2014
%28
5

OspA



( )

.%75


US Biologic

.



.
:
:
.


.
.
.



.





.

.

.

LYMErix

SmithKline Beecham
(

)GlaxoSmithKline

1998

Borrelia
%76 4




15 70
.

.
..
.2002 .
.



Baxter Innovations .
OspA


.
OspA .. Borrelia

.
..
2014 Pfizer


Great Plains


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

37 | 2 0 1 5

100,000

Borrelia burgdorferi
Borrelia



) (Ixodes scapularis
Ixodes

100,00010,000

I. scapularis

)
(


Ixodes

)
(


)(Dermacentor variabilis

10,000-1,000

D. variabilis


) : (


Ixodes


Borrelia miyamotoi
Borrelia


Ornithodoros
Ixodes


Amblyomma americanum
Ixodes

1,000-100

| 38

| 2015

A. americanum


Dermacentor
Amblyomma

Biotechnology

.



.

OspA


OspA
B. burgdorferi
.

OspC
B. burgdorferi .

OspC

.

:


.



. :



10 15


.

O. hermsi





(:
).




.


.


.


100

.

.
.


.

( ANTIDotE

) .

. 6
2011


.
& 1. Wilson, M. L., Telford, S. R. III, Piesman, J.
Spielman, A. J. Med. Entomol. 25, 224228 (1988).
2. Keesing, F. et al. Proc. R. Soc. B 276, 39113919
(2009).
3. Richer, L. M. et al. J. Infect. Dis. 209, 19721980
(2014).
4. Steere, A. C. et al. N. Engl. J. Med. 339, 209215
(1998).
5. Wressnigg, N. et al. Lancet Infect. Dis. 13, 680689
(2013).
6. Schuijt, T. J. et al. PLoS ONE 6, e15926 (2011).


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

NIK SPENCER/NATURE






.


.B. burgdorferi


.






.

. :



: ..
. ..


.






..

.2014


.
.
.




42 .



48 .


50 .

..

54 .

JIANG KEHONG/XINHUA PRESS/CORBIS



68


1

.

%75

%40 .

.
150

( :


) .
.


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved



.


.
100120

.
|

39 | 2 0 1 5





.
5090

%20


%40


%20 %50

%15 .%40

.

..

100 .

..
.




..




6066

14
.

45

( )

.2
100


.







.




. ..




3.5 .





:



%2 %3

.
.

)(%5020

| 40

| 2015

)(%4015

)(%4020



.



.


. ..


6 :




.



.4




%40


..

200


10
.3


.


.
.



. ..

..

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved


BERT FOLSOM/ALAMY


..


5,6
50-30



.
8-6

..

.

..

.
..




( .


).

9


.



5
10 .



.10

.


.

..


.



.


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved


.

ning.yan@nus.edu.sg :


1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations. The State of World Fisheries and
Aquaculture (FAO, 2014).
2. Kim, S. K. Chitin, Chitosan, Oligosaccharides
and Their Derivatives: Biological Activities and
Applications (CRD Press, 2011).
3. Grand View Research. Amines Market Analysis By
Product (Ethanolamines, Alkylamines, Fatty Amines),
By Application (Crop Protection, Surfactants, Water
Treatment, Personal Care) And Segment Forecasts
To 2020 (Grand View Research, 2014); available
at go.nature.com/ofjys4
4. Chen, X. & Yan, N. Catal. Surv. Asia 18, 164176
(2014).
5. Cira, L. A., Huerta, S., Hall, G. M. & Shirai, K.
Process Biochem. 37, 13591366 (2002).
6. Beaney, P., Lizardi-Mendoza, J. & Healy, M.
J.Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 80, 145150 (2005).
7. Zhang, H. et al. Carbohydr. Res. 362, 1320 (2012).
8. Liu, P. et al. Biochem. Eng. J. 91, 1015 (2014).
9. Bobbink, F. D. et al. Green Chem. 17, 10241031
(2015).
10. Ragauskas, A. J. et al. Science 311, 484489
(2006).
|

41 | 2 0 1 5


VINCENT LAFORET/NYT/REDUX/EYEVINE

110

1,800 1.2 .1

2005


4,900




3
.
| 42

| 2015

2005



.



.


2012



50

50



.
2012 .


100



2012 ( 2031


.)2

.3
5.3 18

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

60
.





.



.

%40



.




.

50

%38

2.5


100





4

.

10

2010
.


267

. 2100
459 ( .)5
60

15 :

( :


).

..

( :

.)go.nature.com/3mxhlj

...



35

%69


.6%14


2.4


2050


50 .


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

%40


.



6
.








.





7,8
.
.

43 | 2 0 1 5


DESHAKALYAN CHOWDHURY/AFP/GETTY

.


750

2,200

2


.9



.2

.6

2012

| 44

| 2015

:

.





. ..



8.5

.8


.
13.4

60



COP21


.




.

:

:
.
ebarbier@uwyo.edu :

1. Knabb, R. D., Rhome J. R. & Brown, D. P. Tropical
Cyclone Report: Hurricane Katrina (US National
Hurricane Center, 2005).
2. Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority
of Louisiana. Louisianas Comprehensive Master
Plan for a Sustainable Coast (Office of Coastal
Protection and Restoration, 2012).
3. Gulf Coast Ecosystem Recovery Task Force. Gulf
of Mexico Regional Ecosystem Restoration Strategy
(Gulf Coast Ecosystem Recovery Task Force,
2011).
4. Woodruff, J. D., Irish, J. L. & Carnargo, S. J. Nature
504, 4452 (2012).
5. Center for International Earth Science
Information Network. Low Elevation Coastal Zone
(LECZ) Urban-Rural Population and Land Area
Estimates, Version 2 (NASA Socioeconomic Data
and Applications Center, 2013); available at
http://dx.doi.org/10.7927/h4mw2f2j
6. Dasgupta, S. et al. Vulnerability of Bangladesh to
Cyclones in Changing Climate: Potential Damages
and Adaptation Cost (World Bank, 2010).
7. DasGupta, R. and Shaw, R. 2013. Ocean Coast.
Mgmt 80, 107118 (2013).
8. Rawlani, A. K. & Sovacool, B. K. Mitig. Adapt. Strat.
Glob. Change 16, 845863 (2011).
9. Cinner, J. E. et al. Glob. Environ. Change 22,
1220 (2012).


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved







.
DAMON WINTER/NYT/REDUX/EYEVINE

2012


1
.

..


2014 2.2
( .)2 12

()go.nature.com/vrgp1e :
.3


.

17


2
.


. 1950

.
4


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved



4
.



.

.




|

45 | 2 0 1 5

| 46

| 2015


2013-2012

.

.




.
2014

.



.


.

.

.



9
. ..


.





.8




.



.


.

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

PETE MCBRIDE/NATL GEOGRAPHIC CREATIVE


.5

.

-1976

1977 1992-1988 2009-2007





.

.


2,000
1,400 .


7
.

8




.6,8

. : .
: 12

RIGHT: LUCY NICHOLSON/REUTERS, LEFT: DAVID PAUL MORRIS/BLOOMBERG/GETTY

..


.

..

1997 2009



.10 .




.





.

.



( )




.

.


.


.
(
) .


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved



.
amir.a@uci.edu :

1. Shukla, S., Safeeq, M., AghaKouchak, A., Guan,K.
& Funk, C. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 43844393
(2015).
2. Howitt, R. E., Medellin-Azuara, J., MacEwan, D.,
Lund, J. R. & Sumner, D. A. Economic Analysis
of the 2014 Drought for California Agriculture
(University of California, Davis, 2014).
3. Adams, H. D. et al. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106,
70637066 (2009).
& 4. Herring, S. C., Hoerling, M. P., Peterson, T. C.
Stott, P. A. (eds) Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 95, S1
S96 (2014).
5. Lund, J. R. & Medellin-Azuara, J. in Proc. World
Environmental and Water Resources Congr.
20732080 (American Society of Civil Engineers,
2015).
& 6. Power, M. E., Bouma-Gregson, K., Higgins, P.
Carlson, S. M. Copeia 103, 200211 (2015).
7. Hwan, J. L. & Carlson, S. M. River Res. Applic.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.2907 (2015).
8. Barnett, T. P. et al. Science 319, 10801083 (2008).
9. Diaz, H. F. & Wahl, E. R. J. Climate 28, 46374652
(2015).
10. AghaKouchak, A. et al. Science 343, 14301431
(2014).
|

47 | 2 0 1 5

. 1981



.
1939

.
-

.
-
.



| 48

| 2015

.
.. -


6
.

20








..
.

.

.


.

1973



2015

.

.
gibson@hep.phy.cam.ac.uk :

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

EMILIO SEGRE VISUAL ARCHIVES/AIP/SPL

(

) .

.
1981



.

.
..


(M. K. Gaillard et al. Rev. Modern Phys.


.)47, 277310; 1975

76

.

1980



%3

. ..


1994
2016
..


. ..


:
!.

SCIENCE GALLERY AT TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN

NSA 2013

Your



Voice Is You
.





23

. ..

Nature
486,
(:
2012

Crowd-Sourced Intelligence
)470; 2012

.
Agency
100


26,000

Empty
Your
Pockets


.


.

. .


.

.
..




Spy


Puzzle Caf
ScareMail

..



NSA :

..

.




.



AdNauseum


:
.
.


.


:
.

.
.
.


1.
anthonyjking@gmail.com :

49 | 2 0 1 5

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

facebook google

twitter

Stay up-to-date with


articles in English and
Arabic, including:
Research highlights
News and features
Commentaries

Interactive blog
Job vacancies
Local events

nature.com/nmiddleeast

Sponsored by



( )ASD

.

( )

..
.




2001


( )Wired
.

( )NeuroTribes

( )DSM-5

2013





.

2014

| 50

| 2015

.

68



.



.

autismus :

autos )

) (2015
.


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

ABK/BSIP/SPL


DSM-5


.

1943



( .)Nerv. Child 2, 217250; 1943

) 1965




1998
)
(





.
..

(
5,000

)1975

DSM-III - 1987




1944

.



:
.




( Rain Man )1988



.



.


.


:

( )

.

.
..

..
DSM-III




.Big Pharma



.
drchrisgunter@gmail.com :

) (2015


( )1859-1769


.



4,000

.

.Cosmos

:

) (2015

.


.


.


.
:
) (2015

(Bleak

)House 1853

.
.

:

: ) (2015

.

.



All the Memories of the World
1956 Citizen Kane .1941
:

) (2015


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

51 | 2 0 1 5




(STEM Nature 523, 272274 :
.)and 282284; 2015



(S. Cotner et al. J. Coll. Sci. Teach.
)42, 8288; 2013



.

.
..


.






.


.
holbrook@rowan.edu





(STEM Nature 523, 272274 :
.)and 282284; 2015






1972
.




| 52

| 2015



.


.

..


.

.

.
frkhan@ruc.dk




(L. S. Brown and W. F. Lankford :
.)Nature 521, 284285; 2015


CASEP






.




(.)go.nature.com/oqff6a :
..
77
2014
CASEP

.


(O. Masera et
;al. Energy Sustain. Dev. 11, 4556
.)2007




. ..



.
.



.
gordon.bauer@gmail.com




STEM )Nature 523, 272
)274 and 282284; 2015



.


BEME (www.bemecollaboration.
)org ASPIRE (www.
)aspire-toexcellence.org

.
32



(S. A. Azer Acad. Med. 90,
.)11471161; 2015


(R. M. Harden and :


;D. Wilkinson Med. Teach. 33, 9596
.)2011

.
..



.
.

.
.
.
t.e.roberts@leeds.ac.uk







(Nature :
.)523, 272274; 2015




.

iCons
(:
)www.cns.umass.edu/icons-program
STEM



. ..





.



.


.
auerbach@chem.umass.edu




(.)go.nature.com/tmrpih :

.



1,400

()http://amti.csis.org/island-tracker









2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

.




.







(go.nature. :
.)com/wdzf9k


(J. W. McManus et al.
;Ocean Dev. Int. Law 41, 270280
.)2010
. .
.
dr.elizabeth.madin@gmail.com


()Nature 523, 337341; 2015


(G. Schwalbe Z.
)Med. Wiss. 7, 465467; 1869
(J. B.
Brierley and E. J. Field J. Anat. 82,
)153166; 1948



.







.



(M. Fldi et al. Angiologica
.)5, 250262; 1968





.

.
mezeye@nidcr.nih.gov





(Nature 523, :
.)396397; 2015

1.3
(M. M. Rutten :
.)Agric. Food Secur. 2, 13; 2013

%40
(:
.)go.nature.com/um7vga
..


%10 2020
( 2012-2011go.nature.com/ :
.)rfupkz

.
don.gunasekera@vu.edu.au

(C. E. :
Leiserson and C. McVinney Nature
.)523, 279281; 2015





(go.nature. :
.)com/enhijn




( )LifeTrain
(M. Hardman et al. Nature Rev. :
.)Drug Disc. 12, 407408; 2013




.

.



.

www. :
.lifetrain.eu

-
( )EMBL
.
cath@ebi.ac.uk




A. K. :
(SDGs
;Skidmore et al. Nature 523, 403405
.)2015


.
..



40


.






(
R. Bosch et al. Nature :
.)523, 526527; 2015





(J. Liu et al. :
.)Science http://doi.org/627; 2015


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

.





..
.

UFZ
.


.
ralf.seppelt@ufz.de



300

.





(
A. Meyer and J. A. Huete- :
.)Prez Nature 506, 287289; 2014

ERM

ERM




.

-


.


(T. B.
Thorson Fisheries 7, 210; 1982; and
;M. T. McDavitt Shark News 14, 5
.)2002






.
*

.
jmccrary2@yahoo.com
(
*
go.nature.com/ :
.)nu2cjj
|

53 | 2 0 1 5


)(20151921
.

| 54

| 2015

(Y. Nambu Prog. Theor. Phys. 5,



)614633; 1950

(Y. Nambu et al. Prog.

.)Theor. Phys. 6, 615619; 1951




.

1952

. ..



.1954

.
mturner@kicp.uchicago.edu :

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

UNIV. CHICAGO LIBRARY, SPECIAL COLLECTIONS


RESEARCH CENTER/CHICAGO MAROON

2008


.

1921


1949
-


1965


1942



1945
.

.


.1952




.
1950

1961


.

2012





.
1964



20


-
.1965

: ..

30

:
.






..




200


.
.



58 .


G2
60 .



62 .


.
.
MARCEL REJMNEK

| 1 . Hypericum
canariense L.
( ) .
( ) . 5




3
: 2
4
( )
( )
5

.

.

843


H. canariense .

).
( 481
362



.
13,168
- %3.9

- .


.



( )5,958 (.)4,140



2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

%51.3

.%2.1


. ..
""
.



(.)1-

55 | 2 0 1 5


(
)

.
:


. ..

. :7
"

"

.
..




.

..



. ..
:



8

9
.
..
( 10

) .

11
| 56

| 2015



12
.

95616

.
mrejmanek@ucdavis.edu :
11. Fridley, J. D. & Sax, D. F. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 23,
11571166 (2014).
12. Gallien, L., Mnkemller, T., Albert, C. H., Boulangeat,
I. & Thuiller, W. Divers. Distrib. 16, 331342 (2010).

1. Richardson, D. M. et al. Divers. Distrib. 6, 93107


(2000).
2. Case, T. J. Biol. Conserv. 78, 6996 (1996).
3. Spear, D. & Chown, S. L. J. Zool. 279, 117 (2009).
& 4. Essl, F., Dullinger, S., Moser, D., Steinbauer, K.
Mang, T. Ecography 38, 488498 (2015).
5. van Kleunen, M. et al. Nature 525, 100103 (2015).
6. Stohlgren, T. J. et al. Biol. Invasions 13, 19311944
(2011).
7. Darwin, C. On the Origin of Species (John Murray, 1859).
8. Hulme, P. E. J. Appl. Ecol. 49, 1019 (2012).
9. Rejmnek, M. & Randall, J. M. Divers. Distrib. 10,
367369 (2004).
10. Seabloom, E. W. et al. Global Change Biol. 19,
36773687 (2013).




2


.



.



400
.


%25

.1

.




..

.2
3 ""
2D22


.






.



:




4

30



56



37


( 1-) .



.
2D22

.)DENV2( 2
DENV2 (

) .

()
( 7


"") .

2D22
DENV2
.




.8





2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved


(


9
) .

2D22
Fc

.
..
2D22
DENV2

DENV
.


( 1-) .


.10,11 ..
EDE

"
"


.DENV2


DENV2


37 2D22
180 . ..

NGC

4

37

2D22 .





37 .
2D22 NGC
37 120


12
.

.


13 .
:



14,15

DENV2


4 .

DENV2


37 .

| 1
.

)DENV2( 2
. 4


30 (



)

37

. ()
3 .2D22
2D22 (

) (

) . .
PDB 4CCT :.3ZKO
.UCSF Chimera

.EDE10,11





.
..



EDE





10,11
.



2D22

.

.


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved





20892
.
piersontc@mail.nih.gov :
1. Bhatt, S. et al. Nature 496, 504507 (2013).
2. Murphy, B. R. & Whitehead S. S. Annu. Rev.
Immunol. 29, 587619 (2011).
3. Fibriansah, G. et al. Science 349, 8891 (2015).
4. Kuhn, R. J. et al. Cell 108, 717725 (2002).
5. Fibriansah, G. et al. J. Virol. 87, 75857592
(2013).
6. Zhang, X. et al. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110,
67956799 (2013).
7. de Alwis, R. et al. Proc. Natl Acad Sci. USA 109,
74397444 (2012).
8. Burke, D. S., Nisalak, A., Johnson, D. E. & Scott, R. M.
Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 38, 172180 (1988).
9. Halstead, S. B. Adv. Virus Res. 60, 421467
(2003).
10. Dejnirattisai, W. et al. Nature Immunol. 16, 170177
(2015).
11. Rouvinski, A. et al. Nature 520, 109113 (2015).
12. Dowd, K. A. & Pierson, T. C. Virology 411, 306315
(2011).
13. Kuhn, R. J., Dowd, K. A., Post, C. B. & Pierson, T. C.
Virology 479480, 508517 (2015).
14. Teoh, E. P. et al. Sci. Transl. Med. 4, 139ra83 (2012).
15. Kaufmann, B. et al. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107,
1895018955 (2010).
|

57 | 2 0 1 5

.
| 1

. ""
1
.
CdSe



.
1


CdSe PbSe
-

.


.




.

..


4
.

.

2


.


| 58

| 2015


.CdSe
(
)


.CdSe

.3
( CdSe )PbSe

( )
.



(
).





( -1) .




.

)

(

( 1-) .


.


.

( 4,5 1-) .







.


.


.


.6




. ..


.
.
.






9-7 10

.
PbSe 106

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

%16.5

. ..



.


3584
CC.
d.vanmaekelbergh@uu.nl :

1. Cargnello, M. et al. Nature 524, 450453 (2015).


2. Murray, C. B., Kagan, C. R. & Bawendi, M. G. Science
270, 13351338 (1995).
3. Vanmaekelbergh, D. Nano Today 6, 419437 (2011).
4. Shevchenko, E. V., Talapin, D. V., Kotov, N. A.,
OBrien, S. & Murray, C. B. Nature 439, 5559 (2006).
5. Kiely, C. J., Fink, J., Brust, M., Bethell, D. & Schiffrin, D. J.
Nature 396, 444446 (1998).
6. Evers, W. H. et al. Nano Lett. 10, 42354241 (2010).
7. Schliehe, C. et al. Science 329, 550553 (2010).
8. Boneschanscher, M. P. et al. Science 344, 1377
1380 (2014).
9. Zolotavin, P. & Guyot-Sionnest, P. ACS Nano 6,
80948104 (2012).
10. Talapin, D. V. MRS Bull. 37, 6371 (2012).





.

.





30

. ..
2
.



.3

Np

NH

" "
| 1 . 4
() ( )p() ( )H
B
( )p
( .)e
(
) . ( Np )NH-


( )N Np )NH-

69 .

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved


. ..
4
.

( )

(

).


" "

( .)1-

1015.


( )
.






6,500


35
.

69 .

5



.


. ..





.
()



. ..

)P(6 ()
.



" - "
.. " " (.)T
( - )C
C P


" "CP


.
7


.CP ..
CP
|

59 | 2 0 1 5

| 60

| 2015

.

9447AA .
k.h.k.j.jungmann@rug.nl :

12. Blaum, K., Mller, H. & Severijns, N. (eds) Ann. Phys.
(Leipz.) 525, A127A143, 539737 (2013).
13. Johansson, T., Froehlich, P. & Jonsell, S. (eds) Proc.
LEAP 2013 Hyperfine Interact. 228, 1165 (2014).

G2

2014

2014

2012

2010
2006

| 1 " ".

G2

" " -
(


G2
) .

2006 2014

(

) . " "
2014

(


G2 ).

()SMBH

3.6 . 2012
1 ""G2


200

( .)1





.

. .. 2
" " Astrophysical

Journal




.




( )2
.



3

.

" " Sagittarius


*( A .)4
G2

.5




.2014 2013

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

ESO/A. ECKART

. ..

C P T " "CPT

.




.
( )
.CPT 8,9


.10


.
CPT
.




.CPT


720

.
CPT ( )



).
(



..

.11 ..

870 .
-


-
.




.
CPT 12 CP
CP
.T ..

T





.

CPT CP



. ..



3 13

1. Olive, K. A. et al. Chinese Phys. C 38, 090001 (2014).


2. Dolgov, A. D. Frascati Phys. Ser. XXXVI, 507516
(2004).
)3. Willmann, L. & Jungmann, K. Ann. Phys. (Leipz.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.201500008 (2015).
4. Ulmer, S. et al. Nature 524, 196199 (2015).
5. Gabrielse, G. et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 31983201
(1999).
6. Wu, C. S., Ambler, E., Hayward, R. W., Hoppes, D. D.
& Hudson, R. P. Phys. Rev. 105, 14131415 (1957).
7. Sakharov, A. D. JETP Lett. 5, 2427 (1967).
8. Schwinger, J. Phys. Rev. 82, 914927 (1951).
9. Lders, G. Ann. Phys. 2, 115 (1957).
& 10. Bertolami, O., Colladay, D., Kosteleck, V. A.
Potting, R. Phys. Lett. B 395, 178183 (1997).
11. Hughes, R. J. & Holzscheiter, M. H. Phys. Rev. Lett.
66, 854857 (1991).


A. ECKART ET AL. PERS. COMM.



..
" "


13

.





.14


107
| 2


.
.



" " . 2

G2



" ".

()


" "

.


.
2014

" "




.

G2




G2 8,7


.

.


. G2

10,9


30

.

5
400
600 .
G2



.11,10,7

12


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

.
6
.. G2



.




10

100


G2

.
G2





15



.


80389

.
john.bally@colorado.edu :

1. Gillessen, S. et al. Nature 481, 5154 (2012).
2. Mapelli, M. & Ripamonti, E. Astrophys. J. 806, 197
(2015).
3. Lu, J. R. et al. Astrophys. J. 764, 155 (2013).
4. Liu, H. B. et al. Astrophys. J. 756, 195 (2012).
5. Morris, M. Nature 481, 3233 (2012).
6. Schartmann, M. et al. Astrophys. J. 755, 155
(2012).
7. Scoville, N. & Burkert, A. Astrophys. J. 768, 108
(2013).
8. Ballone, A. et al. Astrophys. J. 776, 13 (2013).
9. Zajacek, M., Eckart, A., Peissker, F., Karssen,
G. D. & Karas, V. Preprint at http://arxiv.org/
abs/1507.00237 (2015).
10. Valencia-S., M. et al. Astrophys. J. 800, 125
(2015).
11. Murray-Clay, R. A. & Loeb, A. Nature Commun. 3,
1049 (2012).
12. Eckart, A. et al. Astron. Astrophys. 551, A18 (2013).
13. Bally, J., ODell, C. R. & McCaughrean, M. J. Astron. J.
119, 2919 (2000).
14. Wang, L., Kouwenhoven, M. B. N., Zheng, X., Church,
R. P. & Davies, M. B. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 449,
3543 (2015).
15. Yusef-Zadeh, F. et al. Astrophys. J. 801, L26 (2015).
|

61 | 2 0 1 5









..
" "
..
"


"






.

4 Nature 1965

.

.




.

.




.







.
2 Nature 1915
| 62

| 2015

.

.

.

1


.


. 2


. "
"
.





.



.
..
.







.
.



1,3-5
.3,1
..


.



6

" ."Wnt7,8

Wnt


.

Wnt

| 1 . Wnt

2
Wnt .


Wnt
( ) .
.

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved


%40
( .)1- :


..




.9,10

.11

Wnt


.


. ..

.

:
Wnt

.12



9,10

Wnt


.




.



Wnt



.


.1,3







.

Tbx3
13


.

.14..


.





.



19104
.
zaret@mail.med.upenn.edu :

1. Miyajima, A., Tanaka, M. & Itoh, T. Cell Stem Cell 14,


561574 (2014).
2. Wang, B., Zhao, L., Fish, M., Logan, C. Y. & Nusse, R.
Nature 524, 180185 (2015).
3. Malato, Y. J. Clin. Invest. 121, 48504860
(2011).
4. Tarlow, B. D. et al. Cell Stem Cell 15, 605618
(2014).
5. Yanger, K. et al. Cell Stem Cell 15, 340349
(2014).
6. Magami, Y. et al. Liver 22, 419425 (2002).
7. Benhamouche, S. et al. Dev. Cell 10, 759770
(2006).
8. Yang, J. et al. Hepatology 60, 964976
(2014).
9. Rompolas, P., Mesa, K. R. & Greco, V. Nature 502,
513518 (2013).
10. Sheng, X. R., Brawley, C. M. & Matunis, E. L. Cell
Stem Cell 5, 191203 (2009).
11. Duncan, A. W. et al. Nature 467, 707710
(2010).
12. Huch, M. et al. Nature 494, 247250 (2013).
13. Suzuki, A., Sekiya, S., Bscher, D., Izpisa Belmonte,
J. C. & Taniguchi, H. Development 135, 15891595
(2008).
14. Matsumoto, K., Yoshitomi, H., Rossant, J. & Zaret, K. S.
Science 294, 559563 (2001).


" "PglK ""



.
.




.
( )LLO



""

1
.
"" .

.2
" "N-glycoproteins

" "

.periplasm -


:


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved




"" .flippases

)ATP(4,5

.6 ..
""PglK
7

PglK

PgIK


" "tLLO


PglK

.


PglK

.ABC
..
|

63 | 2 0 1 5

)(

LLO

)(

2 ADP

ADP

2 ATP

2 ATP

2 ADP

ATP

| 1
.PglK PglK

( )LLO

. 1

(ATP
PglK
) ( )ADP


.


PglK
PglK.
PglK


"
( .")ADP

" "V
ABC.
8

. ..



.

PglK


.

" "V




ABC
.


()

PglK

.




.





.
PglK
""
.

.)1
(




| 64

| 2015

() .

PglK
.
""V
. PglK
.
PglK
.


.


" "V
.

PglK

9 " "MsbA


.



PglK
. ..




.

.
PglK


.
..
PglK
.


.
:




PglK


PglK .

PglK
.

PglK

. ..
9
MsbA
A

.10



.5

PglK

11
.
.

10065
.
akm2003@med.cornell.edu :

1. Perez, C. et al. Nature 524, 433438 (2015).
2. Larkin, A. & Imperiali, B. Biochemistry 50,
44114426 (2011).
3. Kern, N. R. et al. Biophys. J. 107, 18851895 (2014).
4. Schenk, B., Fernandez, F. & Waechter, C. J.
Glycobiology 11, 61R70R (2001).
5. Sanyal, S. & Menon, A. K. ACS Chem. Biol. 4,
895909 (2009).
& 6. Frank, C. G., Sanyal, S., Rush, J. S., Waechter, C. J.
Menon, A. K. Nature 454, E3E4 (2008).
7. Alaimo, C. et al. EMBO J. 25, 967976 (2006).
8. ter Beek, J., Guskov, A., & Slotboom, D. J. J. Gen.
Physiol. 143, 419435 (2014).
9. Ward, A., Reyes, C. L., Yu, J., Roth, C. B. & Chang, G.
Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 1900519010 (2007).
10. Doerrler, W. T., Gibbons, H. S. & Raetz, C. R.
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 4510245109 (2004).
11. Zhou, G.-P. & Troy, F. A. 2nd. Glycobiology 13, 5171
(2003).


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved


S Pfender et al
doi:10.1038/nature14568
T H E I N T E R N AT I O N A L W E E K LY J O U R N A L O F S C I E N C E


MCM
Invertebrate origins meet vertebrate-like
complexity in the octopus genome PAGE 220

WITHIN ARMS REACH


NATURE.COM/NATURE
13 August 2015 10
Vol. 524, No. 7564

CAREERS

THE RUSH
TO BIOLOGICS

Investment in biopharma a
boost for young researchers
PAGE 257

SUSTAINABILITY

TOO GOOD
TO WASTE

Mining shellfish waste


for chemical riches
PAGE 155

SOCIAL POLICY

A CHANCE
TO SUCCEED

Randomistas put antipoverty interventions on trial


PAGE 150

13 2015

13
" "Nature.

.








.




800






.

2,000



.
Live imaging RNAi screen
reveals genes essential for
meiosis in mammalian oocytes






( )MCM

G1 .

S .



.
Structure of the eukaryotic
MCM complex at 3.8
N Li et al
doi:10.1038/nature14685


egfl7



siRNA
( )



.

egfl7


egfl7
.




(
)Egfl7

.
""
.
Genetic compensation
induced by deleterious
mutations but not gene
knockdowns
A Rossi et al
doi:10.1038/nature14580









Octopus bimaculoides



2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved




( )protocadherins



.C2H2
The octopus genomeand the
evolution of cephalopod neural
and morphological novelties
C Albertin et al
doi:10.1038/nature14668
|

.

Octopus
bimaculoides

: (
)

(
)

( )OL
( )Supra

( )PSG

( )ANC


15
( )St15 .

65 | 2 0 1 5




() stearoyl-CoA
SCD


stearoyl-CoA




.
SCD



SCD1
| 66

| 2015

!%$

!#$

-10
!
"'

74

-15
!
'$



37,000 42,000 .
% 9-6

3%-1


.




4 6
.










.
An early modern human
from Romania with a recent
Neanderthal ancestor
Q Fu et al
doi:10.1038/nature14558

! "#

! "!

-20
!"&

)(
"""2000$
4000#"""6000

"""%

-65
%$
!%$

.
X-ray structure of a mammalian
stearoyl-CoA desaturase
Y Bai et al
doi:10.1038/nature14549

!""" -6000
#""" -4000
$""" -2000
"""%
"0
-8000
&'()*+,-.
-75
-70
!#$
! "#
#$

!-80
"!


""

The role of ridges in the formation and longevity of flat slabs


S Antonijevic et al
doi:10.1038/nature14648
|
.
: PULSE



CAUGHT
PERUSE
NNA .
.


.
.
12-10

.
SCD1


stearoyl-CoA 2.6


.

.



HSP100
.



(
)


J- A B

.HSP70

.
Crucial HSP70 co-chaperone
complex unlocks metazoan
protein disaggregation
N Nillegoda et al
doi:10.1038/nature14884





" " .

.

..


.




(
)

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved



.







.
Rejuvenation of metallic
glasses by non-affine
thermal strain
S Ketov et al
doi:10.1038/nature14674

CPT

CPT




. ..

CPT
.
CPT





""


CPT


- .

-
(.)4
High-precision comparison
of the antiproton-to-proton
charge-to-mass ratio
S Ulmer et al
doi:10.1038/nature14861

|
.

:

.cantilevers

.

.
.



10 .
.










.




.


(
)

-
- -
.




.
Dosage delivery of sensitive
reagents enables glovebox-free synthesis
A Sather et al
doi:10.1038/nature14654

(
)
.
Metabolic rescue in
pluripotent cells from patients
with mtDNA disease
H Ma et al
doi:10.1038/nature14546



""




.





.
Graphene kirigami
M Blees et al
doi:10.1038/nature14588


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved








.

.

.
Identification of cis-suppression
of human disease mutations by
comparative genomics
D Jordan et al
doi:10.1038/nature14497
|

67 | 2 0 1 5







QSO
UM287








( )1310

.

A giant protogalactic disk


linked to the cosmic web
D Martin et al
doi:10.1038/nature14616


()GPCRs

( )GPCRs



(

).

( .)GDP

16
.G


G



.
Universal allosteric mechanism
for G activation by GPCRs
T Flock et al
doi:10.1038/nature14663

A PINCH OF SALT
NATURE.COM/NATURE
20 August 2015 10
Vol. 524, No. 7565

CLIMATE ADAPTATION

SOLAR SYSTEM

15 COASTS
TO DEFEND

PLANETARY
GROWTH

Global priorities
10 years after Katrina

Small pebbles are key


to gas giant formation

PAGE 285

PAGE 322

PUBLIC HEALTH

THE CANNABIS
EXPERIMENT
Relaxed laws fuel a new
science of marijuana use
PAGE 280

20 2015

20
" "Nature.

.



ATP/
.NADPH

30

AA+SHAM
kd-c5

AA
SHAM
kd-c9

20
10

AOX
AtpB
Cyt c

0
250 200 150 100 50 0
) (mol quanta m-2 s-1

1.5
)(d-1



.

.

Dirty diamond
formation by
saline fluids from
an ancient
subducting
slab PAGE 339

T H E I N T E R N AT I O N A L W E E K LY J O U R N A L O F S C I E N C E

CP43

PsaB

RbcL

0.5
0

Cyt f
WT

kd-c5

kd-c9

WT kd-c5 kd-c9

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4

WT
kd-c9
kd-c5

0.2

0
0
400 300 200 100
) (mol quanta m-2 s-1

D1

PsaC

1.0

|

AOX
.P. tricornutum
( )ETRPS II
( AA :)
( SHAM ) AA+SHAM
)
() ( n= 3

AOX )5 = n

) . :

kd-c5 kd-c9 .

.

AOX ) n=7
) .

.AOX

.

- ( )P-NMR

NTP

AOX
AA .
.

)NADPH (r.u.

| 68

| 2015




.
Wnt




.
Self-renewing diploid Axin2+
cells fuel homeostatic
renewal of the liver
B Wang et al
doi:10.1038/nature14863

1.0

WT
kd-c9
kd-c5

0.8

)ATP (r.u.

SREBP1



""

.


2
CREB
CRTC2


mTOR

SREBP1
.
CRTC2

SREBP1


.COPII
mTOR
CRTC2
.SREBP1

CRTC2 mTOR



.
The CREB coactivator
CRTC2 controls hepatic
lipid metabolism by
regulating SREBP1
J Han et al
doi:10.1038/nature14557






ATP
.



ATP

.
Energetic coupling between
plastids and mitochondria drives
CO2 assimilation in diatoms
B Bailleul et al
doi:10.1038/nature14599

0.6
0.4
0.2
0

AA+


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved



bHLH-PAS





.



. " "344


..

.




ZIP12
.
ZIP12







.



.
ZIP12

The zinc transporter ZIP12


regulates the pulmonary vascular
response to chronic hypoxia


)(%

( )HIF

. HIFs


.
HIF-ARNT

bHLH-PAS
CLOCK-

.BMAL1 -HIF


).
Structural integration in
hypoxia-inducible factors
D Wu et al
doi:10.1038/nature14883

90
70
50
30
10
10

R=0.59, P<0.001
n=104

70
50
30

)(%

)(%
2010
3020
4030
5040
6050
7160
8071
9080

90


)(104 t yr-1
100
10010
1000100
> 1000

2000

2013 %13 .
Reduced carbon emission estimates from fossil fuel
combustion and cement production in China
Z Liu et al
doi:10.1038/nature14677
| .
602 4,243
( .)R = 0.59 P < 0.001 n = 104
602 4,243
.o1 ( )
.

L Zhao et al
doi:10.1038/nature14620

" "GPCR



""
.
Nature


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved



""




"".
Structural insights into
-opioid receptor activation
W Huang et al
doi:10.1038/nature14886
Propagation of conformational
changes during -opioid
receptor activation
R Sounier et al
doi:10.1038/nature14680





150

. ..


""



.

11


.




.








.


""

Highly saline fluids from a


subducting slab as the source
for fluid-rich diamonds
Y Weiss et al
doi:10.1038/nature14857
|

69 | 2 0 1 5

" "


" "





.AR-JP
Mechanism of phosphoubiquitin-induced
PARKIN activation
T Wauer et al
doi:10.1038/nature14879

""..






.
"PINK1"1


"".
..


.



.


" "1
:
NDP52 optineurin

.

""


" "1
.
The ubiquitin kinase PINK1
recruits autophagy receptors to
induce mitophagy
M Lazarou et al
doi:10.1038/nature14893


""
" "Parkin

"" PINK1 1




( .)AR-JP
"" "1"


( )Ub ""
.Ub

""
| 70

| 2015





( 541-580 ) . :
rangeomorphs
.

Fractofusus


. Fractofusus




"" ) .
(



.
Reconstructing the reproductive mode of
an Ediacaran macro-organism
E Mitchell et al
doi:10.1038/nature14646
| Fractofusus . F. andersoni
.H14 F. misrai " "E

) ( 3.5
( 20
) . 1.

phosphoUb
""

phosphoUb .
""


"
"



.



.






.


.

.
Measurement-based control of
a mechanical oscillator at its
thermal decoherence rate
D Wilson et al
doi:10.1038/nature14672



-
-

.

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

( )III
.



-

.
Switching on elusive
organometallic mechanisms
with photoredox catalysis
J Terrett et al
doi:10.1038/nature14875



.

.
Evolution of endemismon a
young tropical mountain
V Merckx et al
doi:10.1038/nature14949

" "

100 1,000.
""

.
..



.





4

.
Growing the gas-giant
planets by the gradual
accumulation of pebbles
H Levison et al
doi:10.1038/nature14675




()

. ..


"

"


.
A self-organized biomechanical
network drives shape changes
during tissue morphogenesis
A Munjal et al
doi:10.1038/nature14603

|

.

( )M

()N


(
) .

.

107
)t (yr
0
103 0.5
10 3
10 4
10 6
10 7

106
105

N>M

104
103
102
101
100

10 -6

10 -5

10 -4

10 -3

10 -2
) M (M

10 -1

100

101

102

103





()PDA



.




.

MiT/TFE





.


.
Transcriptional control
of autophagylysosome
function drives pancreatic
cancer metabolism
R Perera et al
doi:10.1038/nature14587


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

T H E I N T E R N AT I O N A L W E E K LY J O U R N A L O F S C I E N C E

MIDAS TOUCH

Doping with gold modulates the electronic properties


of a semiconductor nanocrystal superlattice PAGES 418 & 450

NATURE.COM/NATURE
27 August 2015 10
Vol. 524, No. 7566

GENOMIC MEDICINE

MOBILIZING
AN INDUSTRY

Take your partners for the


100,000 Genomes Project
PAGE 503

AGRICULTURE

CALIFORNIAS
NEW NORMAL

The salad bowl must live


with its limited water supply
PAGE 409

URBAN PLANNING

SUMMER IN
THE CITY

Trees, parks, green roofs


?what really keeps cities cool
PAGE 402

27 2015

27
" "Nature.

( )mGluRs
( )GPCRs
()



() .





.

( )smFRET


. smFRET


()
(/
/

)

.




()

.
Conformational dynamics
of a class C G-proteincoupled receptor
R Vafabakhsh et al
doi:10.1038/nature14679
|

71 | 2 0 1 5



"

"
.





.
Western US intermountain
seismicity caused by changes in
upper mantle flow
T Becker et al
doi:10.1038/nature14867



..


:

Ciona intestinalis

"
"



.
The pre-vertebrate origins of
neurogenic placodes
P Abitua et al
doi:10.1038/nature14657

.
The disruption of multiplanet
systems through resonance
with a binary orbit
J Touma et al
doi:10.1038/nature14873


HCV

( )HCV

.


SEC14L2


()


E
.
..

SEC14L2

() .




()
.

|

-

.LLER -
aout)t(=aiout
] exp[t/ aiout=10 AU.=104Tb
eout

.

.A
res
90

.

0.6

2
0.4
eout

| 72

| 2015

..




.

.
Endosymbiotic origin
and differential loss of
eukaryotic genes
C Ku et al
doi:10.1038/nature14963

res

SEC14L2 enables pan-genotype


HCV replication in cell culture
M Saeed et al
doi:10.1038/nature14899

0.2
2

0
10

11

13
12
)aout (AU

14

15

10

11

13
12
)aout (AU

14

15






""


.



.

PglK

( )LLO
Campylobacter jejuni
.




LLO


(-
)
.
Structure and mechanism
of an active lipid-linked
oligosaccharide flippase
C Perez et al
doi:10.1038/nature14953









( )RGCs
.

()W3B-RGCs




.3


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

Sidekick2
.


( .)W3B-RGCs



.
Sidekick 2 directs formation
of a retinal circuit that detects
differential motion
A Krishnaswamy et al
doi:10.1038/nature14682

5 mol% (bpy)NiBr2
5 mol% (dppp)PdCl2

OMe

)Zn (2 equiv
)KF (1 equiv
DMF, 40 C, 12 h

77% yield of 3
>10:1 selectivity

OTf

Ar2

Pd0

Ar2

Ar1

OMe 1
Br
1 equiv each

TfO

Br

Ar

Ni Pd
PdII

Ar2

NiII

PdII
Ar2

TfO

NiII

Ar1

Br

Zn0 TfO

Br

Ar1

Ni0

ZnBrOTf



()

.







.





( CdSe .)PbSe

.



.

.
Substitutional doping in
nanocrystal superlattices
M Cargnello et al
doi:10.1038/nature14872


()Myc




.
Myc
.


-

.

( )
.
.



.
%5
.%94


dienes


.
Multimetallic catalysed cross-coupling of
aryl bromides with aryl triflates
L Ackerman et al
doi:10.1038/nature14676
|
-4 1 . 2 3
-4 . ()II/0

( .)I/III
( )II/0
OTf - ().DMF

myc

myc

.
-



(/ /
/) .


-F

PIP3


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved


.
-


.
Cell mixing induced by myc is
required for competitive tissue
invasion and destruction
R Levayer et al
doi:10.1038/nature14684

.



.

(


).







( .)mPOS



mPOS
.

.
A cytosolic network suppressing
mitochondria-mediated
proteostatic stress and cell death
X Wang et al
doi:10.1038/nature14859
Mistargeted mitochondrial
proteins activate a proteostatic
response in the cytosol
L Wrobel et al
doi:10.1038/nature14951
|

73 | 2 0 1 5


K


.


1.54 .

SACLA

8

Pring S
.





.
Atomic inner-shell laser at
1.5-ngstrm wavelength
pumped by an X-ray freeelectron laser
H Yoneda et al
doi:10.1038/nature14894

""


.
""
.


""
.


-



.



.
5

1.3 .





.
Multi-gigaelectronvolt
acceleration of positrons in a
self-loaded plasma wakefield
S Corde et al
doi:10.1038/nature14890

|
.
XFEL

(
)ASE

( ) ().

120

.

.

| 74

| 2015

.




.



.
PP1

(

) .



PP1/
Sds22
p-ERM

.

.
Kinetochore-localized PP1
Sds22 couples chromosome
segregation to polar relaxation
N Rodrigues et al
doi:10.1038/nature14496

()mRNA



( )mRNA

eRF1
.
eRF1


S80
eRF1

.


18S



.
Structural basis for stop codon
recognition in eukaryotes
A Brown et al
doi:10.1038/nature14896

T H E I N T E R N AT I O N A L W E E K LY J O U R N A L O F S C I E N C E

Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed

22

Fri

06 16

23
21

10

Thursday 3 September

11

19 43

20

19

19
9

18

12
10

18

11

FORECAST NEWS

PAGE 47

?Can numerical weather prediction keep on getting better

NATURE.COM/NATURE
3 September 2015 10
Vol. 525, No. 7567

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

WARMING TO
THE TASK

Hydrogen sulfide breaks


the high-Tc record
PAGES 40 & 73

REPRODUCIBILITY

SOUND
SCIENCE

Make funding dependent on


good institutional practice
PAGE 25

WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY

FAD OR
?FUTURE

Security and data capacity


are key hurdles to devices
PAGE 22

3 2015

3
" "Nature.


-
1-
( )synaptotagmin-1
( )SNARE



.



Ca2+
Mg2+

Ca2+
.Ca2+






.
Architecture of the
synaptotagminSNARE machinery
for neuronal exocytosis
Q Zhou et al
doi:10.1038/nature14975




.


13,000 4%

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

98.5

NHem3
SHem3

NHem5
SHem 5

NHem7
SHem 7

NHem10
SHem10

95.5
)(%

.
Global exchange and
accumulation of non-native plants
M Kleunen et al
doi:10.1038/nature14910

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20132011200920072005200320011999199719951993199119891987198519831981




( )MVP
.


DCHS1

.
dachsous1b


DCHS1
DCHS1
. DCHS1+/

.

DCHS1

.
DCHS1

Mutations in DCHS1 cause


mitral valve prolapse
R Durst et al
doi:10.1038/nature14670

( )ALS
()G4C2 GGGGCC
.C9orf72
Nature



( )NWP

.

.


.
The quiet revolution of numerical weather prediction
P Bauer et al
doi:10.1038/nature14956
|

%60
.

%80 . ()NH
( )SH 1999

.

.

30

G4C2 (
) G4C2
( )

.

RanGAP



.



G4C2

iPSC
.






.G-quadruplexes
The C9orf72 repeat
expansion disrupts
nucleocytoplasmic transport
K Zhang et al
doi:10.1038/nature14973
GGGGCC repeat expansion
in C9orf72 compromises
nucleocytoplasmic transport
B Freibaum et al
doi:10.1038/nature14974


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

PIK3CA

PIK3CA
..

Nature

PIK3CA



.

PIK3CAH1047R induces
multipotency and multi-lineage
mammary tumours
S Koren et al
doi:10.1038/nature14669
Reactivation of multipotency
by oncogenic PIK3CA induces
breast tumour heterogeneity
A Keymeulen et al
doi:10.1038/nature14665

..





()C18:0

( )TFR1
.

()TFR1
JNK
.


.




PinkParkin

.
Regulation of mitochondrial
morphology and function by
stearoylation of TFR1
D Senyilmaz et al
doi:10.1038/nature14601
|

75 | 2 0 1 5








.










| 76

| 2015

50
0
-50

50
0
-50
-100
L
-150
W
M
-200 G
5 10

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

-100
L
-150
W
M
-200 G
5 10

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

50
0
-50

50
0
-50
-100
L
-150
W
M
-200 G

)2H ( V-SMOW





" /
" SCS

- ( )C-O

" /

"


.
Alcohols as alkylating
agents in heteroarene CH
functionalization
J Jin et al
doi:10.1038/nature14885

-100
L
-150 MW
G
-200

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10


-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
)18O ( V-SMOW


.
Global separation of plant transpiration
from groundwater and streamflow
J Evaristo et al
doi:10.1038/nature14983
| 18O 2H
.
47

( ) 18O 2H : :
)7.4( -7.7 )62.6( 51.5 n = 2,749 )8.8( -6.2 : 37.1
( )66.9 n = 336 )6.1( 5.5 - : )50.6( 50.6
n = 1,460 )7.4( 7.5 - : )52.5( 63.9 .n = 1,830
() 47
30

.
. ( )GMWL
V-SMOW .




.
Broad plumes rooted at the
base of the Earths mantle
beneath major hotspots
S French et al
doi:10.1038/nature14876





.
"" 133K
""
" 164K" .


" 203K"
.

()H2S



H3S
203K
"" -70 .



.
Conventional
superconductivity at 203
kelvin at high pressures in
the sulfur hydride system
A Drozdov et al
doi:10.1038/nature14964





.


.
..



.
"
"
" " .




.

.
Negative refractive index
and acoustic superlens from
multiple scattering in single
negative metamaterials

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

N Kaina et al
doi:10.1038/nature14678



.

- ()C-P
240
.Escherichia coli



ATP
-.
Structural insights into the
bacterial carbonphosphorus
lyase machinery
P Seweryn et al
doi:10.1038/nature14683






..


.
..
)
(


( .)pMMO



. Csp1


Methylosinus
trichosporium OB3b
.pMMO


Csp1
52


A four-helix bundle stores
copper for methane oxidation
N Vita et al
doi:10.1038/nature14854

|
.-
( PhnI :)( PhnJ )PhnG
() .PhnH



BBD . - CID
CMD

NTD
( ) .N

)NTD (1-88

PhnI

PhnG

C
N

BBD

CMD
)(236-281

PhnJ

CID
)(129-169

PhnH
N




-

.

63 21


197


.
Genetic evidence for two founding
populations of the Americas
P Skoglund et al
doi:10.1038/nature14895


DNA

BBD


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved


.
Guiding the folding pathway of
DNA origami
K Dunn et al
doi:10.1038/nature14860
|
.
66
() 5

( )


. ()

.

).
( 50






( )IgH

V J D


.

.



:


.

IgH


AID

53BP1.ATM
Orientation-specific joining of AIDinitiated DNA breaks promotes
antibody class switching
J Dong et al
doi:10.1038/nature14970
|

77 | 2 0 1 5

twitter

facebook google+

Your free news portal covering the latest research and


scientific breakthroughs in the Arabic-speaking Middle East.
Stay up-to-date with articles in English and Arabic, including:

Research highlights
News and features
Commentaries

Interactive blog
Job vacancies
Local events

nature.com/nmiddleeast
Sponsored by
2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved





.
ILLUSTRATION BY THE PROJECT TWINS

. " :
".

. .. XROMM


( XROMM :

)

NATURE.COM


.

XROMM



:
nature.com/toolbox


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved






" :
.

".

XROMM
2008


..

(" : ") .

|

79 | 2 0 1 5


" :

" .

..



.

.
.




" " .1887

..


" :



".

..

MouseWalker

C. S. Mendes et al. BMC Biol. 13, 50;(.



)2015


. "

" MouseWalker

.


. MouseWalker
FlyWalker




.
MouseWalker FlyWalker





MouseWalker


OpenSim 2007




"
100 .


"


OpenSim

..

"
.


"


OpenSim

. ..
.OpenSim
20


.

OpenSim


XROMM




.
MouseWalker (go.nature.com/

)XMA Lab (go.nature.com/wz1msi

) hugtxa

XROMM

.2014

)OpenSim (go.nature.com/1ulnpq

) FlyWalker (go.nature.com/jfwgfo

.

XROMM (go.nature.

| 80

) com/58bn2s

| 2015

XROMM

.

..


XMA Lab
.2014

:

20

"

".

..

. :"

".





"

"

"

".

.

" :

.

".
.

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved


83 .



85 .


arabicedition.nature.com/jobs :

LUCIANO LOZANO/GETTY





.



.

..

. ..




.

.


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved


.



990

(:

.)go.nature. com/panexz
.



990

|

81 | 2 0 1 5


.

25 50

. ..
.




.
.

.

- 50

%70
.






.



.


.

.

14,550

..

990
.

24,550


15,000

25,000 .

1,700


16,700
...

.
..

..




%100

..

| 82

| 2015



.



( ) .

.


.



.



.




.



.


( : ).




.





.

30
13



400 .


.
.






.


.

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved


DONAT SOROKIN/TASS/CORBIS


.
.




.

.



2013

907
(;Medicines in Development: Biologics PhRMA
)2013


()FDA

.alirocumab
evolocumab



.

PCSK9


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved



PCSK9

()LDL
.




2013



28
(.)Nature Biotecnol. 32, 992-1000; 2014


:
|

83 | 2 0 1 5






.


. :





. :
.

. ..


.
100

| 84

| 2015

. .

..





.


.






50


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

LUKE SHARRETT/BLOOMBERG/GETTY


.
250-150


.




. ..
Cellectis


.
..

.





.

GSK

.




.

.


( : )



. :

. :

.
.
.
.




. ..


.

.





.



.

GILLIAN BLEASE/GETTY

.

..

.


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

.


.




.




.



.


.

150







22,500 . ..

.




|

85 | 2 0 1 5







.


.


(.)go.nature.com/znl2ea :

1

2




.
..




..
.

( )
.

..


.


.

( Put your science to work


.)2001

1. Travers, J. & Milgram, S. Sociometry 32,
425443 (1969).
2. Kietzmann, J. H., Hermkens, K., McCarthy, I. P.
& Silvestre, B. S. Bus. Horizons 54, 241251
(2011).
| 86

| 2015


Google.org



.



.

.Google.org



.

100

.

. ..



.

.
.

.


.

:
. ...



.
Google.org

Google.

.org
.

.

.
:
.
.. go.nature.com/y7qxcg :


2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

LUCIANO LOZANO/GETTY


(
)





(
)

.




..















.





.


.
:



.

.



.

.


2012

.

..

.
.




.
.



1990


.
.

.




.
.





.
.




.

.

.



.


..
.

.


.

.




.


.
:
.

87 | 2 0 1 5

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

..

ARABICEDITION.NATURE.COM
Follow us on:

| 88

| 2015

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

ILLUSTRATION BY JACEY




.



.


! -

.. !
.
- :43-


..


.
! !
.
.

..

.
.

.

-
. .
.

.
- ..

.



..
.
-

: ...
- 43-

( )q-mail
.
-
:






.
.


- 43-
:
3-
.
3-




- 43-

- :


.

!

.....
!
3- .
- :



.

(.)6x6


( )
.





.....
...
x 6+6



-.







.


:
-
!
.
.

- :
! .


.




.
.
:

-


...
.


.
..
.


NATURE.COM


:
.
@NatureFutures

go.nature.com/mtoodm

.....
- .. .
.
!


!
.
!
- 43-
:

.
.



.

.

!

...

.


.. .


.....
!
!


! .


.....


! .

.



!
-








.



: ..

Provide your researchers with


expert advice on how to submit papers to high-impact journals
an overview of publishing ethics and related issues
a better understanding of the scientific publishing process

With Nature Masterclasses, your researchers will learn


practical scientific writing and publishing techniques from a current or
former Nature journal editor
how to produce high-quality research papers that appeal to international,
top-ranked journals
how to make an impact on their intended audience with their research
Nature Masterclasses are tailored, one- or two-day training sessions for
researchers of all levels: from graduate students to experienced science
academics and faculty leaders.

Contact masterclasses@nature.com for more information.

msc.macmillan.com/en/training
2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

w w w.ka cst.edu.sa

2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

Anda mungkin juga menyukai