As 4055-2006 Wind Loads For Housing

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AS 40552006
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(Incorporating Amendment No. 1)
AS 40552006
Australian Standard
Wind loads for housing
This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee BD-099, Wind Loads for Housing. It
was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 7 November 2005.
This Standard was published on 6 January 2006.
The following are represented on Committee BD-099:
Australian Building Codes Board

Australian Glass and Glazing Association
Australian Institute of Building Surveyors
Australian Windows Association
Building Designers Association of Australia
Clay Brick and Paver Institute
Concrete Masonry Association of Australia
Cyclone Testing Station (JCU)
Housing Industry Association
Master Builders Australia
National Timber Development Council
Roofing Tile Association of Australia
This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 04347.

Standards Australia wishes to acknowledge the participation of the expert individuals that
contributed to the development of this Standard through their representation on the
Committee and through the public comment period.
Keeping Standards up-to-date

Australian Standards are living documents that reflect progress in science, technology and
systems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, and new editions
are published. Between editions, amendments may be issued.
Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselves they are
using a current Standard, which should include any amendments that may have been
published since the Standard was published.
Detailed information about Australian Standards, drafts, amendments and new projects can
be found by visiting www.standards.org.au
Standards Australia welcomes suggestions for improvements, and encourages readers to
notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or ambiguities. Contact us via email at
mail@standards.org.au, or write to Standards Australia, GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001.
AS 40552006
(Incorporating Amendment No. 1)
Australian Standard
First published as AS 40551992.

Second edition 2006.
Reissued incorporating Amendment No. 1 (July 2008).
COPYRIGHT
Standards Australia
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written
permission of the publisher.
Published by Standards Australia GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 0 7337 7087 8
AS 40552006
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee BD-099, Wind loads for
housing to supersede AS 40551992.
This Standard incorporates Amendment No. 1 (July 2008). The changes required by the
Amendment are indicated in the text by a marginal bar and amendment number against the
clause, note, table, figure or part thereof affected.
This Standard will be referenced in the Building Code of Australia 2006 edition
(BCA 2006), thereby superseding in part the previous edition, AS 40551992, which will
be withdrawn 12 months from the date of publication of this edition.
The objective of this Standard is to provide designers, builders and manufacturers of
building products that are affected by wind loading with a range of wind speed classes that
can be used to design and specify such products for use in housing that are within the
limitations in this Standard.
This edition differs from the previous edition as follows:
(a)
Wind speeds are specified for the serviceability and ultimate strength/stability limit
states only. Permissible stress has been omitted.
(b)
The Standard has been updated to reflect the latest technical knowledge on wind
forces as represented by the 2002 edition of AS/NZS 1170.2.
(c)
The table of classes for site conditions has been updated.
(d)
Pressure factors have been made normative and calculation methods given for
determining pressures and forces.
(e)
New racking tables have been included in limit states format.
(f)
A more detailed commentary has been added (Appendix A) to clarify the relationship
of this Standard to AS/NZS 1170.2 and to give background to some of the clauses.
The term informative has been used in this Standard to define the application of the
Appendix to which it applies. An informative appendix is only for information and
guidance.
Notes to the text contain information and guidance. They are not an integral part of the
Standard.
AS 40552006
CONTENTS
Page
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................ 4
1.2 LIMITATIONS ........................................................................................................... 4
1.3 NORMATIVE REFERENCES .................................................................................... 4
1.4 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................ 5
1.5 NOTATION ................................................................................................................ 6
SECTION 2 WIND LOADS
2.1 CLASSIFICATION ..................................................................................................... 8
2.2 RELATIONSHIP TO WIND REGION AND SITE CONDITIONS ............................ 8
2.3 SELECTION OF TERRAIN CATEGORY................................................................ 11
2.4 SELECTION OF TOPOGRAPHIC CLASS .............................................................. 11
2.5 SELECTION OF SHIELDING CLASS..................................................................... 13
SECTION 3 CALCULATION OF PRESSURES AND FORCES
3.1 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ................................................................................... 15
3.2 CALCULATION OF PRESSURES........................................................................... 16
3.3 CALCULATION OF FORCES ................................................................................. 16
3.4 PRESSURES FOR TYPICAL APPLICATIONS....................................................... 17
SECTION 4 UPLIFT FORCES.............................................................................................. 19
SECTION 5 RACKING FORCES
5.1 RACKING FORCES ................................................................................................. 20
5.2 AREA OF ELEVATION ........................................................................................... 20
APPENDICES
A
COMMENTARY....................................................................................................... 37
B
WORKED EXAMPLE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TOPOGRAPHY ........... 46
C
WORKED EXAMPLES FOR THE SELECTION OF TERRAIN CATEGORY AND
SHIELDING CLASS................................................................................................. 48
D
WORKED EXAMPLE FOR RACKING FORCES ................................................... 50
AS 40552006
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
SECT ION
SCOPE
AND
GENERA L
1.1 SCOPE
This Standard specifies site wind speed classes for determining design wind speeds and
wind loads for housing within the geometric limits given in Clause 1.2. The classes are for
use in the design of housing and for design, manufacturing and specifying of building
products and systems used for housing.
Wind loads for houses not complying with the geometric limits given in Clause 1.2 are
outside the scope of this Standard.
NOTES:
1
Commentary on the clauses of this Standard is given in Appendix A.
A worked example for the determination of topography is given in Appendix B.
Worked examples for the determination of terrain category and shielding class are given in
Appendix C.
A worked example for racking forces is given in Appendix D.
Where houses do not comply with the geometric and other limitations of this Standard, use
AS/NZS 1170.0 and AS/NZS 1170.2.
1.2 LIMITATIONS
For the purpose of this Standard, the following conditions (geometric limits) shall apply
(see Figure 1.1):
(a)
The distance from ground level to the underside of eaves shall not exceed 6.0 m from
ground level to the highest point of the roof, neglecting chimneys shall not exceed
8.5 m.
(b)
The width (W) including roofed verandas, excluding eaves, shall not exceed 16.0 m,
and the length (L) shall not exceed five times the width.
(c)
The roof pitch shall not exceed 35.
The tables in Section 5 are based on floor to ceiling height of 2.4 m and a floor depth of
0.3 m (floor level down to ceiling below).
1.3 NORMATIVE REFERENCES
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this Standard:
AS/NZS
1170
1170.0
1170.2
Structural design actions

Part 0: General principles
Part 2: Wind actions
ABCB
BCA
Building Code of Australia
Standards Australia
www.standards.org.au
A1
AS 40552006
E ave s 9 0 0 m m m a x.
Ro of pi tc h
35 m a x.
Ro of pi tc h
35 m a x.
H e i g ht to
to p of ro of,
ridge or gable
a n d 8.5 m m a x.
H e i g ht f ro m g ro u n d
l eve l to u n d e r s i d e
of e ave s exc e pt
fo r g a b l e e n d s
6.0 m m a x.
One or
t wo sto rey
16.0 m m a x.
16.0 m m a x.
H e i g ht to e ave s exc e pt
g a b l e e n d s 6.0 m m a x.
H e i g ht at a ny s e c ti o n
th ro u g h th e h o u s e 8.5 m m a x.
( a ) S e c ti o ns
L
W
16.0 m m a x.
5W
W
16.0 m m a x.
L
Ed g e of e ave s
E x te r n a l wa l l
L
L
W
16.0 m m a x.
( b ) Pl a n v i ew
FIGURE 1.1 GEOMETRY
1.4 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply.
1.4.1 Average slope
Slope measured by averaging the steepest slope and the least slope through the top half of
the hill, ridge or escarpment.
1.4.2 Bottom of hill, ridge or escarpment
Area at the base of the hill, ridge or escarpment, where the average slope is less than
1 in 20.
1.4.3 Height
Distance from ground level to the underside of eaves or to the highest point of the roof
neglecting chimneys; or the height of each storey at external walls (see Figure 1.1).
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
1.4.4 House
Class 1 or 10 building as defined by the Building Code of Australia (BCA) with the
geometric limitations specified in Clause 1.2.
1.4.5 Length
Maximum overall distance between outside edges of the external walls of a house or shape
(see Figure 1.1).
1.4.6 Plan
Basic rectangular-, square- or L-shaped layout, or simple combinations of these (see
Figure 1.1).
1.4.7 Racking forces
Forces that occur in walls parallel to the wind direction.
1.4.8 Width
Maximum distance from wall to wall in the direction perpendicular to the length, including
roofed verandas but excluding eaves (see Figure 1.1).
1.5 NOTATION
Unless otherwise stated, the notation used in this Standard shall have the following
meaning:
C1 to C4
= cyclonic wind classes
C1serv to C4 serv = cyclonic wind classes for serviceability
A1
Cp
= pressure coefficient (external, internal or net, as appropriate)
C p,e
= external pressure coefficient
C p,i
= internal pressure coefficient
C p,n
= net pressure coefficient
= average horizontal distance measured from the crest of the escarpment

or hill to the near top-third zone
FS, PS, NS
= shielding classes, full shielding, partial shielding and no shielding
= dead load; or
permanent action (self-weight or dead action)
= height of a hill, ridge or escarpment
H0
= maximum distance from the ground to the underside of the bearer in the
lower floor
= average roof height
h0
= half the height of the wall (half of the floor to ceiling height)
Kl
= local pressure factor
L, M, T, O
= lower, middle and top third of hill, ridge or escarpment and over-top
zone for escarpments
= length of a house; or lower part of a hill, ridge or escarpment
Ms
= shielding multiplier
Mt
= topographic multiplier
M 6.5,cat
= terrain category multiplier at height (h)
Standards Australia
N1 to N6
A1
A1
A1
AS 40552006
= non-cyclonic wind classes
N1serv to N6 serv = non-cyclonic wind classes for serviceability

p
= design wind pressure acting normal to a surface, in kilopascals
qu
= free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kilopascals
Not applicable
TC1 to TC3
= terrain categories
T1 to T5
= topographic classes
Vh
= design gust wind speed at height (h)
V h,s
= design gust wind speed at height (h) for serviceability limit state
V h,u
= design gust wind speed at height (h) for ultimate strength limit state
= width of a house
Ws
= serviceability wind action
Wu
= ultimate wind action
= angle of roof pitch
= average slope measured by averaging the steepest slope and the least
slope through the top half of the hill, ridge or escarpment
= load factor
air
= density of air, which shall be taken as 1.2 kg/m 3
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
SECT ION
W IND
L O A DS
2.1 CLASSIFICATION
The system of 10 classes is set out in Table 2.1 together with the associated design gust
wind speeds (V h) for the serviceability and ultimate limit states. It incorporates both noncyclonic (N) and cyclonic (C) winds.
TABLE 2.1
DESIGN GUST WIND SPEED (V h ) FOR CLASSIFICATION
Design gust wind speed (V h) at height (h)
m/s
Wind class
Regions A and B
(non-cyclonic)
Regions C and D
(cyclonic)
Serviceability limit state

(Vh,s )
Ultimate limit state

(Vh,u)
N1
N2
N3
C1
26
26
32
34
40
50
N4
N5
N6
C2
C3
C4
39
47
55
61
74
86
2.2 RELATIONSHIP TO WIND REGION AND SITE CONDITIONS

The selection of wind speed class for a house depends on the conditions at the site of the
house. The class shall be determined from Table 2.2 using the following site conditions
determined as stated:
(a)
Geographic wind speed region of the site as defined in Figure 2.1 (Region A, B, C
or D, as given in AS/NZS 1170.2).
(b)
The terrain category that surrounds or is likely to surround the site within the next
5 years, as defined in Clause 2.3 (TC1, TC2, TC2.5 or TC3).
(c)
The topographic class of the site, as defined in Clause 2.4 (T1, T2, T3, T4 or T5).
(d)
The shielding class of the house, as defined in Clause 2.5 (FS, PS or NS).
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
TABLE 2.2
WIND CLASSIFICATION FROM WIND REGION AND SITE CONDITIONS
Wind class
Topographic class
Wind
region
TC
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
FS
PS
NS
FS
PS
NS
FS
PS
NS
FS
PS
NS
FS
PS
NS
N1
N1
N1
N2
N2
N2
N2
N3
N3
N2
N3
N3
N3
N3
N4
2.5
N1
N1
N2
N2
N3
N3
N2
N3
N3
N3
N3
N4
N3
N4
N4
N1
N2
N2
N2
N3
N3
N3
N3
N3
N3
N4
N4
N4
N4
N4
N2
N3
N3
N3
N3
N4
N3
N4
N4
N4
N4
N4
N4
N5
N5
N2
N2
N3
N3
N3
N4
N3
N4
N4
N4
N4
N4
N4
N5
N5
2.5
N2
N3
N3
N3
N4
N4
N3
N4
N4
N4
N4
N5
N4
N5
N5
N2
N3
N3
N3
N4
N4
N4
N4
N5
N4
N5
N5
N5
N5
N6
N3
N4
N4
N4
N5
N5
N4
N5
N5
N5
N5
N6
N5
N6
N6
C1
C1
C2
C2
C2
C3
C2
C3
C3
C3
C3
C3
C3
C4
C4
2.5
C1
C2
C2
C2
C3
C3
C3
C3
C3
C3
C4
C4
C4
C4
NA
1,2
C2
C2
C2
C2
C3
C3
C3
C4
C4
C3
C4
C4
C4
NA
NA
C2
C3
C3
C3
C4
C4
C3
C4
C4
C4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2.5
C2
C3
C3
C3
C4
C4
C4
NA
NA
C4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,2
C3
C3
C4
C4
NA
NA
C4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Region A
Region B
Region C
Region D
LEGEND:
FS = full shielding
PS = partial shielding
NS = no shielding
N
= non-cyclonic
C
= cyclonic
N/A = not applicable, that is, beyond the scope of this Standard (use AS/NZS 1170.2)
TC = terrain category
Standards Australia
Standards Australia
30
Region B
27
Carnarvon
25
Region D
20
Region B
Broome
Region C
Millstream
Marble Bar
Green
Head
Albany
Esperance
Kalgoorlie
Region A
Region A
Geelong
Mount
Gambier
Canberra
Melbourne
Adelaide
Bourke
45
Hobart
40
East Sale
Sydney
30
FIGURE 2.1 BOUNDARIES OF REGIONS A, B, C AND D
Lord Howe Island

Region A
Norfolk Island
Region B
35
Corindi
Brisbane
25
Region B
Bundaberg
Rockhampton
20
Region C
Toowoomba
Kyogle
Biloela
Collinsville
Townsville
Woomera
Burketown
Alice Springs
Region B
West Moreland
Dunbar
Atherton
Mareeba
142
Region B
(Australian Territory only)
11
McDonnell Creek
Moreton
NOTE: This map is from AS/NZS 1170.2. The wind direction sub-regions of Region A have been removed for clarity.
Perth
Gunyidi
Morawa
Mullewa
Adelaide
River
Borroloola
Ivanhoe
Kununurra
Wyndham (C)
Darwin
Gascoyne Junction
Caltytharra
Croydon
50 km
100 km
150 km
Cocos Islands
Region C Region C
Christmas Island
Region B
Region C
AS 40552006
10
11
AS 40552006
2.3 SELECTION OF TERRAIN CATEGORY
The terrain category for a housing site is a measure of the lowest effective surface
roughness from any radial direction within a distance of 500 m of the proposed housing
site. It shall be based on the likely terrain five years hence.
The terrain category for a housing site shall be identified by the notation TC1, TC2, TC2.5
or TC3 and shall be determined as follows:
(a)
Terrain Category 1 (TC1) Exposed open terrain with few or no obstructions. This
condition exists only for isolated houses in flat, treeless, poorly grassed plains of at
least 10 km width. This category is applicable for water surfaces for serviceability
design.
(b)
Terrain Category 2 (TC2) Open terrain including sea coast areas, airfields, grassland
with few well-scattered obstructions, such as isolated trees and uncut grass, having
heights from 1.5 m to 10.0 m.
(c)
Terrain Category 2.5 (TC2.5) Terrain with a few trees, isolated obstructions, such as
agricultural land, cane fields or long grass, up to 600 mm high. This category is
intermediate between TC2 and TC3 and represents the terrain in developing outer
urban areas.
(d)
Terrain Category 3 (TC3) Terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions having
the size of houses. The minimum density of houses and trees, except for Regions C
and D, shall be the equivalent of 10 house-size obstructions per hectare. Substantial
well-established trees shall be considered as obstructions except in Regions C and D
where a maximum of TC2.5 applies for the equivalent of 10 house-size obstructions
per hectare.
In urban situations, roads, rivers or canals less than 200 m wide shall be considered to form
part of normal Terrain Category 3 terrain. Parks and other open spaces less than
250 000 m 2 in area shall also be considered to form part of normal Terrain Category 3
terrain provided they are not within 500 m of each other, or not within 500 m of open
country. Housing sites less than 200 m from the boundaries of open areas larger than these,
e.g., golf courses, that are completely surrounded by urban terrain, shall be considered to
have the terrain category applicable to the open area itself. Shielding provisions may still
apply to these sites.
Housing sites less than 500 m from the edge of a development shall be classified as the
applicable terrain that adjoins the development, i.e., TC1, TC2, TC2.5 or TC3, as
applicable.
NOTE: For worked examples, see Appendix C.
2.4 SELECTION OF TOPOGRAPHIC CLASS

The topographic class determines the effect of wind on a house because of its location on a
hill, ridge or escarpment and the height and average slope of the hill, ridge or escarpment.
The topographic class for a housing site shall be identified by the notation T1, T2, T3, T4
or T5 and shall be determined from Table 2.3 and Figure 2.2.
NOTES:
1
The method defined in Table 2.3 and Figure 2.2 is suitable for the purpose of either mapping
the wind classes of an area or assessing the wind class of an individual site.
For a worked example to determine topographic class, see Appendix B.
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
12
The bottom of a hill, ridge or escarpment shall be that area at the base of the hill, ridge or
escarpment where the average slope is less than 1 in 20, e.g., creek, river valley or flat area.
The average slope of a hill, ridge or escarpment ( a) shall be the slope measured by
averaging the steepest slope and the least slope through the top half of the hill, ridge or
escarpment.
NOTES:
1
Often the average slope will not occur at the actual proposed housing site and should be
appraised by considering the adjacent topography
For the determination of topography, see Appendix B.
The top-third zone (T) extends for an equal distance (d) either side of the crest of an
escarpment as shown in Figure 2.2. The value of d is the average horizontal distance
measured from the crest of the escarpment to the near top-third zone.
A rise in terrain shall be considered an escarpment where one average slope is less than
1 in 20 and the other average slope is greater than 1 in 10. The over-top zone (O) of an
escarpment shall be taken to extend to a distance of 4H past the crest of an escarpment.
TABLE 2.3
TOPOGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION FOR HILLS, RIDGES OR ESCARPMENTS
Site location (see Figure 2.2)
Hill height (H) below which
T1 applies for all sites on
Over-top zone
Average slope
Top-third zone
LowerMid-third
the hill, ridge or
(O) (for 4H past crest
( a )
(T)
third zone
zone
escarpment
of escarpments only)
(L)
(M)
(m)
H 30 m H >30 m
<1:10
All H
T1
T1
T1
T1
T1
1:10 <1:7.5
H < 20
T1
T1
T2
T2
T1
1:7.5 <1:5
H<9
T1
T1
T2
T3
T1
T1
T2
T3
T4
T2
T1
T2
T4
T5
T3
1:5
<1:3
1:3
Standards Australia
13
A1
AS 40552006
H/3
Ave rag e s l o p e
1: 20
H/3
H/3
(a) Hills
T
Ave rag e s l o p e
1:10
O
Ave rag e s l o p e
1: 20
H/3
Ave rag e s l o p e
1: 20
M
H/3
4H
H/3
( b ) Es c a r p m e nts
L EG EN D :
H = h e i g ht of th e h i l l, r i d g e o r e s c a r p m e nt
d = ave rag e h o r izo nt a l d i st a n c e m e a s u re d f ro m th e
c re st of th e e s c a r p m e nt to th e n e a r to p -th i rd zo n e
L = l owe r th i rd of th e h i l l, r i d g e o r e s c a r p m e nt
M = m i d d l e th i rd of th e h i l l, r i d g e o r e s c a r p m e nt
T = to p th i rd of th e h i l l, r i d g e o r e s c a r p m e nt
O = ove r to p zo n e ( fo r e s c a r p m e nt o n l y )
FIGURE 2.2 TOPOGRAPHIC ZONES FOR AVERAGE SLOPE
2.5 SELECTION OF SHIELDING CLASS

Where the wind speed on a house is influenced by obstructions of similar size to the house,
shielding shall be considered and shall be based on the likely shielding five years hence.
The shielding class for a housing site shall be identified by the notation FS, PS or NS, and
shall be determined as follows:
(a)
Full shielding (FS) Full shielding shall apply where at least two rows of houses or
similar size permanent obstructions surround the house being considered. In
Regions A and B, heavily wooded areas provide full shielding.
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
14
The application of full shielding shall be appropriate for typical suburban

development greater than or equal to 10 houses, or similar size obstructions per
hectare.
The effects of roads or other open areas with a distance measured in any direction of
less than 100 m shall be ignored. However, the first two rows of houses abutting
permanent open areas with a least dimension greater than 100 m, such as parklands,
large expanses of water and airfields, shall be considered to have either partial
shielding or no shielding.
(b)
Partial shielding (PS) Partial shielding shall apply to intermediate situations where
there are at least 2.5 houses, trees or sheds per hectare, such as acreage type suburban
development or wooded parkland. In Regions C and D, heavily wooded areas shall be
considered to have partial shielding.
(c)
No shielding (NS) No shielding shall apply where there are no permanent

obstructions or where there are less than 2.5 obstructions per hectare, such as the first
two rows of houses or single houses abutting open parklands, open water or airfields.
NOTE: For worked examples, see Appendix C.
Standards Australia
15
SECT I ON
AS 40552006
C A L CU L A T I O N O F
AND F ORCES
PRE SSU RE S
3.1 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS

3.1.1 Wind classes N1 to N6 (non-cyclonic)
For houses with wind classes N1 to N6 (in Regions A and B), the pressure coefficients in
Table 3.1 shall be used.
TABLE 3.1
PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR WIND CLASSES N1 TO N6
(REGIONS A AND B FOR ULTIMATE STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY)
Internal pressure
coefficient
(Cp,i)
Net pressure
coefficient
(Cp,n)
Housing component
Factored external
pressure coefficient
(Cp,e K l)
(a)
General, including all trusses and

rafters
0.9
+0.4
0.2
0.3
1.1
+0.7
(b)
Cladding, fasteners and immediate

supporting members within 1200 mm
of edges, e.g., battens and purlins
1.8
0.2
2.0
Roof
Walls
(a)
General, including all studs
+0.7
0.65
0.3
+0.2
+1.0
0.85
(b)
Cladding, fasteners and corner

windows within 1200 mm of edges
1.3
+0.2
1.5
3.1.2 Wind classes C1 to C4 (cyclonic)

For houses with wind classes C1 to C4 (in Regions C and D) the following pressure
coefficients shall be used:
(a)
Internal pressure coefficientsUltimate strength........................... C p,i = 0.7 or 0.65.

Serviceability ................................................................................. C p,i = 0.2 or 0.3.
(b)
Net pressure coefficientsUltimate strength ...................................... (see Table 3.2).
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
16
TABLE 3.2
PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR WIND CLASSES C1 TO C4

(REGIONS C AND DCYCLONICFOR ULTIMATE STRENGTH)
Housing component
Factored external
pressure coefficient
(Cp,e K l)
Internal pressure
coefficient
(Cp,i)
Net pressure
coefficient
(Cp,n)
Roof
(a)
General, including all trusses and

rafters
0.9
+0.4
+0.7
0.65
1.6
+1.05
(b)
Cladding, fasteners and

immediate supporting members
within 1200 mm of edges, e.g.,
battens and purlins
1.8
+0.7
2.5
(a)
General, including all studs
0.65
+0.7
+0.7
0.65
1.35
+1.35
(b)
Cladding, fasteners and corner

windows within 1200 mm of
edges
1.3
+0.7
2.0
Walls
3.2 CALCULATION OF PRESSURES

A1
The design wind pressures (p), in kilopascals, shall be determined for structures and parts
of structures as follows:
p = qu Cp
. . . 3.1
where
A1
= design wind pressure acting normal to a surface, in kilopascals

NOTE: Pressures are taken as positive, indicating pressures above ambient and
negative, indicating pressures below ambient.
qu
A1
= free stream dynamic gust pressure

= q u = 0.5 air [V h ]2 / 1000
air = density of air, which shall be taken as 1.2 kg/m 3
V h = design gust wind speed, as given in Table 2.1
C p = pressure coefficient, as given in Clause 3.1 (external, internal or net, as

appropriate)
3.3 CALCULATION OF FORCES
The design wind forces shall be determined for structures and parts of structures by
multiplying the pressure by the area under consideration and applying the resultant force at
the centre of the area normal to the surface.
NOTE: Additional information on calculating pressures and forces may be found in
AS/NZS 1170.2.
Uplift forces are determined by taking the uplift pressure (negative pressure coefficients
indicate outward forces on a surface) by the total area of the roof (see Section 4).
Racking forces are determined for the overall house by taking the appropriate vertical
projected area and applied by distributing the force to the bracing walls or panels (see
Section 5).
Standards Australia
17
AS 40552006
3.4 PRESSURES FOR TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
Based on the net pressure coefficients in Tables 3.1 and 3.2, ultimate limit state design
pressures for the N and C categories are as given in Table 3.3. Serviceability limit state
design pressures from N and C categories are as given in Table 3.4.
A1
TABLE 3.3
ULTIMATE STRENGTH PRESSURES FOR WIND CLASSIFICATION
FROM THE NET PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS GIVEN IN CLAUSE 3.1
Walls
Roofs
Away from
corners(1)
Within 1200 mm
of corners(2)
C p,n = 1.0
C p,n = 1.5
C p,n = 1.1
C p,n = 0.7
C p,n = 2.0
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
N1
0.69
1.04
0.76
0.49
1.39
N2
0.96
1.44
1.06
0.67
1.92
N3
1.50
2.25
1.65
1.05
3.00
N4
2.23
3.35
2.46
1.56
4.47
N5
3.29
4.93
3.61
2.30
6.57
N6
4.44
6.66
4.88
3.11
8.88
C p,n = 1.35
C p,n = 2.0
C p,n = 1.6
C p,n = 1.05
C p,n = 2.5
C1
2.03
3.00
2.40
1.58
3.75
C2
3.01
4.47
3.57
2.34
5.58
C3
4.44
6.57
5.26
3.45
8.21
C4
5.99
8.88
7.10
4.66
11.09
Wind class
Away from edges(1)
Within 1200 mm
of edges(2)
NOTES:
1
General areas, including wall studs more than 1200 mm from corners and roof trusses and
rafters more than 1200 mm from edges.
Areas of cladding and fasteners within 1200 mm of wall corners or roof edges; windows within
1200 mm of wall corners; immediate supporting members such as battens and purlins within
1200 mm of roof edges.
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
18
A1
TABLE 3.4
SERVICEABILITY PRESSURES FOR WIND CLASSIFICATION

FROM THE NET PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS GIVEN IN CLAUSE 3.1
Walls
Roofs
Away from
corners(1)
Within 1200 mm
of corners(2)
C p,n = 1.0
C p,n = 1.5
C p,n = 1.1
C p,n = 0.7
C p,n = 2.0
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
N1 serv
0.41
0.61
0.45
0.28
0.81
N2 serv
0.41
0.61
0.45
0.28
0.81
N3 serv
0.61
0.92
0.68
0.43
1.23
N4 serv
0.91
1.37
1.00
0.64
1.83
N5 serv
1.33
1.99
1.46
0.93
2.65
N6 serv
1.82
2.72
2.00
1.27
3.63
C1serv
0.61
0.92
0.68
0.43
1.23
C2serv
0.91
1.37
1.00
0.64
1.83
C3serv
1.33
1.99
1.46
0.93
2.65
C4serv
1.82
2.72
2.00
1.27
3.63
Wind class
Away from edges(1)
Within 1200 mm
of edges(2)
NOTES:
1
General areas, including wall studs more than 1200 mm from corners and roof trusses and
rafters more than 1200 mm from edges.
Areas of cladding and fasteners within 1200 mm of wall corners or roof edges; windows within
1200 mm of wall corners; immediate supporting members such as battens and purlins within
1200 mm of roof edges.
Standards Australia
19
S E C T I O N
AS 40552006
U P L I F T
F O RCE S
Table 4.1 gives net design uplift pressures for the determination of anchoring requirements
at tops of walls. The pressures shall be applied as uplift on the entire roof surface.
A1
TABLE 4.1
NET DESIGN UPLIFT PRESSURES, kPa
Serviceability limit state
Ultimate strength limit state

Roof type
Wind class
Tile roof
Sheet roof
(see Note 2)
Tile roof
Sheet roof
(see Note 2)
N1
N2
N3
0
0
0
0.05
0.05
0.28
0.04
0.34
0.93
0.44
0.74
1.33
N4
N5
N6
0.10
0.56
1.10
0.60
1.06
1.60
1.74
2.89
4.16
2.14
3.29
4.56
C1
C2
C3
0
0.10
0.56
0.28
0.60
1.06
1.68
2.85
4.54
2.08
3.25
4.94
C4
1.10
1.60
6.38
6.78
NOTES:
1
The net design uplift pressures given in Table 4.1 are based on the following load
combinations:
(a)
Serviceability limit state: W s G.
(b)
Ultimate strength limit state: W u G.
(c)
W u and W s have been calculated as set out in Section 3 where V h = V h,u or V h,s as
appropriate, using the pressure coefficients as given in Section 3.
Load combination factor = 0.8.
G = 0.9 kPa for tile roof, G = 0.4 kPa for sheet roof.
Sheet roof includes metal tile roof.
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
20
S E C T I O N
RA CK IN G
FO RCE S
5.1 RACKING FORCES

Racking forces are lateral (horizontal) forces transferred to the foundations through bracing
provided for each storey of the house and the subfloor.
The forces occur in walls parallel to the wind direction and are calculated from the
horizontal component of wind blowing on the external envelope of the house and resisted
by bracing walls.
Racking forces shall be calculated as follows:
(a)
Determine the wind class as given in Section 2.
(b)
Determine area of elevation of the house as given in Clause 5.2.
(c)
Determine the wind pressure as given in Tables 5.1 for buildings presenting a flat
vertical surface to the wind.
(d)
Determine the wind pressure as given in Tables 5.2 to 5.13 using the width (shorter
dimension) of the building and roof pitch of the building being designed. Pressures
are given for single storey and upper storey of two storeys for both long and short
sides of the building, and for lower storey of two storeys or subfloor for both long
and short sides of the building.
(e)
Calculate racking force, in kilonewtons, as follows:

Total racking force = Area of elevation (m2 ) Lateral wind pressure (kPa).
The racking force shall be calculated for both directions (long and short sides) of the
building. The total racking force for each storey or level of the building shall be determined
as the sum of the forces on each of the areas facing the direction being considered. Racking
forces shall be calculated to address the most adverse loading situation.
NOTES:
1
For intermediate values between those given in Tables 5.1 to 5.13, use linear interpolation.
For the explanation of Tables 5.1 to 5.13, see Appendix A.
For worked examples, see Appendix D.
5.2 AREA OF ELEVATION

Area of elevation appropriate for calculation of racking forces shall be as shown in
Figures 5.1 to 5.3.
The wind direction used shall be that resulting in the greatest load for the length and width
of the building, respectively. As wind can blow from any direction, the elevation used shall
be that for the worst direction. In the case of a single-storey house with a gable at one end
and a hip at the other, the gable end facing the wind will result in a greater amount of load
at right angles to the width of the house than the hip end facing the wind.
For complex building shapes, buildings that are composed of a combination of storeys or
rectangles (that is, L, H or U shapes) the shapes may be considered individually and forces
added together later or the total area as a whole can be calculated. Irrespective of which
method is used, racking forces shall be calculated to address the most adverse situation.
If a veranda, or the like, is present and is to be enclosed, it shall be included in the area of
elevation calculations.
Where there is more than one floor level in a building, each level shall be considered
separately for the purpose of calculating the racking forces at each level.
Standards Australia
21
AS 40552006
Wind direction 1
Gable end
Wind direction 2
Hip end
(a) Plan
Area of
elevation
h0
Floor level
(b) Wind direction 1
Area of elevation
(gable ends)
Area of
elevation
h0
Floor level
NOTES:
1
h 0 = half the height of the wall (half of the floor to ceiling height).
For wind direction 2, the pressure on the gable end is determined from Table 5.1 and the pressure on the
hip section of the elevation is determined from Tables 5.2 to 5.13. The total of racking forces is the sum of
the forces calculated for each section.
The area of elevation of the triangular portion of eaves overhang up to 1000 mm wide may be ignored in
the determination of area of elevation.
FIGURE 5.1 DETERMINING AREA OF ELEVATION FOR A SINGLE-STOREY BUILDING

Standards Australia
AS 40552006
22
W i n d d i re c ti o n 1
Gable end
A1
Hip end
Wind
d i re c ti o n 2
Hip end
( a ) Pl a n
A re a of
e l evati o n
ho
F l o o r l eve l
S i n g l e -s to rey s e c ti o n
A re a of e l evati o n
(gable end)
(gable end)
Ceiling
l eve l
ho
F l o o r l eve l
ho
U p p e r sto rey of t wo -sto rey s e c ti o n
Lowe r s to rey of t wo -s to rey s e c ti o n
( b ) W i n d d i re c ti o n 1
ho
F l o o r l eve l
Upper
floor
l eve l
Ceiling
l eve l
U p p e r sto rey of t wo -sto rey s e c ti o n
ho
Lowe r s to rey of t wo -s to rey s e c ti o n
( c ) W i n d d i re c ti o n 2
NOTES:
1
ho = half the height of the wall (half of the floor to ceiling height).
For lower storey of two-storey section ho = half the height of the lower storey (i.e., lower storey floor to
lower storey ceiling).
FIGURE 5.2 DETERMINING AREA OF ELEVATION FOR A TWO-STOREY OR SPLIT

LEVEL BUILDING
Standards Australia
23
AS 40552006
Wind direction 2
Wind direction 3
Hip end
Gable end
Wind direction 1
(a) Plan
Area of
elevation
Floor
h0
H0
In the subfloor of a two-storey construction, the maximum distance (H 0 ) from the

ground to the underside of the bearer in the lower floor shall be 1800 mm.
Area of
elevation
Area of
elevation
Floor
Floor
h0
h0
(c) Wind direction 2Hip end
(d) Wind direction 3Gable end
NOTES:
1
h 0 = half the height from the ground to the lower-storey floor.
For houses on sloping ground, the area of elevation will vary depending upon the wind direction or
elevation being considered. The racking force calculated for the worst case should be selected.
FIGURE 5.3 DETERMINING AREA OF ELEVATION FOR SUBFLOORS
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
24
TABLE 5.1
VERTICAL SURFACES (FLAT WALLS, GABLE ENDS AND SKILLION ENDS)

PRESSURE (kPa) ON AREA OF ELEVATION
Wind direction
Wind direction
Wind direction
Wind direction
Wind direction
Wind direction
Wind direction
Wind direction
Wind direction
Wind class
Pressure
(kPa)
N1
0.66
N2
0.92
N3
C1
1.44
N4
C2
2.14
N5
C3
3.16
N6
C4
4.26
NOTE: For derivation of these values, refer to

Paragraph A5.2, Appendix A.
Standards Australia
25
AS 40552006
TABLE 5.2
HIP ROOFS AND SIDE WIND ON GABLE ROOFS

SINGLE STOREY OR UPPER FLOOR OF TWO STOREYS
Single storey or upper floor of two storeys, 2.4 m storey, 0.3 m floor
Roof pitch (degrees)
Width (m)
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
W
Wind direction
N1: Wind on side
Wind direction
0.61
0.53
0.48
0.44
0.44
0.52
0.56
0.55
0.61
0.52
0.46
0.41
0.42
0.50
0.54
0.53
0.61
0.50
0.44
0.39
0.42
0.50
0.53
0.54
0.61
0.49
0.42
0.38
0.43
0.51
0.53
0.54
0.61
0.47
0.40
0.37
0.43
0.51
0.52
0.54
0.61
0.46
0.39
0.36
0.44
0.52
0.51
0.54
10
0.61
0.45
0.38
0.35
0.44
0.52
0.51
0.54
11
0.61
0.44
0.36
0.35
0.45
0.52
0.51
0.55
12
0.61
0.42
0.34
0.35
0.45
0.52
0.51
0.55
13
0.61
0.41
0.33
0.36
0.46
0.52
0.52
0.55
14
0.61
0.40
0.31
0.36
0.46
0.53
0.52
0.56
15
0.61
0.39
0.30
0.36
0.47
0.53
0.52
0.56
16
0.61
0.39
0.29
0.37
0.47
0.53
0.52
0.56
Wind direction
Wind direction
N1: Wind on end

4
0.67
0.62
0.59
0.55
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.58
0.67
0.61
0.57
0.53
0.53
0.56
0.58
0.57
0.67
0.60
0.56
0.52
0.53
0.56
0.57
0.57
0.67
0.59
0.54
0.50
0.52
0.56
0.56
0.57
0.67
0.58
0.53
0.49
0.52
0.56
0.56
0.57
0.67
0.57
0.51
0.48
0.52
0.56
0.55
0.57
10
0.67
0.56
0.50
0.47
0.52
0.56
0.54
0.57
11
0.67
0.55
0.49
0.46
0.52
0.56
0.54
0.57
12
0.67
0.55
0.47
0.46
0.52
0.56
0.54
0.57
13
0.67
0.54
0.46
0.46
0.52
0.56
0.55
0.57
14
0.67
0.53
0.45
0.46
0.53
0.56
0.55
0.57
15
0.67
0.52
0.44
0.46
0.53
0.56
0.55
0.58
16
0.67
0.52
0.43
0.46
0.53
0.56
0.55
0.58
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
26
TABLE 5.3

LOWER STOREY OF TWO STOREYS
Lower storey of two storeys, 2.4 m storey, 0.3 m floor
Width (m)
0
10
15
20
25
30
W
Wind direction
N1: Wind on side
35
Wind direction
0.61
0.58
0.56
0.54
0.54
0.60
0.62
0.61
0.61
0.58
0.55
0.53
0.53
0.59
0.61
0.60
0.61
0.57
0.54
0.52
0.52
0.59
0.60
0.59
0.61
0.57
0.53
0.51
0.52
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.61
0.56
0.53
0.50
0.52
0.58
0.58
0.59
0.61
0.55
0.52
0.49
0.52
0.58
0.58
0.59
10
0.61
0.55
0.51
0.48
0.52
0.58
0.57
0.59
11
0.61
0.54
0.50
0.48
0.52
0.58
0.57
0.59
12
0.61
0.54
0.49
0.48
0.52
0.58
0.57
0.59
13
0.61
0.53
0.48
0.48
0.52
0.58
0.57
0.59
14
0.61
0.53
0.47
0.48
0.52
0.58
0.57
0.59
15
0.61
0.52
0.46
0.48
0.53
0.58
0.57
0.59
16
0.61
0.52
0.45
0.48
0.53
0.58
0.57
0.59
W
Wind direction
N1: Wind on end

4
0.67
0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.63
0.67
0.65
0.63
0.62
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.63
0.67
0.64
0.63
0.61
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.62
0.67
0.64
0.62
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.67
0.64
0.62
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.67
0.63
0.61
0.59
0.60
0.62
0.61
0.62
10
0.67
0.63
0.60
0.58
0.60
0.61
0.61
0.61
11
0.67
0.63
0.60
0.58
0.60
0.61
0.60
0.61
12
0.67
0.62
0.59
0.58
0.60
0.61
0.60
0.61
13
0.67
0.62
0.58
0.58
0.60
0.61
0.60
0.61
14
0.67
0.62
0.58
0.58
0.60
0.61
0.60
0.61
15
0.67
0.61
0.57
0.57
0.60
0.61
0.60
0.61
16
0.67
0.61
0.57
0.57
0.60
0.61
0.60
0.61
Standards Australia
27
AS 40552006
TABLE 5.4

Width (m)
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
W
Wind direction
N2: Wind on side
Wind direction
0.84
0.74
0.67
0.61
0.61
0.72
0.77
0.76
0.84
0.71
0.64
0.57
0.58
0.69
0.75
0.74
0.84
0.69
0.61
0.55
0.59
0.70
0.74
0.74
0.84
0.67
0.58
0.53
0.59
0.70
0.73
0.74
0.84
0.65
0.56
0.51
0.60
0.71
0.72
0.75
0.84
0.64
0.54
0.49
0.61
0.71
0.71
0.75
10
0.84
0.62
0.52
0.48
0.61
0.72
0.70
0.75
11
0.84
0.60
0.50
0.48
0.62
0.72
0.71
0.75
12
0.84
0.59
0.47
0.49
0.63
0.72
0.71
0.76
13
0.84
0.57
0.45
0.49
0.63
0.73
0.71
0.77
14
0.84
0.56
0.43
0.50
0.64
0.73
0.72
0.77
15
0.84
0.55
0.42
0.50
0.65
0.73
0.72
0.77
16
0.84
0.53
0.40
0.51
0.65
0.73
0.72
0.78
Wind direction
Wind direction
N2: Wind on end

4
0.92
0.86
0.81
0.77
0.76
0.79
0.82
0.81
0.92
0.84
0.79
0.74
0.73
0.77
0.81
0.79
0.92
0.83
0.77
0.72
0.73
0.77
0.79
0.79
0.92
0.82
0.75
0.70
0.73
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.92
0.80
0.73
0.68
0.72
0.77
0.77
0.79
0.92
0.79
0.71
0.66
0.72
0.77
0.76
0.79
10
0.92
0.78
0.69
0.65
0.72
0.77
0.75
0.78
11
0.92
0.77
0.68
0.64
0.72
0.77
0.75
0.79
12
0.92
0.76
0.66
0.64
0.72
0.77
0.75
0.79
13
0.92
0.75
0.64
0.64
0.73
0.77
0.75
0.79
14
0.92
0.73
0.62
0.64
0.73
0.77
0.76
0.79
15
0.92
0.72
0.60
0.64
0.73
0.77
0.76
0.80
16
0.92
0.71
0.59
0.64
0.73
0.77
0.76
0.80
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
28
TABLE 5.5

Width (m)
0
10
15
20
25
30
W
Wind direction
N2: Wind on side
35
Wind direction
0.84
0.81
0.78
0.75
0.75
0.83
0.85
0.84
0.84
0.80
0.77
0.73
0.73
0.82
0.84
0.83
0.84
0.79
0.75
0.72
0.73
0.81
0.83
0.82
0.84
0.78
0.74
0.70
0.72
0.81
0.82
0.82
0.84
0.78
0.73
0.69
0.72
0.81
0.81
0.82
0.84
0.77
0.71
0.68
0.72
0.81
0.80
0.81
10
0.84
0.76
0.70
0.67
0.72
0.81
0.79
0.81
11
0.84
0.75
0.69
0.66
0.72
0.80
0.79
0.81
12
0.84
0.74
0.68
0.66
0.72
0.80
0.79
0.81
13
0.84
0.74
0.66
0.66
0.72
0.80
0.79
0.82
14
0.84
0.73
0.65
0.66
0.73
0.80
0.79
0.82
15
0.84
0.72
0.64
0.66
0.73
0.80
0.79
0.82
16
0.84
0.72
0.63
0.66
0.73
0.80
0.79
0.82
W
Wind direction
N2: Wind on end

4
0.92
0.90
0.89
0.87
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.87
0.92
0.90
0.88
0.85
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.87
0.92
0.89
0.87
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.86
0.92
0.89
0.86
0.84
0.84
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.92
0.88
0.85
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.85
0.86
0.92
0.88
0.84
0.82
0.84
0.85
0.84
0.85
10
0.92
0.87
0.84
0.81
0.83
0.85
0.84
0.85
11
0.92
0.87
0.83
0.80
0.83
0.85
0.84
0.85
12
0.92
0.86
0.82
0.80
0.83
0.85
0.83
0.85
13
0.92
0.86
0.81
0.80
0.83
0.84
0.83
0.85
14
0.92
0.85
0.80
0.80
0.83
0.84
0.83
0.85
15
0.92
0.85
0.79
0.79
0.83
0.84
0.83
0.85
16
0.92
0.85
0.78
0.79
0.83
0.84
0.83
0.85
Standards Australia
29
AS 40552006
TABLE 5.6

Width (m)
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
W
Wind direction
N3, C1: Wind on side
Wind direction
1.30
1.20
1.00
0.95
0.96
1.10
1.20
1.20
1.30
1.10
1.00
0.89
0.91
1.10
1.20
1.20
1.30
1.10
0.95
0.85
0.91
1.10
1.20
1.20
1.30
1.10
0.91
0.82
0.93
1.10
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.00
0.88
0.79
0.94
1.10
1.10
1.20
1.30
0.99
0.84
0.77
0.95
1.10
1.10
1.20
10
1.30
0.97
0.81
0.75
0.95
1.10
1.10
1.20
11
1.30
0.94
0.78
0.75
0.97
1.10
1.10
1.20
12
1.30
0.92
0.74
0.76
0.98
1.10
1.10
1.20
13
1.30
0.90
0.71
0.77
0.99
1.10
1.10
1.20
14
1.30
0.87
0.68
0.78
1.00
1.10
1.10
1.20
15
1.30
0.85
0.65
0.79
1.00
1.10
1.10
1.20
16
1.30
0.83
0.62
0.79
1.00
1.10
1.10
1.20
Wind direction
Wind direction
N3, C1: Wind on end

4
1.40
1.30
1.30
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.30
1.30
1.40
1.30
1.20
1.20
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.20
1.40
1.30
1.20
1.10
1.10
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.40
1.30
1.20
1.10
1.10
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.40
1.30
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.40
1.20
1.10
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.20
1.20
10
1.40
1.20
1.10
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.20
1.20
11
1.40
1.20
1.10
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.20
1.20
12
1.40
1.20
1.00
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.20
1.20
13
1.40
1.20
1.00
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.20
1.20
14
1.40
1.10
0.97
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.20
1.20
15
1.40
1.10
0.94
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.20
1.20
16
1.40
1.10
0.92
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.20
1.20
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
30
TABLE 5.7

Width (m)
0
10
15
20
25
30
W
Wind direction
35
Wind direction
1.30
1.30
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.20
1.20
1.10
1.10
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.20
1.20
1.10
1.10
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.20
1.20
1.10
1.10
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.20
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.20
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.30
1.20
1.30
10
1.30
1.20
1.10
1.00
1.10
1.30
1.20
1.30
11
1.30
1.20
1.10
1.00
1.10
1.30
1.20
1.30
12
1.30
1.20
1.10
1.00
1.10
1.30
1.20
1.30
13
1.30
1.20
1.00
1.00
1.10
1.30
1.20
1.30
14
1.30
1.10
1.00
1.00
1.10
1.30
1.20
1.30
15
1.30
1.10
1.00
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.20
1.30
16
1.30
1.10
0.98
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.20
1.30
W
Wind direction
N3, C1: Wind on end

4
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.30
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.40
1.30
1.40
1.40
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.40
1.40
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.40
1.40
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
10
1.40
1.40
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
11
1.40
1.40
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
12
1.40
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
13
1.40
1.30
1.30
1.20
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
14
1.40
1.30
1.30
1.20
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
15
1.40
1.30
1.20
1.20
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
16
1.40
1.30
1.20
1.20
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
Standards Australia
31
AS 40552006
TABLE 5.8

Width (m)
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
W
Wind direction
Wind direction
2.00
1.70
1.60
1.40
1.40
1.70
1.80
1.80
2.00
1.70
1.50
1.30
1.30
1.60
1.80
1.70
2.00
1.60
1.40
1.30
1.40
1.60
1.70
1.70
2.00
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.70
1.70
2.00
1.50
1.30
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.70
1.70
2.00
1.50
1.30
1.10
1.40
1.70
1.70
1.70
10
2.00
1.40
1.20
1.10
1.40
1.70
1.60
1.70
11
2.00
1.40
1.20
1.10
1.40
1.70
1.60
1.80
12
2.00
1.40
1.10
1.10
1.50
1.70
1.70
1.80
13
2.00
1.30
1.10
1.10
1.50
1.70
1.70
1.80
14
2.00
1.30
1.00
1.20
1.50
1.70
1.70
1.80
15
2.00
1.30
0.97
1.20
1.50
1.70
1.70
1.80
16
2.00
1.20
0.93
1.20
1.50
1.70
1.70
1.80
Wind direction
Wind direction
N4, C2: Wind on end

4
2.10
2.00
1.90
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.90
1.90
2.10
2.00
1.80
1.70
1.70
1.80
1.90
1.80
2.10
1.90
1.80
1.70
1.70
1.80
1.80
1.80
2.10
1.90
1.70
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.80
1.80
2.10
1.90
1.70
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.80
1.80
2.10
1.80
1.70
1.50
1.70
1.80
1.80
1.80
10
2.10
1.80
1.60
1.50
1.70
1.80
1.80
1.80
11
2.10
1.80
1.60
1.50
1.70
1.80
1.80
1.80
12
2.10
1.80
1.50
1.50
1.70
1.80
1.80
1.80
13
2.10
1.70
1.50
1.50
1.70
1.80
1.80
1.80
14
2.10
1.70
1.40
1.50
1.70
1.80
1.80
1.80
15
2.10
1.70
1.40
1.50
1.70
1.80
1.80
1.90
16
2.10
1.70
1.40
1.50
1.70
1.80
1.80
1.90
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
32
TABLE 5.9

Width (m)
0
10
15
20
25
30
W
Wind direction
35
Wind direction
2.00
1.90
1.80
1.70
1.70
1.90
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.90
1.80
1.70
1.70
1.90
2.00
1.90
2.00
1.80
1.80
1.70
1.70
1.90
1.90
1.90
2.00
1.80
1.70
1.60
1.70
1.90
1.90
1.90
2.00
1.80
1.70
1.60
1.70
1.90
1.90
1.90
2.00
1.80
1.70
1.60
1.70
1.90
1.90
1.90
10
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.60
1.70
1.90
1.80
1.90
11
2.00
1.70
1.60
1.50
1.70
1.90
1.80
1.90
12
2.00
1.70
1.60
1.50
1.70
1.90
1.80
1.90
13
2.00
1.70
1.50
1.50
1.70
1.90
1.80
1.90
14
2.00
1.70
1.50
1.50
1.70
1.90
1.80
1.90
15
2.00
1.70
1.50
1.50
1.70
1.90
1.80
1.90
16
2.00
1.70
1.50
1.50
1.70
1.90
1.80
1.90
W
Wind direction
N4, C2: Wind on end

4
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.10
2.00
2.10
2.10
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.10
2.10
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.10
2.10
2.00
1.90
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.10
2.10
2.00
1.90
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.10
2.00
2.00
1.90
1.90
2.00
2.00
2.00
10
2.10
2.00
1.90
1.90
1.90
2.00
2.00
2.00
11
2.10
2.00
1.90
1.90
1.90
2.00
1.90
2.00
12
2.10
2.00
1.90
1.90
1.90
2.00
1.90
2.00
13
2.10
2.00
1.90
1.90
1.90
2.00
1.90
2.00
14
2.10
2.00
1.90
1.90
1.90
2.00
1.90
2.00
15
2.10
2.00
1.80
1.80
1.90
2.00
1.90
2.00
16
2.10
2.00
1.80
1.80
1.90
2.00
1.90
2.00
Standards Australia
33
AS 40552006
TABLE 5.10

Width (m)
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
W
Wind direction
Wind direction
2.90
2.50
2.30
2.10
2.10
2.50
2.60
2.60
2.90
2.40
2.20
1.90
2.00
2.40
2.60
2.50
2.90
2.40
2.10
1.90
2.00
2.40
2.50
2.50
2.90
2.30
2.00
1.80
2.00
2.40
2.50
2.50
2.90
2.20
1.90
1.70
2.10
2.40
2.50
2.60
2.90
2.20
1.80
1.70
2.10
2.40
2.40
2.60
10
2.90
2.10
1.80
1.60
2.10
2.50
2.40
2.60
11
2.90
2.10
1.70
1.70
2.10
2.50
2.40
2.60
12
2.90
2.00
1.60
1.70
2.10
2.50
2.40
2.60
13
2.90
2.00
1.60
1.70
2.20
2.50
2.40
2.60
14
2.90
1.90
1.50
1.70
2.20
2.50
2.50
2.60
15
2.90
1.90
1.40
1.70
2.20
2.50
2.50
2.60
16
2.90
1.80
1.40
1.70
2.20
2.50
2.50
2.70
Wind direction
Wind direction
N5, C3: Wind on end

4
3.20
2.90
2.80
2.60
2.60
2.70
2.80
2.80
3.20
2.90
2.70
2.50
2.50
2.60
2.80
2.70
3.20
2.80
2.60
2.40
2.50
2.60
2.70
2.70
3.20
2.80
2.60
2.40
2.50
2.60
2.70
2.70
3.20
2.80
2.50
2.30
2.50
2.60
2.60
2.70
3.20
2.70
2.40
2.30
2.50
2.60
2.60
2.70
10
3.20
2.70
2.40
2.20
2.50
2.60
2.60
2.70
11
3.20
2.60
2.30
2.20
2.50
2.60
2.60
2.70
12
3.20
2.60
2.20
2.20
2.50
2.60
2.60
2.70
13
3.20
2.50
2.20
2.20
2.50
2.60
2.60
2.70
14
3.20
2.50
2.10
2.20
2.50
2.60
2.60
2.70
15
3.20
2.50
2.10
2.20
2.50
2.60
2.60
2.70
16
3.20
2.40
2.00
2.20
2.50
2.60
2.60
2.70
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
34
TABLE 5.11

Width (m)
0
10
15
20
25
30
W
Wind direction
35
Wind direction
2.90
2.80
2.70
2.60
2.60
2.80
2.90
2.90
2.90
2.70
2.60
2.50
2.50
2.80
2.90
2.80
2.90
2.70
2.60
2.50
2.50
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.90
2.70
2.50
2.40
2.50
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.90
2.70
2.50
2.40
2.50
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.90
2.60
2.40
2.30
2.50
2.80
2.70
2.80
10
2.90
2.60
2.40
2.30
2.50
2.80
2.70
2.80
11
2.90
2.60
2.40
2.30
2.50
2.80
2.70
2.80
12
2.90
2.50
2.30
2.30
2.50
2.70
2.70
2.80
13
2.90
2.50
2.30
2.30
2.50
2.70
2.70
2.80
14
2.90
2.50
2.20
2.30
2.50
2.70
2.70
2.80
15
2.90
2.50
2.20
2.30
2.50
2.70
2.70
2.80
16
2.90
2.50
2.10
2.30
2.50
2.70
2.70
2.80
W
Wind direction
N5, C3: Wind on end

4
3.20
3.10
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.20
3.10
3.00
2.90
2.90
2.90
3.00
3.00
3.20
3.10
3.00
2.90
2.90
2.90
3.00
2.90
3.20
3.00
2.90
2.90
2.90
2.90
2.90
2.90
3.20
3.00
2.90
2.80
2.90
2.90
2.90
2.90
3.20
3.00
2.90
2.80
2.90
2.90
2.90
2.90
10
3.20
3.00
2.90
2.80
2.90
2.90
2.90
2.90
11
3.20
3.00
2.80
2.80
2.80
2.90
2.90
2.90
12
3.20
3.00
2.80
2.70
2.80
2.90
2.90
2.90
13
3.20
2.90
2.80
2.70
2.80
2.90
2.80
2.90
14
3.20
2.90
2.70
2.70
2.80
2.90
2.80
2.90
15
3.20
2.90
2.70
2.70
2.80
2.90
2.80
2.90
16
3.20
2.90
2.70
2.70
2.80
2.90
2.80
2.90
Standards Australia
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AS 40552006
TABLE 5.12

Width (m)
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
W
Wind direction
Wind direction
3.92
3.38
3.11
2.84
2.84
3.38
3.51
3.51
3.92
3.24
2.97
2.57
2.70
3.24
3.51
3.38
3.92
3.24
2.84
2.57
2.70
3.24
3.38
3.38
3.92
3.11
2.70
2.43
2.70
3.24
3.38
3.38
3.92
2.97
2.57
2.30
2.84
3.24
3.38
3.51
3.92
2.97
2.43
2.30
2.84
3.24
3.24
3.51
10
3.92
2.84
2.43
2.16
2.84
3.38
3.24
3.51
11
3.92
2.84
2.30
2.30
2.84
3.38
3.24
3.51
12
3.92
2.70
2.16
2.30
2.84
3.38
3.24
3.51
13
3.92
2.70
2.16
2.30
2.97
3.38
3.24
3.51
14
3.92
2.57
2.03
2.30
2.97
3.38
3.38
3.51
15
3.92
2.57
1.89
2.30
2.97
3.38
3.38
3.51
16
3.92
2.43
1.89
2.30
2.97
3.38
3.38
3.65
Wind direction
Wind direction
N6, C4: Wind on end

4
4.32
3.92
3.78
3.51
3.51
3.65
3.78
3.78
4.32
3.92
3.65
3.38
3.38
3.51
3.78
3.65
4.32
3.78
3.51
3.24
3.38
3.51
3.65
3.65
4.32
3.78
3.51
3.24
3.38
3.51
3.65
3.65
4.32
3.78
3.38
3.11
3.38
3.51
3.51
3.65
4.32
3.65
3.24
3.11
3.38
3.51
3.51
3.65
10
4.32
3.65
3.24
2.97
3.38
3.51
3.51
3.65
11
4.32
3.51
3.11
2.97
3.38
3.51
3.51
3.65
12
4.32
3.51
2.97
2.97
3.38
3.51
3.51
3.65
13
4.32
3.38
2.97
2.97
3.38
3.51
3.51
3.65
14
4.32
3.38
2.84
2.97
3.38
3.51
3.51
3.65
15
4.32
3.38
2.84
2.97
3.38
3.51
3.51
3.65
16
4.32
3.24
2.70
2.97
3.38
3.51
3.51
3.65
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
36
TABLE 5.13

Width (m)
0
10
15
20
25
30
W
Wind direction
35
Wind direction
3.92
3.78
3.65
3.51
3.51
3.78
3.92
3.92
3.92
3.65
3.51
3.38
3.38
3.78
3.92
3.78
3.92
3.65
3.51
3.38
3.38
3.78
3.78
3.78
3.92
3.65
3.38
3.24
3.38
3.78
3.78
3.78
3.92
3.65
3.38
3.24
3.38
3.78
3.78
3.78
3.92
3.51
3.24
3.11
3.38
3.78
3.65
3.78
10
3.92
3.51
3.24
3.11
3.38
3.78
3.65
3.78
11
3.92
3.51
3.24
3.11
3.38
3.78
3.65
3.78
12
3.92
3.38
3.11
3.11
3.38
3.65
3.65
3.78
13
3.92
3.38
3.11
3.11
3.38
3.65
3.65
3.78
14
3.92
3.38
2.97
3.11
3.38
3.65
3.65
3.78
15
3.92
3.38
2.97
3.11
3.38
3.65
3.65
3.78
16
3.92
3.38
2.84
3.11
3.38
3.65
3.65
3.78
W
Wind direction
N6, C4: Wind on end

4
4.32
4.19
4.05
4.05
4.05
4.05
4.05
4.05
4.32
4.19
4.05
3.92
3.92
3.92
4.05
4.05
4.32
4.19
4.05
3.92
3.92
3.92
4.05
3.92
4.32
4.05
3.92
3.92
3.92
3.92
3.92
3.92
4.32
4.05
3.92
3.78
3.92
3.92
3.92
3.92
4.32
4.05
3.92
3.78
3.92
3.92
3.92
3.92
10
4.32
4.05
3.92
3.78
3.92
3.92
3.92
3.92
11
4.32
4.05
3.78
3.78
3.78
3.92
3.92
3.92
12
4.32
4.05
3.78
3.65
3.78
3.92
3.92
3.92
13
4.32
3.92
3.78
3.65
3.78
3.92
3.78
3.92
14
4.32
3.92
3.65
3.65
3.78
3.92
3.78
3.92
15
4.32
3.92
3.65
3.65
3.78
3.92
3.78
3.92
16
4.32
3.92
3.65
3.65
3.78
3.92
3.78
3.92
Standards Australia
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AS 40552006
APPENDIX A
COMMENTARY
(Informative)
A1 COMMENT ON TABLE 2.1WIND CLASSIFICATION
This Standard has been derived for houses as a group or large numbers of buildings. In
general, the level of reliability for the group is similar to that found, by applying
AS/NZS 1170.2. However, it is recognized that a correct application of this Standard may
lead to some houses with more conservative design loads, and others with less conservative
design loads.
It is important to categorize each building on a case-by-case basis. Each site should be
assessed individually for its wind classification. Each building would be assessed for
compliance with geometry and for evaluation of pressures.
The classification was originally based on the permissible stress W classes. An
approximate 50% increase in wind pressures occurs from one class to the next higher one,
that is, N2 to N3, N3 to N4, etc.
Once a particular building site has been classified using the methods set out in Section 2,
the ultimate wind speed for that class represents the design wind speed for the house and
includes the effects of
(a)
the importance level which is set by the BCA (the design wind loading level
associated with housing)
NOTE: See Note 1 to Clause 1.1.
(b)
directionality (the likelihood of wind occurring at its maximum from the direction for
which the house is most vulnerable in terms of the pressures on the envelope);
(c)
height (of the building above the ground);
(d)
terrain roughness (sizes of the obstructions in the wider area around the building site
such as trees, grass, open space and size of buildings);
(e)
topography (the position of the site on hills or in valleys); and
(f)
shielding (the effect of specific buildings and other obstructions near to the proposed
building).
A2 DERIVATION OF TABLE 2.2WIND CLASSIFICATION

In determining the application of the N and C classes to the selected site criteria that are
given in Table 2.2, the effect of wind events on large numbers of houses, rather than on
individual structures, has been considered. The following criteria were selected:
(a)
Annual probability of exceedance has been taken as 1/500.
(b)
A 0.95 factor on wind speed was allowed to account for the variation of orientation of
houses within suburbs and groups of suburbs.
(c)
A 5% margin has been allowed on the wind speed for the assigning of the N and C
classes.
(d)
Average roof height has been taken as 6.5 m (selected as not the worst case but
covering the majority of average housing being constructed within the limitations
given in Figure 1.1).
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
38
(e)
The terrain/height multiplier (M6.5,cat) has been derived from AS/NZS 1170.2 with h
(average roof height) taken as 6.5 m (see Table A2).
(f)
Topographic multiplier (M t) has been derived from AS/NZS 1170.2 (see Table A3).
The values chosen for T2 to T5 represent the average of the ranges for each class (T1
is taken as 1.0 to represent the majority of housing on flat terrain). For the top third,
the class changes for slopes greater than 30 m high. The separation zone at the crest
has not been included.
(g)
Shielding multiplier (Ms) has been derived from AS/NZS 1170.2 (see Table A4).
TABLE A2
TERRAIN CATEGORY MULTIPLIER (M6.5,cat) AT HEIGHT 6.5
Terrain category multiplier (M 6.5,cat )
Region
Terrain Category 1
Terrain Category 2
Terrain Category 2.5
Terrain Category 3
1.07
0.94
0.88
0.83
1.07
0.94
0.88
0.83
0.97
0.97
0.90
0.83
0.97
0.97
0.90
0.83
TABLE A3
TOPOGRAPHIC MULTIPLIER (M t)
Topographic class
Value of topographic multiplier

(Mt) applied in calculation of the
N and C categories
Range of values calculated using

AS/NZS 1170.2 that are included
in the class
T1
1.0
1.0 to <1.16
T2
1.2
1.16 to <1.25
T3
1.3
1.25 to <1.36
T4
1.42
1.36 to <1.47
T5
1.57
1.47
TABLE A4
SHIELDING MULTIPLIER (Ms)
Shielding class
Shielding multiplier (M s )
Full shielding (FS)
0.85
Partial shielding (PS)
0.95
No shielding (NS)
1.00
A3 COMMENT ON CLAUSE 1.3GEOMETRIC LIMITS

It is intended that 16 m width limit be applied to the width of the tallest section of the
house. For example, in many cases the various sections of a house (that is the basic
rectangular box shapes) may be displaced horizontally with respect to each other. This
could make the overall floor plan dimension greater than the 16 m limit even though none
of the sections of roof might be greater than the 16 m.
Such a house should be within the limits provided that none of the roof sections parallel to
the wind direction being considered are greater than 16 m (neglecting the width of eaves).
Standards Australia
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AS 40552006
A4 COMMENTARY ON PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (Section 3)
The pressure coefficients given in Section 3 have been based on AS/NZS 1170.2. The
following criteria were used:
(a)
The house comprises basically rectangular bluff bodies within the geometric shape
limits given in Clause 1.5.
(b)
Roofs are of normal shape (for example, not arched).
(c)
Net pressure coefficients comprise the addition of internal and external pressures on
the building envelope.
(d)
Pressures include the effects of dominant openings for Regions C and D only.
(e)
Pressures include the effects of local high-pressure zones on the leading edges of
surfaces of the building envelope.
The pressure factors given for the 1200 mm zones near corners and near edges of roofs
reflect the local pressures known to occur in these areas of buildings. AS/NZS 1170.2
includes a local pressure factor to account for this effect.
A5 COMMENTARY ON PRESSURES FOR DETERMINATION OF RACKING
FORCES (SECTION 5)
A5.1 General, notation and assumptions
A5.1.1 General
This Paragraph describes how the equivalent pressures tabulated in Section 5 for use with
projected areas, for the calculation of racking loads to be resisted by bracing have been
derived. The methods of determination of equivalent pressures for the calculation of racking
forces in orthogonal directions for single or upper storey, for lower of two storeys and for
subfloor level are given.
A5.1.2 Notation
Notation symbols for this Section are as follows:
b
= plan dimension of building or part of building perpendicular to wind direction, in

metres (see AS/NZS 1170.2)
C pt,roof = combined pressure coefficient for the windward and leeward roof areas
C pt,wall = combined pressure coefficient for the windward and leeward walls
d
= plan dimension of building or part of building parallel to the wind direction, in

metres (see AS/NZS 1170.2)
HF
= depth of upper floor, in metres
HL
= height, floor to ceiling for lower storey of two storeys, in metres
Hu
= height, floor to ceiling for single or upper storey, in metres
= height to eaves, in metres (see AS/NZS 1170.2)
Kc
= pressure combination factor
= length of building, in metres (see Figure A5.1)
qu
= free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kPa, for the ultimate limit state in
accordance with Clause 3.2
= width of building, in metres (see Figure A5.1)
= roof pitch, in degrees (see AS/NZS 1170.2 and Figure A5.1)
= wind direction, in degrees (see AS/NZS 1170.2)
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
40
A5.1.3 Assumptions
The following assumptions have been made in the derivation of equivalent pressures for use
with projected areas for the determination of racking forces:
(a)
The geometry assumed is a simple outline of the building, which ignores eaves
overhangs, fascias and gutters. The projected area for the roof is taken as the area
above ceiling level for the single or upper storey (see Figure A5.1).
(b)
Buildings are assumed enclosed underneath the lower floor.
(c)
The floor depth of upper floors (H F ) is assumed to be 0.3 m.
(d)
H u = H L = 2.4 m. Pressures calculated for 2.4 m floor to ceiling heights are assumed
to apply for walls up to 3.0 m high.
(e)
A pressure combination factor K c = 0.8 is applied where the load effect is the result of
the combination of pressures on two or more surfaces. [Kc is not applied in
combination with the area reduction factor (K a).]
(f)
The assumed combined pressure coefficients for the windward and leeward walls
(Cpt,wall ) for wind directions = 0 and = 90 are given in Table A5.1 and
Table A5.2 respectively.
(g)
The assumed combined pressure coefficients for the windward and leeward roofs
(Cpt,roof ) for wind parallel to the slope (pitch) of roof are given in Table A5.3.
Standards Australia
41
AS 40552006
Projected areas
for determination
of single or upper
storey racking loads
Hips
(if hip-end roof)
H u l2
Hu
Floor
HF
Ceiling
HL
Floor
End elevation
Side elevation
Hips
(if hip-end roof)
Ridge
Ceiling
W
90
Plan
FIGURE A5.1 NOTATION
TABLE A5.1
COMBINED PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR WALLS
WIND DIRECTION PARALLEL TO ROOF SLOPE*
Roof pitch ()
< 10
10 15
= 20
25
C pt,wall
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.2
* For = 0 and for hip ends, = 90
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
42
TABLE A5.2
COMBINED PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR WALLS

WIND DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR TO ROOF SLOPE*
d/b
C pt,wall
1.2
1.0
0.9
* For = 90 for gable or skillion roof ends
TABLE A5.3
COMBINED PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR ROOFS
WIND DIRECTION PARALLEL TO ROOF SLOPE*
C pt,roof
Ratio h/d
Roof pitch ()
<10
10
15
20
25
30
35
0.25
+0.5
+0.8
+0.9
+0.9
+1.0
0.5
+0.1
+0.2
+0.6
+0.8
+0.8
+0.9
1.0
+0.1
+0.1
+0.3
+0.6
+0.8
+0.8
* For = 0 and for hip ends, = 90
A5.2 Equivalent pressures on projected areas

A5.2.1 For flat wall surfaces, gable or skillion roof ends
The equivalent pressure (p) on the projected area shown in Figure A5.2 for calculation of
the racking load for bracing in single or upper storey, or the lower of two-storey or subfloor
walls is determined from the following equation:
p = q u C pt,wall K c
. . . A5.2(1)
where
C pt,wall = 1.2, as given in Table A5.2 for d/b = 1
Kc
= 0.8, pressure combination factor applicable for the combined effect of

pressure on two or more surfaces
NOTE: The assumption that d = b, i.e., L = W corresponds to the maximum combined pressure
coefficient for the walls.
Standards Australia
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AS 40552006
Wind direction
Wind direction
Wind direction
W
Wind direction
Wind direction
Wind direction
FIGURE A5.2 FLAT WALL SURFACESGABLE AND SKILLION ROOF ENDS
A5.2.2 For side elevations, single or upper storey, gable- or hip-ended roofs
The equivalent pressure (p) for the projected areas shown in Figure A5.3 for calculation of
the racking load for bracing in single or upper storey walls is determined from the
following equation:
p=
q u K c C pt, wall (H u / 2 ) + C pt,roof (W / 2 ) tan
(H u / 2) + (W / 2) tan
. . . A5.2(2)
where
C pt,wall = value from Table A5.1 for roof pitch,
C pt,roof = value from Table A5.3, for roof pitch , and assuming (h/d) = (H u/W)
Kc
= 0.8, pressure combination factor
NOTES:
1
The assumption that h/d = H u /W maximizes the assumed combined pressure coefficients for
the roof.
The reduction in projected area for hip-ended roofs has been ignored in the determination of
the equivalent pressures to be applied to the projected areas corresponding to either gable- or
hip-ended roofs.
W
W
Wind direction
Wind direction
FIGURE A5.3 SIDE ELEVATIONSSINGLE OR UPPER STOREY

GABLE- OR HIP-ENDED ROOFS
A5.2.3 Side elevation, lower storey of two storeys or subfloor, gable- or hip-ended roof
The design wind pressure (p) on the projected area shown in Figure A5.4 for calculation of
the racking force for bracing in the lower storey of two-storey walls is determined from the
following equation:
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
44
p=
q u K u C pt, wall (H u + H F + H L / 2 ) + C pt, roof (W / 2 ) tan
(H u + H F + H L / 2) + (W / 2) tan
. . . A5.2(3)
where
C pt,wall = value determined from Table A5.1 for roof pitch ()
C pt,roof = value determined from Table A5.3 for roof pitch () and assuming
(h/d) = (H u + H F + H L )/W
Kc
NOTES:
1
The assumption that h/d = (H u + HF + H L )/W maximizes the assumed combined pressure
coefficients for the roof.
The reduction in projected area for hip-ended roofs has been ignored in the determination of
equivalent pressures to be applied for projected areas for either hip- or gable-ended roofs.
W
Wind direction
Wind direction
FIGURE A5.4 SIDE ELEVATIONLOWER STOREY OF TWO STOREYS

OR SUBFLOORGABLE- OR HIP-ENDED ROOF
A5.2.4 End elevation, single or upper storey, hip-ended roof

The design wind pressure (p) on the projected area shown in Figure A5.5 for calculation of
racking loads for bracing in single or upper storey walls is determined from the following
equation.
p=
q u K c C pt, wall (H u / 2 ) + C pt, roof (W / 4) tan
(H u / 2) + (W / 4) tan
. . . A5.2(4)
where
C pt,wall = 1.2
C pt,roof = value obtained from Table A5.3 for roof pitch () with h/d = H u /L and
assuming L = W
Kc
Wind direction
FIGURE A5.5 END ELEVATIONSINGLE OR UPPER STOREYHIP-ENDED ROOF

Standards Australia
45
AS 40552006
A5.2.5 End elevation, lower storey of two storeys, hip-ended roof
The equivalent pressure (p) on the projected area shown in Figure A5.6 for calculating
racking loads for bracing in walls of the lower storey of two-storey walls is determined
from the following equation:
p=
q u K c C pt, wall (H u + H F + H L / 2) + C pt, roof (W / 4 ) tan
(H u + H F + H L / 2) + (W / 4) tan
. . . A5.2(5)
where
C pt,wall = 1.2
C pt,roof = value obtained from Table A5.3 for roof pitch () and assuming
h/d = (H u + H F + H L )/L and L = 1.5W
Kc
W
Wind direction
FIGURE A5.6 END ELEVATIONLOWER STOREY OF TWO STOREYS

HIP-ENDED ROOF
A6 CONVERTING WIND SPEEDS

Wind speeds may be approximately converted from metres per second (m/s) to other
commonly reported measures of speed as follows:
(a)
1 m/s 3.6 = 1 km/h.
(b)
1 m/s 1.94 = 1 knot.
(c)
1 m/s 2.24 = 1 mile/h.
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
46
APPENDIX B
WORKED EXAMPLE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TOPOGRAPHY

(Informative)
In order to illustrate how to determine the appropriate topographic class, the following
example is provided, which relates to Figure B1.
Step 1
Identify the top of the hill: RL 110 m.
Step 2
Identify the bottom of the hill: RL 40 m (RL of creek).
Step 3
Calculate the mid-height of the hill: (110 + 40)/2 = RL 75 m.
Step 4
Identify the steepest and least slope in the top half of the hill:
(i)
Least slope = (110 75)/350 = 0.10.
(ii)
Steepest slope = (110 75)/130 = 0.27.
Step 5
Calculate average slope: (0.1 + 0.27)/2 = 0.185 which relates to a slope of

1 in 5.4, (i.e., 1/0.185 = 5.4).
Step 6
Identify the location of the house. If the house at site A is located in the midthird of the hill, the topographic class for an average slope of 1 in 5.4 is T1
(see Table 2.3).
As the house at site B is in closer proximity to the peak of hill 1 than hill 2, the topographic
effect of hill 1 is considered to predominate. Therefore, if the house at site B is located in
the near top-third of the hill, the topographic class for an average slope of 1 in 5.4 is T3
(see Table 2.3).
Standards Australia
47
AS 40552006
Cree
60
80
70
80
C
re
Hill 2
ek
110
Mid 1/3
band
t
as
Le pe
slo
s
pe
ee
St pe
slo
50
Lower 1/3
contour
100
90
80
Hill 1
Housing
site B
110
Mid height
contour
100
C
re
60
Near
top 1/3
contour
50
40
100
90
300
50
80
70
Housing
60
site A
Creek
200
ek
k
50
60
400
Scale (m)
FIGURE B1 DETERMINATION OF TOPOGRAPHIC CLASS
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
48
APPENDIX C
WORKED EXAMPLES FOR THE SELECTION OF TERRAIN CATEGORY AND

SHIELDING CLASS
(Informative)
The typical surface roughness types encountered in an urban area are represented in
Table C1, which is provided to assist in the selection of terrain categories and shielding
classes of particular sites.
In conjunction with deriving the correct topographic class from Table 2.3, the terrain
category and shielding class selected from Table C1 are applied to Table 2.2 for the
appropriate geographic region to determine the rationalized wind class for the design of
houses or structures.
The following examples are provided to clarify the use of Table C1.
Example A:
As the house at location A is sited more than 500 m from the open sea and surrounded for a
distance of more than 500 m by a minimum surface roughness greater than 10 houses per
hectare except for a small park of less than 500 m in width, the terrain category of the site
is TC3.
If the house is located within the first two rows of houses adjacent to the park, no shielding
is provided by this open space.
Example B:
The house at location B is within a residential subdivision but immediately adjoins a large
acreage subdivision.
As the least surface roughness for a distance of 500 m in any direction of the site is
between 10 and 2.5 houses per hectare, the terrain category at location B is TC2.5.
As the site immediately abuts a large acreage subdivision with a surface roughness of
between 10 and 2.5 houses per hectare, only partial shielding is provided.
Standards Australia
TABLE C1
TERRAIN CATEGORY AND SHIELDING CLASSIFICATION FOR REGIONS A AND B
Location 'A'
Description
Waterfront
suburbia
Residential
suburbia, wellwooded country
Location 'B'
Small open
parkland
or lake
<250 000 m 2
Residential suburbia,
well-wooded country
Acreage suburbia,
isolated buildings,
few trees, cane fields,
long grass
10
Houses, etc. per hectare
10
Airfield
isolated trees,
large
expanses,
open water
Residential suburbia, wellwooded country
and canal
<200 m wide
Surface
roughness
Negligible
500 m
500 m
Classification
TC2
Shielding:
Development
length
2 rows of
houses
2 rows of
houses
2 rows of
houses
2 rows of
houses
No
Full
shielding shielding
No
shielding
No
shielding
Partial
shielding
Classification
TC3
TC3
TC3
TC2.5
Negligible
500 m
TC2.5
Partial
shielding
TC2
10
500 m
TC2
TC2
2 rows of
houses
2 rows of
houses
No
shielding
No
shielding
49
Terrain
category:
Development
length
10
TC3
Full
shielding
AS 40552006
Standards Australia
AS 40552006
50
APPENDIX D
WORKED EXAMPLE FOR RACKING FORCES

(Informative)
The example given in this Appendix, using ultimate limit states design, illustrates the
method of determining racking forces on a two-storey house located in Region B, Terrain
Category 2.5, having partial shielding and a topographic class T2.
For the example, assume that the house is 16 m long, 8 m wide and has a 17.5 pitched,
gable-end roof.
Step 1
From Table 2.2 (for Region B, TC2.5, T2 and PS) the wind class is N4.
Step 2
Calculate the upper storey racking for wind normal to ridge.

From Table 5.8, for W = 8 m and roof slope = 17.5, the pressure for wind on side
are determined: (1.2 + 1.4)/2 = 1.3.
Determine area on which the pressure is to be applied and multiply the area by the
pressure to give the racking force in kN. Provide bracing appropriate to resist this
force.
Step 3
Calculate the upper storey racking for wind parallel to ridge (wind on end).
are determined: (1.6 + 1.7)/2 = 1.65.
force.
Step 4
Calculate lower storey racking for wind normal to ridge.

are determined: (1.6 + 1.7)/2 = 1.65.
force.
Step 5
Calculate lower storey racking for wind parallel to ridge (wind on end).
are determined: (1.9 + 2.0)/2 = 1.95.
force.
Standards Australia
51
AS 40552006
AMENDMENT CONTROL SHEET
AS 40552006
Amendment No. 1 (2008)
CORRECTION
SUMMARY: This Amendment applies to Clauses 1.5, 3.2, Tables 3.3, 3.4 and 4.1, and Figures 1.1, 2.2 and 5.2.
Published on 28 July 2008.
AS 40552006
52
NOTES
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Mr Engineered Wood Products

Friday, May 06, 2011 11:12 AM

(Incorporating Amendment No. 1)

Wind loads for housing

The following are represented on Committee BD-099:

Australian Building Codes Board

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 04347.

Keeping Standards up-to-date

(Incorporating Amendment No. 1)

First published as AS 40551992.

The table of classes for site conditions has been updated.

New racking tables have been included in limit states format.

Commentary on the clauses of this Standard is given in Appendix A.

A worked example for the determination of topography is given in Appendix B.

A worked example for racking forces is given in Appendix D.

The roof pitch shall not exceed 35.

Structural design actions

Building Code of Australia

FIGURE 1.1 GEOMETRY

= cyclonic wind classes

C1serv to C4 serv = cyclonic wind classes for serviceability

= pressure coefficient (external, internal or net, as appropriate)

= external pressure coefficient

= internal pressure coefficient

= net pressure coefficient

= average horizontal distance measured from the crest of the escarpment

= shielding classes, full shielding, partial shielding and no shielding

= height of a hill, ridge or escarpment

= average roof height

= local pressure factor

= length of a house; or lower part of a hill, ridge or escarpment

= terrain category multiplier at height (h)

= non-cyclonic wind classes

N1serv to N6 serv = non-cyclonic wind classes for serviceability

= design wind pressure acting normal to a surface, in kilopascals

= free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kilopascals

= design gust wind speed at height (h)

= serviceability wind action

= ultimate wind action

= angle of roof pitch

= density of air, which shall be taken as 1.2 kg/m 3

Serviceability limit state

Ultimate limit state

2.2 RELATIONSHIP TO WIND REGION AND SITE CONDITIONS

FIGURE 2.1 BOUNDARIES OF REGIONS A, B, C AND D

Lord Howe Island

2.3 SELECTION OF TERRAIN CATEGORY

2.4 SELECTION OF TOPOGRAPHIC CLASS

For a worked example to determine topographic class, see Appendix B.

For the determination of topography, see Appendix B.

FIGURE 2.2 TOPOGRAPHIC ZONES FOR AVERAGE SLOPE

2.5 SELECTION OF SHIELDING CLASS

The application of full shielding shall be appropriate for typical suburban

No shielding (NS) No shielding shall apply where there are no permanent

NOTE: For worked examples, see Appendix C.

3.1 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS

General, including all trusses and

Cladding, fasteners and immediate

General, including all studs

Cladding, fasteners and corner

3.1.2 Wind classes C1 to C4 (cyclonic)

Internal pressure coefficientsUltimate strength........................... C p,i = 0.7 or 0.65.