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2-Pole Turbo-Generator Eccentricity Diagnosis

By Split-Phase Current Signature Analysis
CONFERENCE PAPER AUGUST 2013
DOI: 10.1109/DEMPED.2013.6645739

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1 AUTHOR:
Claudio Bruzzese
Sapienza University of Rome
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2-Pole Turbo-Generator Eccentricity Diagnosis

By Split-Phase Current Signature Analysis
Claudio Bruzzese

Abstract 2-pole turbogenerators are usually very high

power round-rotor synchronous machines used in generating
plants. Turbogenerator monitoring is crucial, especially in
nuclear plants. Very long turbogenerator rotors experience
excessive run-out due to thermal, mechanical, and magnetic
unbalances, resonances, etc. The rotor eccentricity causes
vibrations and winding and frame loosening. Since the stators
of turbogenerators are often parallel-connected for maximum
power output rating, the rotor eccentricities also make rise
unbalances in the split-phase currents. This paper resorts to the
split-phase current monitoring for detection and estimation of
rotor eccentricities. A method is proposed, based on a special
theoretical analysis of 2-pole round-rotor machines, through
symmetrical components. Time-stepping finite-elements are
used for confirmatory simulations of a 500MVA machine.
Index TermsAnalysis, current, diagnosis, eccentricity, FFT,
monitoring, rotor, split-phase, turbogenerator, winding.

s/d

S, R
s , d
s, d
q

he

h
*

I. NOMENCLATURE
Bhe
e
f
F6
g0
Kd, Kp
Kd,h, Kp,h
lS
Lk
L(q)
M
n
nE
Nslot
Nturn
P
rm
RSS,LSS
RS
SCR
vS, iS
v(q), i(q)
VLL
Xs, Xl
wE

maximum flux density in the healthy machine

column vector of voltages induced by the rotor
fundamental frequency (=/2)
Fortescue's 6x6 generalized transformation matrix
air gap length in the healthy machine
stator distribution and pitch factors
harmonic distribution and pitch factors
stator iron stack length
inductance of PPGs displaced of the angle k
q-th sequence inductance, q=0, 1, , 5.
magneto-motive force
number of elementary stator PPGs (=6)
rotor winding turn function
number of stator slots
number of turns in a stator coil side (half slot)
air gap permeance function
mean air gap radius
stator resistance and inductance 6x6 matrices
resistance of a stator pole-phase-group (PPG)
machine short-circuit ratio
stator PPG voltage and current column vectors
complex q-th sequence voltages and currents
line-line rms voltage at the machine terminals
machine synchronous and leakage reactances
rotor winding function

C. Bruzzese is with the Dept. of Astronautical, Electrical, and Energy Eng.,

University of Rome Sapienza, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy (email: claudio.bruzzese@uniroma1.it).

stator slots per-pole and per-phase (=Nslot/6)

complex unit vector (=ej)
coil pitch angle (180o)
displacement angle of consecutive PPGs (=60o)
flux increment due to eccentricity
air gap field angle on the direct axis (power angle)
rotor rotation mechanical angle (=t)
angular abscissas in the stator and rotor frames
static and dynamic p.u. eccentricities, 0s+d<1
angles of static and dynamic eccentricities
2q-pole, /2-frequency flux linkage space vector
max PPG flux linkage in the healthy machine
slot pitch angle (=360o/Nslot)
stator winding pole pitch length
stator winding pole pitch for the h-th harmonics
complex conjugate operator
II. INTRODUCTION

WO-POLE turbo-generators (TGs) are usually steam or

gas turbine-driven round-rotor machines ranging from
few MVAs up to about 2000 MVA [1]. These machines are
generally used in nuclear and fossil-fueled power plants,
cogeneration plants, and combustion turbine units. Although
expected to last about 30 years, large TG lives are often
extended far beyond that, if well maintained and operated. In
fact, replacing an operating unit is very capital intensive and,
thus, done only when a catastrophic failure has occurred [2].
TG rotors are high-speed rotating members which
undergo severe dynamic mechanical, electromagnetic and
thermal loading. Rotor rotation-related vibrations are one of
the main causes of mechanical and electrical problems [3].
Mechanical problems affect bearings, retaining rings,
balance weights and bolts, collector rings, and grounding
brushes [1], [4]. Vibrations are also detrimental for the stator
stack, which is usually made up of many thousands of
lamination segments firmly aligned and held together by
keybars and end-plates. In hydrogen-cooled machines,
vibrations may also endanger the containment frame
(wrapper plate or pressure vessel) and seals. Electrical
problems concern the windings which is a very costly item.
Loose windings may fail due to insulation fretting against
the slot walls [1], [5], [6].
The fault diagnosis and condition monitoring of electrical
machines has grown very much in the last decades [1]-[22].
Also the interest for power synchronous machines and

generators rotor eccentricity (RE) diagnosis is recently

arising [2]-[4], [7]-[9]. However few papers investigated
REs in round-rotor high-power machines [2], and even less
in 2-pole TGs. This paper studies the effect of a generic
mixed RE made up of a static RE (SRE) and a dynamic RE
(DRE) in a 2-pole round-rotor TG endowed with parallel
connections in the armature winding.
Previous papers analyzed the split-phase currents in
machines with four or more poles [10], [11], [14]. Two-pole
machines however require a more refined analysis for the
adequate calculation of the air gap flux density in case of
eccentric rotor. In a 2p-pole machine with p>1, usually new
2(p1)-pole air gap flux density waves arise in case of REs.
However, only 2(p+1)-pole waves possibly appear in a twopole machine, i.e. four-pole waves. This is proved by using
the winding function theory in this paper.
This paper proposes a symmetrical-component based
model of a 2-pole winding with parallel-connections, and
taking in account the REs. The split-phase currents are
formally calculated, and then the formulas are reversed to
obtain the RE degrees from current measurements. The splitphase current signature analysis (SPCSA) is proved for a 2pole 500MVA TG by using time-stepping FEM (TSFEM).
Section III of this paper shows the SPCSA theory, leading
to practical closed-form formulas for RE diagnosis. Section
IV shows the TSFEM simulations for the 500MVA TG.

v S = R SS iS L SS

Several types of armature windings are used in TGs, such

as concentric, lap, or wave windings, with Roebel bars
inserted in open slots. However modern TGs typically are
wound with double-layer whole-coiled lap windings [1],
since they permit greater freedom of choice about the
connection (series or parallel) to achieve the desired terminal
voltage and current ratings, Fig. 1. Single-turn bars and
parallel connections are very often used for maximum
machine power output, since the terminal voltages must be
limited between 13.8kV and 27kV. The parallels are
connected on the machine front-ends.
The three-phase armature winding of a 2-pole TG is
basically made up of six pole-phase-groups (PPGs), i.e.
groups of consecutive coils series-connected over a pole in a
phase. The PPGs are identical and symmetrically distributed
as shown in Fig. 2. A practical winding scheme is shown in
Appendix A. The n=6 PPGs can be modeled as unconnected
mutually coupled circuits with independent currents:
bar

B. 2-Pole TG Model Transformation

The symmetrical components (SCs) are a powerful tool
used for analysis of both healthy and faulty machines [12],
[13]. Here a SC-based transformation is used for the
eccentric-rotor 2-pole TG model. The basic generalized
current space-transformation is carried out through a 6x6
Fortescue's matrix F6* with elements fxy=a(x-1)(y-1)/6 [12]:

i 0
i 1
2
i = 1
i 3 6
i 4
5
i

1 1
1
1 2

1
2
4

1
3
6

1
4
8

1
5
10

1 3 6 9 12 15
1 4 8 12 16 20
1 5 10 15 20 25

i1
i2
i3
i4
i5
i6

(2)

In (2), the complex terms i(q) are space-sequence currents

(also termed current space-vectors). The TG stator model (1)
is transformed in case of centered (healthy) rotor machine,
i.e. with LSS which is constant and circulant (any row is
obtained from the precedent by a circular right-shift, so only
the first row is shown, see Fig. 2 for symbols):
first row of L SS = L 0 L 60 L 120 L 180 L120 L60 .
CIRCULATING
CURRENT DUE TO
ECCENTRICITIES

(3)

PHASE 'A' INTERNAL

CONNECTIONS

L60
A'

e1 Rs L0

i1

v1

POLE-PHASE-GROUP
CURRENT PROBE

PHASE CURRENT
PROBE

Fig. 1. Two-pole three-phase winding and connection options [1].

(1)

In (1), iS=(i1, i2,..., in)t represents the stator internal

currents, vS=(v1, v2,..., vn)t are the PPG voltages, RSS is a
diagonal matrix, and LSS contains the stator inductances. The
voltages e induced by the rotor are influenced by REs, due to
the modulation of the flux density wave traveling in the
abnormal air gap. After calculation of the voltages e, the
internal currents iS can be carried out from (1) through model
transformation and circuit connection [10].

III. THEORY OF SPLIT-PHASE CURRENTS IN 2-POLE TGS WITH RES

A. Two-Pole Split-Phase Winding Model

d
i e .
dt S

POLE-PHASE-GROUP 6
ELEMENTARY CIRCUIT

Fig. 2. Two-pole three-phase winding with parallel-connected PPGs. Only

the phase A is shown connected.

Transformation of (1) leaves unchanged RSS, and reverts

LSS in a diagonal constant real matrix (details can be found in
[10]) so obtaining 6 decoupled sequence circuits, Fig. 3:
q

v = Rsi L

di
q
e , q=0,...,5.
dt

(4)

The q-th circuit in (4) is complex conjugate of the (6-q)th one, so the latter is redundant. The circuit for q=1 is
responsible of the main electromechanical energy
conversion, and it is actually a per-pole per-phase machine
equivalent circuit. In fact, the sequence inductance L(1) is
twice the machine synchronous inductance, i.e. L(1)=2Xs/.
The generic q-th circuit is sensitive to eventual 2q-pole air
gap flux density waves. The following steps calculate the
sequence voltages e(q) in (4), for both healthy and eccentric
rotor case. Note finally that LSS in (1) is influenced by REs
due to a first-order space-harmonic in the air-gap
distribution. The additional first harmonic in LSS can be
neglected in practice.
i

(0)

(0)

(1)

(1)

(1)

Rs

(0)

(2)

Rs

Rs

(2)

(1)

(3)

he =

2
B l N z K d K p .
he S turn

In case of parallel-connected PPGs, the amplitude he is

fixed by the line-line voltage VLL through he=2VLL/3.
Fluxes in (7) are posed in complex form by applying the
same transformation as in (2), and two rotating flux space
vectors are obtained, ()(1) and ()(5)=()(1)*:
t

5
S '= F 6 S = 0 1
0 0 0 .

6 e j t .
he

(10)

The correspondent 2-pole induced voltage space vector to

put in (4) in case of centered-rotor machine is:
1

e =

(3)

d 1

.
dt

(11)

Rs

(2)

(9)

In (9), S=(1, 2,..., 6)t is the column vector of the real

PPG flux linkages (7), and S' contains the correspondent
sequence fluxes; the 2-pole complex vector ()(1) in (9) is:

L
(3)

(8)

(3)

k
symmetrical, phase = (k-1)

possibly
excited by
homopolar
fluxes

main 2-pole
circuit (idle for
no-load machine)

possibly
excited by
eccentricities

main homopolar circuit

idle for:
1: insulated neutral
2: no-load
3: balanced currents

PPG

Fig. 3. Stator space-sequence circuits for a 2-pole machine.

M = M 0 cos R .

(5)

where >0 for generator operation. The MMF wave (5)

rotates in the stator frame due to the coordinate change
R=S-t. The resulting flux density wave, from B=PM, is:
B=B he cos t S

(6)

where Bhe=P0M0. The fluxes linked by (6) with the 6 PPGs

make up a single-frequency 2-pole symmetric system, Fig. 4:
k = he cos t k 1 , k=1,...,6

(7)

where he is proportional to Bhe in the unsaturated machine:

For healthy machine, and neglecting higher order space

harmonics, the air gap permeance function of a TG can be
assumed constant: P=P0=0/g0. Also in a 2-pole machine, the
air gap MMF wave due to stator and rotor currents is written
in the rotor frame as:

C. 2-Pole TG with Centered Rotor

v1
=60

Fig. 4. Centered-rotor machine.

D. 2-Pole TG with Eccentric Rotor

A general mixed eccentricity of the rotor is made up of a
static and a dynamic component. The air gap lenght function
is written as (the symbols are explained in Fig. 5):
g= g0 1 s cos S s d cos R d

(12)

and the permeance function can be approximated for little

eccentricities (as in the case of TGs) as:
P=0 / g P 0 1 s cosS s d cosR d . (13)

p=1

50Hz
(oscillating
amplitude)

50Hz

S
S

t=0ms

S
N

S
(14)

25Hz

p+1=2

B= Bhe cos t S
0.5 s B he cos t s
0.5 s B he cos t2 S s
0.5 d B he cos d
0.5 d B he cos 2 t2 S d

p-1=0

At this point, usually a multiplication of permeance (13)

and MMF (5) gives the actual air gap flux density
distribution in the eccentric rotor machine, as in [10]. Papers
[11], [14] carried out the analysis of eccentric-rotor
machines with four or more poles, showing a good match
with experimental results. It is proven that additional 2(p1)pole flux density waves appear in the air gap due to REs.
However, the approach of [10], [11], [14] is correct only for
machines with p>1. In fact for a 2-pole machine we obtain:

t=10ms
Fig. 6. Virtual rotors, case of static eccentricity.

p-1=0

p=1

0Hz
(constant
amplitude)

50Hz

p+1=2
50Hz

t=0ms

and the 2(p-1)-pole waves degenerate in two uniform flux

density distributions in the air gap, with constant amplitude
in case of dynamic RE and with oscillating amplitude in case
of static RE (see the fourth and second term at second
member of (14), respectively). Figs. 6, 7 show a
representation of fluxes (14) as produced by 'virtual' rotors.
The homopolar flux distributions imply a net axial flux,
which is not contemplated in a 2-dimension model since a
reluctive return path for the axial flux is not specified. So in
a 2-pole machine, the MMF (5) actually leads to a violation
of the Gauss's law in case of eccentric rotor, i.e. the
condition of zero net flux through a surface which encloses
the rotor, as the contour C in Fig. 5. A coherent 2-D model
can be obtained by using the winding function approach
(WFA), as done in the following.

t=10ms
Fig. 7. Virtual rotors, case of dynamic eccentricity.

E. WFA Applied to a 2-Pole TG with Eccentric Rotor

s=SC/g0

'
q'

d=CR/g0

g0 = gap of the healthy machine

this vector rotates

with the rotor

g0(1-s-d)
R
N

this vector is fixed

R

north rotor pole

axis of PPG#1

contour C

Fig. 5. Rotor eccentricity scheme and symbols used in the formulas.

The WFA is based on the Ampere's law and Gauss's law

applied to a planar machine geometry, supposing no drop of
MMF in the iron [15], [16]. So axial components of flux are
not allowed. This condition may be associated to machines
with very high reluctance paths for flux reclosing on the
ends, or to very long-rotor TGs. In such cases, the
homopolar fluxes in (14) are clearly wrong. In fact, even if
any reclosing magnetic path does exist through the machine
frame, the front covers, the sleeve bearings, and the solid
shaft (axial path), this path has a reluctance much more
higher than any path in the air gap. Usually the stator core is
elastically suspended with keybars fixed to circunferencial
ribs attached to the frame, as in Fig. 8, for vibration
damping. So the axial fluxes should be much smaller than
those given by (14). Obviously, a machine model should
include the axial reclosing paths for an accurate calculation
of the small axial fluxes in case of eccentricity, with great
increase of model complexity. These fluxes are neglected in
the following.

p=1

p-1=0
axial flux

p+1=2

circunferential
ribs

frame

cover

generic radial
axis

keybars

N conductors
sinusoidally
distributed

bearing

STATOR

ROTOR
S

STATOR

PPG#1 axis

xx x

N conductors
sinusoidally
distributed

Fig. 8. Flux reclosing paths at a TG end.

To apply the WFA, we consider the no-load case with the

air gap MMF being produced by the excitation winding, Fig.
9. An ideal sinusoidally-distributed rotor winding is
considered, with turn function defined in the rotor frame as:
n E R=0.5 N cos R .

(15)

The excitation MMF ME is defined as:

M E= w E i E

(16)

where the winding function wE appears [19]:

stator bore

Fig. 9. Rotor winding sinusoidally distributed for WFA application.

F. Flux Linkages in a 2-Pole TG with Eccentric Rotor

The four-pole waves in (20) are not able to link fluxes
with an integer-step 2-pole winding. However, usually the
armatures of TGs have a coil-step reduction, and a linkage
with four-pole waves turns out to be possible. The statorlinked fluxes are obtained from (20) by integration as:
k = he cos t p k 1
s cos t 2 k1 s
d cos 2 t2 k 1d

. (21)

wE=

nE g
n E .
g1

(17)

By using (15) and (12) in (17), from (16) we obtain:

M E= M 0 cos R

s
d
cos t s cosd
2
2

(18)

where M0=N iE/2 is posed. The MMF (18) differs from (5)
due to two subctractive terms, which actually lead to
cancellation of the homopolar fluxes. In fact, the air-gap flux
density distribution is obtained by multiplying (13) and (18),
and, also neglecting higher-order small terms, we obtain:
B= B he cos t S
0.5 s Bhe cos t 2S s
0.5 d Bhe cos 2 t 2 S d

The amplitudes of additional fluxes in (21) cannot be

derived from the formulas in [10], [14] valid in general for
p>1. The 2-pole machine requires a different calculation.
The additional flux systems have amplitudes:
s / d =

2 s / d B he
2 l S N turn z K d , 2 K p , 2

where 2, Kd,2, and Kp,2 are pole pitch, distribution factor, and
pitch factor for the second harmonic (see Appendix B). By
using (8) in (22), we obtain:
s / d =

(19)

where no homopolar flux appears. So the homopolar virtual

rotors in Figs. 6, 7 can be neglected in the model adopted
here, only retaining the four-pole virtual rotors for further
study. The reasoning above can be easily adapted to the
loaded operation, only considering an equivalent conductor
distribution on the rotor displaced of the angle which takes
in account the stator reaction. The result is again (14)
without the homopolar terms:
B= B he cos t S
0.5 s Bhe cos t 2S s
. (20)
0.5 d Bhe cos 2 t 2 S d

(22)

s / d he
K2
2

(23)

where the synthetic coefficient K2 is given by:

K2=

K d ,2 K p,2
2
0.866 1K p .
2 Kd K p

(24)

The transformation of the additional fluxes in (21)

produces two 2-pole rotating space vectors, with amplitudes
proportional to s and d, respectively:
2

=
2

6 e j t
s

2 =

6 e j 2 t .
d
d

(25)

(26)

Finally, the time-derivative of the flux vectors (25) and

(26) gives the overall 4-pole sequence voltage which excites
the correspondent circuit in Fig. 3:
2

e =

d 2
22 .
dt

(27)

The voltage (27) is not able to induce any component in

the machine phase current due to the pole pair mismatch
with the 2-pole sequence circuit shown in Fig. 3. However,
the 4-pole sequence circuit is properly stimulated. The
eccentric rotor TG can be finally thought as the
superimposition of three virtual machines with centered
rotor: the healthy 2-pole original machine and other two
healthy 4-pole machines running with mechanical
frequencies 25Hz and 50Hz, respectively, Fig. 10.
G. Calculation of the Fault-Related Sequence Currents
When a RE appears, currents arise in the 4-pole circuits
of Fig. 10, which can be used for fault diagnosis. By using
(4), (23), and (25)-(27), and by neglecting the resistance RS,
the steady-state 4-pole current can be carried out as:
2

i =i i2 =
6 he / 4
j t
j 2 t
s e
d e
[
]
2
L /K 2
S

(28)

In (28) there are two components proportional to the SRE

and DRE respectively. The bi-periodic vector (28) traces a
closed curve on the complex plane, in form of a centered
trochoid or centered Pascal's limacon, as shown in Section
IV. The use of (28) for fault diagnosis is straightforward,
passing through the FFT analysis of the complex current
carried out for a given machine by (2). However, the
parameter L(2) is hardly furnished in the manufacturer's data
sheets, which is an obstacle to the handy use of (28) for an
absolute estimation of REs. This problem is solved in
Appendic C, where L(2) is calculated for a generic 2-pole TG.
H. Definition of Practical Fault Indicators
The complex current (28) is first rewritten in a more
practical way as follows:

Rs

(1)

Rs

main 2-pole
circuit
(idle for
no-load machine)

possibly
excited by
static
eccentricities

(2)

(2)

()

(1)

v
N

(2)

/2

Rs
(2)

(2)

i (2)

(1)

(2)

(1)

(2)

i ()

possibly
excited by
dynamic
eccentricities

Fig. 10. Virtual healthy machines representing an eccentric-rotor machine.

i =S 2 e

j t S

D 2 e

j 2td

(29)

The symbols S2, D2 represent the amplitudes of the

frequency components obtained through complex FFT of the
vector carried out from the measured currents. The SRE and
the DRE can be estimated from (28) and (29) as follows:
2

s =

2 L /K 2
S
V L L / 2

d =

2L /K2
D
V L L/ 2

(30)

(31)

where he=2VLL/3 has been also used.

Equations (30), (31) are the basis of the proposed
eccentricity diagnosis method in 2-pole round-rotor
machines. The needed parameters are the actual line-line
voltage, the coefficient K2 (24), and the inductance L(2)(C17).
IV. SIMULATIONS OF A 500MVA TURBO-GENERATOR
Time-stepping FEM simulations of a 500MVA 2-pole TG
(machine data are in Appendix A) were carried out with
time-step=0.5ms, in no-load (Fig. 11) and full-load (Fig. 12)
conditions. The parameters S2, D2 to put in (30), (31) were
obtained by FFT in Figs. 11-f and 12-f. The other parameters
were as follows: VLL=18kV, =314rad/s, K2=0.296 from(24),
and L(2)=1.12mH from (C17). The REs estimated were
sd5.5% in no-load, and sd6.3% at full-load, which is
quite a good approximation of the REs actually simulated in
the model (5% of both SRE and DRE). The RE angles
simulated were s=0o, d=180o. (the SRE points toward the
PPG#1 axis, and the DRE points toward the South pole of
the rotor). The axis of the trochoid in Fig. 11-d is not
perfectly horizontal due to the time-step lag (9o at 3000rpm).
V. CONCLUSION
A practical method (SPCSA) has been carried out for
assessment of rotor misalignments in round-rotor 2-pole
synchronous machines (turbogenerators) with parallel
circuits in the stator. The f and 2f frequency signatures in the
spectrum of the four-pole space-vector obtained from the
internal currents have to be used in the formulas provided in
this paper, to obtain the diagnosis. The following machine
parameters are needed: line-line rms voltage, frequency,
synchronous and leakage reactance, number of stator slots,
and winding pitch factor. Time-stepping FEM simulations of
a 500MVA TG confirm the SPCSA applicability.
Only three split-phase currents must be measured in
practical machines (one per phase), since the other three are
obtained for subtraction from the phase currents. Rogowski
coils could be used, embedded in the front-ends of the TG.
However some TG is equipped with split-phase current
protections, and so the measurement is already available.
Experimental research is ongoing on this promising topic.

NO-LOAD FLUX DENSITY MAGNITUDE

FULL-LOAD FLUX DENSITY MAGNITUDE

REDUCED GAP

REDUCED GAP

ZETA

a)

a)
CURRENT(A)

PPG CURRENTS

CURRENT(A)

PPG CURRENTS

b)
50Hz-ROTATING VECTOR

b)
TW O 50Hz- AND 100HzROTATING VECTORS

50Hz-ROTATING VECTOR

TWO 50Hz- AND 100HzROTATING VECTORS

S2 +D2 =969A
S2 +D2 =837A

c)

d)
50Hz
1.7A

c)

d)
50Hz
14.5kA

e)

e)
50Hz
S2 =418A

100Hz
D2 =419A

f)
Fig. 11. a)-f): 500MVA TG in no-load condition. 5% SRE and 5% DRE.

50Hz
S2 =483A

100Hz
D2 =486A

f)
Fig. 12. a)-f): 500MVA TG in full-load condition. 5% SRE and 5% DRE.

In particular, from (C2) and (3) we obtain L(1) and L(2):

VI. APPENDIX A
Machine data as used in the paper are reported in Table I.
The winding scheme for one phase is shown in Fig. 13.
TABLE I
500MVA TURBO-GENERATOR RATINGS

(C3)

(C4)

L = L 0 L 60 L 120 L 180

L = L0 L60 L120 L180 .

Apparent power
500MVA
Voltage/current
18kV/16kA
Active power
450MW
Frequency
50Hz
Speed
3000rpm
cosphi
0.9
SCR
0.6
Rotor current
1425A
Xs (unsat.)
1.19 (1.83p.u.)
Xl
59.5m (0.09p.u.)
air gap
7mm
core lenght
7.21m
Armature winding: three-phase, double layer, lap-wound, two-pole, whole
coiled winding with 36 slots, 6 slots per-pole and per-phase, step
reduction=4 slots, and two parallel pole-phase-groups per phase.

Note that L(1) is known from the synchronous reactance:

1

L = 2 X s /

(C5)

and that the self-inductance L0 embeds the leakage

inductance Xl/ (which is also assumed known):
L 0=2 X l / L 1,1

PPG#1

PPG#4

PPG#1

where L1,1 is the PPG self inductance due to the air gap flux
linkage. The problem of calculating L(2) starting from (C3)(C6) is solved as follows. From the WFA theory, the winding
function of a single coil with Nturn turns spanning radians in
the stator bore is (Fig. 14):

1 2 3

w coil =

36

u=1

i4

A'

iA=i1-i4

2 N turn
u
sin
cos u .
u
2

(C7)

The winding function wk of the k-th PPG (made up of z

coils in series) is the summation of z functions as in (C7),
displaced of a slot pitch one from the other:

i1

parallel
connection

(C6)

current
probes

Fig. 13. Phase A winding scheme. The phases B and C are identical, only
displaced of 120 and 240 degrees.

w k = N turn wk '

(C8)

where wk' is the winding function of a single-turn PPG:

VII.

APPENDIX B

z1

The distribution and step-reduction (pitch) factors and

the pole pitch for the h-th harmonic are recalled here below:

w k '=
h=0 u=1

2
u

sin
cos u hk 1
. (C9)
u
2
3

K p , h=sin h /2

(B2)

Note that wk' can be numerically evaluated for a given

machine, only requiring the parameters , , and z=60o/.
Finally, the mutual inductance between the first and k-th
PPG is in general:

h= / h .

(B3)

L 1, k = K WFA L 1, k '

K d , h=

sin z h / 2
z sin h / 2

(B1)

(C10)

where KWFA regroups all the unknown parameters:

VIII. APPENDIX C

The calculation of L(2) is carried out here for a generic 2pole TG. The stator inductances are transformed by [10]:

L SS '= F n L SS F n=diag {L }

(C1)

and the sequence inductances can be directly obtained by:

K WFA =

2 0 r m l s N turn
g0

whereas L1,k' (k=1,...,4) are 'non-dimensional inductances'

which can be numerically pre-calculated, known , , and z:
L 1, k ' = w1 ' w k ' .

n1

= L u cos qu .

n q

L =L

u =0

(C2)

(C11)

So the inductances appearing in (C3), (C4) are:

(C12)

L 0=2 X l / L 1,1=2 X l / K WFA L 1,1 '

L 60=L 1,2= K WFA L 1,2 '
L 120= L 1,3= K WFA L 1,3 '
L 180= L 1,4= K WFA L 1,4 ' .

(C13)
(C14)
(C15)
(C16)

By using (C13)-(C16) in (C3), (C4), and solving the

system for L(2), it is easy to eliminate KWFA so obtaining the
following formula with only known parameters:
2

L =

2 X l 2 X s X l L 1,1 ' L 1,2 ' L1,3 ' L 1,4 '

. (C17)

L 1,1 ' L 1,2 ' L1,3 ' L 1,4 '

Equation (C17) together with (C9), (C12), solves the

problem of calculating L(2), by few lines of computer code.
Only Xs, Xl, , =360o/Nslot, and z=Nslot/6 are needed. If Xl is
unknown, (C17) gives fair results by assuming
Xl0.10.2p.u., as usual in large TGs with SCR0.40.6 [1].
Nslot is not essential, since it is usually large and (C17)
converges very quickly for 0 and z.
wcoil

-180

stator angular
abscissa

Nturn/2

Nturn

-90

-/2

+/2

+90

(1-/2)Nturn

+180

Fig. 14. Winding function wcoil of a single coil with Nturn turns, centered with
respect to a proper stator angular abscissa .

IX.REFERENCES
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[2] M. Biet, Rotor faults diagnosis using features selection and nearest
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Electron., IEEE early access.
[3] D. Zarko, D. Ban, I. Vazdar, and V. Jaric, Calculation of unbalanced
magnetic pull in a salient-pole synchronous generator using finiteelement method and measured shaft orbit, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,
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[4] J. J. Simond, M. Tu Xuan, and R. Wetter, An innovative inductive airgap monitoring for large low speed hydro-generators, in Proc. ICEM
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[6] P. Neti and S. Nandi, Stator interturn fault detection of synchronous
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[9] C. Bruzzese and T. Mazzuca, DIEM project's outcomes: an automated

air-gap monitoring approach for Italian Navy's on-board low-voltage
generators, in Proc. IEEE ESARS Conf., Bologna, Italy, Oct. 16-18,
2012.
[10] C. Bruzzese, Study of cardioid-shaped loop current space vector
trajectories for rotor eccentricity detection in power synchronous
machines, in Proc. IEEE SDEMPED Conf., Bologna, Italy, Sep. 5-8,
2011.
[11] C. Bruzzese, A virtual instrument for on-line evaluation of alternator's
shaft misalignments through ICSVA (Internal Current Space-Vector
Analysis), in Proc. IEEE SDEMPED Conf., Bologna, Italy, Sep. 5-8,
2011.
[12] C. Bruzzese, "Analysis and application of particular current signatures
(symptoms) for cage monitoring in non-sinusoidally fed motors with
high rejection to drive load, inertia, and frequency variations", IEEE
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[13] C. Bruzzese, O. Honorati, and E. Santini, Evaluation of classic and
innovative sideband-based broken bar indicators by using an
experimental cage and a transformed (n,m) complex model, in Proc.
IEEE ISIE Conf., Vigo, Spain, Jun. 4-7, 2007.
[14] C. Bruzzese, Field experience with the split-phase current signature
analysis (SPCSA): Eccentricity assessment for a stand-alone alternator
in time-varying and unbalanced load conditions, in Proc. IEEE
WEMDCD Conf., Paris, France, Mar. 11-12, 2013, pp. 255-268.
[15] C. Bruzzese, E. Santini, V. Benucci, and A. Millerani, Model-based
eccentricity diagnosis for a ship brushless generator exploiting the
machine voltage signature analysis (MVSA), in Proc. IEEE
SDEMPED Conf., Cargese, France, Aug. 31 Sep. 3, 2009.
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X. BIOGRAPHY
Claudio Bruzzese (S'05-M'08) received the M.Sc. (cum laude) and Ph.D.
degrees from the University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy, in 2002 and
2008, respectively.
He worked as designer of electric plants between 1998 and 2002. After
graduation, he was with the National Power System Management Company.
Since September 2002, he has been with the Dept. of Electrical Eng.,
University of Rome Sapienza, as Researcher Associate, and from 2011 as
Assistant Professor. He is consultant for the Italian Ministry of Defence, and
has developed projects in the framework of the Military Research National
Program. He was visiting researcher with the University of Victoria,
Victoria, Canada, in 2012. His interests cover fault diagnosis of power
induction and synchronous machines, railway and naval power systems,
linear drives, and electromechanical design and advanced modeling. He is
author or coauthor of about 50 technical papers, and holds four patents.
Dr. Bruzzese is a Registered Professional Engineer in Italy. He is
member of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.