MEKANISME EFEKTOR

SISTEM IMUN
Tonang Dwi Ardyanto
FK UMS April 2013

Plus tumor cells

APC

Macrophages engulf bacteria and produce

Figure 1-14 inflammatory cytokines

Humoral Effector
Mechanism

Consequences of Antibody Binding

Consequences of Antibody Binding

Effector Functions of Antibodies

Neutralization of Microbes by Antibodies

Neutralization of Toxins by Antibodies

Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Functions of Complement

Antibody Response After Exposure to

Antigen

Cellular Effector
Mechanism

T Cells and Cell Mediated

Immunity
Types of T cells
1. T Helper (TH) Cells: Central role in immune response
Most are CD4+
Recognize antigen on the surface of antigen presenting cells (e.g.:

macrophage).
Activate macrophages
Induce formation of cytotoxic T cells
Stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.

Types of T cells (Continued)

2. Cytotoxic T (Tc) Cells: Destroy target cells.
Most are CD4 negative (CD4 -).
Recognize antigens on the surface of all cells:
Kill host cells that are infected with viruses or bacteria.
Recognize and kill cancer cells.
Recognize and destroy transplanted tissue.
Release protein called perforin which forms a pore in target cell,

causing lysis of infected cells.

Undergo apoptosis when stimulating antigen is gone.

Central Role of Helper T Cells

T Cells Only Recognize Antigen Associated

with MHC Molecules on Cell Surfaces

EFFECTOR OPTIONS OF CD8 AND

CD4 T CELLS FOLLOWING ANTIGEN ACTIVATION
CD8 committed to becoming cytotoxic effector cells
CD4 T cells can differentiate along two pathways
TH1 or TH2
Mechanisms of differentiation not well understood
Most immune responses involve both TH1 and TH2
CD4 TH1 cells help with cell-mediated immune response
CD4 TH2 cells help with humoral immune response

Subpopulations of Th Cells
Subpopulations

based on cytokine
profiles
Th0
Th1
Th2

Differentiation

determined by
cytokines
Influenced by antigen
IL-4 - Th2 cells
IL-12 Th1cells

Subpopulations of Th Cells
Th1 cell cytokines
Activate macrophages
Generation of Tc
Th2 cell cytokines
Activate of B cells
Activate granulocytes

Regulation
Antigen
INF- inhibits
proliferation of Th2 cells
IL-10 inhibits production
of INF-

CD4 T CELL RESPONSE TO MYCOBACTERIUM

LEPRAE
Mycobacterium leprae is an intracellular pathogen, agent

of leprosy and directs either TH1 or TH2 response

Most effective immune response is mediated by TH1 cells
Immune response mediated by TH1 cells results in
Tuberculoid leprosy
Immune response mediated by TH2 cells results in
Lepromatous leprosy

Generation of CTLs
Differentiate in

response to two
signals
Specific antigen

associated with class

I MHC molecules
Cytokines produced
by Th1 cells

Features of CTL Killing

Antigen specific
Target cell must bear the same antigen associated with class I MHC
as did the pre-CTL
Requires cell contact
Ensures that nearby cells are not killed

CTLs are capable of killing many targets

CTLs are not injured when they kill a target

Steps in CTL Killing

Tc cell

Tc cell

Tc cell

Target cell

Target cell

1. Tc recognizes antigen on
target cell

2. A lethal hit is delivered by

the Tc using agents such as
granzymes or TNF

Target cell

Target cell

3. The Tc detaches
from the target cell

4. Target cell dies

by apoptosis

Mechanisms of CTL Killing

CTL granule-mediated killing
Granules containing perforin and
granzymes are released by CTL
Perforin polymerizes and forms channels
in target cell membrane
Granzymes (serine proteases) enter
through channels and activate caspases
resulting in apoptosis

Cytotoxic T Cells Lyse Infected Cells

CTL-Killing

Viral antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells via MHC class I molecules

Figure 1-26

CYTOTOXINS AND CYTOKINES OF T CELLS

T cells are distinguished by
Cytokines and cytotoxins produced and the effects on
immune response
CD4 T cells produce and act primarily through cytokines
Macrophage stimulating (TH1)
B cell activating (TH2)
CD8 T cells produce and act primarily through cytotoxins
Perforin and Granzymes

Relationship Between Cell-Mediated and

Humoral Immunity
1. Antibody Production
T-Dependent Antigens:
Antibody production requires assistance from T helper cells.
A macrophage cells ingest antigen and presents it to T H cell.
TH cell stimulates B cells specific for antigen to become plasma cells.
Antigens are mainly proteins on viruses, bacteria, foreign red blood

cells, and hapten-carrier molecules.

T-Independent Antigens:
Antibody production does not require assistance from T cells.
Antigens are mainly polysaccharides or lipopolysaccharides with

repeating subunits (bacterial capsules).

Weaker immune response than for T-dependent antigens.

Humoral Response to T Dependent Antigens

Relationship Between Cell-Mediated and

Humoral Immunity
2. Antibody Dependent Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity
Target cell is covered with antibodies, leaving Fc portion sticking

outwards.
Natural killer and other nonspecific cells that have receptors for Fc
region are stimulated to kill targeted cells.
Target organism is lysed by substances secreted by attacking cells.
Used to destroy large organisms that cannot be phagocytosed.

Destruction of Large Parasites by ADCC