Immun Syste Physiolog

Gian Carlo

PhB PTRP

Delante,

RPT

Functions

Destroy
of

pathogens
Detect and
kill
abnormal
cells such
as
cancerous
cells
Remove

the Immun Syste

e

Pathogen
s

Two Intrinsic

System

Defense

(1
)

External
defenses

Innate Defense System

First lines of defense

Non-specific
Surface barriers: skin & mucous
Responds quickly
Second lines of defense
membranes

Antimicrobial proteins,
Internal
defenses
phagocytes,
cells &

Inhibit spread of invaders throughout

chemicals in body fluids

body

(2 Adaptive Defense System

Hallmark: Inflammation

) Specific
Takes longer time to react

Mounts
attack against
Lymphocytes: T cells and

particular foreign
B cells
substances

Adaptive

Immunity

in 4 key ways:

Specificdefenses differ
Adaptive
Directed against an
from
innate

identified enemy

Involve B and T
lymphocytes
Have memory
Systemic

Can act anywhere in the

body

defense
s

Surface
Skin &
Membrane
Barriers:
Mucous
s
The frst line of
defense prevents
pathogens from
entering the body
and Respiratory
includestract

Gastrointestinal
physical
barriers

suchtract
as:
Genitourinary
Intact
tract skin

Mucous membranes

Surface Barriers: Skin

Properties of skin that help it resist

invasion:
Keratin
A tough protein in skin cells, forms an

abrasion- resistant and waterresistant outermost layer

Intercellular junctions
hold skin cells tightly together

Skin secretions
acidic and contain chemicals that
make the skin inhospitable for
pathogens

Surface Barriers: Mucous

Membranes

Mucous membrane

Skin acidity (pH of 3 to 5) inhibits bacterial

secretions
growth
Sebum contains chemicals toxic to
bacteria Stomach mucosae secrete
concentrated HCl and proteindigesting enzymes
Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain
lysozyme
Mucus traps microorganisms that enter
the digestive and respiratory systems
Cilia of upper respiratory tract sweep

Five Lines of

fast-acting
Innate
nonspecific
Innate
internal defenses
provide crude
protection against

any
and all pathogens the
The
5 Lines

enter
(1)the
Phagocytic
cells
body

Neutrophils and
macrophages

(2) Natural killer (NK)

cells
Kill body cells that have
become

Interna Defens
l

Phagocytes:

Neutrophils vs.
Macrophages

The most
abundant
of the leukocytes
of white blood cells)
These
phagocytes
perform (50-70%
essential

functions
both innate and
Normallyfor
not found in healthy tissues
adaptive immunity
The frst cells to leave the blood and enter tissue at
sites Neutrophils
of infection or

trauma

Recruited by chemicals released by tissue

Macrophag
Monocytes
follow
theinjured
influx oftissues
neutrophils into the affected
macrophages
and
es tissue; these
Short-lived
that can into
only phagocytize
a few pathogens
before
monocytes cells
transform
macrophages,
reinforcing

the resident
they die
macrophages that are already present
Normally present in tissues
Chief phagocytic cells: phagocytize more cells than
neutrophils in their
lifetime

Phagocytes
:
Neutrophils
vs.
Macrophag
es

Phagocytes:

the Enem

Recognizing

Phagocytes use special

cell
membrane receptors
to

recognize and bind

molecules
(markers of non-self) that
are
found on pathogens and
not on

Phagocytes:

Phagosome

Killing

The vesicle wherein the

engulfed pathogen is
contained

H+ ismechanisms
pumped into the
Killing

phagosome

making it acidic

Enzymes convert O2 into

toxic reactive oxygen

intermediates
Indigestible
and residual
Phagosome fuses with
material
lysosome
to form a phagolysosome
is removed
by exocytosis

Mechanism
s

NK Cells:

Characteristics
Make up 10-15% of
blood
lymphocytes
Identifcation of target cells
Look
for
the
absence of
normally
occurring
selfproteins
Act in complimentary
fashion
to T cells which look for

Antimicrobial
Interferon (IFN)
Proteins:
Cytokines: small proteins that act
as chemical
s
messengers between various parts

of the
Interfere
with viral
immune
system

Interferons
(IFN) are cytokines
Basic
replication
functions:
Genes
that synthesize
Modulate
inflammation IFN are
activated when a
immune cells
hostActivate
cell is invaded by a virus
Interferon molecules

(chemicals) leave the

infected cell and enter neighboring
cells
Interferon stimulates the
neighboring cells to
3 types
of
activate genes for Protein Kinase RNAAlpha interferon

activated
interferon
Beta interferon
(PKR) (an antiviral protein)
Gamma
PKR nonspecifcally blocks viral
reproduction in the
interferon
neighboring cell

Antimicrobial
Interferon (IFN)
Proteins:
s

Interferons are a family of

related
proteins each with slightly
different physiological
effects
Lymphocytes
secrete gamma ()
interferon, but
most other WBCs secrete
alpha

Antimicrobial

Proteins:
Complimen

Opsonization: Mark cells for

Compliment
gets its
phagocytosis
name
from
Chemotaxis:
attracts

themacrophages
fact that it and
neutrophils or
compliments
Cell lysis:
Kill some
enhances
other
bacteria all
components
of
both
andbyadaptive
themselves
the
by innate
defenses
formation
When activated, these
of a Membrane Attack

Antimicrobial
Proteins:
Complimen
t

Inflammation Cardina Sign

Dolor

Tumor

Rubor
5 cardinal signs
The

Calor

Function
Prevents
the spread of
Functio
s injurious
laesa
agents
Disposes off pathogens

and dead
Inflammatory
mediators
cells
areSets
central
the stage for repair

to the
process
of
Released
by macrophages
and
inflammation
other
tissue cells
Cause vasodilation and
increase in

Inflammatory

Response:

Leukocytosis

neutrophils and monocytes are

released
from the bone marrow in response

to
d
leukocytosis-inducing factors
released by
injured cells
Margination: The binding of
monocytes and
neutrophils to blood vessel walls in
the injure

area
In response to inflammatory
mediators,
endothelial cells produce cell
adhesion

Phagocytic

Mobilization

Inflammation
Inflammator Mediators
:
y
Histamine

One of the most

powerful
inflammatory
mediator

Released by
basophils
(found in blood) and
mast
cells (found in

Feve
Fever is a useful part
of our
defense system
Most pathogens
Role in the immune
do not
system:
grow as well at

higher
temperatures
During fever liver
and
spleen sequester
iron and
zinc making them
less
available to
bacteria

Adaptive

Immunity
3r line of
Is considered

d
Recognizes specific
foreign substances
the
defense

substance
A functional
system that:
Acts to immobilize,
neutralize, or

destroyinflammatory
foreign
Amplifes
response and activates
s

Characteristic
compliment
Antigens
specific
Systemic

Has
2 separate but overlapping arms:
Has
memory
Humoral immunity or antibody-mediated
immunity (B cell)
Cellular immunity or cell-mediated

Antigen

s
Antigens (ANtibody GENerator)
Usually molecules of proteins,
but can
also be large carbohydrates or
nucleic

acids NOT normally found in

the body
(non-self)
Substance that provokes an
adaptive

immune response

Antigenic determinant

the special shape formed by

Antigenic
Determinants

Self-Antigens:

Protein

MHC

Our cells are dotted with

protein
molecules (self-antigens)
that are
not antigenic to us but are
strongly
antigenic to others
One type of these mark a
cell as
self: Major
Histocompatibility

Cells of

Adaptive
T lymphocytes (T cells)

Mature in the bone

marrow
Two
types
of lymphocytes
non-

antibody-producing
cells
that
B lymphocytes (B
cells)

constitute
the cell-mediated
oversee

Mature in the
arm of immunity
humoral
Antigen-Presenting
Cells
thymus
immunity

Process and present antigens

(APCs)
to TDendritic cells capture
antigens in
cellsthe periphery, migrate to
lymph
nodes, and present these
antigens to
Play
essential auxiliary
T cells
roles
in
Macrophages

immunity
B cells
Class II MHC proteins

Immunit
y

Adaptive
Immunity:

The branch of adaptive immunity that can be transferred via body

Humoral and Cellular

fluids

Involves B cells and the antibodies they ultimately

produce: anitbody
A bacterium has invaded the extracellular
mediated

Directed
against extracellular pathogens
Cellular
fluid

The
branch
of adaptive immunity which cannot be
Humoral Immunity
Example:
transferred by
Immunity
transferring body fluids
Involves the T cells which directly attack other
cells: cell-mediated

Immunity

A cell has become cancerous

Directed
against cells of our own body
A cell has been invaded by a virus
Example:

A cell has been transplanted from another

individual

Adaptive
Immunity:
Humoral and
Cellular Immunity

Humoral

Immunity:
Secreted by the
clonal
descendants of

Antibodies:
B cells,
called
plasma
cells
Can be found on
the
plasma membrane
of B
lymphocytes
where they
act as B cell
antigen

Antibodie
s

Humora Immunity Antibodie

Each antibody

has two
identical

antigen-binding
sites (at the
variable
regions)

Shape of
antigen-binding

Humoral Immunity:

Antibodies

The stem (constant region) determines whether an

Remains bound to the B cell as the B cell antigen receptor

antibody:
Can activate compliment

Can act as opsonin to promote phagocytosis

Can be joined with another to form a pair called a

dimer, or a
complex of fve antibodies called a pentamer

Antibodies themselves do not destroy antigen they

Is secreted into blood plasma, or is transported
into the lumen
of antigens for destruction
inactivate
and tag
the gut, across the placenta, or into other

All secretions
antibodies such
form as
an saliva
antigen-antibody (immune)
complex

There are fve classes of antibodies: IgG, IgA,

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin G
(IgG)

Antibodies Immunoglobuli A (IgA

:

Gastrointesti
IgAnal
is
system
principally
Respiratory
secreted
into
thesystem
Also found in:

mucosa
of
Genitourinary
Saliva
the:

system
Sweat and tears

Breast milk
allows
passive
transfer of

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin M
(IgM)

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin E
Parasitic worms in the body initiate a series
of interactions
(IgE)
within the immune system that results in the

production of
IgE
Key to the production of
IgE are:
Helper T cells
Interleukin-4

IgE antibodies coat the worm to mark it for

attack
Eosinophils attack the parasite

Antibodies:

Individuals who are prone to

allergies
make IgE antibodies directed

against
environmental antigens
Allergies
Allergic
called allergens
Sensitization
frst exposure
to an
Common allergens
include

Response
chemicals
allergen
on pollen
and dust
found
IgE antibodies
attach
onto surface
mite
feces
of

Immunoglobulin

basophils and mast cells

When exposed again to allergen, it

binds to
IgE on mast cells and basophils
that
degranulate releasing granules
Antihistamin
Block
which histamine receptors on
histamine & other
bronchioles
e contain
inflammatory
and
blood vessels
mediators

E (IgE
)

Antibodies:

Immunoglobulin
The
role of IgD is
not

Is located in the

entirely
clear
surface of
nave B

cells
(along with IgM)

Acts as B cell
antigen
receptor and
participates in

D (IgD
)

Antibodies Summary of
Actions

P: Antibodies, acting as opsonins, mark pathogens for

destruction by
phagocytosis

L: Antibodies attached to the surface of bacteria initiate

the classical
pathway of complement activation, which can result in
lysis via the
membrane attack complex (MAC large pore formed
in a target cell by
compliment system causing cell lysis by creating
osmotic imbalances)
A: Antibodies clump molecules or entire cells
(agglutination)

Cellular Immunity

Since antibodies are useless against intracellular

antigens, cellmediated immunity is needed
orchestrate
immune response
Two
major populations
of T cells mediate cellular
immunity
(based
2/3 of all
T cells
on
the cells
presence
of
certain
surface
proteins
harboring
foreign
antigens
orcell
that have
become
cancerous
CD8
(T8 cells)
are cytotoxic
T cells
(TC) that
proteins)
CD
1/3 of all T cells

destroy cells
CD4 cells (T4 cells) are primarily helper T cells (TH) which
Other types of T cells are:
Suppressor or Regulatory T cells (TS)
shut down T cell-mediated immunity toward the end
of an immune
reaction

Memory T cells

CD4 and CD8

Cells

Antigen
Presentation

Antigen

Presentation:
Class I MHC
Protein
Class I MHC proteins found on
virtually all body cells

Antigen

Presentation:
Class II MHC
Protein
Class II MHC proteins found on
certain cells in the immune
response (macrophages,
dendritic cells, B cells)

HIV/AID
Normal CD4 count: 500-1,500

cells per
mm
S
HIV positive: < 200 cells per

Binding to the surface of CD4 cells

mm

Entering CD4 cells and

HIV targets CD4 cells by:
becoming a part
of them
As CD4 cells multiply to fght

infection, they
HIV also
canmake
destroy
more entire
copies of HIV

Continuing
"families"
of to replicate,
leading
a
CD4
cells.toThen
the diseases
gradual decline of CD4 cells
these
"families" were designed to
fght can

Types of Acquired
Immunity

Hypersensitivity
Reactions