ACIDS AND BASES HL

1.

Which salts will produce an acidic solution when dissolved in water?

I.

CH3COOK

II.

NH4NO3

III.

Al2(SO4)3

A.

I and II only

B.

I and III only

C.

II and III only

D.

I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

2.

The Kb value for a base is 5.0 10 mol dm at 298 K. What is the Ka value for its conjugate acid at this
temperature?
A.

5.0 10

B.

2.0 10

C.

2.0 10

12

D.

2.0 10

13

(Total 1 mark)

3.

Which compounds can be mixed together as solutions of equal volume and concentration to form a buffer
solution?
A.

Nitric acid and potassium hydroxide

B.

Nitric acid and potassium nitrate

C.

Propanoic acid and potassium hydroxide

D.

Propanoic acid and potassium propanoate

(Total 1 mark)

4.

In an experiment conducted at 25.0 C, the initial concentration of propanoic acid and methanol were 1.6 mol dm
3
3
and 2.0 mol dm respectively. Once equilibrium was established, a sample of the mixture was removed and
3
analysed. It was found to contain 0.80 mol dm of compound X.
(i)

Calculate the concentrations of the other three species present at equilibrium.

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(3)

(ii)

State the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, and calculate the equilibrium constant for this reaction at
25.0 C.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)

5.

The graph below indicates the pH change during the titration of 20.0 cm of 0.100 mol dm of CH3COOH(aq)
3

with 0.100 mol dm KOH(aq). From the graph, identify the volume of KOH(aq) and the pH at the equivalence
point.

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(Total 2 marks)

6.

(i)

Describe how an indicator works.

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(3)

(ii)

Using Table 16 of the Data Booklet, identify the most appropriate indicator for the titration of ethanoic acid
with potassium hydroxide. Explain your choice.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)

7.

Explain, using an equation, whether a solution of 0.10 mol dm FeCl3(aq) would be acidic, alkaline or neutral.
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(Total 2 marks)

8.

Determine the pH of the solution resulting when 100 cm of 0.50 mol dm HCl(aq) is mixed with 200 cm of
3
0.10 mol dm NaOH(aq).
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(Total 5 marks)

9.

Based on information in the table below, which acid is the strongest?

Acid

pKa

Ka

A.

HA

2.0

B.

HB

C.

HC

4.0

D.

HD

1 10

1 10

(Total 1 mark)

10.

Which combination will form a buffer solution?

3

A.

100 cm of 0.10 mol dm hydrochloric acid with 50 cm of 0.10 mol dm sodium hydroxide.

B.

100 cm of 0.10 mol dm ethanoic acid with 50 cm of 0.10 mol dm sodium hydroxide.

C.

50 cm of 0.10 mol dm hydrochloric acid with 100 cm of 0.10 mol dm sodium hydroxide.

D.

50 cm of 0.10 mol dm ethanoic acid with 100 cm of 0.10 mol dm sodium hydroxide.

(Total 1 mark)

11.

The graph below shows the titration curve of 25 cm of 0.100 mol dm of hydrochloric acid with sodium
3
hydroxide, of 0.100 mol dm concentration. The indicator methyl orange was used to determine the equivalence
point. Methyl orange has a pH range of 3.24.4.

If the hydrochloric acid was replaced by ethanoic acid of the same volume and concentration, which property of
the titration would remain the same?
A.

The initial pH

B.

The pH at the equivalence point

C.

The volume of strong base, NaOH, needed to reach the equivalence point

D.

The colour of the titration mixture just before the equivalence point is reached
(Total 1 mark)

12.

Ammonia, NH3, is a weak base. It has a pKb value of 4.75.

2

Calculate the pH of a 1.00 10 mol dm aqueous solution of ammonia at 298 K.

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(Total 4 marks)

13.

(i)

25.0 cm of 1.00 10 mol dm hydrochloric acid solution is added to 50.0 cm of

2
3
1.00 10 mol dm aqueous ammonia solution. Calculate the concentrations of both ammonia and
ammonium ions in the resulting solution and hence determine the pH of the solution.
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(5)

(ii)

State what is meant by a buffer solution and explain how the solution in (i), which contains ammonium
chloride dissolved in aqueous ammonia, can function as a buffer solution.
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)

14.

Salts may form neutral, acidic or alkaline solutions when dissolved in water.
(i)

Explain why a solution of sodium chloride is neutral but sodium carbonate forms an alkaline solution when
it dissolves in water.
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(2)

(ii)

Explain why iron(III) chloride, [Fe(H2O)6]Cl3, forms an acidic solution in water.

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(2)
(Total 4 marks)

15.

What is the Kb expression for the reaction of ethylamine with water?

+

A.

Kb = [CH3CH2NH3 ][OH ]

B.

[CH 3 CH 2 NH 3 ][OH ]
[CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 ]
Kb =

C.

[CH 3 CH 2 NH 3 ][H 2 O]
[CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 ]
Kb =

D.

Kb = [CH3CH2NH2][H2O]

(Total 1 mark)

16.

When these 1.0 mol dm acidic solutions are arranged in order of increasing strength (weakest first), what is the
correct order?
5

acid in solution X

Ka = 1.74 10 mol dm at 298 K

acid in solution Y

Ka = 1.38 10 mol dm at 298 K

acid in solution Z

Ka = 1.78 10 mol dm at 298 K

A.

X<Z<Y

C.

Z<X<Y

B.

X <Y< Z

D.

Y<X<Z
(Total 1 mark)

17.

Consider an acid-base indicator solution.

HIn(aq)
colour A

H (aq) + In (aq)
colour B

What is the effect on this acid-base indicator when sodium hydroxide solution is added to it?

A.

Equilibrium shifts to the right and more of colour B is seen.

B.

Equilibrium shifts to the left and more of colour B is seen.

C.

Equilibrium shifts to the right and more of colour A is seen.

D.

Equilibrium shifts to the left and more of colour A is seen.

(Total 1 mark)

18.

(a)

(i)

State an equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with water.

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...........................................................................................................................
(1)
3

(ii)

Calculate the pH of 0.200 mol dm ethanoic acid (pKa = 4.76).

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(3)

(b)

Determine the pH of a solution formed from adding 50.0 cm of 1.00 mol dm ethanoic acid,
3
3
CH3COOH(aq), to 50.0 cm of 0.600 mol dm sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq).
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(4)

(c)

Explain how the solution formed in part (b) can act as a buffer. Use equations to support your answer.
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(2)
(Total 10 marks)

19.

pKw for water at 10 C = 14.54. What is the pH of pure water at this temperature?
A.

6.73

C.

7.27

B.

7.00

D.

7.54
(Total 1 mark)

20.

What is Kb for the aqueous fluoride ion given that Kw is 1.0 10

14

1.0 10 14

1
A.

6.8 10 4

B.

(6.8 10 )(1.0 10

and Ka for HF is 6.8 10 at 298 K?

C.
14

6.8 10 4

D.

6.8 10

(Total 1 mark)

21.

Which of the following could be added to a solution of ethanoic acid to prepare a buffer?
A.

Sodium hydroxide

B.

Hydrochloric acid

C.

Sodium chloride

D.

More ethanoic acid

(Total 1 mark)

22.

Which aqueous solution has a pH less than 7?

A.

KNO3(aq)

C.

[Fe(H2O)6]Cl3(aq)

B.

Na2CO3(aq)

D.

CH3COONa(aq)
(Total 1 mark)

23.

Water is an important substance that is abundant on the Earths surface.

(i)

State the expression for the ionic product constant of water, Kw.
(1)

(ii)

Explain why even a very acidic aqueous solution still has some OH ions present in it.
(1)

(iii)

State and explain the effect of increasing temperature on the value of Kw given that the ionization of water
is an endothermic process.
(3)

(iv)

State and explain the effect of increasing temperature on the pH of water.

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

24.

Buffer solutions resist small changes in pH. A phosphate buffer can be made by dissolving NaH 2PO4 and
Na2HPO4 in water, in which NaH2PO4 produces the acidic ion and Na2HPO4 produces the conjugate base ion.
(i)

Deduce the acid and conjugate base ions that make up the phosphate buffer and state the ionic equation that
represents the phosphate buffer.
(3)

(ii)

Describe how the phosphate buffer minimizes the effect of the addition of a strong base, OH (aq), to the
buffer. Illustrate your answer with an ionic equation.
(2)

(iii)

Describe how the phosphate buffer minimizes the effect of the addition of a strong acid, H (aq), to the
buffer. Illustrate your answer with an ionic equation.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

25.

A 0.10 mol dm ammonia solution is placed in a flask and titrated with a 0.10 mol dm
solution.
(i)

hydrochloric acid

Explain why the pH of the ammonia solution is less than 13.

(2)

(ii)

Estimate the pH at the equivalence point for the titration of hydrochloric acid with ammonia and explain
your reasoning.
(2)

(iii)

State the equation for the reaction of ammonia with water and write the Kb expression for NH3(aq).

(2)

(iv)

When half the ammonia has been neutralized (the half-equivalence point), the pH of the solution is 9.25.
+
Deduce the relationship between [NH3] and [NH4 ] at the half-equivalence point.
(1)

(v)

Determine pKb and Kb for ammonia based on the pH at the half-equivalence point.
(3)

(vi)

Describe the significance of the half-equivalence point in terms of its effectiveness as a buffer.
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

26.

Which mixtures act as buffer solutions?

3

I.

100 cm 0.1 mol dm ethanoic acid and 100 cm 0.1 mol dm sodium ethanoate

II.

100 cm 0.1 mol dm ethanoic acid and 50 cm 0.1 mol dm sodium hydroxide

III.

100 cm 0.1 mol dm ethanoic acid and 100 cm 0.5 mol dm sodium hydroxide

A.

I and II only

C.

II and III only

B.

I and III only

D.

I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

27.

Which solutions have a pH less than 7?

I.

Na2CO3(aq)

II.

[Fe(H2O)6]Cl3(aq)

III.

(NH4)2SO4(aq)

A.

I and II only

C.

II and III only

B.

I and III only

D.

I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

28.

Equal volumes and concentrations of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid are titrated with sodium hydroxide
solutions of the same concentration. Which statement is correct?
A.

The initial pH values of both acids are equal.

B.

At the equivalence points, the solutions of both titrations have pH values of 7.

C.

The same volume of sodium hydroxide is needed to reach the equivalence point.

D.

The pH values of both acids increase equally until the equivalence points are reached.
(Total 1 mark)

29.

Bromophenol blue changes from yellow to blue over the pH range of 3.0 to 4.6. Which statement is correct?
A.

Molecules of bromophenol blue, HIn, are blue.

B.

At pH < 3.0, a solution of bromophenol blue contains more ions, In , than molecules, HIn.

C.

The pKa of bromophenol blue is between 3.0 and 4.6.

D.

Bromophenol blue is a suitable indicator to titrate ethanoic acid with potassium hydroxide solution.

(Total 1 mark)

30.

(a)

Ammonia can be converted into nitric acid, HNO3(aq), and hydrocyanic acid, HCN(aq). The pKa of
hydrocyanic acid is 9.21.

(i)

Distinguish between the terms strong and weak acid and state the equations used to show the
dissociation of each acid in aqueous solution.
(3)

(ii)

Deduce the expression for the ionization constant, Ka, of hydrocyanic acid and calculate its value
from the pKa value given.
(2)

(iii)

Use your answer from part (a) (ii) to calculate the [H ] and the pH of an aqueous solution of
3
hydrocyanic acid of concentration 0.108 mol dm . State one assumption made in arriving at your
answer.
(4)

(b)

A small piece of magnesium ribbon is added to solutions of nitric and hydrocyanic acid of the same
concentration at the same temperature. Describe two observations that would allow you to distinguish
between the two acids.
(2)

(c)

A student decided to investigate the reactions of the two acids with separate samples of 0.20 mol dm
sodium hydroxide solution.
(i)

Calculate the volume of the sodium hydroxide solution required to react exactly with a 15.0 cm
3
solution of 0.10 mol dm nitric acid.

(1)

(ii)

The following hypothesis was suggested by the student: Since hydrocyanic acid is a weak acid it
3
will react with a smaller volume of the 0.20 mol dm sodium hydroxide solution. Comment on
whether or not this is a valid hypothesis.
(1)

(iii)

Use Table 16 of the Data Booklet to identify a suitable indicator for the titration of sodium hydroxide
and hydrocyanic acid.
(1)

(d)

The graph below shows how the conductivity of the two acids changes with concentration.

Identify Acid 1 and explain your choice.

(2)
(Total 16 marks)

31.

What is the correct expression for the ionic product constant of water, Kw?
[H ]

A.

KW = [OH ]

[ H 2 O]
B.

KW = [H ][OH ]

C.

KW = [H ] + [OH ]

D.

KW = [H ][OH ]

(Total 1 mark)

32.

Which mixtures could act as buffers?

I.

NaOH(aq) and HCl(aq)

II.

NaOH(aq) and CH3COOH(aq)

III.

HCl(aq) and CH3COONa(aq)

A.

I and II only

C.

II and III only

B.

I and III only

D.

I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

33.

(a)

The pKa value for propanoic acid is given in Table 15 of the Data Booklet.
(i)

State the equation for the reaction of propanoic acid with water.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration (in mol dm ) of an aqueous solution of 0.100 mol dm
propanoic acid.

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(2)

(b)

The graph below shows a computer simulation of a titration of 25.0 cm of

3
3
0.100 mol dm hydrochloric acid with 0.100 mol dm sodium hydroxide and the pH range of phenol red
indicator.

Sketch the graph that would be obtained for the titration of 25.0 cm of 0.100 mol dm propanoic acid
3
with 0.100 mol dm potassium hydroxide using bromophenol blue as an indicator. (The pH range of
bromophenol blue can be found in Table 16 of the Data Booklet).

(3)
(Total 6 marks)

34.

100 cm of a NaOH solution of pH 12 is mixed with 900 cm of water. What is the pH of the resulting solution?
A.

C.

11

B.

D.

13
(Total 1 mark)

35.

Ammonia acts as a weak base when it reacts with water. What is the Kb expression for this reaction?

A.

[ NH 4 ][OH ]
[NH 3 ][H 2 O]

[ NH 3 ]
[NH 4 ][OH ]

D.

[ NH 4 ][OH ]
[NH 3 ]

[ NH 3 ][H 2 O]
B.

C.

[NH 4 ][OH ]

(Total 1 mark)

36.

The indicator, HIn is used in a titration between an acid and base. Which statement about the dissociation of the
indicator, HIn is correct?
HIn (aq)
colour A

H (aq) + In (aq)
colour B

A.

In a strongly alkaline solution, colour B would be observed.

B.

In a strongly acidic solution, colour B would be observed.

C.

[In ] is greater than [HIn] at the equivalence point.

D.

In a weakly acidic solution colour B would be observed.

(Total 1 mark)

37.

At the same concentration, which acid would have the lowest pH?
4

A.

HNO2

Ka = 5.6 10 mol dm

B.

HF

Ka = 6.8 10 mol dm

C.

C6H5COOH

Ka = 6.3 10 mol dm

D.

HCN

Ka = 4.9 10

10

mol dm

(Total 1 mark)

38.

Some of the most important processes in chemistry involve acid-base reactions.

(i)

Calculate the Ka value of benzoic acid, C6H5COOH, using Table 15 in the Data Booklet.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Based on its Ka value, state and explain whether benzoic acid is a strong or weak acid.
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(2)

(iii)

Determine the hydrogen ion concentration and the pH of a 0.010 mol dm

assumption made in your calculation.

benzoic acid solution. State one

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(4)
(Total 7 marks)
3

39.If 20 cm samples of 0.1 mol dm solutions of the acids below are taken, which acid would require a different
3
volume of 0.1 mol dm sodium hydroxide for complete neutralization?
A.

Nitric acid

B.

Sulfuric acid

C.

Ethanoic acid

D.

Hydrochloric acid
(Total 1 mark)

40.

Which mixture of acid and alkali would produce a buffer solution?

Acid
Alkali
3

60 cm 0.1 mol dm NaOH

40 cm 0.1 mol dm NaOH

60 cm 0.1 mol dm NH3

40 cm 0.1 mol dm NH3

A.

40 cm 0.1 mol dm HCl

B.

60 cm 0.1 mol dm HCl

C.

40 cm 0.1 mol dm HCl

D.

60 cm 0.1 mol dm HCl

(Total 1 mark)

41
.

Which aqueous solution would have a pH > 7?

B.

Ammonium nitrate

A.

C.

Sodium ethanoate

Sodium sulfate

D.

Aluminium nitrat
e
(Total 1 mark)

42.

Which indicator would be the most appropriate for titrating aqueous ethylamine, CH 3CH2NH2, with nitric acid,
HNO3?
A.

Bromophenol blue (pKa = 4.1)

C.

Phenol red (pKa = 8.0)

B.

Bromothymol blue (pKa = 7.3)

D.

Thymolphthalein (pKa = 10.0)

(Total 1 mark)

43.

A 25.0 cm solution of a weak monoprotic acid, HA(aq), is titrated with 0.155 mol dm
NaOH(aq), and the following graph is obtained.

(i)

sodium hydroxide,

Determine the pH at the equivalence point.

(1)

(ii)

Explain, using an equation, why the equivalence point is not at pH = 7.

(3)

(iii)

Calculate the concentration of the weak acid before the addition of any NaOH(aq).
(2)

(iv)

Estimate, using data from the graph, the dissociation constant, Ka, of the weak acid, HA, showing your
working.
(3)

(v)

Suggest an appropriate indicator for this titration.

(1)
(Total 10 marks)

44.

Describe qualitatively the action of an acid-base indicator.

(Total 3 marks)

45.

(i)

Explain what is meant by the term buffer solution.

(2)

(ii)

Calculate the pH of a solution prepared by mixing 50.0 cm of 0.200 mol dm CH3COOH(aq) and 50.0
3

cm of 0.100 mol dm NaOH(aq), showing your working.

(3)
(Total 5 marks)

46.

State whether AlCl3 is acidic, basic or neutral in an aqueous solution. Write an equation to support your answer.
(Total 2 marks)

47.

0.100 mol of ammonia, NH3, was dissolved in water to make 1.00 dm of solution.
This solution has a hydroxide ion concentration of 1.28 10
(i)

mol dm .

Determine the pH of the solution.

(2)

(ii)

Calculate the base dissociation constant, Kb, for ammonia.

(3)
(Total 5 marks)

48.

Which values are correct for a 0.010 mol dm solution of NaOH(aq) at 298 K?
14
2
6
(Kw = 1.010 mol dm at 298 K)
+

12

A.

[H ] = 1.010

B.

[OH ] = 1.010

C.

[H ] = 1.010

D.

[OH ] = 1.010

mol dm and pH = 12.00

12

12

mol dm and pH = 12.00

3

mol dm and pOH = 12.00

12

mol dm and pOH = 12.00

(Total 1 mark)

49.

At 25 C, Ka for an acid is 1.010 . What is the value of Kb for its conjugate base?
A.

1.010

B.

1.010

C.

1.010

12

D.

1.010

12

(Total 1 mark)

50.

Which statement about indicators is always correct?

A.

The mid-point of the pH range of an indicator is 7.

B.

The pH range is greater for indicators with higher pKa values.

C.

The colour red indicates an acidic solution.

D.

The pKa value of the indicator is within its pH range.

(Total 1 mark)

51.

(a)

Predict and explain, using equations where appropriate, whether the following solutions are acidic, alkaline
or neutral.
(i)

0.1 mol dm FeCl3(aq)

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...........................................................................................................................
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(1)

(ii)

0.1 mol dm NaNO3(aq)

...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

0.1 mol dm Na2CO3(aq)

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...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Acidic gases can be released into the atmosphere that have an environmental impact when they are
deposited as acid rain. State two elements that form the acidic gases and describe two impacts they have on
the natural environment.
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)

52.

An experiment was carried out to determine the concentration of aqueous ammonia by titrating it with a 0.150
3
3
3
mol dm sulfuric acid solution. It was found that 25.0 cm of the aqueous ammonia required 20.1 cm of the
sulfuric acid solution for neutralization.
(a)

Write the equation for the reaction and calculate the concentration, in mol dm , of the aqueous ammonia.
(4)

(b)

Several acid-base indicators are listed in Table 16 of the Data Booklet. Identify one indicator that could be
used for this experiment. Explain your answer.
(3)

(c)

(i)

Determine the pOH of 0.121 mol dm aqueous ammonia (pKb = 4.75).

(4)

(ii)

State what is meant by the term buffer solution, and describe the composition of an acid buffer
solution in general terms.
(3)

(iii)

Calculate the pH of a mixture of 50.0 cm of 0.100 mol dm aqueous ammonia and 50.0 cm of
3
0.0500 mol dm hydrochloric acid solution.
(4)
(Total 18 marks)

MARKSCHEME

1.

C[1]

4.

(i)

2.

D[1]

3.

D[1]

[CH3CH2COOH]:
3

(1.6 0.80 =) 0.8 (mol dm );

[CH3OH]:
3

(2.0 0.80 =) 1.2 (mol dm );

[H2O]:
3

0.80 (mol dm );

(ii)

[CH 3 CH 2 COOCH 3 ][H 2 O]

(Kc =) [CH 3 CH 2 COOH][CH 3 OH] ;
[(0.80) 2 ]
(Kc = [(1.2 0.8)] =) 0.7;
Allow 0.67.
Award [1 max] for 0.83.

2
[5]

5.

Volume of KOH: 20 (cm );

3
Allow any value between 20 and 21 (cm ).
pH at the equivalence point: 8.010.0;

2
[2]

6.

(i)

HIn is a weak acid / weak base;

+

HIn
H + In ;
colour 1
colour 2
required.
Award [2] for M2 alone.
in base equilibrium moves to right / in acid equilibrium moves to left;

(ii)

phenolphthalein;
indicator colour change occurs in range of pH at the equivalence
point / OWTTE;
M2 can be scored independently even if indicator is incorrect.

2
[5]

7.

acidic;
3+
[Fe(H2O)6]

[Fe(H2O)5(OH)]

3+

2+

+H /
2+

[Fe(H2O)6] + H2O
[Fe(H2O)5(OH)] + H3O ;
Accept equations indicating the formation of
+
[Fe(H2O)4(OH)2]
[Fe(H2O)3(OH)3]

[Fe(H2O)2(OH)4]
Do not penalize .
[2]

8.

n(HCl) = (0.100 0.50) = 0.050 (mol);

n(NaOH) = (0.200 0.10) = 0.020 (mol);
n(HCl)remaining = (0.050 0.020) = 0.030 (mol);
0.030

3
[HCl] = 0.30 = 0.10 (mol dm );
pH = 1.0;
Award [2 max] for just pH = 1.0 without working.

[5]

9.

A[1]

10.

B[1]

11.

C
[1]

12.

[OH ] 2
4.75
5
Kb = [ NH 3 ] = 10
/ 1.78 10 ;

(1.00 10 2 10 4.75 )

[OH ] =

= 4.22 10 (mol dm );
1.00 10 14

4
4
+
11
pOH = log10(4.22 10 ) = 3.37 / [H ] = 4.22 10
= 2.37 10 ;
pH = 14 3.37 = 10.6;
Award [2 max] for correct final answer if no working shown.

4
[4]

13.

(a)

25.0
2
4
initial amount of HCl = 1000 1.00 10 = 2.50 10 mol
50.0
2
4
and initial amount of NH3 = 1000 1.00 10 = 5.00 10 mol;
+

final amount of NH4 and NH3 both = 2.50 10 mol;

2.50 10 4
3
+
3
3
final [NH4 ] and [NH3] both = 75.0 10 = 3.33 10 mol dm ;
[ NH 3 ]

4.75
5
[OH ] = Kb [ NH 4 ] = Kb = 10
/1.78 10 ;
pOH = 4.75 hence pH = 9.25;
Award final two marking points if half-equivalence method used.

(b)

a buffer solution resists a change in pH when small amounts of

acid or base are added to it;
Do not accept description in terms of composition of buffer.
+

when H+ is added it reacts with NH3 to form NH4 ;

when OH is added it reacts with NH4 to form NH3 and H2O;

Accept equations for last two marking points.

3
[8]

14.

(i)

NaCl is the salt of a strong acid and a strong base / no hydrolysis

+

with (Na and C1 ion);

2
+
the CO3 ions combine with H from water to form a weak acid

leaving OH ions / CO3 + H2O

(ii)

HCO3 + OH / OWTTE;

3+

3+

Fe has a small radius and a high charge / Fe has a high

charge density;

+
it forms bonds with the OH ions from water leaving H ions /
it increases the polarity of the OH bond (in the water ligands) /
3+
2+
+
[Fe(H2O)6]
[Fe(H2O)5(OH)] + H etc;

2
[4]

15.

16.

17.

[1]

[1]
[1]

18.

(a)

(i)

CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l)

CH3COO (aq) + H3O (aq);

OR
CH3COOH(l) + H2O(l)

CH3COO (aq) + H3O (aq);

OR

CH3COOH(aq)

CH3COO (aq) + H (aq);

Must include
.
Ignore state symbols.
(ii)

Ka =10

4.76

/ 1.74 10

1
5

[H ] 2
5
+
1.74 10 = 0.200 / [H ] = 0.00187;
pH = 2.73;
Award [3] for correct final answer, allow mark for correct
+
+
conversion of [H ] to pH even if [H ] incorrect.

(b)

(initial)[CH3COOH] = 0.500 mol dm and) eqm [CH3COOH] = 0.200 mol dm ;

(initial)[CH3COO ] = 0.300 mol dm and) eqm [CH3COO ] = 0.300 mol dm ;

3

Allow 0.02 moles and 0.03 moles instead of 0.200 and 0.300 mol dm .
[CH 3 COOH]

[SALT]
+
5
3
[H ] = Ka [CH 3 COO ] = 1.16 10 mol dm / pH = pKa + log [ACID] ;
pH = 4.94;
Award [3 max] for correct final answer if no working shown.

(c)

(if acid added) CH3COO + H CH3COOH;

(if alkali added) CH3COOH + OH CH3COO + H2O;

Explanation marks cannot be awarded without equations.
+

+
Accept H + OH H2O as OH reacts with H in the buffer to form water.

2
[10]

19.

C[1]

23.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

20.
+

C[1]

21.
+

A[1]

22.

(Kw) = [H ][OH ] / (Kw) = [H3O ][OH ];

Do not award mark if [ ] omitted or other brackets are used.
+

C[1]

[H ] increases, [OH ] decreases but still some present (Kw constant) /

Kw

[OH ] cannot go to zero as equilibrium present / [OH ] = [H ] ,

thus [OH ] cannot be zero / OWTTE;

(changing T disturbs equilibrium) endothermic reaction / forward reaction

favoured / equilibrium shifts to the right;
to use up (some of the) heat supplied;
+

Kw increases (as both [H ] and [OH ] increase);

(as [H ] increases) pH decreases / pH < 7;

No mark for more acidic.

inverse relationship between pH and [H ]/pH = log[H ]/pH = log10 [ H ] ;

Accept [H3O ] in place of [H ].

2
[7]

24.

(i)

Acid: H2PO4 ;
2

(Conjugate) base: HPO4 ;

No mark for NaH2PO4 or Na2HPO4.

H2PO4 (aq)
H (aq) + HPO4 (aq);
Accept reverse equation or reaction with water.
Ignore state symbols, but equilibrium sign is required.

+
Accept OH (ions) react with H (ions) to form H2O.
(ii)

strong base/OH replaced by weak base (H2PO4 , and effect minimized) /

strong base reacts with acid of buffer / equilibrium in (i) shifts in forward
direction;

OH (aq) + H2PO4 (aq) H2O(l) + HPO4 (aq);

Ignore state symbols, accept equilibrium sign.

+
Accept OH added reacts with H to form H2O.
(iii)

strong acid/H replaced by weak acid (H2PO4 , and effect minimized) /

strong acid reacts with base of buffer / equilibrium in (i) shifts in
reverse direction;
+
2

H (aq) + HPO4 (aq) H2PO4 (aq);

+

Accept reaction with H3O .

Ignore state symbols.

2
[7]

25.

(i)

NH3 weak(er) base/partial dissociation;

[OH ] < 0.1(0) /pOH > 1 (thus pH < 13 / pH + pOH = 14);

(ii)

around pH = 5;
Accept a value between 4 and 6.
+

strong acidweak base titration, (thus acidic) / at equivalence point, NH 4

+

present is acidic / NH4

(iii)

NH3 + H ;
+

NH3(aq) + H2O(l)
NH4 (aq) + OH (aq);
Ignore state symbols, but equilibrium sign required.

[ NH 4 ][OH ]
[ NH 3 ]
Kb =
;

(iv)

[NH3] = [NH4 ];

(v)

pOH = 14.00 9.25 = 4.75;

pKb (= pOH) = 4.75;
5

(vi)

Kb = 1.78 10 ;
Ignore units.
Award [3] for correct final answer.

optimum/most effective/highest buffer capacity/50 %50 % buffer/equally

effective as an acidic buffer and a basic buffer / OWTTE;

1
[11]

26.

A[1]

27.

C[1]

28.

C[1]

]
30.

(a)

(i)

strong acid completely dissociated/ionized and weak acid partially

dissociated/ionized;
+

HNO3(aq) H (aq) + NO3 (aq);

+

HCN(aq)
H (aq) + CN (aq);
Insist on both arrows as shown.
State symbols not needed.

29.

C[1

Accept H2O and H3O .

(ii)

[H ][CN ]
Ka = [HCN]
+

Allow H3O instead of H .

Ka = 10
(iii)

9.21

= 6.17 10

10

K a [HCN] / (6.17 10 10 0.108)

+
[H ] =
;
6
= 8.16 10 ;
6
6
Allow in the range 8.13 10 to 8.16 10 .
pH = 5.09;
OR
1

pH = 2 (pKa log[HCN]) / 2 (9.21 log 0.108);

= 5.09;
+
5.09
6
[H ] = 10
= 8.16 10 ;
6
6
Allow in the range 8.13 10 to 8.16 10 .
+
If expression for [H ] missing but both answers correct, award [3],
if one answer correct, award [2].
+

assume [H ] << 0.108 / negligible dissociation;

(b)

(c)

(d)

With HNO3:
faster rate of bubble/hydrogen/gas production;
faster rate of magnesium dissolving;
higher temperature change;
Accept opposite argument for HCN.
Reference to specific observations needed.
Award [1] if 2 observations given but acid is not identified.

2 max

(i)

(nitric acid) 7.5 cm ;

(ii)

not valid as hydrocyanic acid reacts with same volume/ 7.5 cm ;

(iii)

bromothymol blue / phenol red / phenolphthalein;

HNO3;
(higher conductivity for solutions with same concentration as) there are
more ions in solution;

2
[16]

31.

D[1]

33.

(a)

32.
(i)

CH3CH2COOH + H2O

CH3CH2COO + H3O

/ CH3CH2COOH
CH3CH2COO + H ;
required for mark.
(ii)

C[1]

(pKa for propanoic acid = 4.87)

+ 2

[H ] = 0.100 Ka;
+

[H ] = 1.16 10 (mol dm );
(b)

sketch to show:

indicator range between pH 3.0 and pH 4.6 (with yellow at

pH 3.0 and blue at pH 4.6);
initial pH of acid at 2.9 1.0 (when no KOH has been added);
half-equivalence point (does not need to be named) at pH 4.9
3
when 12.5 cm of KOH have been added;
3
equivalence point at approx pH 8.59.0 when 25.0 cm of KOH(aq)
added;
3
upper part of curve from 25.050.0 cm added identical to original
curve;
Award [1] each for any three points.

3 max
[6]

34.

C[1]

37.

B[1]

38.

(i)

35.

(iii)

36.

A[1]

Ka = 6.310 10 / 6.31 10 ;
Accept 6.3 10

(ii)

D(1]

weak (acid);
Ka << 1/ small Ka;
+

K a 0.010

[H3O ]/[H ] =

[H3O ]/[H ] = 7.9 10 (mol dm );

pH = 3.10/3.1/3.12;
Award [3] for correct final answer of pH.
3

assume x << 0.010 (mol dm )/ ionization of water is insignificant /

[C6H5COOH]initial = [C6H5COOH]aq / temperature 25 C/298 K;

4
[7]

39.

B[1]

42.

A[1]

43.

(i)
(ii)

(iii)

40.

C[1]

C[1]

9.5;
Accept any value in the range 9.49.6.

titration involves a weak acid and a strong base;

salt formed at equivalence point is basic due to hydrolysis;

A (aq) + H2O(l)
HA(aq) + OH (aq);
Ignore state symbols.

0.155 22.0 1
25.0 1
;
3

= 0.136 (mol dm );
(iv)

41.

at half neutralization point, pH = pKa;

pKa = 5.3;
Accept any value in the range 5.25.4.

(v)

Ka = 5.0 10 (mol dm );
Accept calculations based on initial pH or on pH of salt.

phenolphthalein;
Accept thymolphthalein.
Allow ECF from (a)(i).

1
[10]

44.

HIn(aq)
H (aq) + In (aq);
colour A
colour B
+
in presence of acid/H , equilibrium shifts to left, colour A;

in presence of base/OH , equilibrium shifts to right, colour B;

3
[3]

45.

(i)

(ii)

buffer solution resists change in pH;

on addition of small amount of acid or base;

after mixing [CH3COO ] = [CH3COOH] = 0.050 mol dm ;

+

Ka = [H ]/ pKa = pH;
pH = 4.76;
Working must be shown to score [3].
Award [1] if 4.76 stated with no working.

3
[5]

46.

acidic;
3+
2+
+
[Al(H2O)6] (aq)
[Al(H2O)5(OH)] (aq) + H (aq);
Accept AlCl3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3HCl.

2
[2]

1.00 10 14
47.

(i)

3
+
12
3
3
[H ] = 1.28 10
= 7.81 10 mol dm / pOH = log1.28 10 = 2.90;
pH = (14.0 2.90) = 11.1;
Award [2] for the correct final answer

(ii)

[ NH 4 ][OH - ]
[ NH 3 ]
Kb =
;
(1.28 10 3 ) 2 (1.28 10 3 ) 2
/
0.100
= 0.100 0.00128
;
5
5
= 1.66 10 /1.64 10 ;

3
[5]

48.

A[1]

50.

D[1]

51.

(a)

49.

(i)

acidic and [Fe(H2O)6]

3+

D[1]

is a weak acid

3+

2+

[Fe(H2O)6] (aq) [Fe(OH)(H2O)5] (aq) + H (aq);

FeCl3 is acidic is not acceptable.

(ii)

(iii)

neutral and NaNO3 / sodium nitrate is formed from strong base

and strong acid / ions do not hydrolyse;

alkaline and CO3 is a weak base /

2

CO3 (aq) + H2O(l) HCO3 (aq) + OH (aq);

Award [1] only for correct identification of solutions as acidic, neutral and
alkaline only, without explanation.

(b)

nitrogen and sulfur;

kills/harms fish/aquatic life in lakes/rivers;
leaching of soils damages plant life/trees;

3
[6]

52.

(a)

2NH3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq);

Accept correct equation with NH4OH instead of NH3

n(H2SO4) = 0.02010.150 (mol);
3

n(NH3) = 6.0310 (mol);

3

[NH3] = 0.241 (mol dm );

Award [3] for the correct final answer for the concentration calculation.
(b)

(c)

bromocresol green;
reaction of weak base and strong acid;
pH range of bromocresol green is 3.8 to 5.4/occurs at pH < 7;
(i)

4.75

Kb = 10
= 1.7810 ;

[ NH 4 ][OH ]
/[OH ] K b [ NH 3 ];
[
NH
]
3
K =
b

[OH ] = 1.78 10 0.121;

pOH = 2.83;

Award [4] for the correct final answer.

Allow ECF, for example any correct conversion of [OH ] to pOH.

(ii)

(iii)

a solution which resists change in pH / changes pH very slightly;

when small amounts of acid or base are added;
weak acid and its salt / weak acid and its conjugate base;

n(NH3) = 0.00500 (mol) and n(HCl) = 0.00250 (mol);

[ NH 4 ] [ NH 3 ];

[OH ] = Kb = 1.7810 ;
(pOH = 4.75 so) pH = 9.25 (allow 9.2 to 9.3);

Award [4] for correct final answer.

Accept other valid methods.
[18]